A topical approach to life span development, 6e chapter 1
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Live Span Perspective
Chapter 1
Development
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The pattern of change from conception to end of life.
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Includes growth
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Includes decline brought on by aging
Development is:
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Lifelong - No age period dominates development
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Multidimensional - Body, mind, emotions, and relationships are changing and
affecting each other
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Biological Dimensions
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Cognitive Dimensions
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Socioemotional Dimensions
Development is:
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Multidirectional - These dimensions or components of these dimension expand
and others shrink
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Ex: Language Skills, Relationships, Wisdom
Plastic - These dimensions have the capacity for change
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Ex: Cognition can improve for the elderly
Development is:
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Multidisciplinary - various interested parties
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Psychologists
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Sociologists
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Anthropologists
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Neuroscientists
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Medical researchers
Development is:
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Contextual - situational
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Ex: Families, schools, churches, countries, etc.
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Influenced by history, economics, social and cultural factors
Development is:
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3 Types of Contextual Influences
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Normative age-graded - Similar for individuals in a particular age groups
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Normative history-graded - generational
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Ex: Puberty and menopause
Ex: Civil Rights Movement, Great Depression, Wars
No normative life events - Unusual occurrences that impact lives
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Death of a child, winning a lottery
Development is:
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As we age it involves:
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Growth
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Maintenance
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Regulation of Loss
Development is:
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A Co-Construction of Biology, Culture, and the Individual factors working together.
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Each shapes each other.
Development Process
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Biological
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Cognitive
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Changes in physical nature
Changes in thought, intelligence and language
Socioemotional
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Relational, emotional and personality
Periods of Development
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A time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features.
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8 period sequence
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Prenatal- Conception to birth
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Infancy- birth to 24 months
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Early childhood- 3-5 years
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Middle and late childhood-6 to 10/11 years
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Adolescence - 10-12 to 18-21 years
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Early adulthood - 20s to 30s
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Middle adulthood-40s to 50s
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Late adulthood- 60s, 70s, to death
Conceptions of Age
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Chronological Age
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Biological Age
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Health related age
Psychological age
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Years since birth
Adaptive capacities compared to others with same chronological age
Social age
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Connectedness with others
All are Important
The Nature of Development
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Nature and Nurture
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Nature- biological inheritance
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Nurture-environmental experiences
The Nature of Development
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Stability and Change
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Stability- we become older renditions of early experiences
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Change- we become someone different
The Nature of Development
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Continuity and discontinuity
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Continuity - development involves gradual cumulative changes
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Discontinuity - development involves distinct stages
Scientific Method
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Four step process
1.
Conceptualize a process of problem to be studied
2.
Collect research information (data)
3.
Analyze the data
4.
Draw conclusions
In Formulating a Program (step 1)
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Researchers draw on a theories and develop hypotheses.
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Theory-An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain
phenomena and facilitate predictions
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Hypotheses- Specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to
determine their accuracy
Theoretical Orientations to Development
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Psychoanalytic Theories
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Cognitive Theories
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Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories
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Ethnological Theory
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Ecological Theory
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An Eclectic Theoretical Orientation
Psychoanalytic Orientations to
Development
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Psychoanalytic Theories (Freud, Erikson)
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Development is primarily unconscious
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Emotive
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Deep inner workings of the mind
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Symbolic meanings of behavior
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Early experienced with parents shape development
Psychoanalytic Orientations to
Development
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Freud's Psychosexual Stages - "if the need for pleasure at any stage is either under gratified
or over gratified, an individual may become fixated, at that stage of development.
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Oral - pleasure is centered on the mouth
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Anal- pleasure focuses on the anus
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Phallic- pleasure focuses on the genitals
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Latency-develops social and intellectual skills
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Genital- sexual pleasure
Psychoanalytic Orientations to
Development
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Erikson's 8 Psychosocial stages of human development
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Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts
individuals with a crisis (turning point) that must be resolved.
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The more successful an individual resolves each crisis, the healthier
development will be.
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Early and later experiences.
Psychoanalytic Orientations to
Development
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Erikson's 8 Psychosocial stages of human development
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Trust versus mistrust
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Autonomy versus shame and doubt
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Initiative versus guilt
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Industry versus inferiority
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Identity versus identity confusion
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Intimacy versus isolation
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Generative try versus stagnation
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Integrity versus dispair
Cognitive Orientations to Development
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Cognitive Theories (Importance of conscious thoughts)
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Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory
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Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
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Information-processing Theory
Cognitive Orientations to Development
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Piaget's 4 Stages of a Child's cognitive development (understanding the world)
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Sensorimotor stage -coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions. (Birth to 2
years)
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Pre operational stage- words and images reflecting symbolic thinking (2-7 years)
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Concrete operational stage- perform operations, reason logically (7 to 11)
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Formal operational stage- reasoning is abstract, idealistic and logical (11-15)
