A topical approach to life span development, 6e chapter 2
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Biological Beginnings
Chapter 2
The Evolutionary
Perspective
•
Natural selection
•
Those individuals of a species that are a best
adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce.
•
They pass on their characteristics to the next
generation
•
They are better adapted to their world than nonsurvivors
•
Charles Darwin
The Evolutionary
Perspective
•
Evolutionary Psychology
•
Emphasizes the importance of adaptation,
reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in
shaping behavior
•
Behaviors that increase reproductive success
•
How we make decisions, how aggressive we are,
our fears, and our mating patterns
Genetic Foundations of
Development
•
Genetic influences on behavior evolved over time
and across many species.
•
DNA - not just inherited from parents, but what we
inherited as a species from other species, that were
our ancestors.
Genetic Foundations of
Development
•
Chromosomes- structures made up of DNA
•
The nucleus of each human cell contains
chromosomes
•
DNA- Complex molecule that contains genetic
information
•
Genes- The units of hereditary information, short
segments of DNA
Genetic Foundations of
Development
•
Genes are passed on through 3 processes
•
Mitosis- cell reproduction, cells nucleus duplicates
and the cell divides
•
Meiosis- cell division that occurs to form eggs and
sperm (Gametes)
•
Fertilization-egg and sperm fuse to create a
single cell, call a zygote
Genetic Foundations of
Development
•
Genotype-A persons genetic heritage; the actual
genetic material
•
Phenotype-The way an individual genotype is
expressed in observed and measurable
characteristics
•
Physical characteristics and psychological
characteristics
Genetic Foundations of
Development
•
Chromosomal Abnormalities (see chart in text)
•
Down Syndrome - Mild to severe intellectual disability and
physical abnormalities
•
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)- physical abnormalities
•
Fragile X syndrome- intellectual disability, learning disability,
short term attention span
•
Turner Syndrome (XO)-intellectual disability and sexual
underdevelopment
•
XYY syndrome- above average height
Genetic Foundations of
Development
•
Gene-linked abnormalities (Mental concerns) - see
chart in text
•
Huntington disease - problems with muscle
coordination and mental deterioration
•
Phenylketonuria (PKU) - intellectual disability
•
Spina Bifida - brain and spine abnormalities
•
Tay-Sachs disease- deceleration of mental and
physical development
Genetic Foundations of
Development
•
Genetic Counselor
•
Identify and analyze inheritance patterns and
explore options with the family
•
Understand the kinds of problems, the odds of
encountering them, and helpful strategies for
offsetting some of their effects
Adoption
•
Increased Diversity
•
No income requirements
•
Wide range of backgrounds
•
Single adults, gay and lesbian adults, other family
members
•
50% of US adoptions occur through the foster
care system
Adoption Outcomes
Higher risk for:
•
•
•
Externalizing (aggression and conduct problems)
•
Internalizing (anxiety and depression)
•
Attention problems (ADHD)
But majority adjust effectively
Adoption Outcomes
•
Do better than children raised in long-term foster care
•
Very early adopted do better than later adopted
•
Open adoption (sharing identifying information of birth
parents)
•
•
Yields positive results in many studies for children
and birth mothers
Closed adoption (non sharing of info)
Parenting Adopted Children
•
Parents need to recognize the unique differences in
adoptive family life
•
Communicate about these differences
•
Show respect for the birth family
•
Support the child's search for self and identity
Parenting Adopted Children
•
Infancy: Counselors can help prospective adoptive
parents develop realistic expectations
•
Early childhood: 4-6 years is a natural time to begin to
talk in simple ways to children about heir adoption status
•
Middle and late childhood: Recognize that ambivalence is
normal (mixed feelings and questions)
•
Adolescence: Understand the complexity of the
adolescents identity exploration and be patient with their
lengthy identity search
Behavior Genetics
•
The field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity
and environment on individual difference in human traits
and development.
•
Twin Studies- behavioral similarity of identical twins
compared with fraternal twins (identical twins with more
conduct problems)
•
Adoption studies- the behavior and psychological
characteristics of adopted children are more like those of
their adoptive parents, or more like those of the biological
parents
