A topical approach to life span development 6e chapter 6
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Infancy
Chapter 6
Socioemotional Development
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Emotions- feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is
important
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Positive or negative
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Biological but also embedded in relationships and culture
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.... Providing diversity in emotional experiences
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Primary - early on... Like joy, anger, sadness, fear
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Self-conscious - Self-Awareness, with a sense of 'me"....jealousy, empathy and
embarrassment
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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Infant communication of emotions
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Permits coordinated interactions with caregivers
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Beginning of emotional bond
Mutually Regulated (reciprocal or synchronous)
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Parents change emotional expressions in response to infants
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Infants modify their emotional expression in response to parents
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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Crying (most important communication)
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Basic Cry - Rhythmic pattern
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Anger Cry - Variation of the basic cry
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Pain Cry- Sudden long
Smiling (key social signal)
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Reflexive - not in response to stimuli
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Social smile- in response to an external stimulus
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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Fear - (typically appears around 6 months)
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But can appear as early as 3 months in abused or neglected infants
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Research - infant fear is linked to guild, empathy, and low aggression at
6-7 years of age.
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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Stranger Anxiety (frequent expression of fear)
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Fear and wariness of strangers
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Usually about 6-12 months
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Less when in familiar setting
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Less fearful of child strangers
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Less fearful of friendly, outgoing, smiling strangers
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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Separation Anxiety
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Fear of being separated from caregivers
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6-12 months
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Separation protest - crying when the caregiver leaves
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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Emotional Regulation- infant gradually develops an ability to inhibit, or minimize,
the intensity and duration of emotional reactions
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Thumb sucking
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Caregivers soothing, such as rocking, lullabies, stroking
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Influencing infants' regulation of emotions
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Sooner the better
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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Research - Spoiling cannot happen in first year.
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Parents should soothe a crying infant
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Helping infant develop a sense of trust and secure attachment to the
caregiver
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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Temperament-individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and
characteristic ways of responding
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How quickly the emotion is shown,
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How strong it is
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How long it lasts, how quickly it fades away
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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Temperament (Chess and Thomas' Classification) - moderately stable
across childhood years.
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Easy child -generally positive, adapts easily
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Difficult child - generally negative, cries frequently, slow to accept
change
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Slow-to-warm-up child- low activity level, somewhat negative, low
intensity of mood
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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Biological Foundations, Kagan......
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Children inherit a particular type of temperament
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Through experience they may learn to modify their temperament to
some degree
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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Gender and Temperament
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Shapes environmental context that influences temperament
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Parental reactions may be different for boys vs girls
Culture and Temperament
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May vary with parents from different groups
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Childs environment can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament
characteristics
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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Goodness of Fit and Parenting- Refers to the match between a child's
temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must
cope
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Active child in quiet environment
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Slow to warm child in a new environment
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.... Can cause parenting challenges
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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Parenting and the Child's Temperament"
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Attention to and respect for individuality
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Structuring the Child's environment
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Understanding 'difficult child'
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Be sensitive to the individual characteristics of the child
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Be flexible in responding to these characteristics
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Avoid apply negative label to the child (avoiding self-fulfilling prophecy)
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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Personality Development
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Personality--the enduring personal characteristics of individuals
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Emotions and temperament form key aspects of personality
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Trust (Eriksons. Trust vs Mistrust)
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Developing Sense of Self. (Self recognition and self-awareness)
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Independence (autonomy vs. shame)
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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Social Orientation
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Face-to-face play - linked to secure attachment
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Interaction with peers (18-24 months) - increase their imitative and
reciprocal play
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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Locomotion
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Influences exploration and expanding social world
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Allows more independent social interchanges
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The rewards from these pursuits lead to further efforts to explore and
develop skills
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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Social referencing
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Reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a
particular situation
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By end of second year... They tend to check with their mother before
the act
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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Attachment
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A close emotional bond between two people
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Securely attached babies-caregiver is a secure base to explore the environment
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Insecure avoidant babies-show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver (clinging
anxiously or resisting,
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Insecure disorganized babies-show insecurity by begin disorganized and disoriented
(dazed, confused, extreme fearful)- stronger avoidance and resistance
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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The Family
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Constellation of subsystems (Generational, Gender, Role)
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Father and child
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Mother and father
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Mother, father, child
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Etc.
All with reciprocal influences
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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The Family
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Transition to Parenthood
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Disequilibrium and adaptation
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New family effects on attachments
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Other friends
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Careers
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Each other
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Own interests
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etc
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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Reciprocal Socialization- mutual influence that parents and children exert
on each other
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Socialization that is bidirectional
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Children socialize parents
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Parents socialize children
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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Scaffolding- A type of Reciprocal Socialization
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Practice in which parents time interactions so that infants experience
turn taking with parents
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Parental behavior support the child with positive reciprocal feedback
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Skill building
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Peek-a-boo, pat-a cake, etc
Emotional Expression and Social
Relationships
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Managing and Guiding Behavior
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To reduce or eliminate undesirable behaviors
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Includes, child-proofing the environment
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And corrective methods such as throwing objects, fussing, crying
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Diverting Attention, reasoning, ignoring, negotiating
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Harsh physical punishment can be harmful and progressive
