Identifying the hybrid combination between landrace, yorkshire, pietrain boars with mong cai sows, the weaning age and the proper diet to produce suckling pigs in rural households of thai binh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL SCIENCES

BUI QUANG HO

IDENTIFYING THE BEST HYBRID COMBINATION
BETWEEN LANDRACE, YORKSHIRE, PIETRAIN BOARS
WITH MONG CAI SOWS, THE BESTER WEANING AGE AND
THE DIET TO PRODUCE SUCKLING PIGS IN RURAL
HOUSEHOLDS IN THAI BINH

Major: Animal production
Code: 62 62 01 05

SUMMARY OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN
AGRICULTURE’S THESIS

HANOI, 2016


The work is completed at:
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
Supervisors:
1. Dr. Tran Quoc Viet
2. Associate Professor Dr. Nguyen Van Duc

Reviewer 1: ..........................................................................................
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Reviewer 2: ...........................................................................................

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Reviewer 3: ...........................................................................................
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The Thesis will be protected before the Thesis Assessment Council at local
met in the National Institute of Animal Sciences at: …, date … month …
year …

You can find the futher information of the Thesis at:
1. National Library of Vietnam
2. Library of National Institute of Animal Sciences


THE PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORKS
1. Bui Quang Ho, Tran Quoc Viet and Nguyen Van Duc. 2016. The
effect of hybrid combination, weaning age and diet to the feed use
efficiency of suckling pigs sold at 42 days of age in Thai Binh.
Journal of Animal Husbandry Science and Technology. No 205.
Pages: 23-29.
2. Bui Quang Ho, Tran Quoc Viet and Nguyen Van Duc. 2016. The
effect of hybrid combination, weaning age and diet to the absolute
growth of 42-day-old suckling pigs in Thai Binh. Journal of Animal
Husbandry Science and Technology. No. 205. Pages: 63-70.


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INTRODUCTION
1. The urgency of the studied issue
To improve the husbandry productivity, quality and efficiency of suckling

pigs, the crossbreds, weaning ages and diets play a very important role.
Therefore, the identifying of hybrid combination, weaning age as well as diets
for suckling pigs need to be studied fully and comprehensively.
Derived from the actual breeding of suckling pigs in rural households in
Thai Binh, "Identifying the hybrid combination between Landrace, Yorkshire,
Pietrain boars with Mong Cai sows, the bester weaning age and diet to produce
suckling pigs in rural households in Thai Binh" is necesssary to study.
2. The objective of the Thesis
Identifying the best hybrid combination with proper weaning age and
diet to produce suckling pigs in rural households in Thai Binh to achieve the
highest efficiency.
3. The scientific and practical significance
The research findings of the Thesis contribute to a rich database of: (i)
The hybrid combination between Y, LR, Pi boars and Mong Cai sows; (ii) the
weaning age; and (iii) diets for piglets from weaning to 42 days of age. And, it
can be used as a reference and taught at Research Institutes and Agricultural
Universities in the field of pig production.
As a material with the scientific basis to help the State management
agencies in developing the animal husbandry sector restructuring.
Simultaneously, it contributes to build the suckling product, which is suitable
for consumer and exports.
4. New contributions of the Thesis
It is the first time has identified that piglets of the hybrid combination
F1(PixMC), weaned at 21 days of age and fed by the diet with high nutrient
level reach the higher number of piglets/litter, feed efficiency, weight at 42
days of age and carcass percentage of suckling piglets in comparison with
those of two hybrid combinations of F1(YxMC) and F1(LRxMC).


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5. The composition of the Thesis
The Thesis includes 170 pages, 3 chapters, 33 tables, 6 figures, 179
domestic and foreign references (64 Vietnamese articles and 115 English
articles). There are 2 research papers related to the published Thesis.
Chapter 1: OVERVIEW
1.1. Some local pig breeds, crossbred pigs are used to produce suckling
pigs in Northern Vietnam
Suckling pigs are produced from commercial piglets as local pigs or
crossbred pigs (Sector Standard No. 10TCN 508-2002 Exported frozen
suckling pigs). The local breeds and crossbred pigs (exotic x local breeds),
mainly Mong Cai pigs and hybrid combinations between Yorkshire,
Landrace, Pietrain boars with Mong Cai sows uses for producing suckling in
Northern Vietnam.
1.2. Scientific basis of heterosis
Heterosis is a phenomenon that hybrids with the vitality, disease
resistance and higher productivity than the average level of their parents.
Heterosis reaches the highest level in F 1 and is influenced by the genetic
origin of parents, research status, mating formula as well as nourishing
conditions.
1.3. Biological basis of the growth in piglets and the affecting factors
The growth in piglets is mainly the development of lean tissue biomass.
This is the physiological basis of the growth in pigs and several other
mammalian species. The lean tissue growth rate in pigs depends greatly on the
development dynamics of skeletal muscle cells during the development of the
individual and this process is influenced by genetic and external factors.
1.4. Digestion in piglets and effect of weaning on the growth of piglets
The morphological structure and the activity of digestive enzyme
system in piglets are very different from adult pigs. The activity of the
digestive enzymes increases with ages and depends on the pH of the gastro

intestinal environment. The weaning affects the activity of digestive


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enzymes contained in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets. The degree of
influence depends on the age of weaning.
1.5. The quality of piglet’s meat and the affecting factors
In piglets, the overall trend of protein accumulation is more
predominant than fat accumulation, until 35 days of age, the weight
correlation between protein and fat is 1.5/l. The ratio between the amount of
protein and fat in the carcass is a unique quality to make up the appeal of
suckling pigs. The genetic factor affects importantly on the quality of
suckling pigs’ meat. The weaning age, the fact that the total volume of
supplied milk and the diet quality has a significant impact on the rate of
protein / fat in piglets. In addition, the slaughtering process also adversely
affects the color and quality of the meat.
Chapter 2
MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Materials, locations and time of researching
Seventy-two Mong Cai sows (from the 2nd litter to the 4th litter). Three boar
breeds of Landrace, Yorkshire và Pietrain breeds (1 male pig/breed, 2 years-old)
to mate with Mong Cai sows to produce the hybrid combinations of F1(YxMC),
F1(LRxMC) and F1(PixMC).
The feed ingredients (corn, cassava, rice bran, soybean meal, fish meal,
premix of vitamins, minerals and synthetic amino acids).
This study is conducted in 24 households from two hamlets of Thuy Ninh
Commune, Thai Thuy District, Thai Binh Province from Juanary 2011 to
Juanary 2014.
2.3. Research content

− Researching the reproductive performance of Mong Cai sows, the
growth capacity and the feed using efficiency of piglets for the suckling
pig’s meat production at three hybrid combinations of F1(YxMC),
F1(LRxMC) and F1(PixMC).


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− Researching the effect of the weaning age (21 days and 35 days of
age) on the growth capacity and the feed using efficiency of piglets for the
suckling pig production.
− Researching the effect of diets (diet with low and high nutrient level)
for piglets from weaning to 42 days of age on the growth capacity, the feed
efficiency of piglets for the suckling pig’s meat production.
− Researching the interactive effect of the following factors: (i) hybrid
combinations, (ii) the age of weaning, and (iii) the diets for piglets from
weaning to 42 days of age on the growth capacity, the feed efficiency of
piglets used to produce suckling pigs.
2.4. Researching methods
2.4.1. Exprimental layout
Table 2.1: Diagram of experimental layout
Serial No. of
Hamlet households
1
No. of
sows/household
Serial No. of
Hamlet households
2
No. of

sows/household
Numbers of sows

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

6

6

6

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Experimental lot
Hybrid combination
YxMC (n = 24)
LRxMC (n = 24)
PixMC (n = 24)
Lot A

Lot A
Lot A
Lot B (n=12)
Lot B (n=12)
Lot B (n=12)
(n=12)
(n=12)
(n=12)
Weaning age
21 days
35 days
21 days
35 days
21 days
35 days
Lot a
Lot a
Lot a
Lot b Lot a Lot b
Lot b Lot a Lot b
Lot b Lot a Lot b
(n=6) (n=6) (n=6)
(n=6) (n=6) (n=6)
(n=6) (n=6) (n=6)
Diets
(n=6)
(n=6)
(n=6)
KP1 KP2 KP1 KP2 KP1 KP2 KP1 KP2 KP1 KP2 KP1 KP2
Notes: YxMC = Yorkshire boars mated with Mong Cai sows; LRxMC = Landrace boars mated with

Mong Cai sows; PixMC = Pietrain boars mated with Mong Cai sows; KP1 = Low nutrition diet; KP2
= High nutrition diet; H1, H2….to H12 is farm household 1, 2….to farm household 12.

2.4.2. Diets for experimental pigs
2.4.2.1. Diets for sows: Feed for sows at lots is provided in the same diet
based on the Vietnam National Standards (TCVN-1547-2007) for pregnant
sows and lactating sows.
Table 2.2: Diets for pregnant and lactating Mong Cai sows (%)
Nutrient ingredient/kg

Diet for pregnant sows

Diet for lactating sows


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Dry feed (%)
Exchange energy (kcal/kg)
Crude Protein (%)
Lysine (%)

87.65
2950
13.00
0.85

87.51
3050
16.00
0.95

2.4.2 2. Diets for experimental piglets
Piglets from weaning to 42 day old in the expermental lots are used by
2 types of diets which is built under the recommendation of NRC (1998).
Table 2.3: Diets for experimental piglets (%)
Nutrient ingredient/kg
Dry feed (%)
Exchange energy (kcal/kg)
Crude Protein (%)
Lysine (%)

Diet 1 (KP1)
88.74
3050
19.00
1.21

Diet 2 (KP2)
88.79
3265
21.00
1.35

2.4.3. Feeding methods for experimental pigs
2.4.3.1. Feeding method for weaning-mating and pregnant periods
– Pregnant sows in period I: 1.20-1.60 kg starchy feed (depending on
the fat or thin physical condition), divided into 2 meals/day.
– Pregnant sows in period II: 2.0-2.2 kg starchy feed, divided into 2

meals/day.

7 days before farrowing, sows are fed by the diet of lactating sows.
2.4.3.2. Feeding method for lactating sows
For the starchy feed:
– Farowing date: No feeding
– The 1st day after farowing: 1 kg/sow/day
– The 2nd day after farowing: 2 kg/sow/day
– The 3rd day after farowing: 2.2 kg/sow/day
– The 4th day after farowing to weaning: 2 kg+(numbers of piglets x
0,15 kg/piglet).
For the forage (sweet potato leaves): 1,5 kg/sow/day.
2.4.3.3. Feeding method for piglets
Piglets are fed from weaning to ending experiments by the
experimental feed (10-42 days of age) and drunk freely by fresh water.


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2.4.4. Slaughtering method: According to TCVN 3899-84.
2.5. The monitoring Criteria
2.5.1. For reproductive performance of Mong Cai sows
Numbers born/litter, numbers born alive/litter, numbers of weaned
pigs/litter, numbers of 42 day-old suckling pigs/litter; the birth weight,
weaning weight, suckling weight.
2.5.2. The growth capacity of piglets
The growth rate: from the birth to weaning, from weaning to 42 days of
age and from birth to 42 days of age.
2.5.3. The feed efficiency
The amount of feed intake / day of piglets: from birth to weaning, from
weaning to 42 days of age and from birth to 42 days of age. Feed
consumption/1 kg weaned piglet, 1 kg of the increasing weight from

weaning to 42 days of age and 1 kg of the sold 42 day-old piglet.
2.5.4. The carcass composition of piglets
The slaughtering and carcass weight (kg), and carcass proportion (%).
2.6. Analysis methods
Experimental data is processed by ANOVA-GLM in SAS 9.1 software
(2002). According to the following general model:
yijkl=µ+THi+CSj+KPk+TH*CSij+TH*KPik+CS*KPjk+TH*CS*KPijk+εijkl
Where: y is the obtained value of the characteristics; m is the average value of
the population; TH is a hybrid combination; CS is weaning age; KP is the diets;
TH*CS is the interaction of two factors of the hybrid combination and the weaning
age; TH*KP is the interaction of two factors of the hybrid combination and the diet;
CS*KP is the interaction of two factors of the weaning age and the diet; TH*CS*KP
is the interaction of three factors of hybrid combination, the weaning age and the
diet; and ε is the random error.

If ANOVA shows that there is a discrepancy, the method of the
Tukey’s average pairwise comparison will be used to determine differences
among treatments with the confidence level of 95% or above.


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Chapter 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. The effect of boar breed on the reproductive performance of Mong Cai
sows, the growth capacity and the feed efficiency of piglets
3.1.1. The effect of the mating boars on the reproductive performance of
Mong Cai sows
Table 3.1: The reproductive performances of Mong Cai sows
Criteria

Units

Boar breed
Y

LR

Pi

SEM

P

Number of litters

litter

72

72

72

Number born/litter

piglet

12.11

12.22

12.68

0.12 0.12

Number born alive/litter

piglet

11.94

12.05

12.52

0.12 0.10

piglet

b

10.61

b

a

0.07 <0.01

b

b

10.69

a

0.06 <0.01

b

a

0.01 <0.01

a

0.01 <0.01

Number of weaned pig/litter

Number of 42-day-old pig/litter piglet
The birth weight

kg

The weaning weight

kg

10.43
10.01
0.76

b
b

5.92

b

9.99
0.75

11.15
0.84

b

5.93

6.09

b

a

10.09

0.04 <0.01

93.69

0.60 0.11

Weight at 42-day-old piglet

kg

9.72

9.70

Surviving rate to 42 days of age

%

93.37

91.67

The boars don’t affect the number of piglets (number born/litter, number
born alive/litter as well as the survival rate from the birth to 42 days of age.
However, number of weaning/litter and 42 days of age/litter of F1(PixMC) is
higher than 2 remaining hybrid combinations. Pietrain boars have the higher
effect of raising the weight (born, weaning, 42 days of age)/piglet in comparison
with Yorkshire and Landrace boars. There is no difference in these traits
between F1(YxMC) and F1(LRxMC).
3.1.2. Growth performance of F1(YxMC), F1(LRxMC) and F1(PixMC) pigs

Table 3.2: The growth capacity of piglets in the hybrid combinations of
F1(YxMC), F1(LRxMC) and F1(PixMC)
Criteria
Numbers of litters
ADG birth-weaning (g/piglet/day)

YxMC
72

LRxMC PixMC SEM
72

187.29

b

P

72

188.18

ab

190.48a 0.96 <0.05


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ADG weaning-42 days (g/piglet/day)

307.20b

305.60b 320.66a 5.31 <0.01

ADG birth-42 days (g/piglet/day)

213.37b

213.20b 220.25a 0.61 <0.01

The ADG of F1(PixMC) is higher from the birth to 42 days of age in
comparison with 2 other hybrid combinations. There is no statistic difference
in the growth between F1(YxMC) and F1(LRxMC).
3.1.3. The feed efficiency in F1(YxMC), F1(LRxMC) and F1(PixMC) piglets
3.1.3.1. The feed intake/day of piglets
Table 3.3: The feed intake in F1(YxMC), F1(LRxMC) and F1(PixMC)
Criteria

YxMC LRxMC PixMC SEM

Numbers of litters

72

Feed intake birth-weaning (g/day)
Feed intake weaning-42 day old (g/day)
Feed intake birth-42 days of age (g/day)

72
b

93.76

P

72
b

93.81

94.34a

1.40 <0.01

b

b

a

1.95 <0.01

b

b

a

1.36 <0.01

294.07 293.99 295.85
179.63 179.58 180.82

The amount of feed intake is influenced by the boar breed. The amount
of feed intake/day of the F 1(PixMC) is higher than 2 other hybrid
combinations. Although the difference of the absolute value of feed
intake/day between hybrid combinations is not much, the difference has an
obvious significance of statistics. The hybrid combination of F 1(PixMC) eat
earlier than the other hybrid combinations.
3.1.3.2. The effect of the mating boars on the feed consumption of pilets
Table 3.4: The feed consumption of piglets in hybrid combinations of
F1(YxMC), F1(LRxMC) and F1(PixMC)
Criteria
Numbers of litters
FCR upto weaning piglet (kg/kg)
FCR from weaning to 42 days (kg/kg)
FCR upto 42-day-old piglet (kg/kg)

YxMC LRxMC PixMC SEM
72

72
a

4.96
1.08

ab

3.51

a

P

72
a

4.56b

0.03 <0.01

a

b

0.02 <0.01

b

0.02 <0.01

4.86
1.13
3.52

a

1.03
3.24

FCR upto weaning piglet, from the birth to the 42 day-old piglet, as well
as upto 42-day-old piglet is affected clearly by the mating boars. FCR upto 42day-old piglet of F1(PixMC) is lower than F1(YxMC) and F1(LRxMC).
3.2. The effect of the weaning age on the growth capacity and the feed


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efficiency of piglets
3.2.1. The effect of the weaning age on the growth capacity of piglets
Table 3.5: The effect of the weaning age on the growth capacity of piglets
Criteria
Numbers of litters

Weaning age
21 days 35 days
108

Weight at 42 day-old piglet (kg/piglet)

SEM

P

108
a

10.04

a

9.63b

0.03 <0.01
b

Weight gain from birth to weaning (g/day)

201.02 176.28 0.96 <0.01

Weight gain from weaning to 42-day-old (g/day)

240.25b 382.06a 5.31 <0.01

Weight gain from birth to 42-day-old (g/day)

220.63a 210.58b 0.61 <0.01

The growth of piglets is significantly influenced by the age of weaning.
Weaned piglets at 21 days of age achieve the average growth from the birth
to 42 days of 220.63g/day, which is higher than the weaned piglets at 35
days of 219.58 g/day. Accordingly, the weight of weaned piglets at 21 days
of age is 10.04 kg/a piglet which is higher than that of weaned piglets at 35
days of age of 9.63 kg/a piglet.
3.2.2. The effect of the weaning age on the feed efficiency of piglets
3.2.2.1. The effect of the weaning age on the amount of feef intake/day of piglets
Table 3.6: The effect of the weaning age on the feef intake/day of piglets
Weaning age
21 days 35 days
Numbers of litters

108
108
b
Feed intake from birth to weaned piglets (g/day) 73.47 114.47a
Feed intake from weaning to 42-day-old (g/day) 266.12b 323.16a
Feed intake from birth to 42-day-old (g/day)
199.90a 160.12b
Criteria

SEM

P

1.40 <0.01
1.95 <0.01
1.36 <0.01

The weaning age significantly affects the amount of feed intake/day of piglets.
The average amount of feed intake/day of the weaned piglets at 21 days of age
is 199.90g which is higher than the weaned piglets at 35 days of age of 160.12g.
The reason is that the early weaning (21 days of age) makes piglets to eat much
more to meet the needs of the body leading to increase the feed intake amount.
Meanwhile, the late weaning (35 days of age) due to the milk of mother is met a
part, the growing need decrease in comparison with 21-day-old weaned piglets.
3.2.2.2. The effect of the weaning age on the feed consumption of piglets


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Table 3.7: The effect of the weaning age on the feed consumption of piglets

Criteria

Weaning age
21 days

35 days

108

108

256.92b

309.67a

Numbers of litters
Gross consumpted feed/sow/litter (kg)
FCR upto weaned piglet (kg/kg)
FCR from weaning to 42-day-old (kg/kg)
FCR upto 42-day-old piglet (kg/kg)

a

4.91

SEM

1.84 <0.01

b

0.03 <0.01

b

0.02 <0.01

a

0.02 <0.01

4.67

a

1.21

0.95

b

3.16

P

3.69

The weaning age affects the feed consumption of piglets. In each
period (from the birth to weaning and from weaning to 42 day-old), the feed
consumption of weaned piglets at 21 days of age is higher than that of

weaned piglets at 35 days of age. However, to produce 1 kg of 42-day-old
piglets, the feed consumption depends heavily on feed consumption of sow.
Early weaned piglets (21 days of age) because the numbers of lactating days
of sows are less than, by which the average feed consumption/1 kg of 42day-old piglets is 3.36 kg (14.51%) which is lower than that of weaning at
35 days of age due to the number of lactating of sow is much more.
3.3. The effect of diets on the growth and the feed efficiency of piglets
3.3.1. The effect of diets on the growth capacity of piglets
Table 3.8: The effect of diets on the growth capacity of piglets
Criteria

Diets
KP1

KP2

Numbers of litters

108

108

Weight of weaned piglets (kg/each)

5,96

5,99

b

a

Weight of 42-day-old piglets (kg/each)

9.70

9.98

SEM

P

0,07 0,47
0.03 <0.01

Weight gain from the birth to weaning (g/day)

188.47 188.83 0.96 0.85

Weightgain from weaning to 42-day-old (g/day)

303.76b 318.55a 5.31 <0.01

Weight gain from birth to 42-day-old (g/day)

212.23b 218.98a 0.61 <0.01

The diets do not affect the weight increasing of pigets in the period
from the birth to weaned piglets, therefore there is no difference in the
weaning weight when piglets are fed with different diets. Meanwhile, in the

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period from weaning to 42 days of age as well as the average of the
experimental period, piglets which are fed with diets with high nutrient
level, achieve the average weight per day, respectively 318.83 g and 218.98
g, which is higher than piglets fed with diets with low nutrient level of
303.76g and 212.23g, whereby the weight of 42-day-old piglets is 9.98
kg/each which is higher than 9.70 kg / each.
3.3.2. The effect of diets on the feed efficiency of piglets
3.3.2.1. The effect of diets on the amount of feed intake/day of piglets
Table 3.9: The effect of diets on the amount of feed intake/day of piglets
Diets

Criteria
Numbers of litters monitored

KP1

KP2

108

108

Feed intake from birth to weaned piglets (g/day) 93.99

SEM

93.95

a

1.40 0.22
b

Feed intake from weaning to 42-day-old (g/day) 295.52 293.76
Feed intake from birth to 42-day-old (g/day)

P

1.95 <0.01

180.37a 179.65b 1.36 <0.01

The average amount of feed intake/day of the birth to weaned piglet is
93.97g. There is no difference among piglets fed with different diets. From
weaning to 42 days of age, as well as from birth to 42 days of age, piglets
fed with diet of low nutrient level gain the feed intake/day, respectively,
295.52g and 180.37g, which is higher than the feed intake of piglets fed
diets with high nutrient level respectively 293.76 g and 179.65 g g. So, when
piglets are eaten with diet of low nutrient level, they tend to eat more than
the diet of high nutritional levels.
3.3.2.2. The effect of diets on the feed consumption of piglets
Table 3.10: The effect of diets on the feed consumption of piglets through
periods
Criteria

Diets
KP1

KP2

Numbers of litters monitored

108

108

FCR upto weaned piglets (kg/kg)

4.80

4.78

SEM

P

0.03

0.70


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FCR from the weaning to 42-day-old (kg/kg)
FCR upto 42-day-old piglets (kg/kg)

1.14a

1.01b

0.02

<0.01

a

b

0.02

<0.01

3.50

3.35

Average FCR upto weaning is 4.79 kg with no difference among piglets
fed with different diets. Meanwhile, the weaned to 42-day-old piglets fed with
diet of high nutrient level reach the feed consumption level/1 kg of the increased
weight of 1.01 kg, which is less than the piglets fed with diet of low nutrient
level of 1.14 kg. Diet with high nutrient level have the effect of reducing the
feed consumption ratio/1 kg of 42-day-old piglets (3.35 kg) in comparison to
diet of low nutrient level (3.50 kg).
3.3.2.3. The effect of diets on the feed cost/1 kg of the 42-day-old piglets
Table 3.11: Feed costs/1 kg of the 42-day-old piglets
Interpretation
Numbers of litters
Total weight of suckling pig
Total feed consumption

Pregnant sow
Lactating sow
Litter
Unit price of 1kg of feed
Pregnant sow
Lactating sow
Litter

Unit
litter
kg/litter
kg/litter
kg/litter
kg/litter
kg/litter

KP1
108
98.14b
341.25
187.36b
94.76
58.36

KP2
108
103.25a
343.22
189.73a
94.72

59.51

SEM

P

0.63
1.50
0.23
1.75
0.55

<0.01
0.11
<0.05
0.95
0.05

VND
7.050
7.050
VND
7.850
7.850
VND
9.760
10.250
VND/litte
2.639.800b 2.685.800a 11185 <0.01
Total cost of feed

r
CPTA/kg of 42 day-old piglet VND
27.100a 26.200b
174 <0.01
Comparison
%
100
96.7
-

When increasing levels of dietary nutrition for piglets, the unit price is also
increased (from 9760 to 10,250 VND/kg, equivalent to 4.76%). However, for
piglets fed with high nutrient diets, the feed cost per kilogram of sold piglet (42
days of age) is 26,200 VND which is lower than the low nutrient diet of 27,100
VND. This error has the statistical significance. Thus, the use of diet with high
nutrient level reduces the feed costs of 3.19%/1 kg of sold 42-day-old piglet in
comparison with the diet with low nutrient level.


13

3.4. Simultaneous impact of 3 factors: Crossbred combination, weaning
age, diet to growing capacity and efficiency of using piglets’ feed
Table 3.12: Simultaneous impact of 3 factors crossbreds, weaning age, diets
with the interaction combinations to growth and feed efficiency
Criteria
42 day-old piglet weight
(kg/piglet)
Total weight from birth
to 42 day old (g/day)

Feed intake from birth
to 42 day old (g/day)
Feed intake within 42
day old (kg/kg)

n
(litter)

R2

TH CS KP

Interactive effects
TH*CS TH*KP CS*KP TH*CS*KP

216 0.7293 **

**

**

**

ns

**

*

216 0.6924 **

**

**

**

ns

**

*

216 0.9999 **

**

**

**

ns

**

ns

216 0.7938 **

**

**

ns

*

**

ns

2

Notes: R = Determination coefficient; ** = P<0.01; * = P<0.05.

The determination coefficients (R2) of growth and food utilization
efficiency criteria are all at high level. Therefore, these experimental factors
determined from 69,24 to 99,99% of variation within the total of variations with
the study criteria.
3.4.1. Simultaneous impact of crossbreed combination, weaning age and
diet to 42 day-old piglet weight
The simultaneous impact of 3 factors crossbreed combination, weaning
age, diet with single interactions of TH*CS and CS*KP clearly affects the
criteria of 42 day-old piglet weight (P<0,01), complex interaction of
TH*CS*KP affects 42 day-old piglet weight at the level of P<0,05.
3.4.1.1. Interactive influence at crossbreed combination and weaning age to
42 day-old piglet weight
Table 3.13: Interactive influence at crossbreed combination and weaning
age to 42 day-old piglet weight
Experimental factor

Crossbreds
Weaning age
YxMC
CS21
YxMC
CS35
LRxMC
CS21
LRxMC
CS35
PixMC
CS21

n
(litter)
36
36
36
36
36

42 day-old piglet weight
(kg/piglet)
9.88b
9.55c
9.86b
9.54c
10.37a

14

PixMC

CS35
SEM
P

9.80b
0.03
<0.01

36

Weaning at 21 days old affects the 42 day-old piglet weight the most at
crossbreed combination F1(PixMC) reaching 10.37 kg/piglet.
3.4.1.2. Interactive influence of weaning age and diet to 42 day-old piglet
weight
Table 3.14: Interactive influence of weaning age and diet to 42 day-old
piglet weight
Experimental factor
Weaning age
Diet
CS21
KP1
CS21
KP2
CS35
KP1
CS35

KP2
SEM
P

n
(litter)

42 day-old piglet weight
(kg/piglet)

54
54
54
54

9.81b
10.27a
9.57d
9.69c
0.03
<0.01

Diet of high nutrition affects the 42 day-old piglet weight the most on
weaning the piglets at 21 days old reaching 10.27 kg/piglet.
3.4.1.3. Interactive influence of crossbreed combination, weaning age and
diet to 42 day-old piglet weight
Table 3.15: Interactive influence of crossbreed combination, weaning age
and diet to 42 day-old piglet weight
Crossbreds
YxMC

YxMC
YxMC
YxMC
LRxMC
LRxMC
LRxMC
LRxMC

Experimental factor
Weaning age
CS21
CS21
CS35
CS35
CS21
CS21
CS35
CS35

Diet
KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2

n 42 day-old piglet weight

(kg/piglet)
(litter)
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18

9.63de
10.15b
9.53e
9.59de
9.60de
10.13b
9.51e
9.58de


15
PixMC
PixMC
PixMC
PixMC

CS21
CS21
CS35

CS35

KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2

18
18
18
18

SEM
P

10.21b
10.54a
9.70d
9.91c
0.03
0.05

Diet of high nutrition affects 42 day-old piglet weight the most on
weaning the piglets at 21 days old at crossbreed combination F1(PixMC)
reaching 10.54 kg/piglet.
3.4.2. Simultaneous impact of crossbreed combination, weaning age and
diet on increasing the piglet weight from birth to 42 days of age
Simultaneous impact of 3 factors including crossbreed combination,
weaning age, diet with single interactions of TH*CS and CS*KP affects clearly
on increasing the piglet weight from birth to 42 days of age (P<0.01), complex

interaction of TH*CS*KP affects the increase of piglet weight from birth to 42
days of age at the level of P<0.05.
3.4.2.1. Interactive influence at crossbreed combination and weaning age on
increasing the piglet weight from birth to 42 days of age
Table 3.16: Interactive influence at crossbreed combination and weaning
age on increasing the piglet weight from birth to 42 days of age
Experimental factor
Crossbreds
Weaning age
YxMC
CS21
YxMC
CS35
LRxMC
CS21
LRxMC
CS35
PixMC
CS21
PixMC
CS35
SEM
P

n
(litter)

Increase of piglet weight from
birth to 42 days of age (g/day)

36
36
36
36
36
36

217.49b
209.24d
217.18b
209.20d
227.21a
213.28c
0.61
0.01

Weaning at 21 days old affects the increase of piglet weight from birth to
42 days of age the most at crossbreed combination F 1(PixMC) reaching
227.21 g/day.


16

3.4.2.2. Interactive influence of weaning age and diet on increasing the
piglet weight from birth to 42 days of age
Table 3.17: Interactive influence of weaning age and diet on increasing the
piglet weight from birth to 42 days of age
Experimental factor
Weaning age
Diet

CS21
KP1
CS21
KP2
CS35
KP1
CS35
KP2
SEM
P

n
(litter)

Total weight of piglets from birth
to 42 days of age (g/day)

54
54
54
54

215.01b
226.25a
209.45d
211.70c
0.61
<0.01

Diet of high nutrition affects the piglet weight from birth to 42 days of

age the most when the piglets are weaned at 21 days, reaching 226.25 g/day.
3.4.2.3. Interactive influence of crossbreed combination, weaning age and
diet on increasing the piglet weight from birth to 42 days of age
Table 3.18: Interactive influence of crossbreed combination, weaning age
and diet on increasing the piglet weight from birth to 42 days of age
Experimental factor
Crossbreds Weaning age
YxMC
CS21
YxMC
CS21
YxMC
CS35
YxMC
CS35
LRxMC
CS21
LRxMC
CS21
LRxMC
CS35
LRxMC
CS35
PixMC
CS21
PixMC
CS21
PixMC
CS35
PixMC

CS35
SEM
P

Diet
KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2

n
(litter)

Total weight of piglets from
birth to 42 days of age (g/day)

18
18
18
18
18
18

18
18
18
18
18
18

210.86d
224.12b
208.41d
210.08d
211.22d
223.16b
208.86d
209.56d
222.96b
231.47a
211.09d
215.48c
0.61
0.05


17

Diet of high nutrition affects the piglet weight in period from birth to 42
days of age the most when the piglets are weaned at 21 days old and the highest
weihgt in the crossbreed combination F1(PixMC), reaching 231.47
g/piglet/day.
3.4.3. Simultaneous impact of crossbreed combination, weaning age and

diet on the amount of food intake/day of piglets
3.4.3.1. Interactive influence at crossbreed combination and weaning age on
the amount of food intake/day upto 42 day-old piglets
Table 3.19: Interactive influence at crossbreed combination and weaning
age on the amount of food intake/day upto 42 day-old piglets
Experimental factor
Crossbreds
Weaning age
YxMC
CS21
YxMC
CS35
LRxMC
CS21
LRxMC
CS35
PixMC
CS21
PixMC
CS35
SEM
P

n
Feed intake/day of piglets from birth
to 42 days of age (g/day)
(litter)
36
36
36

36
36
36

199.58b
159.66d
199.50b
159.66d
200.61a
161.02c
1.36
<0.01

Weaning the piglets at 21 days old affects the amount of food intake/day
from birth to 42 days of age the most at crossbreed combination F1(PixMC)
reaching 200.61 g/day.
3.4.3.2. Interactive influence of weaning age and diet on the amount of food
intake/day upto 42 day-old piglets
Table 3.20: Interactive influence of weaning age and diet on the amount of
food intake/day upto 42 day-old piglets
Experimental factor
Weaning age
Diets
CS21
KP1
CS21
KP2
CS35
KP1
CS35

KP2

n
Amount of TATN from birth to 42
days of age (g/day)
(litter)
54
54
54
54

200.39a
199.40b
160.34c
159.89d


18
SEM
P

1.36
<0.01

The low nutritious diet affects the amount of food intake/day from birth
to 42 days of age the most on weaning the piglets at 21 days old reaching
226.25 g/day.
Table 3.21: Simultaneous impact of crossbreed combination, weaning age
and diet on the amount of piglets’ food intake/day upto 42 days of age
Experimental factor

Crossbreds Weaning date
Y x MC
CS21
Y x MC
CS21
Y x MC
CS35
Y x MC
CS35
LR x MC
CS21
LR x MC
CS21
LR x MC
CS35
LR x MC
CS35
Pi x MC
CS21
Pi x MC
CS21
Pi x MC
CS35
Pi x MC
CS35
SE
P

Diets
KP1

KP2
KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2

n
Amount of food intake upto 42
days of age (g/day)
(litter)
18
200.16
18
199.00
18
159.89
18
159.44
18
199.95
18
199.04
18
159.90

18
159.43
18
201.06
18
200.16
18
161.24
18
160.80
1.36
0.10

Food rations with different nutritious levels affect the amount of food
intake/day from birth to 42 days of age reaching high level when weaning the
piglets at 21 days old at all three crossbreed combinations.
The highest reaching trend is the group of piglets at crossbred
combination F1(PixMC) weaning at 21 days of age and fed with the low
nutrition diet reaching 261.06 g/day.
3.4.4. Simultaneous impact of crossbreed combination, weaning age and
diet on feed consumption/1 kg of piglet within 42 days of age
The feed consumption/1 kg of piglet within 42 days of age is clearly
affected by single interaction of CS*KP (P<0.01) and TH*KP (P<0.05), is


19

not affected by single interaction of TH*CS and complex interaction of
TH*CS*KP (P>0.05).
3.4.4.1. Interactive influence at crossbreed combination and diet on feed

consumption/1 kg of piglet within 42 days of age
Table 3.22: Interactive influence at crossbreed combination and diet on FCR
of piglet within 42 days of age
Experimental factor
Crossbreds
Diets
YxMC
KP1
YxMC
KP2
LRxMC
KP1
LRxMC
KP2
PixMC
KP1
PixMC
KP2
SEM
P

n
(litter)

FCR of piglet within 42 days
of age (kg/kg)

36
36
36

36
36
36

3.62a
3.41b
3.61a
3.44b
3.27c
3.20d
0.02
0.04

The diet of high nutrition affects the FCRof piglet within 42 days of age the
lowest at crossbreed combination F1(PixMC) reaching the level of 3.20 kg/kg.

3.4.4.2. Interactive influence of weaning age and diet on feed consumption/1
kg of piglet within 42 days of age
Table 3.23: Interactive influence of weaning age and diet on feed
consumption/1 kg of piglet within 42 days of age
Experimental factor
Weaning age
Diets
CS21
KP1
CS21
KP2
CS35
KP1
CS35

KP2
SEM
P

n TTTA to produce 1 kg of suckling pig
(kg/kg)
(litter)
54
54
54
54

3.28c
3.03d
3.72a
3.66b
0.02
<0.01

The diet of high nutrition affects the feed consumption/1 kg of piglet
within 42 days of age the lowest when weaning the piglets at 21 days old


20

reaching the level of 3.03 kg/kg. The diference between these combinations is
highly significant.

Table 3.24: Simultaneous impact of 3 factors: crossbreed combination,
weaning age and diet on feed consumption/1 kg of piglet within 42 day old

Experimental factor
Crossbreds
Weaning age
Y x MC
CS21
Y x MC
CS21
Y x MC
CS35
Y x MC
CS35
LR x MC
CS21
LR x MC
CS21
LR x MC
CS35
LR x MC
CS35
Pi x MC
CS21
Pi x MC
CS21
Pi x MC
CS35
Pi x MC
CS35
SEM
P

Diets
KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2

n
(litter)
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18

Feed intake to produce 1 kg

of suckling pig (kg/kg)
3.39
3.10
3.84
3.73
3.43
3.12
3.79
3.75
3.01
2.89
3.53
3.52
0.02
0.29

Food rations with different nutritious levels affect the feed consumption/1
kg of piglet within 42 days of age reaching the low level when weaning the
piglets at 21 days old at all three crossbreed combinations. The lowest reaching
trend is the group of piglets at crossbreed combination F1(PixMC) weaned at 21
days and fed with the diet of high nutrition (2.89 kg/kg).
3.5. Impact of the 3 factors including crossbreed combination, weaning
age, diet and interaction between them to the carcass percentage of
piglets within 42 days of age
3.5.1. Impact of each factor: crossbreed combination, weaning age and
diet to the carcass percentage of piglets at 42 days of age
3.5.1.1. Impact of the crossbreed combination to the carcass percentage of
piglets at 42 days of age
The factor at crossbreed combination clearly affects carcass percentage
of piglets at 42 days of age (P<0.01). Crossbreed combination F 1(PixMC)

has the higher carcass percentage in comparison with the two other


21

crossbreed combinations. There is no difference about carcass percentage
between the two crossbreed combinations F1(YxMC) and F1(LRxMC).
Table 3.25: Impact of the crossbreed combination to the carcass percentage of
the piglets at 42 days of age
Criteria
Quantity of piglets observed
42 day-old piglet weight (kg/piglet)
Carcass weight of piglets at 42 day old (kg/piglet)
Carcass percentage of piglets at 42 day old (%)

Crossbreds
YxMC LRxMC PixMC
48

48
9.57

9.55

b

b

a

70.01

b

6.69

P

0.01

0.47

48

9.55
6.68

SEM

70.00

7.01

b

73.37

a

0.02 <0.01

0.16 <0.01

3.5.1.2. Impact of the weaning age to the carcass percentage of piglets at 42
days of age
Unlike the crossbreed combination factor. the weaning age has no
influence on the carcass percentage of piglets at 42 days of age (P>0.05).
Table 3.26: Impact of the weaning age to the carcass percentage at 42 day old
Criteria
Quantity of piglets observed

Weaning age
21 day 35 day

SEM

P

72

72

42 day-old piglet weight (kg/piglet)

9.55

9.56

0.01 0.60

Carcass weight of piglets at 42 day old (kg/piglet)

6.81

6.78

0.02 0.21

Carcass percentage of piglets at 42 days of age (%)

71.29

70.98

0.16 0.10

3.5.1.3. Impact of the diet to the carcass percentage of piglets at 42 day old
The different rations for the piglets upto 42 days of age have no
influence on the carcass percentage of piglets at 42 days of age (P>0.05).
Table 3.27: Impact of diets to the carcass percentage of piglets at 42 day old
Criteria

Diets

SEM

P

9.56

0.01

0.92

6.88

6.79

0.02

0.41

Carcass percentage of piglets at 42 days of age (%) 71.23

71.04

0.16

0.32

KP1

KP2

72

72

42 day-old piglet weight (kg/piglet)

9.55

Carcass weight of piglets 42 days of age (kg/piglet)

Quantity of piglets observed


22

3.5.2. Simultaneous of 3 factors including crossbreed combination, weaning
age and diet to the carcass percentage of piglets at 42 days of age
In general, determination coefficient of carcass percentage of piglets at
42 days of age is average level (R 2=0,6925), appropriate with the general
regulations. These experimental factors have determined 69.25% of
variation within the total of variations. Simultaneous impact of 3 factors
including crossbreds, weaning age and diets affect the carcass percentage of
piglets at 42 days of age.
Table 3.28: Simultaneous impact of 3 factors crossbreed combination,
weaning age and diet to the carcass percentage of piglets at 42 days of age
Criteria

n
(piglet)

R2

TH CS KP

Interactive effects

TH*CSTH*KP CS*KP TH*CS*KP

Carcass percentage
of piglets at 42
144 0.6925 *** 0.10 0.32 0.99 0.73 0.32
0.10
days of age (%)

Table 3.29: Carcass percentage of piglets at 42 days of age due to
simultaneous impact of crossbreed combination, weaning age and diet
Experimental factor
Crossbreds
Weaning age
YxMC
CS21
YxMC
CS21
YxMC
CS35
YxMC
CS35
LRxMC
CS21
LRxMC
CS21
LRxMC
CS35
LRxMC
CS35
PixMC
CS21
PixMC

CS21
PixMC
CS35
PixMC
CS35
SEM
P

Diets
KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2
KP1
KP2

n
(piglet)
12
12
12
12
12
12

12
12
12
12
12
12

Carcass
percentage (%)
69.84
70.51
70.19
69.52
70.50
69.82
69.88
69.83
73.52
73.53
73.42
73.02
0.16
0.10