Internet of thing from research and innovation to market deployment

River Publishers Series in Communication

Internet of Things –
From Research and Innovation to
Market Deployment

Editors
Ovidiu Vermesan
Peter Friess

River Publishers


Internet of Things –
From Research and Innovation to
Market Deployment


RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN COMMUNICATIONS

Consulting Series Editors
MARINA RUGGIERI
University of Roma “Tor Vergata”
Italy

HOMAYOUN NIKOOKAR
Delft University of Technology
The Netherlands

This series focuses on communications science and technology. This includes the
theory and use of systems involving all terminals, computers, and information

processors; wired and wireless networks; and network layouts, procontentsols,
architectures, and implementations.
Furthermore, developments toward newmarket demands in systems, products,
and technologies such as personal communications services, multimedia systems,
enterprise networks, and optical communications systems.
•
•
•
•
•
•

Wireless Communications
Networks
Security
Antennas & Propagation
Microwaves
Software Defined Radio

For a list of other books in this series, visit www.riverpublishers.com
publisher/series.php?msg=Communications


Internet of Things –
From Research and Innovation to
Market Deployment

Editors
Dr. Ovidiu Vermesan
SINTEF, Norway

Dr. Peter Friess
EU, Belgium

Aalborg


Published, sold and distributed by:
River Publishers
Niels Jernes Vej 10
9220 Aalborg Ø
Denmark

ISBN: 978-87-93102-94-1 (Hard copy)
978-87-93102-95-8 (Ebook)
©2014 River Publishers
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of
the publishers.


Dedication
“Creativity is inventing, experimenting, growing, taking risks, breaking rules,
making mistakes, and having fun.”
— Mary Lou Cook
“Around here, however, we don’t look backwards for very long. We keep
moving forward, opening up new doors and doing new things, because we’re
curious. . . and curiosity keeps leading us down new paths.”
— Walt Disney

Acknowledgement
The editors would like to thank the European Commission for their support in
the planning and preparation of this book. The recommendations and opinions
expressed in the book are those of the editors and contributors, and do not
necessarily represent those of the European Commission.
Ovidiu Vermesan
Peter Friess


Contents

Preface

xiii

Editors Biography

xv

1

Introduction

1

2

Putting the Internet of Things Forward to the Next Level
2.1 The Internet of Things Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2 The Internet of Things Tomorrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Potential Success Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation
Agenda
3.1 Internet of Things Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.1 Internet of Things Common Definition . . . . . . . .
3.2 IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions . . . . . .
3.2.1 IoT Applications and Use Case Scenarios . . . . . .
3.2.2 IoT Functional View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.3 Application Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 IoT Smart-X Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1 Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.2 Smart Energy and the Smart Grid . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.3 Smart Mobility and Transport . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.4 Smart Home, Smart Buildings and Infrastructure . .
3.3.5 Smart Factory and Smart Manufacturing . . . . . . .
3.3.6 Smart Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.7 Food and Water Tracking and Security . . . . . . . .
3.3.8 Participatory Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.9 Smart Logistics and Retail . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 Internet of Things and Related Future Internet Technologies
3.4.1 Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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viii Contents
3.4.2 IoT and Semantic Technologies . . . . . . . .
Networks and Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.1 Networking Technology . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.2 Communication Technology . . . . . . . . . .
3.6 Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.6.1 Adaptive and Event-Driven Processes . . . . .
3.6.2 Processes Dealing with Unreliable Data . . . .
3.6.3 Processes dealing with unreliable resources . .
3.6.4 Highly Distributed Processes . . . . . . . . . .
3.7 Data Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.1 Data Collection and Analysis (DCA) . . . . . .
3.7.2 Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.3 Semantic Sensor Networks and Semantic
Annotation of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.4 Virtual Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8 Security, Privacy & Trust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.1 Trust for IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.2 Security for IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.3 Privacy for IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9 Device Level Energy Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.1 Low Power Communication . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.2 Energy Harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.3 Future Trends and Recommendations . . . . .
3.10 IoT Related Standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.10.1 The Role of Standardization Activities . . . . .
3.10.2 Current Situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.10.3 Areas for Additional Consideration . . . . . .
3.10.4 Interoperability in the Internet-of-Things . . .
3.11 IoT Protocols Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.11.1 Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) .
3.11.2 Constrained Applications Protocol (CoAP) . .
3.11.3 Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP)
3.11.4 Java Message Service API (JMS) . . . . . . .
3.11.5 Data Distribution Service (DDS) . . . . . . . .
3.11.6 Representational State Transfer (REST) . . . .

3.11.7 Extensible Messaging and Presence
Protocol (XMPP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.12 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Contents ix

4

5

Internet of Things Global Standardisation - State of Play
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 IoT Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1 IoT Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.2 IoT Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 IoT Standardisation Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.1 CEN/ISO and CENELEC/IEC . . . . . . . . .
4.3.2 ETSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.3 IEEE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.4 IETF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.5 ITU-T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.6 OASIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.7 OGC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.8 oneM2M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.9 GS1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 IERC Research Projects Positions . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.1 BETaaS Advisory Board Experts Position . . .
4.4.2 IoT6 Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dynamic Context-Aware Scalable and Trust-based IoT

Security, Privacy Framework
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Background Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Main Concepts and Motivation of the Framework . .
5.3.1 Identity Management . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.2 Size and Heterogeneity of the System . . . .
5.3.3 Anonymization of User Data and Metadata .
5.3.4 Action’s Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.5 Privacy by Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.6 Context Awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 A Policy-based Framework for Security and Privacy
in Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.1 Deployment in a Scenario . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.2 Policies and Context Switching . . . . . . .
5.4.3 Framework Architecture and Enforcement . .

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x Contents
5.5 Conclusion and Future Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
5.6 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
6

7

Scalable Integration Framework for Heterogeneous
Smart Objects, Applications and Services
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 IPv6 Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3 IoT6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4 IPv6 for IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5 Adapting IPv6 to IoT Requirements . . . . . . .
6.6 IoT6 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.7 DigCovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8 IoT6 Integration with the Cloud and EPICS . . .
6.9 Enabling Heterogeneous Integration . . . . . . .
6.10 IoT6 Smart Office Use-case . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.11 Scalability Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.12 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Internet of Things Applications - From Research
and Innovation to Market Deployment
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 OpenIoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.1 Project Design and Implementation . .
7.2.2 Execution and Implementation Issues .
7.2.3 Project Results . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.4 Acceptance and Sustainability . . . . .
7.2.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.3 iCORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.1 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.2 Project Execution . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.3 Results Achieved . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.4 Acceptance and Sustainability . . . . .
7.4 Compose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.1 Project Design and Implementation . .
7.4.2 The IoT Communication Technologies .
7.4.3 Execution and Implementation Issues .
7.4.4 Expected Project results . . . . . . . .

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Contents xi

7.5

7.6

7.7

8

SmartSantander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5.1 How SmartSantander Facility has Become
a Reality? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5.2 Massive Experimentation Facility: A Fire
Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5.3 City Services Implementation: The Smart
City Paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5.4 Sustainability Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fitman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.6.1 The “IoT for Manufacturing” Trials in Fitman
7.6.2 Fitman Trials’ Requirements to “IoT

for Manufacturing” . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.6.3 The TRW and Whirlpool Smart Factory Trial
7.6.4 Fitman Trials’ Exploitation Plans & Business
Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.6.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OSMOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.7.1 The AW and EPC “IoT for Manufacturing”
Test Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.7.2 OSMOSE Use Cases’ Requirements to
“IoT for Manufacturing” . . . . . . . . . . .
7.7.3 OSMOSE Use Cases’ Exploitation Plans
& Business Opportunities . . . . . . . . . .
7.7.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook . . . . . . .

Bringing IP to Low-power Smart Objects: The Smart
Parking Case in the CALIPSO Project
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1.1 Bringing IP to Energy-Constrained Devices
8.1.2 The CALIPSO Project . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2 Smart Parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3 CALIPSO Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3.1 CALIPSO Communication Modules . . . .
8.3.2 CALIPSO Security Modules . . . . . . . .
8.4 Calipso Implementation and Experimentation with
Smart Parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.4.1 Implementation of Calipso Modules . . . .
8.4.2 Experimentation Plan for Smart Parking . .
8.5 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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xii Contents
9

Insights on Federated Cloud Service Management and the
Internet of Things
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2 Federated Cloud Services Management . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.1 Cloud Data Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.2 Cloud Data Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.3 Cloud Data Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.4 Infrastructure Configuration and re-Configuration . .
9.3 Federated Management Service Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.1 Open IoT Autonomic Data Management . . . . . . .
9.3.2 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.3 Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.4 Scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.5 Resource Optimization and Cost Efficiency . . . . .
9.4 Self-management Lifecycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4.1 Service Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4.2 Efficient Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4.3 Service Customization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4.4 Efficient Sensor Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4.5 Request Types Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4.6 Service Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4.7 Utility-based Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4.8 Service Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4.9 Customer Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.5 Self-Organising Cloud Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.6 Horizontal Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.6.1 Open IoT Architecture: Explanation and Usage . . .
9.6.2 Cloud Services for Internet-connected objects (ICO’s)
9.6.3 Management of IoT Service Infrastructures following
Horizontal Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.7 Conclusions and Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Index

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Preface

Shaping the Future of Internet of Things Applications
The potential benefits of Internet of Things (IoT) are almost limitless and
IoT applications are changing the way we work and live by saving time
and resources and opening new opportunities for growth, innovation and
knowledge creation. The Internet of Things allows private and public-sector
organizations to manage assets, optimize performance, and develop new
business models. As a vital instrument to interconnect devices and to act as
generic enabler of the hyper-connected society, the Internet of Things has
great potential to support an ageing society, to improve the energy efficiency
and to optimise all kinds of mobility and transport. The complementarity
with approaches like cyber-physical systems, cloud technologies, big data and
future networks like 5G is highly evident. The success of the Internet of Things
will depend on the ecosystem development, supported by an appropriate
regulatory environment and a climate of trust, where issues like identification,
trust, privacy, security, and semantic interoperability are pivotal.
The following chapters will provide insights on the state-of-the-art of
research and innovation in IoT and will expose you to the progress towards
the deployment of Internet of Things applications.

xiii

Editors Biography

Dr. Ovidiu Vermesan holds a Ph.D. degree in microelectronics and a Master
of International Business (MIB) degree. He is Chief Scientist at SINTEF
Information and Communication Technology, Oslo, Norway. His research
interests are in the area of microelectronics/nanoelectronics, analog and
mixed-signal ASIC Design (CMOS/BiCMOS/SOI) with applications in measurement, instrumentation, high-temperature applications, medical electronics
and integrated sensors; low power/low voltage ASIC design; and computerbased electronic analysis and simulation. Dr. Vermesan received SINTEFs
2003 award for research excellence for his work on the implementation of
a biometric sensor system. He is currently working with projects addressing
nanoelectronics integrated systems, communication and embed- ded systems,
integrated sensors, wireless identifiable systems and RFID for future Internet
of Things architectures with applications in green automotive, internet of
energy, healthcare, oil and gas and energy efficiency in buildings. He has
authored or co-authored over 75 technical articles and conference papers. He
is actively involved in the activities of the new Electronic Components and
Systems for European Leadership (ECSEL) Joint Technology Initiative (JTI).
He coordinated and managed various national and international/EU projects
related to integrated electronics. Dr. Vermesan is the coordinator of the IoT
European Research Cluster (IERC) of the European Commission, actively
participated in projects related to Internet of Things.
Dr. Peter Friess is a senior official of DG CONNECT of the European
Commission, taking care for more than six years of the research and innovation
policy for the Internet of Things. In his function he has shaped the on-going
European research and innovation program on the Internet of Things and
accompanied the European Commission’s direct investment of 70 Mill. Euro
in this field. He also oversees the international cooperation on the Internet
of Things, in particular with Asian countries. In previous engagements he
was working as senior consultant for IBM, dealing with major automotive

and utility companies in Germany and Europe. Prior to this engagement he

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xvi Editors Biography
worked as IT manager at Philips Semiconductors on with business process
optimisation in complex manufacturing. Before this period he was active as
researcher in European and national research projects on advanced telecommunications and business process reorganisation. He is a graduated engineer
in Aeronautics and Space technology from the University of Munich and holds
a Ph.D. in Systems Engineering including self-organising systems from the
University of Bremen. He also published a number of articles and co-edits a
yearly book of the European Internet of Things Research Cluster.



1
Introduction
Thibaut Kleiner
DG Connect, European Commission
Eighteen months ago, the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) was
still considered with a certain degree of scepticism. These days are gone.
A series of announcements, from the acquisition of Nest Labs by Google for
$3.2 billion to Samsung Gear and health-related wearables to the development
of Smart Home features into Apple’s iOS, have made IoT an increasingly
tangible business opportunity. Predictions have been consistently on the high
side in terms of potential. For instance, Cisco estimates that the Internet of
Things has a potential value of $14 trillion. Looking at the buzz in the US
as well as in Asia, one may wonder whether it means that Europe has once
more missed the technology train and that IoT will be developed by the likes

of Apple, Google and Samsung. Or whether public research is still relevant
given the fast moving market developments.
From the European Commission’s point of view, it would be a serious
mistake to believe that it is game over for IoT. In fact, the hope has been
building for some years and we are only at the very beginning. The EU
has already for some time invested in supporting Research and Innovation in the field of IoT, notably in the areas of embedded systems and
cyber-physical systems, network technologies, semantic inter-operability,
operating platforms and security, and generic enablers. Just like RFID did not
quite manage to become pervasive yet, there are still a number of challenges
before the IoT can expand and reach maturity. Research results are now feeding
into innovation, and a series of components are now available, which could
usefully be exploited and enhanced by the market. But there are still a number
of issues as regards how Internet of Things applications will develop and be
deployed on the back of Research and Innovation.
These issues may be of a technical nature, not least in terms of security,
reliability, complex integration, discoverability and interoperability. Standardisation will certainly play a role there. Other issues may be related to the
1


2 Introduction
acceptability of IoT applications by users and by citizens. Others may relate
to business models and generally to market partitioning and coordination
problems, which could seriously hamper the deployment of IoT applications.
In that context, the Commission is considering how to best support IoT
Research and Innovation further. One opportunity could be around pilot
projects testing the deployment of large amounts of sensors in relation with
Big Data applications. Another could be to launch large scale pilots to test in
real life the possibility for integrated IoT solutions to be delivered. End-to-end
security is another clear challenge that will need to be addressed to convince
users to adopt the IoT.

Despite the hype around American and Asian mobile device manufacturers, IoT ’s research and technology is still very strong in Europe, and there are
many examples of successful European companies. Europe has potentially a
full eco-system with market leaders on smart sensors (Bosch, STMicroelectronics), embedded systems (ARM, Infineon), software (Atos, SAP), network
vendors (Ericsson), telecoms (Orange) and application integrators (Siemens,
Philips) or dynamic SMEs with huge growing potential (Zigpos, Libelium,
Enevo) and industrial early adopters like BMW or Airbus. There is still hope
that European players will emerge as the winners of the forthcoming IoT
revolution. The EC will do its utmost to support that process. This book is a
very useful contribution in that context and it shows that the Internet of Things
European Research Cluster has been a driven force for the deployment of IoT
not only in Europe, but globally.


2
Putting the Internet of Things Forward
to the Next Nevel
Peter Friess and Francisco Ibanez
DG Connect, European Commission

2.1 The Internet of Things Today
The Internet of Things (IoT) is defined by ITU and IERC as a dynamic global
network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on standard
and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual
“things” have identities, physical attributes and virtual personalities, use intelligent interfaces and are seamlessly integrated into the information network.
Over the last year, IoT has moved from being a futuristic vision - with
sometimes a certain degree of hype - to an increasing market reality.
Significant business decisions have been taken by major ICT players
like Google, Apple and Cisco to position themselves in the IoT landscape.
Telecom operators consider that Machine-to-Machine (M2M) and the Internet of Things are becoming a core business focus, reporting significant
growth in the number of connected objects in their networks. Device manufactures e.g. concerning wearable devices anticipate a full new business segment

towards a wider adoption of the IoT.
The EU has already for some time invested in supporting Research and
Innovation in the field of IoT, notably in the areas of embedded systems
and cyber-physical systems, network technologies, semantic interoperability,
operating platforms and security, and generic enablers. These research results
are now feeding into innovation, and a series of components are available,
which could usefully be exploited and enhanced by the market.
In line with this development, the majority of the governments in Europe,
in Asia, and in the Americas consider the Internet of Things as an area of
innovation and growth. Although larger players in some application areas

3


4 Putting the Internet of Things Forward to the Next Nevel
still do not recognise the potential, many of them pay high attention or even
accelerate the pace by coining new terms for the IoT and adding additional
components to it. In addition end-users in the private and business domain
have nowadays acquired a significant competence in dealing with smart
devices and networked applications.
As the Internet of Things continues to develop, further potential is estimated by a combination with related technology approaches and concepts
such as Cloud computing, Future Internet, Big Data, Robotics and Semantic
technologies. The idea is of course not new as such but, as these concepts
overlap in some parts (technical and service architectures, virtualisation,
interoperability, automation), genuine innovators see more the aspect of
complementarity rather than defending individual domains.

2.2 The Internet of Things Tomorrow
Not only the assimilation of ICT concepts and their constituencies are pivotal
but also integrating them in smart environments and ecosystems across specific

application domains. The overall challenge is to extend the current Internet of
Things into a dynamically configured web of platforms for connected devices,
objects, smart environments, services and persons.
Numerous industrial analyses (Acatech, Cisco, Ericsson, IDC, Forbes)
have identified the evolution of the Internet of Things embedded in Smart
Environments and Smart Platforms forming a smart web of everything as one
of the next big concepts to support societal changes and economic growth,
which will support the citizen in their professional and domestic/public
life. By the end of the decade, dozens of connected devices per human
being on the planet are conservatively anticipated, relating to a business
whose yearly growth is estimated at 20%. In this context Europe needs to
maintain its position through leadership in smart and embedded systems
technologies with a strong potential in the evolving market of cyber-physical
systems.
On the way towards “Platforms for Connected Smart Objects” the biggest
challenge will be to overcome the fragmentation of vertically-oriented closed
systems and architectures and application areas towards open systems and
integrated environments and platforms, which support multiple applications
of social value by bringing contextual knowledge of the surrounding world
and events into complex business/social processes. The task is to create and
master innovative ecosystems beyond smart phones and device markets. Play


2.2 The Internet of Things Tomorrow 5

from multiple application sectors including potential new players, which do
not exist today exist are called upon to play a role in such an endeavour.
In order to specify challenges for IoT relating to deployment, technological
and business model validation and acceptability large-scale pilots could
play an important role, addressing security and trust issues in an integrated

manner, and contributing to certification and validation ecosystems in the
IoT arena. These pilots would appropriately fit with the objectives called for
in the European Innovation Partnership for Smart Cities, eHealth and in the
Electronics Leaders Group. An additional opportunity has been identified in
sharing IoT large-scale pilots’approaches and results with China, Japan, Korea
and the US.
A non-exhaustive list of objectives for IoT large-scale pilots would address
the following topics:
• Solving remaining technological barriers, with a strong focus on
security. From an industrial perspective, European technology providers
could be leading such pilots. In addition, remaining engineering issues
need to be solved, speeding up the engineering process for conceiving,
designing, testing and validating IoT based systems. Relating to software
aspects, it is important to manage a very high number of IoT devices that
cannot be controlled individually but need be run automatically.
• Exploring the integration potential of IoT architectures and components together with Cloud solutions and Big Data approaches, as this
conceptual novel approach needs to be substantiated in depth. Moreover,
the actors in the fields are still continuing to develop and exploit their
own domains, be it IoT, Cloud or Big Data.
• Validating user acceptability, focusing on applications, which are
not operational today, and still do require some research. One such
example could be car-to-car communication or enhanced assisted living
for the purpose of relaying safety critical information. Those kinds of
applications also come with regulatory issues, e.g. in terms of liability.
• Promoting innovation on sensor/object platforms. The Future
Internet pilot activities have fostered this type of pilots by giving the
power to a set of users in order to develop innovative applications out
of data that are collected from the sensors. More innovation is certainly
also needed in the way non-experienced users could communicate with
smart objects.

• Demonstrating cross use cases issues, to validate the concepts of
generic technologies that can serve a multiplicity of environments


6 Putting the Internet of Things Forward to the Next Nevel
and imply the cooperation of incumbents, like e.g. for Smart Homes,
Smart manufacturing, dedicated Smart City areas, Smart Food Value
Chain or Digital social communities, creative industries, city and
regional development. In addition it is essential to run pilots deploying
agent-driven applications and to test system of systems in physical
spaces in relation to the human scale.

2.3 Potential Success Factors
The Internet of Things Technologies will foster European core industrial activities such as industry automation, generation and distribution of renewable
energies (Smart Grid), as well as the development and production of enhanced
environmental technologies, cars, airplanes, etc. The future IoT will be a
cornerstone for the development of smart and sustainable cities and smart
and sustainable infrastructures in general.
Key success factors for promising differentiation of the European IoT
Technology players can be formulated as follows for technological, user
concerned, business and societal aspects:
• Mitigation of architecture/system divergences through a common architecture framework for connected system qualities and interoperability
• Development of IoT technologies that support the shift from data
collection to knowledge creation
• Focus on IoT Value Chain development and adequate analysis from the
start of product development towards user acceptance
• Development of a legal framework to ensure adequate consideration of
trust and ethical issues
This article expresses the personal view of the authors and in no way
constitutes a formal or official position of the European Commission.

3
Internet of Things Strategic Research
and Innovation Agenda
Ovidiu Vermesan1 , Peter Friess2 , Patrick Guillemin3 , Harald Sundmaeker4 ,
Markus Eisenhauer5 , Klaus Moessner6 , Marilyn Arndt7 , Maurizio Spirito8 ,
Paolo Medagliani9 , Raffaele Giaffreda10 , Sergio Gusmeroli11 , Latif Ladid12 ,
Martin Serrano13 , Manfred Hauswirth13 , Gianmarco Baldini14
1

SINTEF, Norway
European Commission, Belgium
3 ETSI, France
4 ATB GmbH, Germany
5 Fraunofer FIT, Germany
6 University of Surrey, UK
7 Orange, France
8 ISMB, Italy
9 Thales Communications & Security, France
10 CREATE-NET, Italy
11 TXT e-solutions, Italy
12 University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
13 Digital Enterprise Research Institute, Galway, Ireland
14 Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Italy
2

“Whatever you can do, or dream you can, begin it. Boldness has genius, power
and magic in it.”
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

“If you want something new, you have to stop doing something old.”
Peter F. Drucker
“Vision is the art of seeing things invisible.”
Jonathan Swift

7


8 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda

3.1 Internet of Things Vision
Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept and a paradigm that considers pervasive
presence in the environment of a variety of things/objects that through
wireless and wired connections and unique addressing schemes are able to
interact with each other and cooperate with other things/objects to create new
applications/services and reach common goals. In this context the research and
development challenges to create a smart world are enormous. A world where
the real, digital and the virtual are converging to create smart environments
that make energy, transport, cities and many other areas more intelligent. The
goal of the Internet of Things is to enable things to be connected anytime,
anyplace, with anything and anyone ideally using any path/network and
any service. Internet of Things is a new revolution of the Internet. Objects
make themselves recognizable and they obtain intelligence by making or
enabling context related decisions thanks to the fact that they can communicate
information about themselves and they can access information that has
been aggregated by other things, or they can be components of complex
services [69].
The Internet of Things is the network of physical objects that contain
embedded technology to communicate and sense or interact with their internal
states or the external environment and the confluence of efficient wireless

protocols, improved sensors, cheaper processors, and a bevy of start-ups and
established companies developing the necessary management and application
software has finally made the concept of the Internet of Things mainstream.
The number of Internet-connected devices surpassed the number of human
beings on the planet in 2011, and by 2020, Internet-connected devices are
expected to number between 26 billion and 50 billion. For every Internetconnected PC or handset there will be 5–10 other types of devices sold with
native Internet connectivity [43].
According to industry analyst firm IDC, the installed base for the Internet
of Things will grow to approximately 212 billion devices by 2020, a number
that includes 30 billion connected devices. IDC sees this growth driven largely
by intelligent systems that will be installed and collecting data - across both
consumer and enterprise applications [44].
These types of applications can involve the electric vehicle and the smart
house, in which appliances and services that provide notifications, security,
energy-saving, automation, telecommunication, computers and entertainment
will be integrated into a single ecosystem with a shared user interface. IoT
is providing access to information, media and services, through wired and