VOCABULARY FOR IELTS SPEAKING

Contents

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UNIT 1 : EDUCATION
WISE
 A wise decision or action shows good judgement and is the right thing to do
Ex: It’s always wise to see a doctor if you’re worried about your health

FLUNK /flʌŋk/
 To fail an exam or a course of study
Ex: I flunk my Biology exam.

SAIL THROUGH
 To succeed very easily, especially in a test or a competition.
Ex: She sailed through her exam.

PASS WITH FLYING COLORS
 To pass an exam with a high score, with great or total success.
Ex: She came through the examination with flying colors.

HANDS-ON EXPERIENCE
 Knowledge or skills that someone gets from doing something rather than just reading
about it or seeing it being done.
Ex: He always said that he learned more about newspapers from hands-on experience
than he did in the classroom.

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FURTHER EDUCATION = COLLEGE
 Education at a college for people who have left school but are not at a university.
Ex: Universities mainly offer higher education courses, but many also offer a range of
further education courses.

HIGHER EDUCATION / TERTIARY EDUCATION
~ UNIVERSITY EDUCATION
Ex: 60% of children now go into higher education after they finish school.

COURSEWORK
 Regular work done by students as part of a course, but assessed independently of formal
exams.
Ex: The coursework on my degree was really difficult.

CO-EDUCATIONAL
 When male and female students are taught together in the same school or college rather
than separately.
Ex: Co-educational schools prepare students for their future better than single-sex
schools.

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REVIEW YOUR NOTES

 To study or look at your notes again
Ex: I review my notes at the end of every weekend.

WIN A SCHOLORSHIP
 To receive an amount of money that is given by a school or organization… to help them
pay for the school fee.

Ex: She won a scholorship for her dissertation.

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BE GIVEN A GRANT
 Typically a grant is awarded either for a particular project or to allow a student to follow
a course.
Ex: Because she came from a poor background, she was given a grant by the local
government.

TAKE NOTES
 Write down important points in a lecture or lesson.
Ex: It’s important to take notes when you are listening to a lecture.

BE QUALIFIED TO DO STH
BE QUALIFIED FOR STH
 To have necessary skill, experience, or knowledge to do a particular job or activity; having
the qualifications to do something.
Ex: I am qualified to teach English.
Ex: The candidate has demonstrated that he is amply qualified for the position

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POST-GRADUATE SCHOOL

 University for students studying beyond degree levels.

BE STRICT ON STH
 Demanding that students obey rules or behave in a certain ways.

Ex: Teachers are really strict on cheating in exams. The exam invigilators won’t even
let you have your bag in the exam room.

FALL BEHIND WITH STUDIES
 Fail to keep pace with the school or university work. To make less progress, fail to develop
as quickly as someone else or fail to reach the same standard as other people.
Ex: Paul has been ill and he has fallen behind with his studies.
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ACROSS THE CURRICULUM
 In all or most subjects
Ex: Pupils use computers across the curriculum.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
 Past experience in education.
Ex: To become an engineer in Electronics you need to have a scientific educational
background.

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SCHOOL UNIFORM

 A special kind of clothing that is worn by all the students of a school.
Ex: It is obligatory that students wear school uniforms in some schools.
AN INTENSIVE COURSE
TAKE AN INTENSIVE COURSE
 A course that offers lots of training in order to reach a goal in as short a time as possible
Ex: Extensive courses aim at achieving long-term, ongoing language acquisition.
Ex: I’m taking an intensive course at a local private language school

ATTEND CLASSES
 Regularly go to classes. Be present.
Ex: I usually attend classes three times a week.
MEET A DEADLINE # MISS A DEADLINE
 Being able to finish something on time # not have sth finished at fixed time.
Ex: You have to work under pressure to meet a deadline.
I’m pretty good at meeting deadlines.
KEEP UP WITH MY STUDIES
 Not fall behind, to do whatever is necessary to stay level or equal with someone or
something.

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Ex: Whether you’ve just studied accounting skills for your business management
degree, details of kings and empires for your graduate thesis in history, or computer
programming methods for a computer science course, keeping up with your studies
will help you retain that knowledge so that you can apply it in other courses and in
your career.

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LEARN SOMETHING BY HEART

 To memorize it
Ex: I find it quite easy to learn things by heart which is useful when learning a
language.

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LEARN SOMETHING BY ROTE

 To learn something in order to be able to repeat it from memory, rather than in order to
understand it.
Ex: She learned the equations by rote.
STATE SCHOOL / ORDINARY STATE SCHOOL
 A school paid for by public funds and available to the general public.
Ex: It is surely of little importance whether a college's students are drawn from a
public school or a state school.
Ex: It was a medium sized village with a public school and a state school.

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A SINGLE-SEX SCHOOL

 A school where only girls or boys attend ( as opposed to a mixed-sex school )
Ex: Students from single-sex schools find it difficult to adjust themselves to a co-ed
work atmosphere after they graduate.

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STUDENT LOAN / SUBSIDIZED LOAN

 A student loan is designed to help students pay for university tuition, books, and living
expenses.
Ex: Undergraduates are eligible for subsidized loans, with no interest while the
student is in school
PLAY TRUANT / PLAY HOOKY / SKIP CLASSES
 To stay away from classes without permission.

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Ex: Most parents are horrified when they discover their children have been playing
truant from school.
Ex: I have lots of friends and I never play truant like some pupils here.

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A TRUANT BOY
 a boy that usually skips classes.

A MATURE STUDENT
 A student who is older than average and who has usually returned to education after a
period at work.
Ex: Mature students are anyone over the age of 21 who didn't go to university after
school or college.
Ex: We value the diversity of work and life experience that mature students bring to
the university community.

BACHELORS DEGREE
 an undergraduate course which usually lasts 3-4 years
Ex: I was doing a Bachelors Degree and it was a bit of a challenge

TAKE A YEAR OUT
 to spend a year working or travelling before starting university
Ex: Taking time out after your degree course can give you a chance to further develop
your skills, as well as giving you the opportunity perhaps to travel and work in a
different country.

TO WORK YOUR WAY THROUGH UNIVERSITY
 to have a paid job whilst studying to support yourself financially. Obtain the money for
educational fees or maintenance as a student by working.
Ex: They are used to students working their way through college and graduates
starting work with big loans to repay.

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Ex: Most students in the US work their way through college.
Ex: A larger group consists of overseas students working their way through college.

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TO SIT AN EXAM

 To take an exam
Ex: Sitting exams at the end of each year was a new experience for me
A GRADUATION CEREMONY
 An event where a successful student receives his or her academic degree
Ex: I had my graduation ceremony last year in the local cathedral and I know my
parents were really proud

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MASTERS DEGREE

 A period of study which often follows the completion of a Bachelors degree or is
undertaken by someone regarded as capable of a higher-level academic course.
Ex: I’m thinking of doing a Masters Degree soon

Some online master’s degree programs are designed to provide students with the
skills and expertise needed to succeed in today’s highly competitive marketplace.

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DISTANCE LEARNING DEGREES

 Degrees that you can get by studying online
Ex: The online Masters degree format has proven to be the most effective vehicle for
delivering distance learning degrees. Students earning their Masters degree online
have the flexibility to complete assignments any time during the week, day or night,
with no required log-in times.
DISTANCE LEARNING
 A way of studying where tuition is carried out over the Internet or by post.
Ex: Many undergraduate students are taking their first degrees via distance learning,
together with thousands of postgraduate students.
SUBJECT SPECIALIST
 A teacher who has a great deal of knowledge about the subject they teach.

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Ex: A good teacher should be patient and subject specialists and be able to explain the
subject clearly.

GIVE FEEDBACK
 To offer guidance for students’work.
Ex: Students should be given a constructive feedback for the outline of their projects to
help them improve their performance.

DISTANTLY DELIVERED TUITION AND STUDY
 An online course that helps you study everything through the Internet.
Ex: In recent years, the advent of the Internet and widespread use of the computher
has led to a huge growth in distantly delivered tuition and study.

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
 The process of growing or causing sth to grow or become more advanced for each
individual.
Giving and receiving feedback on a regular basis is a powerful means of personal
development. It does have the potential to make school environment a much more
productive and harmonious place to be.

HANG ON
 To wait for a short period of time
Teachers should give feedback quickly, not hang on to essays for ages.

TUITION FEES
 The money that you paid for an online course.
One of the advantages of distance learning courses is the tuition fees are usually
cheaper. It’s a more flexible way of studying especially if you have a job.

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FACE-TO-FACE CLASSES
 As opposed to distance learning the traditional way of studying in a classroom with
colleagues and a teacher.
Studying on a distance learning course requires you to be very motivated to keep up
with the classes. I would imagine that many people will fall behind with their studies
compared to face-to-face classes.

BOARDING SCHOOL
 A school where pupils live during term time
Most people who go to the top universities have studied at public schools … you have
to be very rich to study in a school like that … they’re usually boarding schools as
well so the fees are enormous …

EDUCATION
STH. BE AN ARDUOUS PROCESS
 sth. is an exhausting thing to do = sth. be a tiring process that requires a great deal of
effort
ex: attending a university with a top-tier reputation often is an arduous but rewarding
process.
BE VERY REWARDING
making someone feel satisfied
ex: teaching can be a very rewarding career. it allows teachers to have an input in the
development of young lives.
SOMEONE'S ASPIRATION / PURSUIT
 someone's strong wish for achievement
ex: the educational aspirations/ pursuits of rural youth tend to be different from those
of students living elsewhere.
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CONCENTRATE ON STH
 direct sb's thoughts or attention towards sth
ex: some people think it is more effective to educate boys and girls in single-sex
schools because they believe this environment reduces distractions and encourage
pupils to concentrate on their studies.
FORM THE BASIS OF STH

 provide the ideas or actions from which sth can develop
ex: traditional ways of teaching form the basis of the lesson.
USE LATERAL THINKING
 think in a creative way = use a creative approach to solving problems
ex: using lateral thinking, the students can solve problems in an unconventional
manner.
RELY ON LINEAR THINKING
 depend on habits of thought in which one idea follows directly from another one
ex: the students should not rely on linear thinking habits. Instead, they should think
more innovatively.
BREAK THE MOULD
 change a situation by doing sth. unprecedented
ex: he made an attempt to break the mould of British politics.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
 how good or bad a student is academically
ex: Tyler's academic performance has been disappointing
ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS
 the degrees, diplomas and certificates that someone has acquired
ex: today academic qualifications are essential for getting a reasonable career.
STANDARDISED TEST
 tests that are designed to give each test-taker the same questions in the same format
ex: High scores on standardised tests are not necessarily the best indicator of
giftedness

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ex: lessons last for a standardised 50 minutes and are always followed by a 10-minute
break, which gives the pupils a chance to let off steam.
TO BE GIFTED / BE TALENTED

 has an impressive natural ability
ex: the process of being educated we can learn from the achievements of those more
gifted than ourselves.
ROTE MEMORISATION
 remember sth. mechanically = a learning technique that focuses on learning by repetition
ex: rote memorisation is not entirely useless. it can help children to learn the basics
such as the multiplication tables.
LEARN STH BY HEART
 learn sth so that you can remember it perfectly
ex: the view of repetitively boring lessons and learning the facts by heart may be
unfair and unjustified.
READ EXTENSIVELY
 read widely
ex: some people argue that examinations do not motivate students to read
extensively
INDUCE CRAMMING
 cause students to prepare hastily for an examination
ex: It concerns some parents that these examinations may induce cramming.
IGNORANCE
 lack of knowledge about a particular subject
ex: No one minds mistakes or ignorance as long as you are prepared to learn from the,
STANDARD OF UPRIGHT CONDUCT
 to judge what is right and wrong = standard of honest and responsible behaviour.
ex: At school students should be taught respect for the rights of others and standards
of upright conduct.
STUDENTS' AUTONOMY

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 students' right to organise their own activities.
ex: students' autonomy should be encouraged when there are not enough teachers to
go around.
SELF-DISCIPLINE
 the ability to make oneself do things when he/she should, even if he/she does not want to
do them
ex: Lydia lacks self-discipline and is unable to finish anything.
ROLE MODEL
 a person whom someone admires and whose behaviour and attitudes he/she tries to
copy.
ex: My elder brother has always been a role model for me
SET A GOOD EXAMPLE
 encourage or inspire people to do the same thing as one does
ex: his dad was always telling him to set a good example for his younger.

MEET SB'S EXPECTATIONS
 be as good as expected
ex: His academic performance failed to meet his parents' expectations
FALL SHORT OF SB'S EXPECTATIONS
 be disappointing to sb
ex: Jamine kept falling short of my expectations
CANNOT BE GUARANTEED SUCCESS
 there is no assurance that something will be a success.
ex: so far no teaching methods can be guaranteed success.
COVER A LOT OF GROUND
 learn a great amount of information in a class = ( of subjects or courses ) deal with much
information and many facts.
ex: we've covered a lot of ground in this class in the past couple of months.
BE WELL-ROUNDED
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 have a variety of experiences in life
ex: she's a well-rounded person who not only works hard but also has a varied social
life.
COMPREHENSIVE COVERAGE OF STH
 include many details or aspects of sth.
ex: the impression is that the logical nature of the textbooks and their comprehensive
coverage of different types of examples renders work
SELF-PACED LEARNING/ EDUCATION
 study at one's own speed = learning whose rate of speed can be set or regulated by the
students themselves.
ex: self-paced distance learning offers students convenience and flexibility
CORE CURRICULUM
 the set of common courses that are require of all students
ex: the core curriculum provide the necessary general education for students,
irrespective of their fields of interest.
THE AIMS OF EDUCATION
 the purpose of education
ex: the aims of education should not be restricted to the development of knowledge or
skill.
ACADEMIC ATTAINMENT
 sth. that students succeeded in doing in class.
ex: Japan has a significantly better record in terms of average mathematical
attainment than England and Wales.
SPECIALISE IN STH
 be an expert of a particular part of a subject
ex: Grant Freeman, a biologist who specilises in identifying insects, has come to talk to
us about his current research work.
EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES

 activities that are not part of the course that a student is doing

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ex: these extra-curricular activities offer students an outlet for creativity and problemsolving.
PROMOTE EQUALITY
 ensure the same conditions, possibilities and rights
ex: some people believe that uniforms can promote equality and encourage better
behaviour at school
REPRESS INDIVIDUALITY
 discourage qualities that make someone or something different from all others
ex: school uniforms may repress individuality and deny students the freedom of
choice.
CO-EDUCATION
 a system in which students of both sexes are educated together.
ex: some people believe that co-education can make children feel more comfortable in
the company of the opposite sex.
A SINGLE SEX SCHOOL
 an all-boys or all-girls school
eX: some people arugue that single-sex schools impose abnormal conditions upon
children.
MIXED-ABILITY CLASS
 class involving students of different abilities
eX: it is remarkable that large mixed-ability classes could be kept together for maths
throughout all their compulsory schooling.
DISTINGUISH SB/STH FROM
 recognise differences between people or things
eX: importantly, our commonly held feelings can help distinguish us from other
cultures.

ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
 harmful behaviour = behaviour that lacks consideration for others and may cause damage
to society

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ex: even though the great majority of students are well-balanced, there is a small
minority that engage in anti-social behaviour
BE WELL-BEHAVED
 behave in a polite or socially acceptable way.
ex: apart from a very small minority, the students are well-behaved.
ADOLESCENCE
 the period of your life from in which you develop from being a child into being an adult.
ex: The book deals with the joys and sorrows of adolescence.
A HEALTHY / POSITIVE OUTLOOK ON LIFE
 a healthy / positive way of understanding and thinking about life.
ex: A healthy outlook on life can help students to succeed both academically and
socially.
WELL-ADJUSTED ADULTS
 adults who can act with good judgement
ex: Educators should ensure that today's students will become productive and welladjusted adults of tomorrow.
DROP OUT OF SCHOOL
 quit school before graduation
ex: in this country, each year many students are forced to drop out of school
SKIP SCHOOL
 avoid attendance at school
ex: some students skip school because they dislike the material taught in class.
COME OF AGE
 become an adult.

ex: in some country, to come of age means to reach the age when someone is legally
recognized as an adult and is legally responsible for his/her own behaviour.
BE BILINGUAL
 be able to speak two languages well or involve two languages.
ex: Donna appreciates she had the chance to be bilingual. DOnna
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BE MONOLINGUAL
 speak or use only one language.
ex: experts believe that people who speak two languages have a clear learning
advantage over their monolingual schoolmates.
SLACK OFF
 make less of an effort than usual
eX: it's about time you stoppped slacking off and did some work.
APPLY ONESELF
 work hard with a great deal of attention for a long time.
ex: I'm sure you can solve the problem if you apply yourself.
UNRULY STUDENTS
 students who are difficult to control
eX: Megan had an unruly class of adolescents on Thursday.
ACT UP
 behave badly, misbehave
ex: Ricky sometimes likes to act up in class.
INDISCIPLINE
 a lack of control or obedience
ex: the coach apologised for his team's indiscipline.
MEET THE DEMAND OF ...
 answer the need of = satisfy a certain need or desire
ex: economic globalization requires more culturally-competent university graduates

who can meet the new market demands.
BE GEARED TO STH.
 to be in accordance with another thing
ex: education should be geared to the students' needs and abilities.
INFORM SB ABOUT STH
 give information about sth.

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ex: studying geography informs us about the different kinds of relationships that
develop between a particular environment and the people who live there.
PUT THEORY INTO PRACTICE
 start to use a theory and see if it is effective.
ex: the workshop helps students to put theory into practice. they can test their ideas
or plans for practical applications there.
FIRST-HAND EXPERIENCE
 experience that has been gained by doing sth yourself
ex: by doing experiments, students acquired first-hand experience with the periodic
table of the chemical elements.
THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR STH FALLS ON SB
 sb is responsible for sth = sb's duty is to do sth
ex: the responsibility for educating children used to fall both on parents and on
teachers.
THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR STH RESTS WITH SB
 sb's duty is to do sth
ex: the responsibility for limiting children's access to violence on TV rests with the
parents.
SHIRK ONE'S RESPONSIBILITIES FOR STH
 deliberately avoid doing sth that one should do

ex: parents should not shirk their responsibility for educating their chidlren.
FULFIL ONE'S RESPONSIBILTIES
 perform or carry out one's responsibilities
ex: parents should fulfil their responsibilties and monitor their children's TV viewing
and Internet use.
DENY SB. THE FREEDOM TO DO STH
 do not allow sb to do sth = do not give sb the opportunity or the power to do sth.
ex: there is no reason to deny students the freedom to choose subjects that interest
and motivate them.
COMPULSORY SUBJECT
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 a subject that must be studied by all students.
ex: It is recognized as an important compulsory subject throughout schooling
KINDLE SB'S INTEREST IN STH
 make sb interested in sth
eX: the students' interest in mathematics was kindled by Emma's excellent teaching.
OPTIONAL SUBJECTS/ COURSES
 subjects / courses that may be chosen or not chosen
ex: They believe that at the secondary level, all students should take Math and
English, but other subjects can be optional.
THERE IS NO SUBSITUTE FOR SB/STH
 sb/sth is irreplaceable
ex: there is no substitute for a face-to-face relationship with a caring and wellinformed teacher.
DISTANCE LEARNING
 a flexible form of learning where students can study from home, work or on the move
ex: the biggest advantage of distance learning programmes is their accessibility.
COMPROMISE
 an agreement between two sides who have different opinions or different needs // risk

losing sth important
ex: all classroom learning is, in fact, a compromise between the different needs of
various students.
ex: the modifications might compromise safety in some way.
A HAPPY MEDIUM
 a middle position
ex: there's a happy medium between studying all the time and not studying at all.
BE SB.'S MENTOR
 an experienced person who gives advice to sb
ex: Freya was my teacher, my mentor and my friend
SB'S PEER
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 someone who is of the same age as sb else
ex; they are entering a wider community where teachers and peers will have just as
much influences as their parents do at home.
TAKE SB UNDER SB'S WING
 help someone, especially someone who is younger and less experienced.
ex: My mentor took me under her wing at a time when I needed her the most
BURN THE MIDNIGHT OIL
 work very late into the night
ex: Abigail has to get the report finished by tomorrow so she'll be burning the
midnight oil tonight.

STUDY INTENSIVELY
 study in a highly concentrated manner
ex: Many parents are concerned that exam-oriented education may restrict students'
creativity and cause students to study too intensively

UNIT 2: WORK
JOB SECURITY
 being free from the threat of losing one's job
ex: It's a choice between higher pay and job security.
BE UNEMPLOYED
 be without a job
ex: women who were unemployed were included in the research.

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VOLUNTARY WORK

 A job that you are not paid for

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Ex: Voluntary work is great way to get work experience, learn new skills and help a
community. You don’t get wages, but for some projects you can still get your benefit
and you may get extra allowances.
Ex: You can combine activities, for example, a temporary job to raise some money,
followed by some travelling and a period of voluntary work.

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CAREER PROSPECT

 The probability or chance for future success in a profession.
Ex: She was jealous of her daughter’s intelligence and her career prospects in
journalism.

The training awards can improve career prospects for trainees and apprentices.

JOB SATISFACTION
 the pleasant feeling you get from a job
ex: the sense of belonging to a team contributes towards job satisfaction

BE ENTITLED TO STH
 be given the right to do sth
ex: the majority of the workers have been entitled to paid holidays.

A SENSE OF FULFILMENT
 having the opportunity to develop one's abilities and interests.
ex: Madison found a sense of fulfilment and joy as a teacher.

FRUSTRATION
 the feeling of being upset because you cannot achieve sth

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ex: all her efforts met with frustration

BRAIN DRAIN
 a situation in which professionals go to another country in order to improve their living or
working conditions
ex: this brain drain was caused by highly-skilled people only offering their services to
the highest bidder.
WORK EXPERIENCE
 the experience and skills that a person gains in doing a particular job ( likely to be written
incorrectly as "working experience" by non-native English speakers )

ex: Paul decided to get work experience in South America because he wanted to learn
about Latin American life.

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VOCATIONAL QUALIFICATION

 The skills or experience that you get for a particular type of job.
Ex: We offer a wide range of vocational and technical qualifications as well as the
most comprehensive range of apprenticeships.

WORK-BASED TRAINING
 The process of learning the skills that you need to do for a particular job
Ex: The UK offers a wide range of work-based training for students seeking to build
careers in specific industries.

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137. EXCESSIVE WORKLOAD

 have too much work to do = work overload
ex: the employees have been complaining about the excessive workload - they had to
do too much in too little time.

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BE LABOUR INTENSIVE

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 be a process that requires a lot of effort
ex: However, the process took a long time and wa labour intensive

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139. AN OPPRESSIVE DEADLINE

 a deadline that is too short and difficult to meet
eX: working to oppressive deadlines can increase the risk of a heart attack.

TO WORK UNDER ENORMOUS STRESS
 Work under great pressure
Ex: Jasmine is very resilient and effective at working under enormous stress.
AN EMPLOYEE-FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENT
 An environment that emphasises the happiness and self-fulfilment of employees.
Ex: the company will build an employee-friendly environment, with various
programmes from childcare and family care to leisure support.
WORKPLACE
 The place where you work ( likely to be incorrectly written as “work unit” by non-native
English speakers)
Ex: it is in everyone’s interest to maintain a high level of security in the workplace.
WORK LONG HOURS FOR LOW PAY
 Work many hours a day for very little money
Ex: in this country, many nannies work long hours for low pay.
LEISURE ACTIVITIES
 Recreational activities carried out when someone is free from work or other duties
Ex: a wide range of leisure activities is available to students outside class time.
A DEMANDING JOB
 A job that requires a lot of time, energy and attention.

Ex: the work was too physically demanding.
CONTRACT

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 A legal agreement between two people or two businesses that says what each should do
for the other.
Ex: it may be that your contract gives you better rights, or your holiday rights might be
specified in a collective agreement.
WORK ETHIC
 The belief that hard work is good for developing one’s moral character.
Ex: Riley is a perfect example of dedication. We really admire his work ethic.
FLEXIBLE ARRANGEMENT
 A plan that can be changed easily according to the situation
Ex: telecommuting may give employees very flexible work arrangements with their
employers.
WORK SCHEDULE
 A list of planned activities to be done at work showing the dates when they are intended
to be done
Ex: they created a calendar to organise public events and work schedules.
ROUTINE WORK
 The things a person does in a fixed order.
Ex: he found doing the routine work boring.
BE WELL-STAFFED
 Have capable staff
Ex: a properly designed programme should be well-staffed and well-managed.
BE SHORT-STAFFED
 Do not have sufficient members of staff
Ex: now the company is seriously short-staffed because business is picking up.

HAVE ACCESS TO
 Have the right or opportunity to use sth.
Ex: in the course of your work you may have access to information relating to the
company’s business.
CAUSE FRICTION BETWEEN … AND…

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 Cause disagreement between…and…
Ex: this decision has caused friction between the employees and the manager.
CONFLICTS ARISE
 Has caused angry disagreement
Ex: sometimes conflicts arise between older and younger employees.
STRESS-INDUCED DISEASES
 Become ill because of too much stress = diseases caused by great worry
Ex: there has been a continuous search for the cure for stress-induced diseases.
THE PACE OF WORK
 The speed at which someone works
Ex: successful professionals tend to work at a steady pace.
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD
 A risk for people doing a particular job
Ex: every company should have goals to eliminate occupational hazards in the
workplace.
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE
 A disease commonly acquired by people in a particular occupation
Ex: noised-induced hearing loss is one of the most common occupational diseases in
the UK.
BACKBREAKING TASKS/ LABORIOUS TASKS
 Tasks that are hard and need a great deal of effort.

Ex: the toughest part of Katie’s job is not the laborious/ backbreaking tasks.
MANUAL WORK/ MANUAL LABOUR
 Physical work
Ex: there is a big demand for manual labour in the construction industry.
MENTAL WORK
 Work that involves a great deal of thinking
Ex: many people feel that mental work can be physically exhausting.

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