Basic polyester chemistry
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Polyester:
Basic Polyester Chemistry
Polyester
Content:
1. Products made of Polyester
2. Properties of Polyester
3. What is Polyester - Definition-
4. Production of Polyester
5. Side reactions
1. Products made of Polyester
Example: Clothes
Vlies Jacket
Jacket
T-Shirt
Trikot
Thermo
shirt
Gloves
Cap
Sweater
Windcheater
Waist
coat
Rain coat
Products made from Polyester
Example: PET bottles
Products made from Polyester
Example: Film
Products made from Polyester
Example: Film
UV-stabilized PET film
Transparent PET film
Barriere PET-Folie
Metal coated
Flame retardand
PET film
PET film
Cover PET film
Electro isollated PET film
Thermo shrinkage
PET film
White opal film
Products made from Polyester
Example: Film
Products made from Polyester
Example: Tire cord
Products made from Polyester
Example: Canvas
Produkte made from Polyester
Example: Tennis racket tension
Produkte made from Polyester
Example: Various items
Rucksack
Packing
Fluorescent tube
Filter fleece
Office chair
Sport bag
Glas fibre modified walls
Products made from Polyester
Annual PET production
The annual Polyester production (2008): approx 25'000'000 Tons
Base on a global population of 6.6 Mia: 3.8 kg Polyester per person
and year
A 500 t/d PET plant produces approx. 182 500 tons per year, which
corresponds to sind 0.7 % of annual PET production
3
The crude oil output correspond to: 4'833'600'000 m
per year
Approx. 1.5 kg crude oil is needed to produce 1 kg Polyester,
i.e. approx. 0.8 % of the crude oil output is used to produce
Polyester
2. Properties of Polyester:
For textile applications:
soft, pilant, formbestä ndig, crease proof, light resistant, moth resistant, very hard
wearing, rot resistance, water resistant, washable up to 60° C, fast drying, good dye
ability, etc.
PET bottles and technical yarn:
Advantage in weight compared with glas, high tenacity and elongation in oriented
state, high gas barriere, good chemical resistance, individual forming at low number
of pieces, good transparency and gloss of the surface, etc.
Film:
High mechanical tenacity and high form stability, shining surface, high temperature
stability, very high optical brightness, high gas barriere, exceptional plane surface,
excellent friction coefficiency, good coating, printing and glueing ability, etc.
3. What is Polyester - Definition -
The name Polyester is a combination of the two words poly and ester
Ester are compunds which are build by reaction of acids and alcohol:
O
R - C - OH
O
+
HO - R'
R - C - O - R'
+
H - OH
Polyester are multiple esters which are build by reaction of dicarbonic acids with diols
O
O
HO - C - R - C - OH
+
HO - R' - OH
O
O
HO
- C - R - C - O - R' - O -
H
+
HO - H
n
Monomer
The monomers reacts which each other and builds long chains called macro
molecules.
A polyester is a polymer which contains countless of macromolecules.
4. Production of Polyester:
Der Polyester produced in this plant is called polyethylene terephthalat:
Poly Ethylen Terephthalate (PET)
PET is formed by reaction of terephthalic acid with ethylene glycol.
O
O
HO - C -
- C - OH
+
HO - CH
2
- CH
2
- OH
[62.07]
[166.13]
O
HO
- C -
catalyst
O
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
H
n
+
HO - H
The polymer chain length is determined by the number of monomers and
specified by the degree of polymerisation (DP).
For fibres and filament applications: DP = 100 - 108
For bottle grade and technical yarn applications: DP = 125 - 160
Production of Polyester:
The polyester which is produced in this plant is called polyethylene terephthalate:
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate (PET)
It is build by reaction of terephthalic acid with ethylene glycol
O
O
HO - C -
- C - OH
+
HO - CH
2
- CH
2
- OH
[62.07]
[166.13]
O
HO
- C -
catalyst
O
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
H
n
+
HO - H
The polymer-chain length is determined by the number of monomers
and specfied by the degree of polymerisation (Pn).
For fibres and filament yarn applications: Pn = 100 - 108
For bottle grade and technical yarn applications: Pn = 125 - 160
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate (PET) production by reaction of terephthalic
acid with ethylene glycol:
O
HO - C -
O
HO
- C -
O
+
- C - OH
O
O
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
H
+
+
catalyst
O
HO
- C -
O
catalyst
HO - CH
2
- CH
2
- OH
C -
HO
-- H
HO
O
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
H
HO - H
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
H
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate (PET) production by reaction of terephthalic
acid with ethylene glycol:
O
+
O
O
HO
- C -
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
H
Katalyt
O
O
HO
- C -
HO
- C -
O
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
+
HO - H
O
- O
C -
- C -O
O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
H
- C O
- O - CH
- CH
2
- O -
O
2
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
H
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate (PET) production by reaction of terephthalic
acid with ethylene glycol:
O
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C - O - CH
-
C -
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
HO
- C -
O
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C - O - CH
- C -
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
H
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
H
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate (PET) production by reaction of terephthalic
acid with ethylene glycol:
O
O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
-
C
O
-
-C
O
-
O
- C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
-
O
- C - O - CH
-
C -
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
O
H
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
-C
-
-C
O
-O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
-
C
O
-
-
C
O
-O
-
C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
O
-
C
-
-C
O
-
O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
-
C
O
-
-C
O
-O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
-
H
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate (PET) production by reaction of terephthalic
acid with ethylene glycol:
O
O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
-
C
O
-
-C
O
-
O
- C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
-
O
- C - O - CH
-
C -
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
O
H
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
-C
-
-C
O
-O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
-
C
O
-
-
C
O
-O
-
C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
O
-
C
-
-C
O
-
O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
-
C
O
-
-C
O
-O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
-
H
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate (PET) production by reaction of terephthalic
acid with ethylene glycol:
O
O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
-
C
O
-
-C
O
-
O
- C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
-
O
- C - O - CH
-
C -
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
O
H
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
-C
-
-C
O
-O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
-
C
O
-
-
C
O
-O
-
C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
O
-
C
-
-C
O
-
O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
-
C
O
-
-C
O
-O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
-
H
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate (PET) production by reaction of terephthalic
acid with ethylene glycol:
O
O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
-
C
O
-
-C
O
-
O
- C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
-
O
- C - O - CH
-
C -
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
O
H
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
-C
-
-C
O
-O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
-
C
O
-
-
C
O
-O
-
C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
O
-
C
-
-C
O
-
O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
-
C
O
-
-C
O
-O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
-
H
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate (PET) production by reaction of terephthalic
acid with ethylene glycol:
O
O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
-
C
O
-
-C
O
-
O
- C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
-
O
- C - O - CH
-
C -
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
O
H
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
-C
-
-C
O
-O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
-
C
O
-
-
C
O
-O
-
C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
O
-
C
-
-C
O
-
O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
-
C
O
-
-C
O
-O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
H
O
-
H
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate (PET) production by reaction of terephthalic
acid with ethylene glycol:
O
O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
HO
O
O
-
C
-
-C
O
-
O
- C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
-
O
- C - O - CH
-
C -
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
O
O
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
O
O
H
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
- C -
- C - O - CH
2
- CH
2
- O -
O
-C
-
-C
O
-O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
-
C
O
-
-
C
O
-O
-
C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
O
-
C
-
-C
O
-
O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
O
-
C
O
-
-C
O
-O
-C
H
2
-
CH
2
-
H
O
-
H
