92 test bank for modern management concepts and skills 12th edition certo

Test Bank for Modern Management Concepts and
Skills 12th Edition Certo
Because of his writings on the elements and general principles of
management, Henri Fayol is usually regarded as the pioneer of ________.
1.

A) strategic management applications

2.

B) organizational behavior

3.

C) business finance model

4.

D) operations management theory

5.

E) administrative theory

Fayol presented work specialization as the best way to use the ________
resources of the organization.
1.

A) human

2.

B) capital

3.

C) monetary

4.

D) material

5.

E) technological

Lynn is a manager in an organization that produces optical fiber cables.
She follows the Fayol principle of "esprit de corps" in her interactions
with the team. Which of the following does this imply?
1.

A) Lynn's team members are independent.

2.

B) Lynn's team members are fiercely competitive.

3.

C) Lynn's team members enjoy working in a centralized hierarchical system.

4.

D) Lynn's team members receive orders only from her.

5.

E) Lynn's team members are harmonious and upbeat.


________ consists primarily of the work of Frederick W.Taylor, Frank and
Lillian Gilbreth, and Henry L. Gantt.
1.

A) Higher-level management analysis

2.

B) The behavioral approach

3.

C) Lower-level management analysis

4.

D) Management science

5.

E) Comprehensive management

The ________ approach to management was the product of the first
concentrated effort to develop a body of management thought. The
management writers who participated in this effort are considered the
pioneers of management study.
1.

A) behavioral

2.

B) management science

3.

C) classical

4.

D) contingency

5.

E) system

Among the sample variables considered in analyzing motions, as
pioneered by the Gilbreths, the environmental variables include ________.
1.

A) anatomy

2.

B) habits

3.

C) health

4.

D) brawn

5.

E) work clothes

F.W. Taylor's approach was unpopular with workers and unions because
they feared that reengineering their jobs would lead to ________.
1.

A) lower piecework rates


2.

B) a decrease in productivity

3.

C) workers losing their jobs

4.

D) longer work days

5.

E) an increase in quality

Which of the following approaches to management was advocated by
Henry Gantt?
1.

A) the contingency approach

2.

B) using mathematical models to investigate the decision situation

3.

C) using human relations skills to manage workers

4.

D) work specialization and unity of command

5.

E) task-scheduling and rewarding innovation

One of the general principles of management explained by Fayol is "unity
of command." What does this principle mean?
1.

A) The entire organization should be moving toward a common objective.

2.

B) The interests of one person should take priority over the interests of the
organization.

3.

C) Workers should receive orders from only one manager.

4.

D) All workers should be given the same orders by managers.

5.

E) All employees should be treated as equally as possible.

Each manager in an organization possesses certain amounts of authority.
For example, the president possesses the most authority; the first-line
supervisor, the least. According to Fayol, this is known as ________.
1.

A) unity of command

2.

B) esprit de corps

3.

C) scalability of tenure

4.

D) the scalar chain


5.

E) decentralization

Gantt believed in worker compensation that corresponded to production
through the piece-rate system, as well as the ________ system when
production exceeded the quota.
1.

A) staggered

2.

B) bonus

3.

C) pension

4.

D) interest

5.

E) profit

In Fayol's principles of management, "decentralization" implies that
________.
1.

A) the entire organization should be moving toward a common objective

2.

B) the importance of the subordinate role should be increased

3.

C) work should be divided among individuals

4.

5.

D) the interests of one person should be prioritized over the interests of the
organization
E) workers should receive orders from a number of managers

The primary investigative tool in the Gilbreths' research was ________,
which consists of reducing each job to the most basic movements
possible.
1.

A) ergonomics

2.

B) motion study

3.

C) piecework

4.

D) reductionism

5.

E) division of work


If BFL followed the scientific method as proposed by Henry Gantt, which
one of the following actions by BFL will be the MOST likely outcome?

1.

A) The workers of the Ambition brand of shoes were recently moved to a new
assembly line, where they now use only three steps per task compared to the
earlier five steps.

2.

B) Every month the BFL management awards monetary incentives to employees
who have exceeded their targets for that month and the top performer is designated
as the "employee of the month."

3.

C) The worker wages are not fixed but are dependent on the number of shoe parts
they process in a month.

4.
5.

D) BFL has no strict guidelines regarding work clothes for their employees.
E) The managers undergo regular training to enhance their interpersonal skills.
This has helped increase productivity through better communication between
employees.

Under classical management theory, comprehensive analysis of
management concerns the management function as a whole. The primary
contributor to this category was ________.
1.

A) Henri Fayol

2.

B) Frederick W.Taylor

3.

C) Henry L. Gantt

4.

D) Frank Gilbreth

5.

E) Ludwig von Bertalanffy

Which of the following is true of Henry Gantt's method of management?
1.

A) The Gantt scheduling chart was found to be impractical and has fallen into
disuse.

2.

B) It gave less importance to the human side of production than F.W. Taylor's
method.

3.

4.

C) Gantt believed that worker compensation should correspond only to production.
D) He considered that studying employee motivation was the role of scientific
management.


5.

E) It dealt with lower-level management analysis and not comprehensive analysis.

Managers use the Gantt chart to ________.
1.

A) encourage worker initiative

2.

B) conduct motion analysis of tasks

3.

C) retain productive employees

4.

D) monitor work schedules

5.

E) reward innovation by workers

Gene Co., a pharmaceutical company, directs its management to increase
production through an understanding of people. The company believes
that if managers understand their people and adapt their organizations to
them, organizational success will follow. Which management approach is
Gene Co. adopting in this scenario?
1.

A) system approach

2.

B) management science approach

3.

C) classical approach

4.

D) contingency approach

5.

E) behavioral approach

Best Foot Limited (BFL) manufactures different types of footwear,
including rubber/canvas footwear, leather footwear, and plastic footwear.
The company has one plant in Norway which produces all the shoes.

Nearly 800 workers are employed at this plant. Which of the following
possible actions would indicate that BFL follows the scientific method of
the Gilbreths, who primarily focused on motion-study?
1.

A) The company switched to a new assembly line process which requires
employees to perform three steps per task compared to the earlier five steps.

2.

B) Every month the BFL management chooses three employees who have
exceeded their targets for that month and awards each of them a special bonus.


3.

4.
5.

C) To help retain employees, the management awards workers a special loyalty
bonus for every two years they complete at the organization.
D) BFL has no strict guidelines regarding work clothes for their employees.
E) The managers undergo regular training to enhance their interpersonal skills.
This has helped increase productivity through better communication between
employees.

One of the phases of the Hawthorne studies was the relay assembly test
room experiments. The experimenters believed that if they studied
productivity long enough, under different working conditions, they would
discover the working conditions that maximized production. Thus, these

experiments originally had a ________ orientation.
1.

A) comprehensive management

2.

B) scientific management

3.

C) behavioral management

4.

D) contingency management

5.

E) system management

According to Gantt, the role of a manager is to ________.
1.

A) divide specialized work among individuals and groups

2.

B) make it in employees' interests to accomplish tasks

3.

C) choose the management tactics best suited to particular situations

4.

D) convince workmen to do work which they have no desire to do

5.

E) use mathematical models to investigate the decision situation

The classical approach to management recommends that ________.
1.

A) managers enhance organizational success by building appropriate relationships
with people

2.

B) managers improve their organizations by using the scientific method and
mathematical techniques to solve operational problems


3.

C) managers continually strive to increase organizational efficiency to increase
production

4.

D) what managers do in practice depends on, or is contingent upon, a given set of
circumstances

5.

E) to fully understand the operation of an entity, the entity must be viewed as a
system

One of the general principles of management suggested by Fayol is
centralization. What is centralization?
1.
2.

3.

A) Centralization is increasing the importance of the subordinate role.
B) Centralization directs that the entire organization should be moving toward a
common objective.
C) Centralization is lowering the importance of the subordinate role.

4.

D) Centralization directs that all materials and people related to a specific kind of
work should be assigned to the same general location.

5.

E) Centralization directs that the entire organization need not be moving toward a
common objective.

Which of the following did Gantt advocate in addition to Taylor's piecerate compensation system for workers?
1.

A) decentralizing authority

2.

B) a bonus for overproduction

3.

C) medical insurance coverage

4.

D) mandatory employee training

5.

E) tenure and job security

Under the piece-rate system pioneered by Taylor, ________.
1.

A) workers were paid according to the amount they produced

2.

B) managers develop their employees' work-related skills

3.

C) each job was reduced to the most basic movement possible

4.

D) workers were paid more than their managers


5.

E) managers were paid only after the workers exceeded production

The Hawthorne Studies were conducted in two phases: the relay assembly
test room experiments and the bank wiring observation room experiment.
Which of the following approaches was developed based on these
studies?
1.

A) the behavioral approach

2.

B) the contingency approach

3.

C) the system approach

4.

D) the management science approach

5.

E) the classical approach

The Gilbreths aimed to increase worker efficiency by ________.
1.

A) reducing the number of movements taken to accomplish a task

2.

B) enforcing minimum criteria for the types of workers hired for a job

3.

C) instituting the piece-rate system for remuneration

4.

D) understanding what motivates employees to complete a task

5.

E) encouraging teamwork rather than individual work

Lower-level management analysis concentrates on the "one best way" to

perform a task. The process of finding this "one best way" is known as
________.
1.

A) higher-level management

2.

B) contingency management

3.

C) comprehensive management

4.

D) scientific management

5.

E) system management


Jane, a manager in a soda company, believes that the classical approach
to management will help her to schedule her employees' tasks and handle
people better. But using only the classical approach may not be the ideal
approach because ________.
1.

2.

A) exact scientific knowledge of what could be done by a worker is substituted for
opinion
B) the scientific approach has proven to be ineffective in increasing production

3.

C) it is concerned with the entire range of managerial performance and not just the
job design

4.

D) it does not adequately emphasize the human variables in the production
process

5.

E) it does not have a "one best way" approach to management problems

Because of the significance of his contributions, ________ is commonly
called the "father of scientific management."
1.

A) Frank Gilbreth

2.

B) Henry L. Gantt

3.

C) Lillian Gilbreth

4.

D) Henri Fayol

5.

E) Frederick W.Taylor

62 Free Test Bank for Modern Management Concepts
and Skills 12th Edition Certo Multiple Choice
Questions - Page 2


Dress codes are a contentious subject in workplaces, with Gen Y workers
favoring a more casual style than older workers, who are often
uncomfortable with the idea of wearing casual clothes to work. Human
resources departments often find it difficult to enforce company dress
codes appropriately. Managers find that one of the ways to address this
situation is using the contingency approach. Which of the following is the
best example of the contingency approach to management?
1.

A) Rotec Inc. requires all employees to dress formally throughout the week, and
allows business casuals on Fridays.

2.

B) Sandman Designs allows employees who don't meet clients to dress casually,
while employees who must meet clients are required to wear formals.

3.

C) G&B Solutions developed a series of guidelines to let employees know what is
considered appropriate and inappropriate office wear.

4.

D) Waterstones observed and compared employee behavior and productivity on
"formal wear" and "casual wear" days and used the findings to devise a company
dress code.

5.

E) Letterman Inc. invited employees to share their clothing preferences and used
these suggestions to frame a company dress code.

The purpose of the bank wiring observation room experiment, which is
one of the phases of the Hawthorne studies, was to analyze ________.
1.

A) the impact of scientifically designed jobs on worker efficiency

2.

B) the most basic movements necessary to achieve a task

3.

C) system improvements through task-scheduling innovation

4.

D) the impact of social relationships in a work group

5.

E) the impact of unity of command in terms of productivity

The Hawthorne Studies sparked the ________, a people-oriented approach
to management in which the interaction of people in organizations is
studied to judge its impact on organizational success.
1.

A) behavioral study movement

2.

B) human relations movement


3.

C) scientific management movement

4.

D) "one best way" model

5.

E) motion studies initiative

Which one of the following approaches has its origin in World War II,
when scientists were asked to help the military solve complex operational
problems?
1.

A) classical approach

2.

B) operations research approach

3.

C) behavioral approach

4.

D) human relations approach

5.

E) systems approach

Regardless of the weather, a television's screen, controls and other parts
must function in a predetermined way if the television as a whole is to

exist and serve its purpose. This is an example of a(n) ________ system.
1.

A) static

2.

B) open

3.

C) passive

4.

D) closed

5.

E) conditional

Which one of the following conclusions was drawn by the experimenters
from the bank wiring observation room experiment?
1.

A) The subjects did not find working in the test room enjoyable.

2.

B) Human factors within organizations could significantly influence production.

3.

4.

C) Members of the work group pressured one another to work harder so that each
group member would receive more pay.
D) Improved working conditions resulted in increased production.


5.

E) Social groups in organizations could effectively exert pressure to influence
individuals to disregard monetary incentives.

The scientific method dictates that scientists must test the model by
performing an experiment on ________.
1.

A) the actual system to see whether the effects of changes predicted using the
model actually occur when the changes are made

2.

B) various systems to see whether the effects of changes predicted using the
model actually occur when the changes are made

3.

C) various systems to see whether the necessary changes can be incorporated

4.

D) the actual system and other systems to see whether the necessary changes
can be incorporated

5.

E) various systems to see whether the necessary changes can be incorporated on
the actual system

The contingency approach attempts to outline the ________ in which
various management methods have the best chance of success.
1.

A) conditions

2.

B) techniques

3.

C) tools

4.

D) guidelines

5.

E) methods

The use of the classical, behavioral and management science approaches
as sources of information to analyze the management system is referred
to as ________ management.
1.

A) open-system

2.

B) democratic

3.

C) triangular

4.

D) laissez-faire

5.

E) lower-level


Which of the following statements is true for the management science
approach?
1.

A) It is only suitable for management problems with a small number of variables.

2.

B) The use of behavioral models to investigate the decision situation is typical in
management science applications.

3.

C) Management science techniques are not suited for analyzing quantifiable
factors.

4.

D) Management science techniques decrease the effectiveness of managers in
decision-making.

5.

E) Management science applications generally use economic implications as
guidelines for making a particular decision.

Which of the following is true from the point of view of the contingency
approach to management?
1.

A) There is one best way to solve a management problem in any organization.

2.

B) Managers' decisions vary depending on the particular situation and the people
involved.

3.

C) In most cases, solutions to similar problems will apply across organizations.

4.

D) Managers within the same organization should follow the same solution for
similar problems.

5.

E) Managers should make decisions that are consistent from employee to
employee.

The ________ approach to management emphasizes "if–then"
relationships: "If" this situational variable exists, "then" a manager
probably would take this action.
1.

A) contingency

2.

B) management science

3.

C) behavioral

4.

D) comprehensive management analysis

5.

E) classical


Which of the following is the best example of a learning organization?
1.

A) Patersons, a family firm, has been in business for a century and operates in
much the same way as it did when it first began. Many find the company culture
paternalistic, but it provides generous employee benefits, which is a definite
advantage.

2.

B) Lowry Ltd emphasizes the reductionist philosophy in management: the
company attempts to analyze and understand operational problems by reducing
them to the interactions of their parts.

3.

C) Cleary Consulting takes pride in the fact that all its departments are
autonomous and self-sufficient. Each functions independently, with minimal

interaction with other departments.

4.

D) Nesbit & White has been in business for just two years, and the small firm still
operates almost informally. The weekly company meeting gives employees a sense
of community and a chance to know how everyone is working to achieve their
common goals .

5.

E) Park Systems has been immensely successful in a very short time. The key to
this has been the individual freedom that it offers employees, who develop their
own ways of working and solving problems. The company concentrates only on the
end result.

In simple terms, the ________ to management emphasizes that what
managers do in practice depends on the given set of circumstances.
1.

A) classical approach

2.

B) lower level management analysis approach

3.

C) management science approach

4.

D) contingency approach

5.

E) comprehensive management analysis approach

One of the primary characteristics present in situations in which
management science techniques are applied is ________.
1.

A) that the management problems have only a few variables

2.

B) that the situation deals with quantifiable factors such as sales

3.

C) that the situation deals with the physiological, safety, social, esteem, and selfactualization needs of organization members


4.

5.

D) that the situation deals with assessing qualitative factors of the workplace or
environment
E) that social implications are the guidelines for making a particular decision

The management science approach suggests that managers can best
improve their organizations by ________.
1.

A) using the scientific method and mathematical techniques to solve operational
problems

2.

B) understanding the physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization
needs of organization members

3.

C) providing wage incentives to workers exceeding their target production

4.

D) reducing the number of steps involved in performing a particular task

5.

E) making sure that all employees are treated as equally as possible

A human is an example of a(n) ________ system. Constant interaction with
the environment influences the person's state of existence and future.
1.

A) static

2.

B) inert

3.

C) closed

4.

D) conditional

5.

E) open

In terms of management system, the cheese used in the making of a
sandwich at a restaurant is a(n) ________.
1.

A) finished good

2.

B) organizational output

3.

C) production process

4.

D) organizational process

5.

E) organizational input


Jenna and two of her college friends recently initiated their own start-up.
Jenna's in charge of recruiting people and personnel management. She
hasn't had any experience in managing people and wants to establish a
clear approach to management. However, she notices that the decisions
she makes often vary depending on the people and situations. She
realizes that the way she manages programmers needs a different outlook
from the way she manages accountants. The most appropriate approach
that Jenna could use i
1.

A) classical

2.

B) behavioral

3.

C) management science

4.

D) comprehensive management analysis

5.

E) contingency

Leo is analyzing ways to improve efficiency and productivity in a
particular organization. The management problems being studied are very
complicated and he needs help analyzing a large number of variables. He
also intends to construct mathematical models to represent reality to
determine how the real-world situation might be improved. The approach
Leo is applying in this scenario is the ________.
1.

A) systems approach

2.

B) management science approach

3.

C) lower-level management analysis approach

4.

D) motion-study techniques approach

5.

E) contingency approach

In the scientific approach to management advocated by management
science researchers, after using a model to deduce how the system will
behave under conditions, researchers must ________.
1.

A) observe the workings of the parts of the system


2.

B) separate the system into its component parts

3.

C) construct a generalized framework of the system

4.

D) observe the system whose behavior must be explained

5.

E) test the model by performing an experiment on the actual system

The ultimate objective of the human relations approach is to ________.
1.

A) find "one best way" of managing people in an organization

2.

B) analyze the impact of environmental factors on worker behavior

3.

C) increase production by analyzing mathematical models of human behavior

4.

D) develop workers' job skills and reduce the movements necessary for them to
accomplish a task

5.

E) study the interaction of workers in organizations to enhance organizational
success

The use of mathematical models to investigate the decision situation is
typical in ________.
1.

A) the classical approach

2.

B) lower level management analysis

3.

C) upper level management analysis

4.

D) management science applications

5.

E) motion study techniques

Abraham Maslow believed that managers must understand the
physiological, safety, social, esteem, and ________ needs of organization
members.
1.

A) motivational

2.

B) leadership

3.

C) monetary

4.

D) self-actualization


5.

E) intrinsic

If BFL followed the management approach of the human relations
movement, which one of the following will be the MOST likely outcome?
1.

A) BFL moves the workers of Ambition, its brand of shoes, to a new assembly line,
where they now use only three steps per task compared to the earlier five steps.

2.

B) Every month, BFL management chooses three employees who have exceeded
their targets for that month and awards each of them with special bonuses.

3.

C) To help retain employees, the management awards workers a special bonus
for every three years they complete at the organization.

4.

D) BFL has no strict guidelines regarding work clothes for all their employees.

5.

E) BFL managers undergo regular training to enhance their technical and
interpersonal skills. This has helped increase productivity through better
communication between employees and management and appropriate process
upgrades.

Which of the following conclusions was drawn by the experimenters from
the relay assembly test room experiments of the Hawthorne studies?
1.

A) The subjects did not find working in the test room enjoyable.

2.

B) There is no consistent relationship between productivity and lighting intensity.

3.

C) Subjects continued to show decreased production under all lighting conditions.

4.

D) Worker productivity increased with higher light intensity than lower light
intensity.

5.

E) Worker productivity increased with lower light intensity than higher light
intensity.

According to the guidelines suggested by L.Thomas Hopkins for anyone

conducting system analysis, the nature of the part and its function is
determined by its ________.
1.

A) position in the whole

2.

B) importance to the operation

3.

C) structural integrity


4.

D) source and origin

5.

E) design and orientation

________ is recognized as the founder of general system theory.
1.

A) Ludwig von Bertalanffy

2.

B) Henri Fayol

3.

C) Abraham Maslow

4.

D) L.Thomas Hopkins

5.

E) F.W. Taylor

In a learning organization, every organization member should understand
his or her own job and how the jobs fit together to provide final products
to the customer. This is known as ________.
1.

A) personal mastery

2.

B) team learning

3.

C) challenging of mental models

4.

D) shared vision

5.

E) systems thinking

Which of the following is a characteristic of situations in which
management science techniques are applied?
1.

A) Managers need help analyzing a large number of variables.

2.

B) The use of behavioral models to investigate the decision situation is indicated.

3.

C) Managers want to determine the psychological and behavioral attitudes of
employees.

4.

D) Managers want to determine quality of the customer experience.

5.

E) Social implications are used as guidelines for making a particular decision.

Every Monday morning, the hundred-odd employees at Axis Systems Ltd.
meet to discuss the work situation. The managers of various departments
summarize what their departments have done over the past week.
Employees can track the various stages of any project and understand
how their tasks fit into the whole process. This illustrates the ________
aspect of a learning organization.
1.

A) the behavioral approach

2.

B) team learning

3.

C) triangular management

4.

D) systems thinking

5.

E) the contingency approach

Hawthorne study results helped managers to see that ________.
1.
2.

A) better working conditions are subject to the managers' discretion
B) reducing each work task to the most basic movements improves worker
efficiency

3.

C) worker bonuses for overproduction helped increase productivity

4.

D) the best way to increase productivity was to set a good piece-rate system

5.

E) understanding what motivates employees is a critical part of management

20 Free Test Bank for Modern Management Concepts
and Skills 12th Edition Certo True- False Questions
The behavioral science approach suggests that managers can best
improve their organizations by using the scientific method and
mathematical techniques to solve operational problems.
1.

True

2.

False

One conclusion of the Hawthorne studies was that social groups in
organizations could effectively exert pressure to influence individuals to
disregard monetary incentives.
1.

True

2.

False

The use of three sources of information: classical, behavioral, and
management science approaches, to analyze the management system is
referred to as triangular management.
1.

True

2.

False

Henri Fayol was more aware of the human side of production. According
to him, the interests of one person should take priority over the interests
of the organization as a whole.
1.

True

2.

False

The use of mathematical models to investigate the decision situation is
typical in management science applications.
1.

True

2.

False

The contingency approach is based on the premise that there is one best
way to solve a management problem in all organizations.
1.

True

2.

False


According to Fayol, employee retention should not be given high priority
as recruitment and selection costs are lower than the cost of hiring new
workers.
1.

True

2.

False

Fayol defined centralization as raising the importance of the subordinate
role.
1.

True

2.

False

The Hawthorne studies concluded that lighting and temperature changes
within organizations could significantly influence production.
1.

True

2.

False

Frederick W. Taylor is commonly called the "father of scientific
management."
1.

True

2.

False

Henri Fayol is regarded as the pioneer of administrative theory.
1.

True

2.

False

A drawback of the classical approach is that it does not adequately
emphasize human variables.
1.

True

2.

False


Abraham Maslow was a major contributor to the human relations
movement in management.
1.

True

2.

False

Henri Fayol was a major contributor to the field of classical management
theory.
1.

True

2.

False

A closed system is not influenced by, and does not interact with, its
environment.
1.

True

2.

False

The management science approach emphasizes "if––then" relationships:
"If" this situational variable exists, "then" a manager probably would take
this action.
1.

True

2.

False

The behavioral approach to management emphasizes increasing
production through an understanding of people.
1.

True

2.

False

Taylor pioneered a system in which workers could earn a bonus in
addition to the piece rate if they exceeded their daily production quota.
1.

True

2.

False


The primary investigative tool in F.W. Taylor's research was motion study.
1.

True

2.

False

Motion study consists of reducing each job to the most basic movements
possible and eliminating unnecessary motions.
1.

True

2.

False

10 Free Test Bank for Modern Management Concepts
and Skills 12th Edition Certo Free Text Questions
What is the human relations movement in management theory? How
would you, as a manager in an organization, use the human relations
approach to manage employees?
Answer Given

The Hawthorne Studies sparked the human relations movement, a peopleoriented approach to management in which the interaction of people in
organizations is studied to judge its impact on organizational success. The
ultimate objective of this approach is to enhance organizational success by
building appropriate relationships with people. Student answers may vary but they
need to explain how they would incorporate humane methods in managing
people, focus on building appropriate relationships with people and what facilities

would encourage these tasks.

What is triangular management? How is it related to the contingency
approach?
Answer Given

The use of three sources of information—the classical approach, behavioral
approach and management science approach, to analyze the management
system is referred to as triangular management. (Student answers may vary) The
contingency approach to management emphasizes that what managers do in
practice depends on, or is contingent upon, a given set of circumstances—a
situation. The situation may demand dealing with operations, people, or problemsolving. Organizations pursuing the contingency approach can use the triangular
management to arrive at the ideal course of action for a given situation.