Wireless communications and networking

WIRELESS
COMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKING


The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking
Series Editor, David Clark, M.I.T.
Wireless Communications and Networking
Vijay K. Garg
Ethernet Networking for the Small Office and
Professional Home Office
Jan L. Harrington
Network Analysis, Architecture, and Design, 3e
James D. McCabe
IPv6 Advanced Protocols Implementation
Qing Li, Tatuya Jinmei, and Keiichi Shima
Computer Networks: A Systems Approach, 4e
Larry L. Peterson and Bruce S. Davie
Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and
Architectures
Deepankar Medhi and Karthikeyan Ramaswami
Deploying IP and MPLS QoS for Multiservice
Networks: Theory and Practice
John Evans and Clarence Filsfils
Traffic Engineering and QoS Optimization of
Integrated Voice & Data Networks
Gerald R. Ash
IPv6 Core Protocols Implementation
Qing Li, Tatuya Jinmei, and Keiichi Shima
Smart Phone and Next-Generation Mobile Computing

Pei Zheng and Lionel Ni
GMPLS: Architecture and Applications
Adrian Farrel and Igor Bryskin
Network Security: A Practical Approach
Jan L. Harrington
Content Networking: Architecture, Protocols, and
Practice
Markus Hofmann and Leland R. Beaumont
Network Algorithmics: An Interdisciplinary Approach
to Designing Fast Networked Devices
George Varghese
Network Recovery: Protection and Restoration of
Optical, SONET-SDH, IP, and MPLS
Jean Philippe Vasseur, Mario Pickavet, and Piet
Demeester
Routing, Flow, and Capacity Design in Communication and Computer Networks
Michał Pióro and Deepankar Medhi
Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach
Feng Zhao and Leonidas Guibas
Communication Networking: An Analytical Approach
Anurag Kumar, D. Manjunath, and Joy Kuri
The Internet and Its Protocols: A Comparative
Approach
Adrian Farrel
Modern Cable Television Technology: Video, Voice,
and Data Communications, 2e

Walter Ciciora, James Farmer, David Large, and
Michael Adams
Bluetooth Application Programming with the Java APIs

C Bala Kumar, Paul J. Kline, and Timothy J. Thompson
Policy-Based Network Management: Solutions for
the Next Generation
John Strassner
MPLS Network Management: MIBs, Tools, and
Techniques
Thomas D. Nadeau
Developing IP-Based Services: Solutions for Service
Providers and Vendors
Monique Morrow and Kateel Vijayananda
Telecommunications Law in the Internet Age
Sharon K. Black
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective, 2e
Rajiv Ramaswami and Kumar N. Sivarajan
Internet QoS: Architectures and Mechanisms
Zheng Wang
TCP/IP Sockets in Java: Practical Guide for Programmers
Michael J. Donahoo and Kenneth L. Calvert
TCP/IP Sockets in C: Practical Guide for Programmers
Kenneth L. Calvert and Michael J. Donahoo
Multicast Communication: Protocols, Programming, and Applications
Ralph Wittmann and Martina Zitterbart
MPLS: Technology and Applications
Bruce Davie and Yakov Rekhter
High-Performance Communication Networks, 2e
Jean Walrand and Pravin Varaiya
Internetworking Multimedia
Jon Crowcroft, Mark Handley, and Ian Wakeman
Understanding Networked Applications: A First
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David G. Messerschmitt
Integrated Management of Networked Systems:
Concepts, Architectures, and their Operational
Application
Heinz-Gerd Hegering, Sebastian Abeck, and Bernhard
Neumair
Virtual Private Networks: Making the Right Connection
Dennis Fowler
Networked Applications: A Guide to the New
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David G. Messerschmitt
Wide Area Network Design: Concepts and Tools
for Optimization
Robert S. Cahn
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.


WIRELESS
COMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKING
Vijay K. Garg

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Garg, Vijay Kumar, 1938Wireless communications and networking / Vijay K. Garg.–1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-12-373580-5 (casebound : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-12-373580-7 (casebound : alk. paper) 1. Wireless communication systems. 2. Wireless LANs.
I. Title.
TK5103.2.G374 2007
621.382’1–dc22
2006100601
ISBN: 978-0-12-373580-5
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The book is dedicated to my grandchildren — Adam, Devin, Dilan, Nevin,
Monica, Renu, and Mollie.


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Contents
About the Author
Preface
1 An Overview of Wireless Systems

xxiii
xxv
1

1.1

Introduction

1

1.2

First- and Second-Generation Cellular Systems

2

1.3

Cellular Communications from 1G to 3G

5

1.4

Road Map for Higher Data Rate Capability in 3G

8

1.5

Wireless 4G Systems

14

1.6

Future Wireless Networks

15

1.7

Standardization Activities for Cellular Systems

17

1.8

Summary

19

Problems

20

References

20

2 Teletraffic Engineering

23

2.1

Introduction

23

2.2

Service Level

23

2.3

Traffic Usage

24

2.4

Traffic Measurement Units

25

2.5

Call Capacity

30

2.6

Definitions of Terms

32

2.7

Data Collection

36

2.8

Office Engineering Considerations

36

2.9

Traffic Types

38

2.10 Blocking Formulas

39

2.10.1 Erlang B Formula

40

2.10.2 Poisson’s Formula

41

2.10.3 Erlang C Formula

41

2.10.4 Comparison of Erlang B and Poisson’s Formulas

42

2.10.5 Binomial Formula

42

vii


viii

Contents

2.11 Summary

43

Problems

44

References

45

3 Radio Propagation and Propagation Path-Loss Models

47

3.1

Introduction

3.2

Free-Space Attenuation

48

3.3

Attenuation over Reflecting Surface

50

3.4

Effect of Earth’s Curvature

53

3.5

Radio Wave Propagation

54

Characteristics of Wireless Channel

58

3.6

3.6.1
3.7

Multipath Delay Spread, Coherence Bandwidth,
and Coherence Time

47

60

Signal Fading Statistics

62

3.7.1

Rician Distribution

63

3.7.2

Rayleigh Distribution

64

3.7.3

Lognormal Distribution

64

3.8

Level Crossing Rate and Average Fade Duration

65

3.9

Propagation Path-Loss Models

66

3.9.1

Okumura/Hata Model

67

3.9.2

Cost 231 Model

68

3.9.3

IMT-2000 Models

72

3.10 Indoor Path-Loss Models

75

3.11 Fade Margin

76

3.12 Link Margin

79

3.13 Summary

81

Problems

82

References

83

4 An Overview of Digital Communication and Transmission

85

4.1

Introduction

85

4.2

Baseband Systems

87

4.3

Messages, Characters, and Symbols

87

4.4

Sampling Process

88

4.4.1

Aliasing

91

4.4.2

Quantization

93


Contents

ix

4.4.3

Sources of Error

94

4.4.4

Uniform Quantization

95

4.5

Voice Communication

97

4.6

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

4.7

Pulse Code Modulation

100

4.8

Shannon Limit

102

4.9

Modulation

103

98

4.10 Performance Parameters of Coding and Modulation Scheme

105

4.11 Power Limited and Bandwidth-Limited Channel

108

4.12 Nyquist Bandwidth

109

4.13 OSI Model

112

4.13.1 OSI Upper Layers

112

4.14 Data Communication Services

113

4.15 Multiplexing

115

4.16 Transmission Media

116

4.17 Transmission Impairments

118

4.17.1 Attenuation Distortion

118

4.17.2 Phase Distortion

118

4.17.3 Level

118

4.17.4 Noise and SNR

119

4.18 Summary

120

Problems

121

References

121

5 Fundamentals of Cellular Communications

123

5.1

Introduction

123

5.2

Cellular Systems

123

5.3

Hexagonal Cell Geometry

125

5.4

Cochannel Interference Ratio

131

5.5

Cellular System Design in Worst-Case Scenario with
an Omnidirectional Antenna

134

5.6

Cochannel Interference Reduction

136

5.7

Directional Antennas in Seven-Cell Reuse Pattern

137

5.7.1

Three-Sector Case

137

5.7.2

Six-Sector Case

138

5.8

Cell Splitting

141


x

Contents

5.9

Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI)

144

5.10 Segmentation

144

5.11 Summary

145

Problems

146

References

147

6 Multiple Access Techniques

149

6.1

Introduction

149

6.2

Narrowband Channelized Systems

150

6.2.1

6.3

Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division
Duplex (TDD) System

151

6.2.2

Frequency Division Multiple Access

152

6.2.3

Time Division Multiple Access

154

Spectral Efficiency

156

6.3.1

156

Spectral Efficiency of Modulation

6.3.2

Multiple Access Spectral Efficiency

159

6.3.3

Overall Spectral Efficiency of FDMA and TDMA Systems

160

6.4

Wideband Systems

163

6.5

Comparisons of FDMA, TDMA, and DS-CDMA (Figure 6.7)

166

6.6

Capacity of DS-CDMA System

168

6.7

Comparison of DS-CDMA vs. TDMA System Capacity

171

6.8

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum with M-ary
Frequency Shift Keying

172

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

173

6.9

6.10 Multicarrier DS-CDMA (MC-DS-CDMA)

175

6.11 Random Access Methods

176

6.11.1 Pure ALOHA

176

6.11.2 Slotted ALOHA

177

6.11.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)

178

6.11.4 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection

180

6.11.5 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance (CSMA/CA)

181

6.12 Idle Signal Casting Multiple Access

184

6.13 Packet Reservation Multiple Access

184

6.14 Error Control Schemes for Link Layer

185

6.15 Summary

188


Contents

xi

Problems

189

References

190

7 Architecture of a Wireless Wide-Area Network (WWAN)

193

7.1

Introduction

193

7.2

WWAN Subsystem Entities

194

7.2.1

User Equipment

194

7.2.2

Radio Station Subsystem

196

7.2.3

Network and Switching Subsystem

197

7.2.4

Operation and Maintenance Subsystem (OMSS)

198

7.2.5

Interworking and Interfaces

199

7.3

Logical Channels

199

7.4

Channel and Frame Structure

201

7.5

Basic Signal Characteristics

203

7.6

Speech Processing

203

7.7

Power Levels in Mobile Station

208

7.8

GSM Public Land Mobile Network Services

209

7.9

Summary

212

Problems

213

References

213

8 Speech Coding and Channel Coding
8.1
8.2

8.3

215

Introduction

215

Speech Coding

215

8.2.1

Speech Coding Methods

216

8.2.2

Speech Codec Attributes

217

8.2.3

Linear-Prediction-Based Analysis-by-Synthesis (LPAS)

218

8.2.4

Waveform Coding

219

8.2.5

Vocoders

220

8.2.6

Hybrid Coding

221

Speech Codecs in European Systems

222

8.3.1

GSM Enhanced Full-Rate (EFR)

222

8.3.2

Adaptive Multiple Rate Codec

224

8.4

CELP Speech Codec

227

8.5

Enhanced Variable Rate Codec

230

8.6

Channel Coding

233


xii

Contents

8.7

8.6.1

Reed-Solomon (RS) Codes

234

8.6.2

Convolutional Code

237

8.6.3

Turbo Coding

241

8.6.4

Soft and Hard Decision Decoding

244

8.6.5

Bit-Interleaving and De-Interleaving

245

Summary

246

Problems

247

References

247

9 Modulation Schemes

249

9.1

Introduction

249

9.2

Introduction to Modulation

249

9.3

Phase Shift Keying

257

9.3.1

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK),
Offset-Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (OQPSK) and
M-PSK Modulation [5,7,11]

260

9.3.2

␲/4-DQPSK Modulation

264

9.3.3

MSK and GMSK Modulation

268

9.4

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

272

9.5

M-ary Frequency Shift Keying

275

9.6

Modulation Selection

278

9.7

Synchronization

278

9.8

Equalization

282

9.9

Summary

284

Problems

284

References

285

10 Antennas, Diversity, and Link Analysis

287

10.1 Introduction

287

10.2 Antenna System

287

10.3 Antenna Gain

288

10.4 Performance Criteria of Antenna Systems

293

10.5 Relationship between Directivity, Gain, and Beam Width of an Antenna

295

10.5.1 The Relationship between Directivity and Gain

296

10.5.2 Relation between Gain and Beam Width

297

10.5.3 Helical Antennas

298


Contents

xiii

10.6 Diversity
10.6.1 Types of Diversity
10.7 Combining Methods

300
301
302

10.7.1 Selection Combiner

303

10.7.2 Switched Combiner

306

10.7.3 Maximal Ratio Combiner

306

10.7.4 Equal Gain Combiner

309

10.8 Rake Receiver

310

10.9 Link Budgets

312

10.10 Summary

314

Problems

315

References

315

11 Spread Spectrum (SS) and CDMA Systems

317

11.1 Introduction

317

11.2 Concept of Spread Spectrum

317

11.3 System Processing Gain

321

11.4 Requirements of Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum

328

11.5 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum Systems

329

11.6 Operational Advantages of SS Modulation

333

11.7 Coherent Binary Phase-Shift Keying DSSS

335

11.8 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying DSSS

337

11.9 Bit Scrambling

339

11.10 Requirements of Spreading Codes

341

11.11 Multipath Path Signal Propagation and Rake Receiver

342

11.12 Critical Challenges of CDMA

347

11.13 TIA IS-95 CDMA System

347

11.13.1 Downlink (Forward) (BS to MS)

348

11.13.2 Uplink (Reverse) (MS to BS)

351

11.14 Power Control in CDMA
11.14.1 Open Loop Power Control

356

357

11.15 Softer and Soft Handoff

361

11.16 Summary

364

Problems

364

References

366


xiv

Contents

12 Mobility Management in Wireless Networks

369

12.1 Introduction

369

12.2 Mobility Management Functions

370

12.3 Mobile Location Management

371

12.3.1 Mobility Model
12.4 Mobile Registration

372
376

12.4.1 GSM Token-Based Registration

379

12.4.2 IMSI Attach and IMSI Detach (Registration and
Deregistration) in GSM

381

12.4.3 Paging in GSM

381

12.5 Handoff

384

12.5.1 Handoff Techniques

386

12.5.2 Handoff Types

387

12.5.3 Handoff Process and Algorithms

387

12.5.4 Handoff Call Flows

389

12.6 Summary

393

Problems

394

References

394

13 Security in Wireless Systems

397

13.1 Introduction

397

13.2 Security and Privacy Needs of a Wireless System

399

13.2.1 Purpose of Security

399

13.2.2 Privacy Definitions

399

13.2.3 Privacy Requirements

400

13.2.4 Theft Resistance Requirements

402

13.2.5 Radio System Requirements

403

13.2.6 System Lifetime Requirements

404

13.2.7 Physical Requirements

404

13.2.8 Law Enforcement Requirements

405

13.3 Required Features for a Secured Wireless Communications System

407

13.4 Methods of Providing Privacy and Security in Wireless Systems

407

13.5 Wireless Security and Standards

409

13.6 IEEE 802.11 Security

409

13.7 Security in North American Cellular/PCS Systems

411

13.7.1 Shared Secret Data Update

412


Contents

xv

13.7.2 Global Challenge

412

13.7.3 Unique Challenge

414

13.8 Security in GSM, GPRS, and UMTS

415

13.8.1 Security in GSM

415

13.8.2 Security in GPRS

417

13.8.3 Security in UMTS

419

13.9 Data Security

420

13.9.1 Firewalls

420

13.9.2 Encryption

421

13.9.3 Secure Socket Layer

427

13.9.4 IP Security Protocol (IPSec)

427

13.9.5 Authentication Protocols

427

13.10 Air Interface Support for Authentication Methods

429

13.11 Summary of Security in Current Wireless Systems

430

13.11.1 Billing Accuracy

431

13.11.2 Privacy of Information

431

13.11.3 Theft Resistance of MS

431

13.11.4 Handset Design

431

13.11.5 Law Enforcement

431

13.12 Summary

432

Problems

432

References

433

14 Mobile Network and Transport Layer

435

14.1 Introduction

435

14.2 Concept of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
Suite in Internet

436

14.3 Network Layer in the Internet

439

14.3.1 Internet Addresses

441

14.3.2 IP Adjunct Protocols

442

14.3.3 QoS Support in the Internet

443

14.4 TCP/IP Suite

446

14.5 Transmission Control Protocol

448

14.5.1 TCP Enhancements for Wireless Networks

452

14.5.2 Implementation of Wireless TCP

455

14.6 Mobile IP (MIP) and Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

457

xvi

Contents

14.6.1 Mobile IP

458

14.6.2 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

464

14.7 Internet Reference Model

464

14.8 Summary

465

Problems

465

References

466

15 Wide-Area Wireless Networks (WANs) — GSM Evolution

469

15.1 Introduction

469

15.2 GSM Evolution for Data

470

15.2.1 High Speed Circuit Switched Data

472

15.2.2 General Packet Radio Service

473

15.2.3 Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Enhancement

483

15.3 Third-Generation (3G) Wireless Systems

489

15.4 UMTS Network Reference Architecture

495

15.5 Channel Structure in UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

497

15.6 Spreading and Scrambling in UMTS

504

15.7 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network Overview
15.7.1 UTRAN Logical Interfaces
15.7.2 Distribution of UTRAN Functions
15.8 UMTS Core Network Architecture

506
508
516
518

15.8.1 3G-MSC

520

15.8.2 3G-SGSN

520

15.8.3 3G-GGSN

521

15.8.4 SMS-GMSC/SMS-IWMSC

522

15.8.5 Firewall

522

15.8.6 DNS/DHCP

522

15.9 Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec for UMTS

523

15.10 UMTS Bearer Service

524

15.11 QoS Management

526

15.11.1 Functions for UMTS Bearer Service in the Control Plane

526

15.11.2 Functions for UMTS Bearer Service in the User Plane

527

15.12 Quality of Service in UMTS

528

15.12.1 QoS Classes

528

15.12.2 QoS Attributes

528

15.13 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

530


Contents

xvii

15.14 Freedom of Mobile multimedia Access (FOMA)

536

15.15 Summary

537

Problems

538

References

539

16 Wide-Area Wireless Networks — cdmaOne Evolution

541

16.1 Introduction

541

16.2 cdma2000 Layering Structure

544

16.2.1 Upper Layer

544

16.2.2 Lower Layers

545

16.3 Forward Link Physical Channels of cdma2000

550

16.4 Forward Link Features

553

16.4.1 Transmit Diversity

553

16.4.2 Orthogonal Modulation

555

16.4.3 Power Control

556

16.4.4 Walsh Code Administration

558

16.4.5 Modulation and Spreading

558

16.5 Reverse Link Physical Channels of cdma2000
16.5.1 Reverse Link Power Control

16.6 Evolution of cdmaOne (IS-95) to cdma2000

562
565
568

16.6.1 cdma2000 1X EV-DO

574

16.6.2 cdma2000 1X EV-DV

581

16.7 Technical Differences between cdma2000 and WCDMA

586

16.8 Summary

587

Problems

592

References

592

17 Planning and Design of Wide-Area Wireless Networks

595

17.1 Introduction

595

17.2 Planning and Design of a Wireless Network

596

17.3 Radio Design for a Cellular Network

600

17.3.1 Radio Link Design

600

17.3.2 Coverage Planning

601

17.4 Receiver Sensitivity and Link Budget

602

17.4.1 Link Budget for the GSM1800 System

602

17.4.2 Pole Capacity of a CDMA Cell

605


xviii

Contents

17.4.3 Uplink Radio Link Budget for a CDMA System

606

17.4.4 Downlink Radio Link Budget for a CDMA System

609

17.5 cdma2000 1X EV-DO

615

17.5.1 1X EV-DO Concept

615

17.5.2 Details of cdma2000 1X EV-DO

617

17.6 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
17.6.1 HSDPA SINR Calculation

620
623

17.7 Iub Interface Dimensioning

624

17.8 Radio Network Controller Dimensioning

624

17.9 Summary

626

Problems

626

References

629

18 Wireless Application Protocol

631

18.1 Introduction

631

18.2 WAP and the World Wide Web (WWW)

631

18.3 Introduction to Wireless Application Protocol

632

18.4 The WAP Programming Model

633

18.4.1 The WWW Model

634

18.4.2 The WAP Model

634

18.5 WAP Architecture

636

18.5.1 Wireless Application Environment

637

18.5.2 Wireless Telephony Application

638

18.5.3 Wireless Session Protocol

639

18.5.4 Wireless Transaction Protocol

640

18.5.5 Wireless Transport Layer Security

641

18.5.6 Wireless Datagram Protocol

641

18.5.7 Optimal WAP Bearers

642

18.6 Traditional WAP Networking Environment

643

18.7 WAP Advantages and Disadvantages

645

18.8 Applications of WAP

646

18.9 imode

647

18.10 imode versus WAP

649

18.11 Summary

650

Problems

650

References

650

Contents

xix

19 Wireless Personal Area Network — Bluetooth

653

19.1 Introduction

653

19.2 The Wireless Personal Area Network

654

19.3 Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1)

656

19.4 Definitions of the Terms Used in Bluetooth

659

19.5 Bluetooth Protocol Stack

660

19.5.1 Transport Protocol Group

660

19.5.2 Middleware Protocol Group

661

19.5.3 Application Group

663

19.6 Bluetooth Link Types

663

19.7 Bluetooth Security

666

19.7.1 Security Levels

667

19.7.2 Limitations of Bluetooth Security

669

19.8 Network Connection Establishment in Bluetooth

669

19.9 Error Correction in Bluetooth

670

19.10 Network Topology in Bluetooth

671

19.11 Bluetooth Usage Models

671

19.12 Bluetooth Applications

672

19.13 WAP and Bluetooth

673

19.14 Summary

673

Problems

673

References

674

20 Wireless Personal Area Networks: Low Rate and High Rate

675

20.1 Introduction

675

20.2 Wireless Sensor Network

675

20.3 Usage of Wireless Sensor Networks

678

20.4 Wireless Sensor Network Model

678

20.5 Sensor Network Protocol Stack

683

20.5.1 Physical Layer

683

20.5.2 Data Link Layer

684

20.5.3 Network Layer

685

20.5.4 Transport Layer

687

20.5.5 Application Layer

687

20.5.6 Power, Mobility, and Task Management Planes

688


xx

Contents

20.6 ZigBee Technology
20.6.1 ZigBee Components and Network Topologies
20.7 IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN Device Architecture

688

689
691

20.7.1 Physical Layer

692

20.7.2 Data Link Layer

694

20.7.3 The Network Layer

697

20.7.4 Applications

702

20.8 IEEE 802.15.3a — Ultra WideBand

703

20.9 Radio Frequency Identification

707

20.10 Summary

710

Problems

710

References

711

21 Wireless Local Area Networks

713

21.1 Introduction

713

21.2 WLAN Equipment

716

21.3 WLAN Topologies

717

21.4 WLAN Technologies

719

21.4.1 Infrared Technology

719

21.4.2 UHF Narrowband Technology

719

21.4.3 Spread Spectrum Technology

721

21.5 IEEE 802.11 WLAN

721

21.5.1 IEEE 802.11 Architecture

722

21.5.2 802.11 Physical Layer (PHY)

723

21.5.3 IEEE 802.11 Data Link Layer

735

21.5.4 IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control

736

21.5.5 IEEE 802.11 MAC Sublayer

742

21.6 Joining an Existing Basic Service Set

744

21.7 Security of IEEE 802.11 Systems

747

21.8 Power Management

747

21.9 IEEE 802.11b — High Rate DSSS

748

21.10 IEEE 802.11n

749

21.11 Other WLAN Standards

752

21.11.1 HIPERLAN Family of Standards

752

21.11.2 Multimedia Access Communication — High Speed
Wireless Access Network

758


Contents

xxi

21.12 Performance of a Bluetooth Piconet in the
Presence of IEEE 802.11 WLANs

759

21.12.1 Packet Error Rate (PER) from N Neighboring
Bluetooth Piconets

760

21.12.2 PER from M Neighboring IEEE 802.11 WLANs

761

21.12.3 Aggregated Throughput

762

21.13 Interference between Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11

763

21.14 IEEE 802.16

765

21.15 World Interoperability for MicroAccess, Inc. (WiMAX)

767

21.15.1 WiMAX Physical Layer (PHY)

770

21.15.2 WiMAX Media Access Control (MAC)

771

21.15.3 Spectrum Allocation for WiMAX

772

21.16 Summary

772

Problems

774

References

775

Appendix A

777

Acronyms

787

Index

806

The following Bonus Chapters can be found on the book’s website at
/>22 Interworking between Wireless Local Area Networks and
3G Wireless Wide Area Networks

22-1

22.1 Introduction

22-1

22.2 Interworking Objectives and Requirements

22-2

22.3 Interworking Schemes to Connect WLANs and 3G Networks

22-3

22.4 De Facto WLAN System Architecture

22-5

22.5 Session Mobility

22-7

22.6 Interworking Architectures for WLAN and GPRS

22-8

22.7 System Description with Tight Coupling

22-9

22.7.1 Protocol Stack

22-12

22.7.2 WLAN Adaptation Function

22-13

22.7.3 GIF/RAI Discovery Procedure

22-15

22.8 System Description with Loose Coupling

22-17


xxii

Contents

22.8.1 Authentication

22-20

22.8.2 User Data Routing and Access to Services

22-23

22.8.3 3GPP-based Charging for WLAN

22-23

22.8.4 Session Mobility

22-26

22.9 Local Multipoint Distribution Service

22-26

22.10 Multichannel Multipoint Distribution System

22-29

22.11 Summary

22-31

Problems

22-32

References

22-32

23 Fourth Generation Systems and New Wireless Technologies

23-1

23.1 Introduction

23-1

23.2 4G Vision

23-2

23.3 4G Features and Challenges

23-3

23.4 Applications of 4G

23-7

23.5 4G Technologies

23-7

23.5.1 Multicarrier Modulation

23-7

23.5.2 Smart Antenna Techniques

23-10

23.5.3 OFDM-MIMO Systems

23-14

23.5.4 Adaptive Modulation and Coding with Time-Slot Scheduler

23-14

23.5.5 Bell Labs Layered Space Time (BLAST) System

23-15

23.5.6 Software-Defined Radio

23-18

23.5.7 Cognitive Radio

23-20

23.6 Summary

23-21

Problems

23-21

References

23-22

Appendix B

Path Loss over a Reflecting Surface

B-1

Appendix C

Error Functions

C-1

Appendix D

Spreading Codes Used in CDMA

D-1

Appendix E

Power Units

E-1


About the Author
Vijay K. Garg has been a professor in the Electrical and Computer Engineering
Department at the University of Illinois at Chicago since 1999, where he teaches
graduate courses in Wireless Communications and Networking. Dr. Garg was a
Distinguished Member of Technical Staff at the Lucent Technologies Bell Labs
in Naperville, Illinois from 1985 to 2001. He received his Ph.D. degree from the
Illinois Institute of Technologies, Chicago, IL in 1973 and his MS degree from
the University of California at Berkeley, CA in 1966. Dr. Garg has co-authored
several technical books including five in wireless communications. He is a Fellow
of ASCE and ASME, and a Senior Member of IEEE. Dr. Garg is a registered Professional Engineer in the state of Maine and Illinois. He is an Academic Member
of the Russian Academy of Transport. Dr. Garg was a Feature Editor of Wireless/

PCS Series in IEEE Communication Magazine from 1996–2001.

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