NHỮNG TRỌNG ĐIỂM NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH CẦN LƯU Ý

NHỮNG TRỌNG ĐIỂM NGỮ PHÁP CẦN LƯU Ý
1/ ĐẠI TỪ
* Đại từ nghi vấn: who, whose, whom, …
- What + be …like?
Dùng hỏi tính cách, tính chất
Ex: What was the exam like? – It was very difficult.
What is David like? – He is very sociable.
- What does he / she / it …look like?
Dùng hỏi về vẻ bên ngoài
Ex: What does she look like? – She is tall.
- What about + V-ing = How about + V-ing …? Đưa ra gợi ý hoặc đề nghị
- Which (nào, cái nào, người nào)
Ex: Which is your favourite subject?
Ex: Which of these photos would you like?
- Which of + determiner W
+ N (plural)
Which of us is going to do the washing-up?
- Which of + pronoun
Note: + Which chỉ sự lựa chọn trong một số lượng có giới hạn
There’s fruit juice, coffee and tea. Which will you have?
+ What dùng khi có sự lựa chọn rộng rãi
What would you like to drink?
* Đại từ phân bổ:
- All (tất cả): có thể là chủ ngữ, tân ngữ hoặc bổ ngữ
All were eager to leave.
I’ll do all I can.
Wallet, ticket and a bunch of keys, that’s all in his pocket.
- All of + determiner + N (plural/uncountable) + V(plural/singular)
- All of us / you / them + V (plural)
All (of) my friends like reading.
All of the money has been spent.

I’m going to invite all of you.
- All of + N (singular) = the whole
- Most (phần lớn, hầu hết)

I’ve eaten all of the cake = I’ve eaten the whole cake.

- Most + determiner + N + V(plural/singular)
- Most of us / you / them + V (plural)

Most of the people here know each other.
He spends most of his free time in the library.
Most of us enjoy shopping.

- Each (mỗi)
- Each of + determiner + N (plural) + V(singular)
- Each of us / you / them + V (singular)
* Đại từ hỗ tương: là đại từ chỉ mối quan hệ qua lại giữa hai hoặc nhiều người hoặc vật với nhau,
gồm each other và one another (nhau, lẫn nhau)
Sue and Ann don’t like each other / one another.
They sat for two hours without talking to each other / one another.
Không dùng each other sau các từ meet, marry và similar
They married in 1990. (not: They married each other.)
2/ DANH TỪ
2.1. Danh từ ghép:
- là danh từ gồm hai hoặc nhiều từ kết hợp với nhau. Danh từ ghép có thể được viết thành hai từ riêng
biệt, có gạch ngang giữa hai từ hoặc kết hợp thành một từ.
Ex: world peace, non-stop train, writing-table
- cách thành lập danh từ ghép:
a. Danh từ + danh từ (Noun + noun)
toothpick (tăm)

schoolboy
tennis ball
bus driver
river bank
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b. Tính từ + danh từ (Adjective + Noun)
quicksilver (thủy ngân)
greenhouse (nhà kính)
blackbird (chim két)
c. Danh từ + danh động từ (Noun + gerund): chỉ một loại công việc
weigh-lifting (cử tạ)
fruit-picking (việc hái quả)
coal-mining (việc khai thác than)
d. Danh động từ + danh từ (Gerund + noun)
waiting-room (phòng chờ)
swimming pool (hồ bơi)
driving licence (bằng lái xe)
washing-machine (máy giặt)
e. Các trường hợp khác:
- Tính từ + động từ: whitewash (nước vôi)
- Động từ + danh từ: pickpocket (tên móc túi)
- Trạng từ + động từ: outbreak (sự bùng nổ)
- Động từ + trạng từ: breakdown (sự suy sụp)
- Danh từ + giới từ: passer-by (khách qua đường), looker-on (người xem)
- Danh từ + tính từ: secretary-general (tổng thư ký, tổng bí thư)
2.2 Danh từ số nhiều của những từ có nguồn gốc từ tiếng Hy Lạp hoặc Latin:
Số ít
bacterium

curriculum

Số nhiều
bacteria
curricula

datum
criterion
phenomenon
basis
crisis

data
criteria
phenomena
bases
crises

analysis
hypothesis

analyses
hypotheses

Nghĩa
vi khuẩn
chương
trình
giảng dạy
dữ kiện

tiêu chuẩn
hiện tượng
nền tảng
cuộc
khủng
hoảng
sự phân tích
giả thuyết

2.3 Danh từ đếm được và danh từ không đếm được
* Cách thành lập danh từ số nhiều:
- Thêm –s vào danh từ số ít
- Thêm –es sau danh từ số ít tận cùng bằng s, ss, sh, ch, x, z, zz
- Thêm –s nếu trước o là một nguyên âm: radios, micros
- Thêm –es nếu trước o là một phụ âm: potatoes, tomatoes, heroes
- Thêm – s nếu trước y là nguyên âm: plays, boys
- Thêm – es nếu trước y là phụ âm: lorries
- Danh từ tận cùng bằng f /fe đổi thành –ves: leaf  leaves
thief  thieves
- Thêm –s vào sau các danh từ tận cùng bằng f / fe khác: beliefs,cafes
- Một số từ có số nhiều bất qui tắc:
child – children
foot – feet
goose – geese
ox – oxen
man – men
mouse – mice
fish - fish
tooth – teeth
woman – women

sheep – sheep
deer – deer
3/ TỪ CHỈ SỐ LƯỢNG
Với danh từ đếm
được
- some / any (một vài)
- many
- a large number of
- a great number of
- plenty of

Với danh từ không
đếm dược
- some / any (một ít)
- much
- a large amount of
- a great deal of
- plenty of

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- a lot of / lots of
- few / a few
- every / each
- several (nhiều)

- lot of / lots of
- little / a little

- some: dùng trong câu khẳng định, câu yêu cầu, lời mời, lời đề nghỉ.
- any: dùng trong câu phủ định, nghi vấn
- many, much dùng trong câu phủ định, nghi vấn
- a lot of, plenty of, a great number of … dùng trong câu khẳng định
- many, much luôn dùng trong câu khẳng định có các từ very, too, so, as
- few, little (ít, không nhiều): thường có nghĩa phủ định, ít không đủ để dùng
- a few / a little (một vài, một ít): thường có nghĩa khẳng định, ít đủ để dùng
He drank so much wine that he felt sick.
Would you like some more coffee?
We haven’t got any butter.
There aren’t any chairs in the room.
Hurry up! There is little time.
Let’s go and have a drink. We have got a little time before the train leaves.
4/ SỐ CỦA ĐỘNG TỪ:
- Số thập phân, phân số, sự đo lường + động từ số ít
Three quarters of a ton is too much.
- All, some, plenty + of + danh từ số ít  động từ số ít
- Half, part, a lot, .. + of + danh từ số nhiều  động từ số nhiều
Some of the milk was sour.
A lot of my friends want to emigrate.
- No + danh từ số ít  động từ số ít
- No + danh từ số nhiều  động từ số nhiều
No people think alike.
No student has finished their assigmnet.
5/ LIÊN TỪ (Conjunctions)
a. Liên từ kết hợp: dùng để nối từ, cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề độc lập có cùng chức năng ngữ pháp: and,
but, or, nor, so, yet (tuy nhiên, nhưng), for (vì)
The new method is simple, yet effective.
I told her to leave, for I was very tired.

- Liên từ tương quan: not only … but also, both … and, either … or, neither …. nor, whether …or (có
… hay),
Peter neither spoke nor did anything.
I have not decided whether to travel abroad or buy a new car.
- Một số trạng từ dùng như từ nối để nối hai mệnh đề hoặc câu độc lập: hence (do đó), however (tuy
nhiên), furthermore (hơn nữa), moreover (hơn nữa), therefore (vì vậy), nevertheless (tuy nhiên),
meanwhile (trong khi đó), otherwise (nếu không thì, kẻo), consequently (vì vậy, cho nên)
I had better write it down, otherwise I will forget it.
We must be early; otherwise we won’t get a seat.
b. Liên từ phụ thuộc: nối mệnh đề phụ với mệnh đề chính: after, before, since, when, whenever, while,
until, till, as, where, wherever, because, so that, in order that, although, though, even though, even if,
unless, in case, provided / providing that, supposed / supposing that, as if, as though, as long as (miễn
là,với điều kiện là)…
- besides (giới từ): bên cạnh. Besides + Nound / pronoun / V-ing
Besides doing the cooking, I look after the garden.
- besides (trạng từ): ngoài ra, đứng trước mệnh đề
I can’t go now. I am too busy. Besides my passport is out of date.
- in spite of the fact that / despite the fact that + S + V
- reason why + S + V: lý do tại sao
The reason why grass is green was a mystery to the little boy.

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- reason for + Noun: lý do của
The reason for the disaster was engine failure, not human error.
6. WISH / IF ONLY
Hiện tại:

S + wish + S + QKĐ
If only + S + QKĐ
I am poor now.  I wish / If only I were rich.
Quá khứ:
S + wish + S + QKHT
If only + S + QKHT
I didn’t meet her .  I wish / if only I had met her.
Tương lai:
S + wish + S + would / could + V1
If only + S + would / could + V1
I wish I could attend your wedding next week.
7. CHỈ MỤC ĐÍCH: Lưu ý khi mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ mục đích không cùng chủ từ
thì không nên dùng cụm từ chỉ mục đích. Ta có thể dùng cấu trúc for + O + to-inf
I left the door unlocked so that my son could get in.
I left the door unlocked for my son to get in.
8. CHỈ KẾT QUẢ:
- so many / so few + danh từ đếm được số nhiều + that + clause
- so much / little + danh từ không đếm được + that + clause
There were so few people at the meeting that it was canceled.
I have got so little time that I can’t manage to have lunch with you.
- Cấu trúc khác của so … that
S + V + so + adj + a + Noun (đếm được số ít) + that + S + V
It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
- Có thể dùng such trước danh từ không có tính từ
She is such a baby that we never dare to leave her alone. (Nó trẻ con đến nỗi chúng tôi không bao
giờ dám để nó ở nhà một mình)
- So được dùng với many, much, few, little; such được dùng với a lot of
Why did you buy so much food? = Why did you buy such a lot of food?
- So được đặt ở đầu câu để nhấn mạnh, theo sau phải đảo ngữ
So terrible was the storm that whole roofs were ripped out.

9. CHỈ LÝ DO
- because of
+ Noun / pronoun/ V-ing
- due to / owing to
Owing to his carelessness, we had an accident.
She stayed home because of feeling unwell.
- because / since / as / seeing that / due to the fact that + S + V
As you weren’t there, I left a message.
Seeing that the weather was bad, they didn’t take part in the trip.
- for, in that, in as much as cũng có thể dùng để đưa ra lý do trong lối nói trang trọng. (trước for phải
có dấu phẩy)
- now that = because of the fact that
Now that the exams are over, I can enjoy myself.
10. CHỈ SỰ NHƯỢNG BỘ
- No matter + what / who / when / where / why + S + V
- No matter + how (adj / adv) + S + V
- Whatever (+ noun) / whoever / whenever / wherever + S + V
- However (+ adj) + S + V
No matter who you are, I still love you.
Don’t trust him, no matter what he says.

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Phone me when you arrive, no matter how late it is.
Whatever problems you have, you can phone me.
Whatever you say, I don’t believe you.
I’m not opening the door, whoever you are.
However much he eats, he never gets fat.

- adj / adv + as / though + S + V: mặc dù, dù
Rich as he is, he is unhappy. = Rich though he is, he is unhappy.
11. CHỈ CÁCH THỨC: thường bắt đầu bằng as, as if, as though
He could not come as he promised
- As if / As though: dùng diễn tả điều kiện không có thật ở hiện tại hoặc ở quá khứ
* Hiện tại: S + V + as if / as though + S + V (QKĐ)
* Quá khứ: S + V + as if / as though + S + V (QKHT)
She dresses as if she were an actress.
He talked about New York as though he had been there before.
12. HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT + V1: nên, tốt hơn nên
You had better take your umbrella with you today.
You had better not go out in the rain.
13. WOULD RATHER
S + would rather (+ not) + V1 + (than) … thích hơn
S + would rather + (that) + S + V (QKĐ / QKHT) …
I would rather stay at home.
I would rather stay at home than go to the movie.
I would rather you went home now.
- would prefer + to-inf
- would rather …than = would prefer …rather than
I’d rather stay at home tonight than go to the cinema.
He would prefer to drive rather than take the bus.
14. Modal Verbs + be + V-ing: dự đoán sự việc có thể đang xảy ra
It’s 9 a.m. He must be working.
15. Modal Verbs + have + V3/-ed: dự đoán sự việc không xảy ra trong quá khứ
Peter failed the exam again. He must have been very sad.
16. Thể bị động:
- Có hai tân ngữ
My mother gave me
some money.

I.O
D.O
I was given some money by my mother.
Some money was given to me by my mother.
Khi đem túc từ chỉ vật làm chủ từ trong câu bị động có hai túc từ cần chú ý thêm các từ: to, for.
Những từ đi với to: send, write, give. Đi với for: buy
- Động từ chỉ giác quan: see, look, hear, notice, taste …
Active: S + V + O + V1 / V-ing
Passive: S + be + V3/-ed + to-inf / V-ing.
- Từ chỉ cảm xúc: like, love, hate, wish, prefer, hope …
Active: S + V + O + to-inf
Passive: S + V + O + to be + V3/-ed
She wanted her mother to give her some money.
 She wanted some money to be given.
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17. to-inf / V-ing / V1
- help + O + to-inf / V1
- had better, would rather, had sooner, why not + V1
Why not stay for lunch?
- advise, recommend, allow, permit, encourage, require + V-ing
- advise, recommend, allow, permit, encourage, require + O + to-inf
They don’t permit us to smoke here.
They don’t permit smoking here.
- what, when, where, how …+ to-inf.
- after, before, since, when, while + V-ing
18. SO SÁNH
- với danh từ: more + noun + than

- much, far, a lot, a little: được đặt trước so sánh hơn để nhấn mạnh
I have more books than Peter does.
She is much more intelligent than I think.
- Khi nói gấp bao nhiêu lần, ta dùng twice as …as, three times as …as
Their house is about three times as big as ours.
19. RÚT NGẮN MỆNH ĐỀ
- hai hành động có cùng chủ từ xảy ra cùng lúc  hành động sau được diễn đạt bằng cụm hiện tại
phân từ (V-ing)
He walked along. He whistled a happy tune.
 He walked along whistling a happy tune.
- hai hành động có cùng chủ từ xảy ra liên tiếp nhau  hành động xảy ra trước được diễn đạt bằng
cụm hiện tại phân từ (V-ing) hoặc phân từ hoàn thành (Having + V3/-ed)
She opened the bottle and then poured milk into his glass.
 Opening the bottle, she poured milk into his glass.
He had finished all work; he went out for a while.
 Having finished all work, he went out for a while.
- dùng quá khứ phân từ cho mệnh đề bị động
He lived alone. He had been forgotten by everybody.
 He lived alone, forgotten by everybody.
He was waken by a strange noise. He couldn’t sleep any more.
 Waken by a strange noise, he couldn’t sleep any more.
20. It’s time / It’s high time
- It’s time / It’s high time + (for + O) + to-inf
- It’s time / It’s high time + S + V (QKĐ)
It’s high time you got a job.
It’s time to buy a new car.
21. MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ
Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định có thể được rút gọn bằng cụm danh từ
We visited Dalat, which is a city of Lam Dong Province.
 We visited Dalat, a city of Lam Dong Province.

George Washington, who was the first president of the United States, was a general in the army.
 George Washington, the first president of the United States, was a general in the army.
22. CÂU CẢM THÁN
- How + adj
How beautiful!
- How + adj / adv + S + V
How beautifully you sing!
- How + S + V
How you’ve grown! (Con lớn nhanh quá)
- What + a / an (+ adj) + danh từ đếm được số ít
What an intelligent girl!
- What (+ adj) + danh từ không đếm được, danh từ số nhiều
What awful weather!
- What (+ a / an) + adj + N + S + V
What a beautiful dress you are wearing!

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23. TRẬT TỰ TÍNH TỪ
GROUP
1. Từ chỉ định, mạo từ, sở
hữu …
2. Từ số lượng
3. Ý kiến
4. Kích thước
5. Chất lượng
6. Tuổi tác
7. Hình dạng

8. Màu sắc
9. Nguồn gốc
10. Chất liệu
11. Loại
12. Mục đích

EXAMPLE
- a, an, the, this, these, those, some,
several
- one, ten, nine …
- wonderful, lovely, beautiful …
- big, small, long, fat,
- important, famous, warm, modern …
- old, young, new
- round, oval …
- red, white, blue
- Chinese, Japanese
- stone, plastic, paper, leather
- an electric kettle, political matters
- walking sticks, writing boots

24. MỆNH ĐỀ DANH TỪ
- Mệnh đề danh từ có chức năng như một danh từ và thường bắt đầu bằng các từ nghi vấn: that, what,
who, whose, which, where, when, why, how, whether, if
- Mệnh đề danh từ có thể làm:
a. Chủ ngữ trong câu:
That he can’t come is disappointing.
What he is talking about is interesting.
How the prisoner escaped is a complete mystery.
Whether she comes or not is unimportant to me.

b. Tân ngữ (túc từ) của động từ:
Please tell me where you live.
I wonder if he needs help.
I know that you must be tired after a long journey.
c. Tân ngữ cho giới từ:
We argued for hours about when we should start.
Pay attention to what I am saying.
d. Bổ ngữ cho câu: (thường đứng sau động từ to be)
That is not what I want.
What surprised me was that he spoke English very well.
e. Mệnh đề đồng cách cho danh từ (mệnh đề quan hệ)
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.
Note: Trong mệnh đề danh từ, chủ ngữ đứng trước động từ. Khong đảo ngữ như trong câu nghi vấn.
I couldn’t hear what he said.
I wonder whose house that is.
25. ĐẢO NGỮ
Hình thức đảo ngữ được dùng khi:
- Trạng ngữ phủ định hoặc các từ giơi hạn (hardly, seldom, rarely, little, nerver) đứng đầu câu
Never before have I seen such an awful behaviour.
Seldom does she go to school late.
- Các trạng từ thường theo sau bằng hình thức đảo ngữ: never, seldom, rarely, hardly, no sooner
…than, only by, only in this way, not only …but also, only then, only later, not often, scarcely ..when
- Only after, only when, only if, not until/ till có hình thức đảo ngữ ở mệnh đề chính.
Not until you finish your homework can you watch TV.
Only when I called her did I know that she was ill.
- Câu điều kiện bỏ if  đảo ngữ
Were he here, he would help us.
- Cụm so + adj / adv hoặc such + be + noun  đảo ngữ
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So sad was she that she could not say anything.
Such was the good book that I couldn’t put it down.
- Trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn, phương hướng đứng đầu câu  đảo toàn bộ động từ ra trước chủ từ.
Under the bed were there the old shoes.
Out into the street ran the thieves. (Những tên trộm chạy ra đường)
- Here, there, first, last đứng đầu câu  đảo toàn bộ động từ ra trước chủ từ
There comes the bus.
First is standing the team leader. (Đứng đầu là người trưởng nhóm)
- So, neither, nor đứng đầu câu
I work as a teacher. So do I.
She can’t swim. Neither can he.
26. PHRASAL VERBS
- account for
- blow out
- break into
- bring in = introduce
- burn down
- call in
- call on = visit
- carry on = continue
- catch up with
- close down
- come across
- come along / on
- come up
- cut down = reduce
- die out
- be fed up with

- fix up = arrange
- get down
- get on
- go over = examine
- hold on = wait
- leave out = omit
- look down on
- make up
- pick out
- put forward = suggest
- put out = extinguish
- run across
- run out of
- send for
- show around
khoang
- show up = arrive
- stand out
- take over
lực)
- talk over = discuss
kỹ
- throw away / out
- turn down = refuse
- wear out

do, vì
dập tắt lửa (thổi)
đột nhập
giới thiệu

thiêu trụi
ghé thăm
thăm
tiếp tục
bắt kịp
đóng cửa (doanh nghiệp)
tình cờ gặp ai
nhanh lên
xảy ra, xuất hiện
giảm
tuyệt chủng, mất hẳn
buồn phiền, chán
sắp xếp
làm thất vọng
len xe
xem xét, kiểm tra
đợi
bỏ quên, bỏ sót
coi thường
bịa đặt
chọn ra
đề nghị
tắt đèn, lửa
tình cờ gặp ai
hết
mời đến, triệu tập
đưa đi tham quan

- bear out = confirm xác nhận
- break down

hư hỏng, phá vỡ
- break out
bùng nổ, bùng phát
- bring up = raise
nuôi nấng
- call for
ghé qua
- call of = cancel
hủy bỏ
- call up = telephone gọi điện
- carry out = execute tiến hành
- clear up = tidy
dọn dẹp
- come about = happen
xảy ra
- come off = succeed thành công
- come over
ghé nhà
- count on / upon
tin vào, dựa vào
- cut off
ngừng cung cấp
- drop in
ghé qua
- fill in
điền thông tin
- get by = manage
xoay xở
- get off
xuống xe

- give out = distribute phân phát
- hand in
nộp
- hold up = stop, delay
hoãn, ngừng
- look back on = remember nhớ lại
- make out
hiểu được
- make up for
bù, đền bù
- pull down
phá hủy, phá sập
- put in for
đòi hỏi, xin
- put up with
chịu đựng
- see off
tiễn ai
- sell off
bán giảm giá
- set off / out
khởi hành
- show off
phô
trương,
khoe

đến
nổi bật
đảm nhiệm, tiếp tục

- shut up
- take on
- take up

thảo luận

- think over = consider

ném đi
từ chối
mòn, rách

- try on
thử quần áo
- turn into
trở thành, biến thành
- work out = calculate tính toán

ngừng nói
đảm nhận công việc
chiếm (thời gian, sức
cân nhắc, nghĩ

8
8


CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN
A. Lý thuyết

I. Cấu trúc
Câu điều kiện loại 1
- Công thức :

IF + S + V/ Vs/Ves , S + WILL/ CAN/ MAY + Vbare inf

- Cách dùng: Chỉ sự việc có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
- Ex: If it is sunny, I will go fishing.
Câu điều kiện loại 2
- Công thức :

IF + S + Ved , S + WOULD/ COULD/ MIGHT + Vbare inf
( be luôn dùng were dù chủ từ số ít hay nhiều )

- Cách dùng: Chỉ sự việc không thể hoặc khó có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
- Ex: If I were you, I would go abroad.
Câu điều kiện loại 3
- Công thức :

IF + S + HAD +P.P , S + WOULD/ COULD/ MIGHT + HAVE + P.P

- Cách dùng: Chỉ sự việc đã không xảy ra ở quá khứ.
- Ex: If I hadn’t been absent yesterday, I would have met him.
Câu điều kiện loại zero
- Công thức:

IF + S + V/ Vs/Ves, S + V/ Vs/Ves

- Cách dùng: Diễn tả một chân lí, qui luật
- Ex: If water is frozen, it expands.

Câu điều kiện Hỗn hợp
- Công thức:

IF + S + HAD +P.P, S + WOULD + Vbare inf

- Cách dùng: Mệnh đề điều kiện dùng điều kiện loại 3 chỉ điều kiện ngược thực tế ở quá
khứ, còn mệnh đề chính dùng điều kiện loại 2 chỉ kết quả ngược hiện tại.
- Ex: If you had not spent too much yesterday, you would not be broke now.
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9


II. Câu điều kiện dạng đảo
Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 1:

Should + S + Vbare inf, S + Will + Vbare inf

- Ex: If he has free time, he’ll play tennis. => Should he have free time, he’ll play
tennis
Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 2:

Were + S + to + Vbare inf, S + Would + Vbare inf

- Ex: If I learnt Russian, I would read a Russian book. => Were I to learn Russian, I
would read a Russian book
Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 3:

Had + S + V3/Ved, S + Would have + P.P

- Ex: If he had trained hard, he would have won the match. => Had he trained hard, he
would have won the match.

III. Lưu ý
 Unless = if … not : trừ phi
 Dạng viết lại câu đổi từ câu có if sang dùng unless:
- Cách viết lại câu: Unless sẽ thế vào chỗ chữ if, bỏ not, vế kia giữ nguyên.
- Ex: If you don’t speak loudly, he won’t hear.
→ Unless you speak loudly, he won’t hear.
 Dạng viết lại câu đổi từ câu có without sang dùng if :
- Cách viết lại câu: Dùng if…. not…., bên kia giữ nguyên ( tùy theo nghĩa mà có câu cụ
thể)
- Ex: Without your help, I wouldn’t pass the exam. ( không có sự giúp đỡ của bạn ,… )
→ If you didn’t help, I wouldn’t pass the exam. ( nếu bạn không giúp,… )
 Dạng viết lại câu đổi từ câu có Or, otherwise sang dùng if :
- Cách viết lại câu: If you don’t ( viết lại, bỏ or, otherwise )
- Ex: Hurry up, or you will be late
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10


→ If you don’t hurry, you will be late
 Dạng viết lại câu đổi từ câu có But for sang dùng if :
- Cách viết lại câu: Sử dụng If it weren’t for thế cho but for, phần còn lại giữ nguyên
- Ex: But for your help, I would die.
→ If it weren’t for your help, I would die.

B. Bài tập
Bài tập 1: Cho dạng đúng của động từ trong ngoặc.

1. If we meet at 9:30, we (have) _________________plenty of time.
2. If you (find) _________________ a skeleton in the cellar, don't mention it to anyone.
3. The zookeeper would have punished her with a fine if she ( feed) _________________
the animals..
4. If you pass your examination, we (have) _________________a celebration.
5. Lisa would find the milk if she (look) _________________ for it in the fridge.
6. What (happen) _________________if I press this button?
7. The door will be unlocked if you (press)_________________ the green button.
8. I should have voted for her if I (have) _________________ a vote then.
9. If you go to Paris, where you (stay) _________________?
10. If you (swim) _________________ in this lake, you'll shiver from cold.
11. If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which you (choose)
_________________?
12. The flight may be cancelled if the fog (get) _________________thick.
13. If the milkman (come) _________________, tell him to leave two pints.
14. I (call) _________________ the office if I were you.
15. Someone (sit) _________________on your glasses if you leave them there.
16. You would hear my explanation if you (not talk) _________________so much.
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11


17. What I (do) _________________if I hear the burglar alarm?
18. If you (read) _________________the instructions carefully, you wouldn't have
answered the wrong question.
19. If Mel (ask) _________________ her teacher, he'd have answered her questions.
20. I would repair the roof myself if I (have) _________________a long ladder.
21. Unless they turn that radio off, I (go) _________________mad.
22. If you were made redundant, what you (do) _________________?

23. We'll have a long way to walk if we (run) _________________out of petrol here.
24. If you shake that bottle of port, it (not be) _________________ fit to drink.
25. If you spoke louder, your classmates (understand) _________________ you.
26. I'll probably get lost unless he (come) _________________with me.
27. You (not have) _________________ so many accidents if you drove more slowly.
28. If you (wear) _________________ a false beard, nobody would have recognized you.
29. If she (leave) _________________ the fish here, the cat will eat it.
30. You (have) _________________ no trouble at school if you had done your
homework.
31. Unless you (tell) __________________ the truth, I won’t help you.
32. You'll get pneumonia if you (not change) _________________ your wet clothes.
33. If I had known that you couldn't eat octopus, I (not buy) _________________ it.
34. If they (hang) _________________ that picture lower, people would be able to see it.
35. She (be) _________________able to walk faster if she didn’t have such high-heel
shoes.
36. I (bring) _________________ you some beer if I had known that you were thirsty.
37. If you had touched that electric cable, you (be) _________________ electrocuted.
38. If the story hadn't been true, the newspaper (not print) _________________ it.

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12


39. I (not buy) _________________ things on the installment system if I were you.
40. Dan (arrive) _________________ safe if he drove slowly.
Bài 2: Chọn đáp án đúng để điền vào chỗ trống
1. If I __________the same problem you had as a child, I might not have succeeded in life
as well as you have.
A. have

B. would have

C. had had

D. should have

2. I __________you sooner had someone told me you were in the hospital.
A. would have visited
B. visited
C. had visited

D. visit

3. __________more help, I would call my neighbor.
A. needed
B. should I need
C. I have needed

D. I should need

4. __________then what I know yesterday, I would have saved myself a lot of time and
trouble over the years.
A. had I known
B. did I know
C. If I know
D. If I would know
5. Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people __________the
same language?
A. spoke

B. speak
C. had spoken
D. will speak
6. If you can give me one good reason for your acting like this, __________this incident
again.
A. I will never mention
B. I never mention
C. will I never mention

D. I don’t mention

7. If I had known you were asleep, I __________so much noise when I came in.
A. didn’t make
B. wouldn’t have made
C. won’t make

D. don’t make

8. Unless you __________all of my questions, I can’t do anything to help you.
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13


A. answered

B. answer

C. would answer

D. are answering

9. Had you told me that this was going to happen, I __________it.
A. would have never believed

B. don’t believe

C. hadn’t believed

D. can’t believe

10. If Jake __________to go on the trip, would you have gone?
A. doesn’t agree

B. didn’t agree

C. hadn’t agreed

D. wouldn’t agree

11. J: “John went to the hospital alone”,
K: “If __________,I would have gone with him”.
A. had he told me
B. he had told me C. he has told me

D. he would tell me

12. If you __________, I would have brought my friends over to your house yesterday to
watch T.V, but I didn’t want to bother you.
A. had studied

B-studied
C. hadn’t studied
D. didn’t study
13. Peter: “Did you need help with your Math last night?”.
Mary: “If I had needed, I __________you”.
A. would call
B. called
C. would have called

D. will call

14. If someone __________ in to the store, smile and say, “May I help you?”
A. comes
B. came
C. come
D. should come
15. “Here’s my phone number”.
“Thanks. I‘ll give you a call if I __________some help tomorrow”
A. will need
B. need
C. would need
D. needed
16. If I didn’t work for an accounting firm, I __________in a bank now.
A. work
B. will work
C. have worked
D. would work
17. The death rate would decrease if hygienic conditions __________improved.
A. was
B. is

C. were
D. had been
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14


18-The education in Japan __________if the basic principles of education had not been
taken into consideration.
A. would go down

B. would have gone down

C. went down

D. had gone down

19. If there __________, the rice fields could have been more productive.
A. had been enough water
C. would be enough water

B. were enough water
D. are enough water

20. The patient will not recover unless he __________ an operation.
A. had undergone
B. would undergo
C. undergoes
D. was undergoing

21. If she __________ him, she would be very happy.
A. would meet
B. will meet
C. met

D. should meet

22-If he __________ a thorough knowledge of English, he could have applied for this
post.
A. had had

B. had

C. has

D. has had

23. If I had enough money, I__________ abroad to improve my English.
A. will go
B. would go
C. went
D. should have go to
24.The bench would collapse if they __________on it.
A. stood
B. stand
C. standing

D. stands

25-If it __________convenient, let’s go out for a drink tonight,

A. be
B. is
C. was

D. were

ĐÁP ÁN:
Exercise 1:
1. will have

2. find

3. had fed

4. will
7

15


5. looked

6. will happen

7. press

8. had had

9. will you stay

10. swim

11. would you choose

12. gets

13. comes

14. would call

15. will sit

16. don’t talk

17. will you do

18. had read

19. had asked

20. had

21. will go

22. would you do

23. run

24. won’t be

25. would have understand

26. comes

27. wouldn’t have

28. had worn

29. leaves

30. would have had

31. Tell

32. don’t change

33. wouldn’t have bought

34. hung

35. would be

36. would have brought

37. would have been

38. wouldn’t have printed

39. wouldn’t buy

40. would drive

Exercise 2:
1. C

2. A

3. B

4. A

5. A

6. A

7. B

8. B

9. A

10. C

11. B

12. C

13. C

14. A

15. B

16. D

17. C

18. B

19. A

20. C

21. C

22. A

23. B

24. A

25. B

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16


LÝ THUY T VÀ BÀI T P CÂU Đ O NG
( ĐẢO NGỮ GIỮA CHỦ TỪ VÀ ĐỘNG TỪ )

Người Anh thường đảo ngữ câu để nhấn mạnh. Có nhiều cách đảo ngữ khác nhau.
I. Đảo ngữ trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn hoặc phương hướng.
Trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn gồm có HERE và THERE, và nhóm chữ giới từ chỉ nơi chốn.
Ta đặt trang từ ( hoặc nhóm chữ chỉ nơi chốn ) đứng đầu câu, động từ đi trước chủ từ, và không dùng
TR ĐỘNG TỪ để đảo.
Thí dụ : - The bus comes here
--> Here comes the bus.
- A frog sat on the grass. --> On the grass sat a frog.
- Thirteen candles are on the birthday cake  On the birthday cake are thirteen candles.
II. Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện.
1. CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 1.
Ta bỏ IF và đặt SHOULD đầu câu.
Thí dụ : - If you have difficulty finding a job, ask him for help.
--> Should you have difficulty finding a job, ask him for help.
2. CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 2. : Có 2 trường hợp :
a. Câu điều kiện với WERE.
Ta bỏ IF, đặt WERE đúng đầu câu.
Thí dụ : - If I were you, I would take the job.
--> Were I you, I would take the job.
b. Câu điều kiện với các động từ khác.
Ta bỏ IF, đặt WERE đứng đầu câu, động từ ở mệnh đề Ifù trả về dạng "to infinitive"
Thí dụ : - If you worked for him, you would have the opportunity to promote.
--> Were you to work for him, you would have the opportunity to promote.
3. CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 3.
Ta bỏ IF và đưa HAD ra đứng đầu câu.
Thí dụ : - If he had got up early, he would have caught the first train.
 Had he got up early, he would have caught the first train.
III. Đảo ngữ mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ kết quả.
Ta đặt So + Adj ra đứng đầu câu rồi đến"to be" hoặc trợ động từ trước chủ từ.
Thí dụ : - He is so lazy that he always gets bad marks.

--> So lazy is he that he always gets bad marks.
- She looks so fat that everyone laughs at her.
--> So fat does she look that everyone laughs at her.
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- She bought so many things that she couldn't bring all of them home.
--> So many things did she buy that she couldn't bring all of them home.
IV. Đảo ngữ với các trạng từ phủ đònh và bán phủ đònh.
- Các trạng từ phủ đònh gồm có : Never, No longer, Not only, Nowhere, At no time.
Under no circumstance.
- Các trạng từ bán phủ đònh gồm có : Seldom, Rarely, Scarcely, Little, Hardly.
Để đảo ngữ, ta đặt "to be" hoặc trợ động từ trước chủ từ.
Thí dụ : - I have never seen such a best film before.
--> Never have I seen such a best film before.
- She is not only intelligent but she is also hard-working.
--> Not only is she intelligent but she is also hard-working.
- He hardly thinks of going abroad.
--> Hardly does he think of going abroad.
- We seldom go to school on Sundays.
--> Seldom do we go to school on Sundays.
V. Đảo ngữ với trạng từ ONLY.
Để đảo ngữ, ta phải đem nhóm chữ bắt đầu bằng ONLY ra đầu câu, sau đó mới đảo ngữ.
Thí dụ :
- That man works only for the love of money.
--> Only for the love of money does that man work.
- You can only become a good athlete by practicing every day.
--> Only by practicing every day can you become a good athlete.
- This tree has flowers only once a year.

--> Only once a years does this tree have flowers.
VI. Đảo ngữ với NOT UNTIL.
Ta đem NOT UNTIL ra đầu câu và đảo ngữ giốùng như ONLY.
Thí dụ :
- Mary didn't begin to read until she was 8.
--> Not until she was 8 did Mary begin to read.
- I didn't recognize him until he came into the light.
--> Not umtil he came into the light did I recognize him.

CHÚ Ý :

* Ta có thể dùng cấu trúc nhấn mạnh " It was . . . that " với các thí dụ trên.
- It was not until she was 8 that Mary began to read. ( không đảo ngữ, nghia như nhau )
* NOT UNTIL và ONLY WHEN có thể thay thế cho nhau.
Thí dụ : - He didn't know about the truth until he grew up.
--> Only when he grew up did he know about the truth.
VI. Đảo ngữ với :
- NO SOONER. . . . . . . THAN
- HARDLY. . . . . . . . . WHEN
- SCARCELY. . . . . . . WHEN

) Vừa mới. . . .
) . . . thì
)

Thí dụ : - I had no sooner arrived home than it began to rain.
--> No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
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18

- He had hardly begun the trip when he fell ill.
--> Hardly had he begun the trip when he fell ill.
- She had scarcely put the phone down when her boss rang back.
---> Scarcely had she put the phone down when her boss rang back

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EXERCISE
I N V E R S I O N
I. Chọn một từ / nhóm từ thích hợp cho mỗi chỗ trống để hoàn thành những câu sau.
1. ____________________________, you would have succeeded in your business.
A. If you listened to my advice
B. Were you to listen to my advice
C. Had you listened to my advice
D. As long as you listened to my advice
2. She doesn’t like classical music and _______________________________.
A. I don’t, too
B. I don’t, either C. neither do I
D. B and C are correct
3. Little ______________ what he has caused to others.
A. does he know
B. he knows
C. he can know
D. he will know
4. __________ had he entered the office than he realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. Hardly
B. Scarcely

C. No sooner
D. Not only
5. ____________ a week goes by without some road accidents.
A. Hardly
B. Seldom
C. Never
D. Infrequently
II. Tìm lỗi sai ở những từ / cụm từ gạch chân được đánh dấu A, B, C và D.
6. We cannot clean up all the polluted seas and rivers. Nor we can stop the disappearance of plants
A
B
C (can we)
D
and animals.
7. Hardly had he entered the office when he realized that he forgot his wallet.
A
B
C
D (had forgotten)
8. It was not until he was 30 did he get married , had a job and lived independently of his parents.
A
B (that he got married)
C
D
9. Never before has so many people in the U.S been interested in soccer.
A
B (have)
C
D
10. Not only did he spend all his money but also he borrowed some from me

A
B
C (but he also)
D
III. Chọn câu viết lại có nghóa tương đương.
11. I write to her almost every day.
A. Not a day goes by unless my writing to her.
B. Hardly does a day go by without my writing to her.
C. No day go by without my writing to her.
D. Almost every day goes by without my writing for her.
12. The noise next door didn’t stop until midnight.
A. It was not until midnight that the noise next door stopped.
B. Not until midnight did the noise next door stopped.
C. Only when midnight did the noise next door stopped.
D. Hardly did the noise next door stopped when it was midnight.
13. He started computer programming as soon as he left school.
A. No sooner had he started computer programming than he left school.
B. Hardly had he started computer programming when he left school.
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C. No sooner had he left school than he started computer programming.
D. After he left school, he had started computer programming.
14. He spent all his money. He even borrowed some from me.
A. As soon as he borrowed some money from me, he spent it all.
B. Hardly had he borrowed some money from me when he spent it all.
C. Not only did he spent all his money but also he borrowed some from me.
D. Not only did he spend all his money but he borrowed some from me as well.
15. She only felt relaxed after a few months working for him.

A. She used to feel relaxed working for him a few months.
B. A few months ago, she didn’t find it relaxed working for him.
C. Only after a few months working for him did she feel relaxed.
D. It was not until a few months working for him did she feel relaxed.
16. Right after his appointment to the post, he fell ill.
A. No sooner did he appointed to the post than he fell ill.
B. No sooner had he appointed to the post than he fell ill.
C. Hardly had he appointed to the post when he fell ill.
D. Hardly had he been appointed to the post when he fell ill.
17. Just after solving one problem, I was faced with another.
A. Scarcely had I solved one problem when I was faced with another.
B. Hardly had I solved one problem when I was faced with another.
C. No sooner had I solved one problem than I was faced with another.
D. All are correct.
18. A country cannot be prosperous if it is not quite independent.
A. Unless a country is quite independent, it can be prosperous.
B. Without complete independence, a country can be prosperous.
C. Only when a country is quite independent can it be prosperous.
D. It is not until a country is quite independent can it be prosperous.
19. I only recognized him when he came into the light.
A. Only when I recognized him, he came into the light.
B. It wasn’t until he came into the light that I recognized him
C. Not until he came into the light I did recognize him
D. I did not recognize him even when he came into the light.
20. We couldn’t relax until all the guests had left.
A. Not until all the guests had left could we relax.
B. It wasn’t until all the guests had left that we could relax.
C. It wasn’t until all the guests had left could we relax.
D. A and B are correct
21. The phone stopped ringing the moment I got downstairs.

A. No sooner had the phone stopped ringing than I got downstairs.
B. After the phone had stopped ringing, I got downstairs.
C. Hardly had the phone stopped ringing when I got downstairs.
D. No sooner had I got downstairs than the phone stopped ringing.
22. The light failed the moment they began work.
A. But for the light failed, they would have begun work.
B. Hardly did they begin work when the light failed.
C. Hardly had they begun work when the light failed.
D. As soon as the light failed, they began work.
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23. She didn’t shed a tear as the play ended in tragedy.
A. The tragedy play wasn’t good for her to shed tear.
B. Without her tear, the play didn’t end tragically.
C. So tragic was the play that she didn’t shed a tear.
D. Not a tear did she shed when the play ended in tragedy.
IV. Chọn phương án đúng ( A, B, C, hoặc D ) để hoàn thành mỗi câu sau.
24. It was not until she had arrived home ___________________ her appointment with the doctor.
A. when she remembered
B. that she remembered
C. and she remembered
D. did she remember
25. Canada does not require that U.S citizens obtain passports to enter the country, and _________.
A. Mexico doesn’t, too
B. so does Mexico
C. Mexico doesn’t, either
D. neither is Mexico
26. ____________________, he would have been able to pass the exam.

A. If he studied harder last year
B. Provided he studied hard last year
C. Studying harder last year
D. Had he studied harder last year
27. ___________________ will Mr. Dennis be able to regain control of the company.
A. With hard work
B. Despite his hard work
C. Only if he works hardly
D. Only by working hard
28. __________ had I arrived home than it began to rain.
A. No sooner
B. Hardly
C. Scarcely
D. Rarely
29. My father paid my fees. _______________that, I wouldn’t be here now.
A. If there were not
B. But for
C. Had it not been for
D. B and C are correct
30. Only after food has been dried or canned ________________________________.
A. it should be stored for future use.
B. that it should be stored for future use.
C. should it be stored for future use.
D. should it store for future use.

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ANSWER KEY

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

C
D
A
C
D
C (can we)
D (had forgotten)
B (that he got married)
B (have)
C (but he also)
B
A
C
D
C
D
D
C
B
D
D
C
D
B
C
D
D
A
C

C

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80 CẤU TRÚC TIẾNG ANH HAY GẶP
TRONG ĐỀ THI ĐẠI HỌC
1. It takes sb khoảng thời gian to do sth = sb spend (khoảng thời gian) doing sth
VD: It took her 3 hours to get to the city centre.
= She spent 3 hours getting to the city centre.
2. Understand = to be aware of
VD: Do you understand the grammar structure? = Are you aware of the grammar structure?
3. Like = to be interested in = enjoy = keen on
VD: She likes politics
= She is interested in politics
4. Because + clause = because of + N
VD: He can’t move because his leg was broken = He can’t move because of his broken leg
5. Although + clause = despite + N = in spite of + N
VD: Although she is old, she can compute very fast
= Despite / In spite of her old age, she can compute very fast
6. Succeed in doing sth = manage to do sth
VD: We succeeded in digging the Panama cannel = We managed to dig the Panama cannel
7. Cấu trúc: …. too + adj (for sb) to do sth: quá để làm gì
VD: She is so beautiful that everybody loves her.
= It is such a beautiful girl that everybody loves her.
Adj/ Adv + enough (for sb) to do sth: đủ để làm gì
VD: This car is enough safe for him to drive
= The policeman ran quickly enough to catch the robber
8. Cấu trúc: prefer sb to do sth = would rather sb Vpast sth: thích, muốn ai làm gì

VD: I’prefer you (not) to smoke here = I’d rather you (not) smoked here
9. Prefer doing sth to doing sth: thích làm gì hơn làm gì

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Would rather do sth than do sth
VD: She prefers staying at home to going out = She’d rather stay at home than go out
10. Can = tobe able to = tobe possible
11. Harly + had +S + Vpp when S + Vpast: ngay sau khi... thì…
No sooner + had +S + Vpp than S + Vpast
VD: As soon as I left the house, he appeared
= Harly had I left the house when he appeared
= No sooner had I left the house than he appeared
12. Not………..any more : không còn nữa
No longer + dạng đảo ngữ S no more V
13. At no time + dạng đảo ngữ: không khi nào, chẳng khi nào
VD: I don’t think she loves me
= At no time do I think she loves me
14. To be not worth = there is no point in doing sth: không đáng làm gì
15. To be not worth doing sth = there is no point in doing sth: không đáng, vô ích làm gì
VD: It’s not worth making him get up early
There is no point in making him getting early
16. It seems that = it appears that = it is likely that =it look as if/ as though: dường như
rằng
VD: It seems that he will come late
= It appears that / it is likely he will come late = He is likely to come late.
= It look as if he will come late
17. Although + clause = Despite + Nound/gerund
18. S + V + N = S + be + adj

19. S +be + adj = S + V + O
20. S +be accustomed to + Ving = S + be used to +Ving /N
21. S +often + V = S + be used to +Ving /N

25