A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge

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Version 1.6
A Guide to the

Business Analysis
Body of Knowledge

International Institute of Business Analysis

International Institute of Business Analysis
Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge
Draft Material for Review and Feedback

Release 1.6 Draft

Table of Contents

Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: PREFACE AND INTRODUCTION
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................................................ I
PREFACE TO RELEASE 1.6 .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1

WHAT IS THE IIBA BOK........................................................................................................................... 5

1.2

PURPOSE OF THE GUIDE TO THE IIBA BOK ........................................................................................... 5

1.3

DEFINING THE BUSINESS ANALYSIS PROFESSION............................................................................... 6

1.4

CORE CONCEPTS OF BUSINESS ANALYSIS............................................................................................ 6

1.4.1
1.4.2
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.5.4
1.5.5
1.5.6
1.5.7
1.6
1.6.1
1.6.2

DEFINITION OF A REQUIREMENT ..............................................................................................................................................................7
EFFECTIVE REQUIREMENTS PRACTICES ....................................................................................................................................................7
THE BODY OF KNOWLEDGE IN SUMMARY ........................................................................................... 8
ENTERPRISE ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................................................................8
REQUIREMENTS PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT....................................................................................................................................9
REQUIREMENTS ELICITATION ....................................................................................................................................................................9
REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION ...........................................................................................................................10
REQUIREMENTS COMMUNICATION .......................................................................................................................................................10
SOLUTION ASSESSMENT AND VALIDATION ........................................................................................................................................10

COMPLEMENTARY CHAPTERS ................................................................................................................................................................10
THE BODY OF KNOWLEDGE IN CONTEXT ........................................................................................... 11
BODY OF KNOWLEDGE RELATIONSHIPS...............................................................................................................................................11
RELATIONSHIP TO THE SOLUTIONS LIFECYCLE ..................................................................................................................................14

CHAPTER 2: ENTERPRISE ANALYSIS
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5
2.1.6
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
2.2.6
2.2.7
2.2.8
2.2.9
2.3
2.3.1

INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................... 15
STRATEGIC PLANNING.............................................................................................................................................................................16
STRATEGIC GOAL SETTING.....................................................................................................................................................................17
THE BUSINESS ANALYST STRATEGIC ROLE .........................................................................................................................................18

THE BUSINESS ANALYST ENTERPRISE ANALYSIS ROLE ......................................................................................................................19
ENTERPRISE ANALYSIS ACTIVITIES.........................................................................................................................................................19
RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER KNOWLEDGE AREAS .................................................................................................................................22
CREATING AND MAINTAINING THE BUSINESS ARCHITECTURE ........................................................ 22
PURPOSE ....................................................................................................................................................................................................22
DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................................................................................23
KNOWLEDGE .............................................................................................................................................................................................24
SKILLS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................25
PREDECESSORS .........................................................................................................................................................................................25
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .......................................................................................................................................................................25
STAKEHOLDERS ........................................................................................................................................................................................28
DELIVERABLES ..........................................................................................................................................................................................28
TECHNIQUES .............................................................................................................................................................................................28
CONDUCTING FEASIBILITY STUDIES................................................................................................... 32
PURPOSE ....................................................................................................................................................................................................32

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2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.3.5
2.3.6
2.3.7

2.3.8
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4
2.4.5
2.4.6
2.4.7
2.4.8
2.4.9
2.5
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.3
2.5.4
2.5.5
2.5.6
2.5.7
2.5.8
2.5.9
2.6
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.6.3
2.6.4
2.6.5
2.6.6
2.6.7
2.6.8

2.6.9
2.7
2.7.1
2.7.2
2.7.3
2.7.4
2.7.5
2.7.6
2.7.7
2.7.8
2.7.9
2.8

DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................................................................................32
KNOWLEDGE .............................................................................................................................................................................................33
SKILLS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................33
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .......................................................................................................................................................................34
STAKEHOLDERS ........................................................................................................................................................................................37
DELIVERABLES ..........................................................................................................................................................................................37
TECHNIQUES .............................................................................................................................................................................................39
DETERMINING PROJECT SCOPE .......................................................................................................... 42
PURPOSE ....................................................................................................................................................................................................42
DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................................................................................43
KNOWLEDGE .............................................................................................................................................................................................43
SKILLS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................44
PREDECESSORS .........................................................................................................................................................................................45
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .......................................................................................................................................................................45
STAKEHOLDERS ........................................................................................................................................................................................46
DELIVERABLES ..........................................................................................................................................................................................46
TECHNIQUES .............................................................................................................................................................................................47

PREPARING THE BUSINESS CASE ........................................................................................................ 48
PURPOSE ....................................................................................................................................................................................................48
DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................................................................................48
KNOWLEDGE .............................................................................................................................................................................................48
SKILLS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................49
PREDECESSORS .........................................................................................................................................................................................49
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .......................................................................................................................................................................49
STAKEHOLDERS ........................................................................................................................................................................................51
DELIVERABLES ..........................................................................................................................................................................................51
TECHNIQUES .............................................................................................................................................................................................53
CONDUCTING THE INITIAL RISK ASSESSMENT................................................................................... 54
PURPOSE ....................................................................................................................................................................................................54
DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................................................................................54
KNOWLEDGE .............................................................................................................................................................................................54
SKILLS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................54
PREDECESSORS .........................................................................................................................................................................................55
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .......................................................................................................................................................................55
STAKEHOLDERS ........................................................................................................................................................................................56
DELIVERABLES ..........................................................................................................................................................................................56
TECHNIQUES .............................................................................................................................................................................................56
PREPARING THE DECISION PACKAGE ................................................................................................. 57
PURPOSE ....................................................................................................................................................................................................57
DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................................................................................57
KNOWLEDGE .............................................................................................................................................................................................57
SKILLS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................57
PREDECESSORS .........................................................................................................................................................................................57
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .......................................................................................................................................................................57
STAKEHOLDERS ........................................................................................................................................................................................58
DELIVERABLES ..........................................................................................................................................................................................58
TECHNIQUES .............................................................................................................................................................................................58

SELECTING AND PRIORITIZING PROJECTS.......................................................................................... 58

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2.9

LAUNCHING NEW PROJECTS ............................................................................................................... 59

2.10

MANAGING PROJECTS FOR VALUE ..................................................................................................... 59

2.11

TRACKING PROJECT BENEFITS ............................................................................................................ 60

2.12

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 60

CHAPTER 3: REQUIREMENTS PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2

3.1.3
3.1.4
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.2.6
3.2.7
3.2.8
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
3.4.5
3.5
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
3.5.4
3.5.5
3.5.6
3.5.7

3.6
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4
3.7

INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................... 63
KNOWLEDGE AREA DEFINITION ............................................................................................................................................................63
RATIONALE FOR INCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................................................63
KNOWLEDGE AREA TASKS......................................................................................................................................................................64
RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER KNOWLEDGE AREAS ..................................................................................................................................64
UNDERSTAND TEAM ROLES FOR THE PROJECT ................................................................................. 64
TASK: IDENTIFY AND DOCUMENT TEAM ROLES FOR THE PROJECT ..............................................................................................65
TASK: IDENTIFY AND DOCUMENT TEAM ROLE RESPONSIBILITIES .................................................................................................68
TASK: IDENTIFY STAKEHOLDERS ............................................................................................................................................................72
TECHNIQUE: CONSULT REFERENCE MATERIALS ..................................................................................................................................73
TECHNIQUE: QUESTIONNAIRE TO IDENTIFIED STAKEHOLDERS ........................................................................................................75
TASK: DESCRIBE THE STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................76
TECHNIQUE: INTERVIEW STAKEHOLDERS TO SOLICIT DESCRIPTION ...............................................................................................78
TASK: CATEGORIZE THE STAKEHOLDERS .............................................................................................................................................81
DEFINE BUSINESS ANALYST WORK DIVISION STRATEGY ................................................................. 82
TASK: DIVIDE WORK AMONGST A BUSINESS ANALYST TEAM..........................................................................................................82
TECHNIQUE: BUSINESS ANALYST WORK DIVISION STRATEGY.........................................................................................................83
TECHNIQUE: CO - ORDINATION OF INFORMATION WITHIN THE TEAM ............................................................................................87
TECHNIQUE: KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER ..................................................................................................................................................90
DEFINE REQUIREMENTS RISK APPROACH .......................................................................................... 92
TASK: IDENTIFY REQUIREMENTS RISKS ..................................................................................................................................................94
TASK: DEFINE REQUIREMENTS RISK MANAGEMENT APPROACH .....................................................................................................95
TECHNIQUE: REQUIREMENTS RISK PLANNING.....................................................................................................................................96

TECHNIQUE: REQUIREMENTS RISK MONITORING ...............................................................................................................................98
TECHNIQUE: REQUIREMENTS RISK CONTROL .....................................................................................................................................99
DETERMINE PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS ......................................................................................100
TASK: IDENTIFY KEY PLANNING IMPACT AREAS ............................................................................................................................... 101
TASK: CONSIDER THE SDLC METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................................ 102
TASK: CONSIDER THE PROJECT LIFE CYCLE METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................... 104
TASK: CONSIDER PROJECT RISK, EXPECTATIONS, AND STANDARDS........................................................................................... 105
TASK: RE-PLANNING ............................................................................................................................................................................. 108
TASK: CONSIDER KEY STAKEHOLDER NEEDS AND LOCATION ..................................................................................................... 109
TASK: CONSIDER THE PROJECT TYPE ................................................................................................................................................ 110
SELECT REQUIREMENTS ACTIVITIES .................................................................................................111
TASK: DETERMINE REQUIREMENTS ELICITATION STAKEHOLDERS AND ACTIVITIES .................................................................. 112
TASK: DETERMINE REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS AND D OCUMENTATION ACTIVITIES .................................................................. 115
TASK: DETERMINE REQUIREMENTS COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES .............................................................................................. 116
TASK: DETERMINE REQUIREMENTS IMPLEMENTATION ACTIVITIES ............................................................................................... 118
ESTIMATE REQUIREMENTS ACTIVITIES ............................................................................................119

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3.7.1
3.7.2
3.7.3
3.7.4
3.7.5

3.7.6
3.7.7
3.7.8
3.8

TASK: IDENTIFY MILESTONES IN THE REQUIREMENTS ACTIVITIES DEVELOPMENT AND DELIVERY ............................................. 119
TASK: DEFINE UNITS OF W ORK.......................................................................................................................................................... 120
TASK: ESTIMATE EFFORT PER UNIT OF W ORK.................................................................................................................................. 121
TASK: ESTIMATE DURATION PER UNIT OF WORK.............................................................................................................................. 122
TECHNIQUE: USE DOCUMENTATION FROM PAST REQUIREMENTS ACTIVITIES TO ESTIMATE DURATION ................................ 123
TASK: IDENTIFY ASSUMPTIONS ........................................................................................................................................................... 125
TASK: IDENTIFY RISKS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 126
TASK: MODIFY THE REQUIREMENTS PLAN ....................................................................................................................................... 127
MANAGE REQUIREMENTS SCOPE .....................................................................................................129

3.8.1
3.8.2
3.8.3
3.8.4
3.8.5
3.9

TASK: ESTABLISH REQUIREMENTS BASELINE .................................................................................................................................... 129
TASK: STRUCTURE REQUIREMENTS FOR TRACEABILITY .................................................................................................................. 130
TASK: IDENTIFY IMPACTS TO E XTERNAL SYSTEMS AND/OR OTHER AREAS OF THE PROJECT ................................................. 135
TASK: IDENTIFY SCOPE CHANGE RESULTING FROM REQUIREMENT CHANGE (CHANGE MANAGEMENT) ............................. 136
TASK: MAINTAIN SCOPE APPROVAL ................................................................................................................................................. 138
MEASURE AND REPORT ON REQUIREMENTS ACTIVITY ...................................................................138

3.9.1

3.9.2
3.9.3
3.9.4
3.9.5
3.9.6
3.10

TASK: DETERMINE THE PROJECT METRICS ..................................................................................................................................... 141
TASK: DETERMINE THE PRODUCT METRICS .................................................................................................................................... 142
TASK: COLLECT PROJECT METRICS ................................................................................................................................................. 144
TASK: COLLECT PRODUCT METRICS ............................................................................................................................................... 145
TASK: REPORTING PRODUCT METRICS ............................................................................................................................................ 146
TASK: REPORTING PROJECT METRICS .............................................................................................................................................. 147
MANAGE REQUIREMENTS CHANGE ..................................................................................................150

3.10.1
3.10.2
3.10.3
3.10.4
3.11

PLAN REQUIREMENTS CHANGE .................................................................................................................................................... 150
UNDERSTAND THE CHANGES TO REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 150
3.11.3 DOCUMENT THE CHANGES TO REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................................... 150
ANALYZE CHANGE REQUESTS ....................................................................................................................................................... 151

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................152

CHAPTER 4: REQUIREMENTS ELICITATION.....................................................................................................153
4.1

4.1.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
4.2.7
4.2.8
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5

INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................153
RELATIONSHIPS TO OTHER KNOWLEDGE AREAS ............................................................................................................................ 153
TASK: ELICIT REQUIREMENTS............................................................................................................155
PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 155
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 155
KNOWLEDGE .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 155
SKILLS ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 155
PREDECESSORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 155
PROCESS ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 156
STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 157
DELIVERABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 157
TECHNIQUE: BRAINSTORMING .........................................................................................................157
PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 157

DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 157
INTENDED AUDIENCE ............................................................................................................................................................................ 158
PROCESS ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 158
USAGE CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................................................................................................................... 159

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4.4

TECHNIQUE: DOCUMENT ANALYSIS .................................................................................................159

4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
4.4.5
4.5

PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 159
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 159
INTENDED AUDIENCE ............................................................................................................................................................................ 159
PROCESS ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 160
USAGE CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................................................................................................................... 160
TECHNIQUE: FOCUS GROUP ..............................................................................................................160

4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
4.5.4
4.5.5
4.6

PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 160
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 161
INTENDED AUDIENCE ............................................................................................................................................................................ 161
PROCESS ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 161
USAGE CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................................................................................................................... 162
TECHNIQUE: INTERFACE ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................163

4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
4.6.4
4.6.5
4.7

PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 163
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 163
INTENDED AUDIENCE ............................................................................................................................................................................ 164
PROCESS ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 164
USAGE CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................................................................................................................... 164
TECHNIQUE: INTERVIEW....................................................................................................................165

4.7.1

4.7.2
4.7.3
4.7.4
4.7.5
4.8

PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 165
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 165
INTENDED AUDIENCE ............................................................................................................................................................................ 166
PROCESS ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 166
USAGE CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................................................................................................................... 168
TECHNIQUE: OBSERVATION ..............................................................................................................169

4.8.1
4.8.2
4.8.3
4.8.4
4.8.5
4.9

PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 169
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 169
INTENDED AUDIENCE ............................................................................................................................................................................ 170
PROCESS ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 170
USAGE CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................................................................................................................... 171
TECHNIQUE: PROTOTYPING ..............................................................................................................171

4.9.1
4.9.2
4.9.3

4.9.4
4.9.5
4.10

PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 171
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 171
INTENDED AUDIENCE ............................................................................................................................................................................ 172
PROCESS ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 172
USAGE CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................................................................................................................... 172
TECHNIQUE: REQUIREMENTS WORKSHOP .......................................................................................173

4.10.1
4.10.2
4.10.3
4.10.4
4.10.5
4.11

PURPOSE........................................................................................................................................................................................... 173
DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................................................................................... 173
INTENDED AUDIENCE ...................................................................................................................................................................... 174
PROCESS........................................................................................................................................................................................... 174
USAGE CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................................................................................. 175

TECHNIQUE: REVERSE ENGINEERING ...............................................................................................176

4.11.1
4.11.2

PURPOSE........................................................................................................................................................................................... 176

DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................................................................................... 176

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4.11.3
4.11.4
4.11.5
4.12

INTENDED AUDIENCE ...................................................................................................................................................................... 177
PROCESS........................................................................................................................................................................................... 177
USAGE CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................................................................................. 177

TECHNIQUE: SURVEY/QUESTIONNAIRE............................................................................................178

4.12.1
4.12.2
4.12.3
4.12.4
4.12.5

PURPOSE........................................................................................................................................................................................... 178
DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................................................................................... 178
INTENDED AUDIENCE ...................................................................................................................................................................... 178

PROCESS........................................................................................................................................................................................... 179
USAGE CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................................................................................. 181

4.13

BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................................................................182

4.14

CONTRIBUTORS..................................................................................................................................182

4.14.1

AUTHORS ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 182

CHAPTER 5: REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION.................................................................183
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5
5.1.6
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.2.5
5.2.6

5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
5.3.6

INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................183
KNOWLEDGE AREA DEFINITION AND SCOPE .................................................................................................................................. 183
INPUTS ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 183
TASKS ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 184
OUTPUTS ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 184
ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES AND SOLUTION DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGIES ............................................................................ 185
SIGNIFICANT CHANGES FROM VERSION 1.4.................................................................................................................................... 186
TASK: STRUCTURE REQUIREMENTS PACKAGES...............................................................................187
PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 187
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 187
PREDECESSORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 187
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 188
STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 191
DELIVERABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 191
TASK: CREATE BUSINESS DOMAIN MODEL ......................................................................................191
PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 191
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 192
PREDECESSORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 192
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 192
STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 193
DELIVERABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 193

5.4

TASK: ANALYZE USER REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................193

5.5

TASK: ANALYZE FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS ...............................................................................193

5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.5.4
5.5.5
5.5.6
5.6
5.6.1

PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 193
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 193
PREDECESSORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 193
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 193
STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 197
DELIVERABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 198
TASK: ANALYZE QUALITY OF SERVICE REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................198
PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 198

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5.6.2
5.6.3
5.6.4
5.6.5
5.6.6
5.7

DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 198
PREDECESSORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 198
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 198
STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 201
DELIVERABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 201
TASK: DETERMINE ASSUMPTIONS AND CONSTRAINTS ..................................................................201

5.7.1
5.7.2
5.7.3
5.7.4
5.7.5
5.7.6
5.8

PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 201
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 201
PREDECESSORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 202
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 202

PREDECESSORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 205
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 205
STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 207
DELIVERABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 207
TASK: VALIDATE REQUIREMENTS .....................................................................................................207

5.10.1
5.10.2
5.11

TASK: VERIFY REQUIREMENTS ..........................................................................................................207

5.11.1
5.11.2
5.11.3
5.11.4
5.11.5
5.11.6
5.12

PURPOSE........................................................................................................................................................................................... 207
DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................................................................................... 207
PREDECESSORS................................................................................................................................................................................ 208
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .............................................................................................................................................................. 208
STAKEHOLDERS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 211
DELIVERABLES ................................................................................................................................................................................. 211

TECHNIQUE: DATA AND BEHAVIOR MODELS...................................................................................211

5.12.1

5.12.2
5.12.3
5.12.4
5.12.5
5.12.6
5.12.7
5.13

PURPOSE........................................................................................................................................................................................... 207
DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................................................................................... 207

BUSINESS RULES.............................................................................................................................................................................. 211
CLASS MODEL ................................................................................................................................................................................ 214
CRUD MATRIX ............................................................................................................................................................................... 215
DATA DICTIONARY ........................................................................................................................................................................ 217
DATA TRANSFORMATION AND MAPPING .................................................................................................................................. 220
ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAMS............................................................................................................................................... 223
METADATA DEFINITION ................................................................................................................................................................ 227

TECHNIQUE: PROCESS/FLOW MODELS.............................................................................................228

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5.13.1

5.13.2
5.13.3
5.13.4
5.13.5
5.13.6
5.13.7
5.14

ACTIVITY DIAGRAM ........................................................................................................................................................................ 228
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM ................................................................................................................................................................. 231
EVENT IDENTIFICATION .................................................................................................................................................................. 234
FLOWCHART .................................................................................................................................................................................... 235
SEQUENCE DIAGRAM..................................................................................................................................................................... 239
STATE MACHINE DIAGRAM .......................................................................................................................................................... 241
WORKFLOW MODELS.................................................................................................................................................................... 242

TECHNIQUE: USAGE MODELS............................................................................................................244

5.14.1
5.14.2
5.14.3
5.14.4
5.14.5
5.14.6
5.14.7

PROTOTYPING.................................................................................................................................................................................. 244
STORYBOARDS/SCREEN FLOWS .................................................................................................................................................. 247
USE CASE DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................................................... 250
USE CASE DIAGRAM ...................................................................................................................................................................... 253

USER INTERFACE DESIGNS ............................................................................................................................................................ 257
USER PROFILES................................................................................................................................................................................ 259
USER STORIES .................................................................................................................................................................................. 261

5.15

ISSUE AND TASK LIST.........................................................................................................................264

5.16

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................265

CHAPTER 6: REQUIREMENTS COMMUNICATION
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.2.5
6.2.6
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4

6.3.5
6.3.6
6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
6.4.4
6.4.5
6.4.6
6.5

INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................269
KNOWLEDGE AREA DEFINITION .......................................................................................................................................................... 269
RATIONALE FOR INCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................................... 269
KNOWLEDGE AREA TASKS.................................................................................................................................................................... 269
RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER KNOWLEDGE AREAS ................................................................................................................................ 270
TASK: CREATE A REQUIREMENTS COMMUNICATION PLAN ............................................................271
PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 271
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 271
PREDECESSORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 271
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 271
STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 273
DELIVERABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 273
TASK: MANAGE REQUIREMENTS CONFLICTS ...................................................................................273
PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 273
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 273
PREDECESSORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 274
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 274
STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 274
DELIVERABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 274

TASK: DETERMINE APPROPRIATE REQUIREMENTS FORMAT ..........................................................274
PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 274
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 274
PREDECESSORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 275
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 276
STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 280
DELIVERABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 281
TASK: CREATE A REQUIREMENTS PACKAGE.....................................................................................281

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Table of Contents

6.5.1
6.5.2
6.5.3
6.5.4
6.5.5
6.5.6
6.6
6.6.1
6.6.2
6.6.3
6.6.4
6.6.5
6.6.6

6.7
6.7.1
6.7.2
6.7.3
6.7.4
6.7.5
6.7.6
6.8
6.8.1
6.8.2
6.8.3
6.8.4
6.8.5
6.8.6
6.9

PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 281
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 281
PREDECESSORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 281
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 282
STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 285
DELIVERABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 286
TASK: CONDUCT A REQUIREMENTS PRESENTATION.......................................................................286
PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 286
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 286
PREDECESSORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 287
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 287
STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 288
DELIVERABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 288
TASK: CONDUCT A FORMAL REQUIREMENTS REVIEW.....................................................................289

PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 289
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 290
PREDECESSORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 290
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 291
STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 294
DELIVERABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 295
TASK: OBTAIN REQUIREMENTS SIGNOFF .........................................................................................295
PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 295
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 295
PREDECESSORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 295
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 295
STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 296
DELIVERABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 296
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................296

CHAPTER 7: SOLUTION ASSESSMENT AND VALIDATION..............................................................................297
7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5
7.2.6
7.3
7.3.1

7.3.2
7.3.3

INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................297
KNOWLEDGE AREA DEFINITION ......................................................................................................................................................... 297
RATIONALE FOR INCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................................... 297
KNOWLEDGE AREA TASKS................................................................................................................................................................... 298
RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER KNOWLEDGE AREAS ............................................................................................................................... 298
DEVELOP ALTERNATE SOLUTIONS ...................................................................................................299
PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 299
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 307
PREDECESSORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 307
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 307
STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 307
DELIVERABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 307
EVALUATE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS..................................................................................................307
PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 307
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 307
PREDECESSORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 307

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Table of Contents

7.3.4
7.3.5

7.3.6
7.4
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.4.4
7.4.5
7.4.6
7.5
7.5.1
7.5.2
7.5.3
7.5.4
7.5.5
7.5.6
7.6
7.6.1
7.6.2
7.6.3
7.6.4
7.6.5
7.6.6
7.7
7.7.1
7.7.2
7.7.3
7.7.4
7.7.5
7.7.6
7.8

7.8.1
7.8.2
7.8.3
7.8.4
7.8.5
7.8.6
7.9
7.9.1
7.9.2
7.9.3
7.9.4
7.9.5
7.9.6
7.10

PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 308
STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 308
DELIVERABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 308
FACILITATE THE SELECTION OF A SOLUTION...................................................................................308
PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 308
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 309
PREDECESSORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 309
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 309
STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 309
DELIVERABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 309
ENSURE THE USABILITY OF THE SOLUTION .....................................................................................309
PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 309
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 310
PREDECESSORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 310
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 311

STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 311
DELIVERABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 311
SUPPORT THE QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCESS ...............................................................................311
PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 311
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 311
PREDECESSORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 311
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 311
STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 311
DELIVERABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 311
SUPPORT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SOLUTION .....................................................................311
PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 311
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 312
PREDECESSORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 312
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 312
STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 312
DELIVERABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 312
COMMUNICATE THE SOLUTION IMPACTS........................................................................................312
PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 312
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 313
PREDECESSORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 313
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 313
STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 313
DELIVERABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 313
POST IMPLEMENTATION REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT......................................................................313
PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 313
DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 314
PREDECESSORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 314
PROCESS AND ELEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 314
STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 314
DELIVERABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 314

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................314

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Table of Contents

CHAPTER 8: BA FUNDAMENTALS
8.1

INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................315

8.2

COMMUNICATION SKILLS .................................................................................................................315

8.3

LEADERSHIP SKILLS ...........................................................................................................................315

8.4

PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS................................................................................................................315

8.5

BUSINESS KNOWLEDGE.....................................................................................................................315

8.6

IT KNOWLEDGE ..................................................................................................................................315

8.7

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................315

CHAPTER 9: GLOSSARY
9.1

INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................316

9.2

TERMS.................................................................................................................................................316

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Preface

Preface to Release 1.6
P.1

Purpose of this release

The purpose of this release is to add refined detailed content to the material that was
published in BOK 1.4, as well as add content in most of the areas not addressed in 1.4.
This release moves us significantly closer to a complete guide to the Business Analysis
Body of Knowledge. As such, this release is being made available to IIBA members only.
We will continue to provide the table of contents and pieces of content to the general
public to help potential members understand what is covered in the BOK.
This document represents a snapshot of the Knowledge Area documentation as of June
2006. Over the past months since the October 2005 previous release we have gathered
feedback and input from many business analysis practitioners through a structured
feedback process. Each reviewer in that process was pre-screened to ensure they
represented practitioners with at least 3-5 years experience. Their feedback was used by
the Knowledge Area sub-committees to refine our content. We extend a huge thank-you
to each reviewer for taking the time to help in the ongoing creation of the Business
Analysis Body of Knowledge.
We also heard from many IIBA members and potential members who informally
reviewed the previous version. Rest assured your comments and ideas sparked many
discussions among the core team or sub-committees. Your support and enthusiasm have
been critical is helping us maintain focus and momentum. Thank you!

P.2

What is and is not in this release
This release includes:
•

An updated introductory chapter including an updated definition of the business
analyst role, and a definition of requirements types. The introduction chapter
will continue to be revised as the BOK is further refined.

•

Both refined and added content for:

•

o

Enterprise Analysis

o

Requirements Planning and Management

o

Requirements Elicitation

o

Requirements Analysis and Documentation

o

Solution Assessments and Validation

o

Requirements Communication

An updated structure for the Underlying Fundamentals area.

A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge, Release 1.6
©2006 International Institute of Business Analysis

1

Preface

This release does not include:

P.3

•

The detailed content describing the Underlying Fundamentals area

•

An updated Glossary

Continuing the review and refinement process
To address missing content a new sub-committee for Underlying Fundamentals has been
created and is already hard at work on content. We will also have someone focus on the
Glossary to ensure all key terms are added.
So, while there is still some content to be added for the next release, the primary focus will
be on refinement of the existing material.
The ongoing review and refinement process has a number of components:
BOK Core Team Review for consistency and coherence across the Body of Knowledge

The BOK core team is currently reviewing the inputs and outputs of each knowledge area
in order to:
•

fix inconsistencies between chapters

•

fix any redundancy between chapters

Many members of the core team have been heavily involved in writing detailed content
for specific knowledge areas. We now have the opportunity to also participate in a
detailed review of the material we did not write. This will further enable us to find and fix
inconsistencies. Our detailed review will focus on:
•

keeping the BOK as a descriptor of the knowledge needed by a business analyst vs.
an analysis process or analysis methodology, or a how-to guide

•

verifying that the BOK remains methodology-neutral and broadly applicable

•

detailed integration between the Knowledge Areas

•

ensuring a consistent level of detail across the Knowledge Areas

Industry Expert Advisory Group for industry validation
We have created a panel of industry experts who can provide feedback and input based
on their specialty and experience. This group will be assisting us through the end of 2006
by reviewing the overall scope of the BOK in preparation of the rollout of the certification
program at the end of this year.
A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge, Release 1.6
©2006 International Institute of Business Analysis

2

Preface

In 2007, the group will assist us with a detailed review of the content.
We are still building this group. As of the date of writing this panel includes:
•

Scott Ambler, Owner and Founder of Ambysoft Inc. and Practice Leader Agile
Development, IBM Rational. />
•

James Baird, Professor at Humber College and Owner of BPM3 Inc.,

•

Rafael Dorantes, Senior Project Manager, Rational Centre of Competency, IBM
Canada Inc.

•

Ellen Gottesdiener, Principal Consultant and founder of EBG Consulting, Inc.,

•

Paul Harmon, Executive Editor, Business Process Trends,

•

Ann M. Hickey, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Information Systems, University of
Colorado, />
•

Dean Leffingwell, entrepreneur, software industry executive, and technical
author, />
•

Mark McGregor, Principal, BPMG.org ()

•

Meilir Page-Jones, President and Senior Consulting Methodologist,

•

Richard Payne, Consulting Partner, Bauhaus Consulting Group,

•

Karen Tate, Member of the PMI Board of Directors and President of the Griffin
Tate Group, />
•

Steve Tockey, Principal Consultant, Construx Software,

•

Dr. Ralph R. Young, Director of Process Improvement, Systems and Process
Engineering, Defense Group, Northrop Grumman Information Technology,

www.bpm3inc.com

/>
/>
/>
/>

General membership review and input on specific topics
As the review and refinement continues, there will be specific topics or questions we
need to put to the IIBA membership. At various times, specific topics or small surveys
will be posted on the IIBA forum in the BOK area. Please check there often for topics of
interest to you.
A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge, Release 1.6
©2006 International Institute of Business Analysis

3

Preface

Professional editing for adherence to the style guide, overall flow and readability
Finally, we recognize that most of the BOK Core team are not professional writers or
editors. As we head into the 2007 release(s) we will be obtaining the professional editing
services required to move us to a professional BOK publication.

P.4

Thinking ahead to the next release
As this release is published, work has already begun on the next release planned for the
end of 2006. The next release will include:

P.5

•

Content for all sections of each knowledge area and an updated Glossary.

•

Refinements based on the Body of Knowledge core team review to ensure all the
connections between the knowledge areas are rationalized.

•

Refinements based on the review feedback from our Industry Expert Group.

Contributors to this Release

The following volunteers have contributed to this release.
Name

Role

Kathleen Barret

Member, Body of Knowledge Committee and President, IIBA

Kevin Brennan

Co-chair, Body of Knowledge Committee and Leader, Requirements
Analysis & Documentation Sub-committee

Barbara Carkenord

Member, Body of Knowledge Committee and Leader, Requirements
Communication Sub-committee and Solution Assessment and Validation
Sub-committee

Mary Gorman

Member, Body of Knowledge Committee and Leader, Requirements
Elicitation Sub-committee

Kathleen (Kitty) Hass

Member, Body of Knowledge Committee and Leader, Enterprise Analysis
Sub-committee

Brenda Kerton

Chairperson, Body of Knowledge Committee

Elizabeth Larson

Member, Body of Knowledge Committee and Co-leader, BOK Review Subcommittee

Richard Larson

Member, Body of Knowledge Committee and Co-leader, BOK Review Subcommittee

Dulce Oliveira

Member, Body of Knowledge Committee and Leader, Requirements
Planning & Management Sub-committee

Cleve Pillifant

Member, Accreditation – liaison to Body of Knowledge Committee

Tony Alderson

Member, Requirements Analysis & Documentation Sub-committee

Neil Burton

Member, Enterprise Analysis Sub-committee

Karen Chandler

Member, Requirements Communication Sub-committee

Richard Fox

Member, Requirements Planning & Management Sub-committee

Rosemary Hossenlopp

Member, Requirements Analysis & Documentation Sub-committee

Peter Gordon

Member, Fundamentals Subcommittee

Monica Jain

Member, Requirements Planning & Management Sub-committee

Peter Kovaks

Member, Requirements Communication Sub-committee

Finny Lee

Member, Requirement Elicitation Sub-committee

A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge, Release 1.6
©2006 International Institute of Business Analysis

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Preface

Chris Matts

Member, Fundamentals Subcommittee

Laura Markey

Member, Requirements Communication Sub-committee

Patricia Martin

Member, Requirements Planning & Management Sub-committee

Richard Martin

Member, Requirements Communication Sub-committee

Rosina Mete

Member, Requirements Planning & Management Sub-committee

William Murray

Member, Fundamentals Subcommittee

Harrish Pathria

Member, Requirement Elicitation Sub-committee and Requirements
Analysis & Documentation Sub-committee

Kathleen Person

Member, Requirements Communication Sub-committee

Tony Rice

Member, Requirements Analysis & Documentation Sub-committee

John Slater

Member, Requirements Analysis & Documentation Sub-committee

Mark Tracy

Member, Requirements Planning & Management Sub-committee

Jacqueline Young

Member, Enterprise Analysis Sub-committee

A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge, Release 1.6
©2006 International Institute of Business Analysis

5

Chapter 1

P.6

Introduction

Body of Knowledge Reviewers
The following volunteers were part of the virtual review team.
Name

Name

Sharon Aker

Betty H Baker

Cathy Brunsting
Pauline Chung

Carrollynn Chang

Stephanie Garwood

May Jim

Day Knez

Barb Koenig

Robert Lam

Cherifa Mansoura Liamani

Gillian McCleary

Kelly Piechota

Howard Podeswa

Leslie Ponder

Cecilia Rathwell

Jennifer Rojek

Keith Sarre

Jessica Gonzalez Solis

Jim Subach

Diane Talbot

Krishna Vishwanath

Marilyn Vogt

Joseph R Czarnecki

Scott Witt

A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge, Release 1.6
©2006 International Institute of Business Analysis

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Chapter 1

Introduction

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1

What is the IIBA BOK?
The Business Analysis Body of Knowledge is the sum of knowledge within the profession
of Business Analysis and reflects what is considered currently accepted practice. As with
other professions, the body of knowledge is defined and enhanced by the business
analysis professionals who apply it. The BOK describes Business Analysis areas of
knowledge, their associated activities and tasks and the skills necessary to be effective in
their execution.
Since the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge is growing and evolving constantly, this
release must be considered an evolving guide to the complete body of knowledge.
Additions will be made at least bi-annually for the next few years until the complete
foundation has been established. While specific techniques may be referenced, the
criteria for including information in the guide are that it is proven, generally accepted and
widely applied.

1.2

Purpose of the Guide to the IIBA BOK
The primary purpose of this guide is to identify the Business Analysis Knowledge Areas
that are generally recognized and accepted as good practice. The Guide provides a
general overview of each Knowledge Area and the list of activities and tasks associated
with each.
As this is the first time a formal document focused on the practice of Business Analysis has
been collected and collated into a structured document, the Guide is also intended as a
spring board for discussions amongst its professionals using a common, agreed to
vocabulary. Going forward the Guide will provide the basic reference document for all
practitioners.
In addition, as the Guide reflects the fundamental knowledge required of an effective
Business Analysis professional, any assessment or certification would require a
demonstration of ability to perform the activities and tasks identified within it. The Guide
to the Body of Knowledge is the basis for developing examination questions for the exam
that individuals must pass to become certified by IIBA. Applicants for IIBA Certification
will be tested on their knowledge in each area in a rigorous and psychometrically sound
examination. This examination is being developed as the IIBA BOK is constructed and
with the aid of a professional certification and licensure testing company. IIBA is
following the International Standard ISO/IEC 17024, General Requirements for Bodies
Operating Certification of Persons, in the creation of the certification and examination
processes.
This guide provides a basic reference for anyone interested in the profession of Business
Analysis. This includes, but is not limited to:
•

Senior Executives

A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge, Release 1.6
©2006 International Institute of Business Analysis

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Chapter 1

Introduction

•

Managers of Business Analysis Professionals

•

Business Analysis Professionals

•

Project managers

•

Educators and Trainers teaching Business Analysis and related topics

•

Consultants and other specialists in Business Analysis

This document is neither comprehensive nor all-inclusive. It lays the groundwork for ongoing development of the Body of Knowledge and will expand as information is added.

1.3

Defining the Business Analysis Profession
The IIBA is an organization that is dedicated to advancing the professionalism of its
members as well as the business analysis profession itself. IIBA recognizes the important
contributions business analysts make to organizations every day. As the governing body,
IIBA is seeking to establish common standards of knowledge within the BA profession
and is committed to work with practitioners around the globe to continually add to those
standards through education, research, and the sharing of effective tools and techniques.
A universally recognized certification is the first step towards creating a profession
unique to the functions of business analysis. Establishing a certification for the profession
will create a common expectation by organizations of the skills and knowledge they will
receive from certified business analysts.
Business Analysis is the set of tasks, knowledge, and techniques required to identify
business needs and determine solutions to business problems. Solutions often include a
systems development component, but may also consist of process improvement or
organizational change.
Those performing business analysis are today known by a number of titles such as
business analyst, business systems analyst, systems analyst and others. For simplicity in
this guide we refer to those performing business analysis as business analysts.
Business analysis is distinct from financial analysis, project management, quality
assurance, organizational development, testing, training and documentation
development. However, depending on an organization, an individual Business Analyst
may perform some or all of these related functions.

1.4

Core Concepts of Business Analysis
This section covers the knowledge needed to make effective use of the material in the
Knowledge Areas. Typically this knowledge is required across all the knowledge areas.
Much basic terminology is covered in the Glossary (Chapter 9), but the most key concepts
and knowledge are also discussed here with more detail than a glossary entry can allow.
This section will grow as the detailed material for each knowledge area is developed.

A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge, Release 1.6
©2006 International Institute of Business Analysis

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Chapter 1

1.4.1

Introduction

Definition of the Business Analyst Role
A business analyst works as a liaison among stakeholders in order to elicit, analyze,
communicate and validate requirements for changes to business processes, policies and
information systems. The business analyst understands business problems and
opportunities in the context of the requirements and recommends solutions that enable
the organization to achieve its goals.

1.4.2

Definition of a requirement

A requirement is1:
(1) A condition or capability needed by a stakeholder2 to solve a problem or achieve an
objective.
(2) A condition or capability that must be met or possessed by a system or system
component to satisfy a contract, standard, specification, or other formally imposed
documents.
(3) A documented representation of a condition or capability as in (1) or (2).
Requirements serve as the foundation of systems or system components. A requirement
can be thought of as something that is demanded or obligatory; a property that is essential
for the system to perform its functions. Requirements vary in intent and in kinds of
properties. They can be functions, constraints, or other elements that must be present to
meet the needs of the intended stakeholders. Requirements can be described as a
condition or capability a customer needs to solve a problem or achieve an objective. For
clarification purposes, a descriptor should always precede requirements; for example,
business requirements, user requirements, functional requirements.

1.4.3

Definition of requirements types
The types of requirements that exist vary based on the problem domain and methodology
that the Business Analyst works with. For the purposes of the Business Analysis Body of
Knowledge, the following types of standard requirements types have been defined:

1

•

Business Requirements are higher-level statements of the goals, objectives, or needs
of the enterprise. They describe such things the reasons why a project is initiated, the
things that the project will achieve, and the metrics which will be used to measure its

success. They are detailed further in the Enterprise Analysis KA.

•

User Requirements are statements of the needs of a particular stakeholder or class of
stakeholders. They describe the needs that a given stakeholder has and how that
stakeholder will interact with a solution. User Requirements serve as a bridge
between Business Requirements and the various classes of solution requirements.

This definition is based on IEEE Std 610.12-1990.

2

The word “user” in IEEE Std. 610.12-1990 has been changed to “stakeholder”. Requirements may emerge from persons or organizations that do
not directly interact with the system under development.
A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge, Release 1.6
©2006 International Institute of Business Analysis

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Chapter 1

Introduction

They are gathered from stakeholders as described in the Requirements Elicitation KA
and documented using the techniques described in the Requirements Analysis and
Documentation KA.

1.4.4

•

Functional Requirements describe the behavior and information that the solution
will manage. They describe capabilities the system will be able to perform in terms of
behaviors or operations – a specific system action or response. They are further
described in the Requirements Analysis and Documentation KA.

•

Quality of Service Requirements capture conditions that do not directly relate to the
behavior or functionality of the solution, but rather describe environmental
conditions under which the solution must remain effective or qualities that the
systems must have. They are also known as non-functional or supplementary
requirements. They are further described in the Requirements Analysis and
Documentation KA.

•

Assumptions and constraints identify aspects of the problem domain that are not
functional requirements of a solution, and will limit or impact the design of the
solution. They are further described in the Requirements Analysis and Documentation
KA.

•

Implementation requirements describe capabilities that the solution must have in
order to facilitate transition from the current state of the enterprise to the desired
future state, but that will not be needed once that transition is complete. They are

further described in the Solution Assessment and Validation KA.

Effective requirements practices
Through practical experience and study of system and software engineering practices, it is
clear that the use of effective requirements definition and management practices leads to
successful projects, satisfied customers and increased professionalism in the industry.
Benefits include:
•

A clear understanding of the needs of users, customers and stakeholders

•

A collaborative relationship between the users, customers and stakeholders and
the technical team

•

A strong commitment of the requirements development team members to
project objectives

•

Use of a repeatable requirements process that is continuously improved

•

A system architecture that supports the users, customers and stakeholders current
and planned needs

A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge, Release 1.6
©2006 International Institute of Business Analysis

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Chapter 1

1.5

Introduction

•

The ability to accommodate changes in requirements as they are progressively
elaborated

•

High quality systems and products

•

System development cost savings, accurate schedules, customer satisfaction

The Body of Knowledge in summary
There are six knowledge areas defined, that combined, cover the core areas where the
IIBA will set professional standards for those performing business analysis:
•

Enterprise Analysis

•

Requirements Planning and Management

•

Requirements Elicitation

•

Requirements Communication

•

Requirements Analysis and Documentation

•

Solution Assessment and Validation

Two other topics round out the knowledge requirements for business analysts:

1.5.1

•

BA Fundamentals

•

Glossary

Enterprise Analysis
This knowledge area is the collection of pre-project or early project activities and
approaches for capturing the necessary view of the business to provide context to
requirements and functional design work for a given initiative and/or for long term
planning. In some organizations this work is treated as an investigative, feasibility or
business architecture initiative and treated as a project in itself.
It is important for those in the Business Analysis profession to understand the
organizational environment in which they are working. They should understand how the
project, and their work in it, supports the entire enterprise.
Typical Enterprise Analysis activities leading up to project selection guided by the
Business Analyst include those listed below. While these activities appear to be
sequential, they are often conducted concurrently and iteratively.
•

Creating and maintaining the Business Architecture

•

Conducting feasibility studies to determine the optimum business solution

A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge, Release 1.6
©2006 International Institute of Business Analysis

11

Chapter 1

Introduction

•

Identifying new business opportunities

•

Scoping and defining the new business opportunity

•

Preparing the Business Case

•

Conducting the initial Risk Assessment

•

Preparing the Decision Package.

Enterprise Analysis is covered in Chapter 2.

1.5.2

Requirements Planning and Management
The Requirements Planning and Management Knowledge Area defines the resources and
tasks associated with the planning and management of requirements gathering activities
throughout the requirements process. The Business Analyst must define the requirements
activities that will be performed and how those activities will be performed on a project,
in accordance with any existing standards in the organization. It includes identifying key
roles, selecting requirements activities, managing the requirements scope and ongoing
communication of the requirements gathering status. Proper planning and management
of requirements gathering activities ensures the success of the requirements process and
requirements deliverables.
Before initiating requirements activities and during the requirements process it is
important to consider how the Business Analysis team is going about the requirements
activities on a project. This is necessary to ensure:
•

the set of requirements activities undertaken are the most appropriate, given the
unique circumstances of the project,

•

the requirements work effort is coordinated with the other work being done for
the project,

•

the whole requirements team on a project has a common understanding of what
activities they are undertaking,

•

business analysts are able to monitor and react to requirements challenges and
slippage,

•

the tools, resources and requirements contributors are available as needed for the
requirements activities,

•

and, changes are captured correctly and consistently.

Requirements Planning and Management is covered in Chapter 3.

A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge, Release 1.6
©2006 International Institute of Business Analysis

12

A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge

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