Lecture Marine environmental studies Topic MARPOL

Intro duc tio n: afte r e ve ry majo r
ac c ide nt, ne w re g ulatio ns :
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1912: Titanic – Safety Of Life at Sea (SOLAS)
1967: Torrey Canyon – Maritime Pollution
(MARPOL) and CLC 1969.
1985: Achille Lauro: Aviation and Maritime
Security Act.
2001: International Ship and Port Facility
Security Code.


Torrey Canyon – Channel 1967


S o me o the r majo r s pills :
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1978 –
1979 –
1983 –
MT
1989 –
1991 –
1993 –
2002 –

Amoco Cadiz – France – 223,000 MT
Atlantic Empress- Tobago – 287,000 MT
Castillo de Bellver – S.Africa – 252,000
Exxon Valdez – Alaska 37,000 MT
ABT Summer – off Angola – 260,000 MT
Braer – Shetland Isles – 85,000 MT
Prestige – Spain – 77,000 MT


Map showing major oil spills


Amo c o Cadiz – S pain - 1978


Brae r – S he tland Is lands –
1983


Pre s tig e – S pain – 2002

Caus e s o f majo r o il s pills :
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34 % : Grounding
28 % : Collisions
13 % : Hull fractures
9 % : Fire and Explosions
9 % : Loading/Discharging
7 % : Others


His to ry o f MARPOL
ins pire d by:
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In 1967 the Torrey Canyon ran aground.

120,000 tons of crude oil lost.
Biggest incident up to that time.
Questions of measures for prevention.
Existing compensation culture - limited.
1969 the IMO assembly decided to hold an
international conference.
1973 conference held.


To rre y Canyo n
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At 0830 on the 18th March 1967 the Liberian
registered tanker Torrey Canyon on passage
from Kuwait to the port of Milford Haven in the
UK made headline news.


What happe ne d
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Hit Pollard rock at 17 knots.
Ripped out 6 tanks.
Leaked oil over a number of weeks.
Contaminated the south coast of UK and the
Brittany coast of France.

Brittany Coast


To rre y Canyo n
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The prime minister at the time was Harold Wilson (who
coincidentally had a holiday home on the Scilly Isles).
He personally took charge of the incident and after a
mini cabinet meeting it was decided that the only option
was to bomb the Torrey Canyon.
Royal Navy Buccaneers from Lossiemouth in Scotland
had been tasked with the mission of total destruction of
the ship with the help of the Royal Air Force.
Armaments used were 160 bombs with a total of 13,600
tons of Napalm.


Pictures


To rre y Canyo n
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The idea was to blow up the ship and set fire to the oil if
possible and burn it off. Due to weather condition and
spring tides, this was not successful.
The Cost: the area of devastation was from Plymouth to
Lands End and the shores of Brittany in France.
The Price:
Overall 200,000 birds died.
The price tag for the clean up was 2 million
pounds sterling
Over 5000 people were involved in the clean up.


His to ry o f MARPOL 73
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Required ratification by 15 states with a

combined merchant fleet of 50% of the worlds
shipping.
1976 only 3 ratification's had been received J ordan, Kenya, Tunisia
Less than 1% of the worlds merchant fleet
Looked like 73 was going to fail.


His to ry o f MARPOL 78
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Response to a number of tanker incidents.


MARPOL Co nve ntio n
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Prevention of pollution in the marine environment
Combination of two treaties
Adopted in 1973 and combined in 1978
Entered into force in 1983(Annex 1/2)
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ANNEX 1 Prevention of pollution by oil

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ANNEX 2 Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid substances in bulk

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ANNEX 3 Prevention of pollution by harmful substances carried by sea
in package form

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ANNEX 4 Prevention of pollution by sewage from ships

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ANNEX 5 Prevention of pollution by garbage from ships

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ANNEX 6 Prevention of air pollution from ships


MARPOL 73/78
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Inte rnatio nal Co nve ntio n fo r the Pre ve ntio n
o f Po llutio n fro m S hips , 1973, as mo difie d
by the Pro to c o l o f 1978 re lating the re to
(MARPOL)

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The current convention was adopted in 1973

but was reviewed in 1978. MARPOL has six
annexes and they are:


Anne xe s :
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I – Oil

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II – Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk

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III – Harmful Substances in packaged form

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IV – Sewage

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V – Garbage

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VI – Air pollution

ANNEX I - OIL
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Covers prevention of pollution by oil from
operational measures as well as from
accidental discharges.
The 1992 amendments to Annex I made it
mandatory for new oil tankers to have double
hulls and brought in a phase-in schedule for
existing tankers to fit double hulls, which was
subsequently revised in 2001 and 2003.


Pre ve ntive Me as ure s Unde r
Anne x I
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Load on top (LOT)
Crude oil washing (COW)
Segregated Ballast Tank (SBT)

Reception facilities
Oil Records Books
Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan
(SOPEP)
Double Hulls (DH)
Oil discharge monitoring and control system
(ODMCS)


"S pe c ial Are as "
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no discharge allowed

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Sea areas in which, for technical reasons
relating to their o c e ano g rap hic al and
e c o lo g ic al condition and to their s e a traffic ,
the adoption of special mandatory methods for
the prevention of sea pollution is required.


"S pe c ial Are as "
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Mediterranean
Red sea
Gulf of Aden
Gulf Area
Baltic sea
Antarctic sea
North – western European waters
Southern South African waters