Ebook Fundamentals of analytical chemistry (9th edition) Part 1

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.


Reprinted by permission of the Hach Company

The pH ranges shown are approximate.
Specific transition ranges depend on the
indicator solvent chosen.

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.


Unless otherwise noted, all content on this page is © Cengage Learning.

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

IIIB
3

*

IVB
4

VIIB
7
8

VIIIB
10

IB
11

IIB
12

44.9559

39

20

Ca

40.078

19

K

39.0983

88

Ra

(226)

87

Fr

(223)

(227)

Ac

89

138.9055

La
**

Note: Atomic masses are 2009
IUPAC values (up to four decimal
places). More accurate values for
some elements are given in the
table inside the back cover.

137.327

132.9055

57

56

Ba

55

Cs

88.9058

87.62

85.4678

Y

38

Sr

37

Rb

Sc

21

24.3050

22.9898

(268)

Db

105

180.9479

Ta

73

92.9064

Nb

41

50.9415

V

23

140.9076

140.116

U

92

144.242

Nd

60

(271)

Sg

106

183.84

W

74

95.96

Mo

42

51.9961

Cr

24

232.0381 231.0359 238.0289

91

Pa

90

Th

** Actinide Series

59

Pr

58

Ce

*Lanthanide Series

(265)

Rf

104

178.49

Hf

72

91.224

Zr

40

47.867

Ti

22

(237)

Np

93

(145)

Pm

61

(270)

Bh

107

186.207

Re

75

(98)

Tc

43

54.9380

Mn

25

(244)

Pu

94

150.36

Sm

62

(277)

Hs

108

190.23

Os

76

101.07

Ru

44

55.845

Fe

26

(243)

Am

95

151.964

Eu

63

(276)

Mt

109

192.217

Ir

77

102.9055

Rh

45

58.9332

Co

27

9

(247)

Cm

96

157.25

Gd

64

(281)

Ds

110

195.084

Pt

78

106.42

Pd

46

58.6934

Ni

28

(247)

Bk

97

158.9254

Tb

65

(280)

Rg

111

196.9666

Au

79

107.8682

Ag

47

63.546

Cu

29

(251)

Cf

98

162.500

Dy

66

(285)

Cn

112

200.59

Hg

80

112.411

Cd

48

65.38

Zn

30

14

VIB
6

13

12

Mg

6.941

11

9.0122

Li

Na

12.011

10.81

Be

3

(252)

Es

99

164.9303

Ho

67

(284)

Uut

113

204.38

Tl

81

114.818

In

49

69.723

Ga

31

26.9815

Al

B

(257)

Fm

100

167.259

Er

68

(289)

Fl

114

207.2

Pb

82

118.710

Sn

50

72.63

Ge

32

28.085

Si

C

6

4

1.008
5

IIA
2

VB
5

IVA
14

VA
15

VIA
16

(258)

Md

101

168.9342

Tm

69

(288)

Uup

115

208.9804

Bi

83

121.760

Sb

51

74.9216

As

33

30.9738

P

15

14.007

N

7

(259)

No

102

173.054

Yb

70

(293)

Lv

116

(209)

Po

84

127.60

Te

52

78.96

Se

34

32.06

S

16

15.999

O

8

(262)

Lr

103

174.9668

Lu

71

(294)

Uus

117

(210)

At

85

126.9045

I

53

79.904

Br

35

35.453

Cl

17

18.9984

F

9

1.008

H

1

IIIA
13

Metalloids

1

H

VIIA
17

Nonmetals

IA
1

Metals

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

(294)

Uuo

118

(222)

Rn

86

131.293

Xe

54

83.798

Kr

36

39.948

Ar

18

20.1797

Ne

10

4.0026

He

2

0
18


Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.


Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.


International Atomic Masses

Element

Actinium
Aluminum
Americium
Antimony
Argon
Arsenic
Astatine
Barium
Berkelium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Bohrium
Boron

Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Californium
Carbon
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copernicium
Copper
Curium
Darmstadtium
Dubnium
Dysprosium
Einsteinium
Erbium
Europium
Fermium
Flerovium
Fluorine
Francium
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Gold
Hafnium
Hassium
Helium

Holmium
Hydrogen
Indium
Iodine
Iridium
Iron
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lawrencium
Lead
Lithium
Livermorium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Meitnerium


Symbol

Atomic
Number

Atomic
Mass

Ac
Al
Am
Sb

Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
Bh
B
Br
Cd
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cn
Cu
Cm
Ds
Db
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
Fl

F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
Hs
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lv
Lu
Mg
Mn
Mt

89
13
95
51

18
33
85
56
97
4
83
107
5
35
48
20
98
6
58
55
17
24
27
112
29
96
110
105
66
99
68
63
100
114

9
87
64
31
32
79
72
108
2
67
1
49
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
116
71
12
25
109

(227)
26.9815386
(243)
121.760

39.948
74.92160
(210)
137.327
(247)
9.012182
208.98040
(270)
10.81
79.904
112.411
40.078
(251)
12.011
140.116
132.90545
35.45
51.9961
58.933195
(285)
63.546
(247)
(281)
(268)
162.500
(252)
167.259
151.964
(257)
(289)

18.9984032
(223)
157.25
69.723
72.63
196.966569
178.49
(277)
4.002602
164.93032
1.008
114.818
126.90447
192.217
55.845
83.798
138.90547
(262)
207.2
6.94
(293)
174.9668
24.3050
54.938045
(276)


Element

Mendelevium

Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Neon
Neptunium
Nickel
Niobium
Nitrogen
Nobelium
Osmium
Oxygen
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Plutonium
Polonium
Potassium
Praseodymium
Promethium
Protactinium
Radium
Radon
Rhenium
Rhodium
Roentgenium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Rutherfordium
Samarium
Scandium

Seaborgium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfur
Tantalum
Technetium
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Ununoctium
Ununpentium
Ununseptium
Ununtrium
Uranium
Vanadium
Xenon
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium

Symbol

Atomic
Number

Atomic
Mass

Md
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra

Rn
Re
Rh
Rg
Rb
Ru
Rf
Sm
Sc
Sg
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
Uuo
Uup
Uus
Uut

U
V
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr

101
80
42
60
10
93
28
41
7
102
76
8
46
15
78
94
84
19
59
61
91
88

86
75
45
111
37
44
104
62
21
106
34
14
47
11
38
16
73
43
52
65
81
90
69
50
22
74
118
115
117
113

92
23
54
70
39
30
40

(258)
200.59
95.96
144.242
20.1797
(237)
58.6934
92.90638
14.007
(259)
190.23
15.999
106.42
30.973762
195.084
(244)
(209)
39.0983
140.90765
(145)
231.03588
(226)

(222)
186.207
102.90550
(280)
85.4678
101.07
(265)
150.36
44.955912
(271)
78.96
28.085
107.8682
22.98976928
87.62
32.06
180.94788
(98)
127.60
158.92535
204.38
232.03806
168.93421
118.710
47.867
183.84
(294)
(288)
(294)
(284)

238.02891
50.9415
131.293
173.054
88.90585
65.38
91.224

The values given in parentheses are the atomic mass numbers of the isotopes of the longest known half-life. From M. E. Wieser and T. B.
Coplen, Pure Appl. Chem., 2011, 83(2), 359–96, DOI: 10.1351/PAC-REP-10-09-14.
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.


Molar Masses of Some Compounds
Compound

AgBr
AgCl
Ag2CrO4
AgI
AgNO3
AgSCN
Al2O3
Al2(SO4)3
As2O3
B2O3
BaCO3
BaCl2 ? 2H2O
BaCrO4

Ba(IO3)2
Ba(OH)2
BaSO4
Bi2O3
CO2
CaCO3
CaC2O4
CaF2
CaO
CaSO4
Ce(HSO4)4
CeO2
Ce(SO4)2
(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6
(NH4)4Ce(SO4)4 ? 2H2O
Cr2O3
CuO
Cu2O
CuSO4
Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 ? 6H2O
FeO
Fe2O3
Fe3O4
HBr
HC2H3O2 (acetic acid)
HC7H5O2 (benzoic acid)
(HOCH2)3CNH2 (TRIS)
HCl
HClO4
H2C2O4 ? 2H2O

H5IO6
HNO3
H2O
H2O2
H3PO4
H2S
H2SO3
H2SO4
HgO
Hg2Cl2
HgCl2
KBr
KBrO3
KCl
KClO3
KCN
K2CrO4
K2Cr2O7

Molar Mass

187.772
143.32
331.729
234.7727
169.872
165.95
101.960
342.13
197.840

69.62
197.335
244.26
253.319
487.130
171.341
233.38
465.958
44.009
100.086
128.096
78.075
56.077
136.13
528.37
172.114
332.23
548.22
632.53
151.989
79.545
143.091
159.60
392.13
71.844
159.687
231.531
80.912
60.052
122.123

121.135
36.46
100.45
126.064
227.938
63.012
18.015
34.014
97.994
34.08
82.07
98.07
216.59
472.08
271.49
119.002
166.999
74.55
122.55
65.116
194.189
294.182

Compound

Molar Mass

K3Fe(CN)6
K4Fe(CN)6
KHC8H4O4 (phthalate)

KH(IO3)2
K2HPO4
KH2PO4
KHSO4
KI
KIO3
KIO4
KMnO4
KNO3
KOH
KSCN
K2SO4
La(IO3)3
Mg(C9H6NO)2
  (8-hydroxyquinolate)
MgCO3
MgNH4PO4
MgO
Mg2P2O7
MgSO4
MnO2
Mn2O3
Mn3O4
Na2B4O7 ? 10H2O
NaBr
NaC2H3O2
Na2C2O4
NaCl
NaCN
Na2CO3

NaHCO3
Na2H2EDTA ? 2H2O
Na2O2
NaOH
NaSCN
Na2SO4
Na2S2O3 ? 5H2O
NH4Cl
(NH4)2C2O4 ? H2O
NH4NO3
(NH4)2SO4
(NH4)2S2O8
NH4VO3
Ni(C4H7O2N2)2
  (dimethylglyoximate)
PbCrO4
PbO
PbO2
PbSO4
P2O5
Sb2S3
SiO2
SnCl2
SnO2
SO2
SO3
Zn2P2O7

329.248
368.346

204.222
389.909
174.174
136.084
136.16
166.0028
214.000
229.999
158.032
101.102
56.105
97.18
174.25
663.610
312.611
84.313
137.314
40.304
222.551
120.36
86.936
157.873
228.810
381.36
102.894
82.034
133.998
58.44
49.008
105.988

84.006
372.238
77.978
39.997
81.07
142.04
248.17
53.49
142.111
80.043
132.13
228.19
116.978
288.917
323.2
223.2
239.2
303.3
141.943
339.70
60.083
189.61
150.71
64.06
80.06
304.70

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.


Excel Shortcut Keystrokes for the PC*

*Macintosh equivalents, if different, appear in square brackets
TO ACCOMPLISH THIS TASK

TYPE THESE KEYSTROKES

Alternate between displaying cell values and displaying cell
formulas
Calculate all sheets in all open workbooks
Calculate the active worksheet
Cancel an entry in a cell or formula bar
Complete a cell entry and move down in the selection
Complete a cell entry and move to the left in the selection
Complete a cell entry and move to the right in the selection
Complete a cell entry and move up in the selection
Copy a formula from the cell above the active cell into the cell
or the formula bar
Copy a selection
Copy the value from the cell above the active cell into the cell
or the formula bar
Cut a selection
Define a name
Delete the character to the left of the insertion point,
or delete the selection

Delete the character to the right of the insertion point,
or delete the selection
Displays the Insert Function dialog box
Displays Key Tips for ribbon shortcuts
Edit a cell comment
Edit the active cell
Edit the active cell and then clear it, or delete the preceding
character in the active cell as you edit the cell contents
Enter a formula as an array formula
Fill down
Fill the selected cell range with the current entry
Fill to the right
Format cells dialog box
Insert the AutoSum formula
Move one character up, down, left, or right
Move to the beginning of the line
Paste a name into a formula
Paste a selection
Repeat the last action
Selects the entire worksheet
Start a formula
Start a new line in the same cell
Undo

Ctrl1` [z1`]
F9
Shift1F9
Esc
Enter [Return]
Shift1Tab

Tab
Shift1Enter
Ctrl1’ (Apostrophe) [z1’]
Ctrl1C[z+C]
Ctrl1Shift1” (Quotation Mark) [z1Shift1”]
Ctrl1X [z1X]
Ctrl1F3 [z1F3]
Backspace [Delete]
Delete [Del]
Shift1F3
ALT
Shift1F2
F2 [None]
Backspace [Delete]
Ctrl1Shift1Enter
Ctrl1D[z1D]
Ctrl1Enter [None]
Ctrl1R [z1R]
Ctrl11 [z11]
Alt15 (Equal Sign) [z1Shift1T]
Arrow Keys
Home
F3 [None]
Ctrl1V [z1V]
F4 Or Ctrl1Y [z1Y]
Ctrl1A
5 (Equal Sign)
Alt1Enter [z1Option1Enter]
Ctrl1Z[z1Z]

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.


Microsoft® Excel Ribbon and Tabs for Excel 2010

Home Ribbon Wide View

Home Ribbon Narrow View

Insert Tab

Formulas Tab

Data Tab
Not shown are Page Layout, Review and View Tabs

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.


Charles D. Winters

H2O 1 I32(aq) 1 H3AsO3(aq) S
(a)

d 3I2(aq) 1 H3AsO4(aq) 1 H1(aq)
(b)

Charles D. Winters

Color Plate 1 Chemical Equilibrium 1: Reaction between iodine and
arsenic(III) at pH 1. (a) One mmol I3− added to one mmol H3AsO3.
(b) Three mmol I− added to one mmol H3AsO4. Both combinations of
solutions produce the same final equilibrium state (see Section 9B-1, page 202).

H2O 1 I32(aq) 1 H3AsO3(aq) S
(a)

d 3I2(aq) 1 H3AsO4(aq) 1 H1(aq)
(b)

Charles D. Winters

Color Plate 2 Chemical Equilibrium 2: The same reaction as in color
plate 1 carried out at pH 7, producing a different equilibrium state than that
in Color Plate 1, and although similar to the situation in Color Plate 1, the
same state is produced from either the forward (a) or the reverse (b) direction
(see Section 9B-1, page 202).

I32(aq) 1 2Fe(CN)64−(aq) S
(a)

d 3I2(aq) 1 2Fe(CN)63− (aq)
(b)

Color Plate 3 Chemical Equilibrium 3: Reaction between iodine and
ferrocyanide. (a) One mmol I3− added to two mmol Fe(CN)642. (b) Three
mmol I− added to two mmol Fe(CN)632. Both combinations of solutions
produce the same final equilibrium state. (see Section 9B-1, page 202).

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.


Charles D. Winters

Charles D. Winters

Charles D. Winters

Charles D. Winters

Charles D. Winters

Color Plate 5 Crystallization of sodium acetate from
a supersaturated solution (see Section 12A-2, page 280).
A tiny seed crystal is dropped into the center of a petri dish
containing a supersaturated solution of the compound.
The time sequence of photos taken about once per second
shows the growth of the beautiful crystals of sodium acetate.

Charles D. Winters

Color Plate 4 The common-ion effect.
The test tube on the left contains a saturated
solution of silver acetate, AgOAc. The following
equilibrium is established in the test tube:
AgOAc(s) 8 Ag+(aq) + OAc−(aq)
When AgNO3 is added to the test tube, the

equilibrium shifts to the left to form more
AgOAc, as shown in the test tube on the right
(see Section 9B-5, page 209).

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.


Charles D. Winters

Color Plate 6 The Tyndall effect. The photo shows
two cuvettes: the one on the left contains only water while
the one on the right contains a solution of starch. As red
and green laser beams pass through the water in the left
cuvette, they are invisible. Colloidal particles in the starch
solution in the right cuvette scatter the light from the two
lasers, so the beams become visible (see Section 12A-2,
margin note, page 280).

Charles D. Winters

Color Plate 7 When dimethylglyoxime
is added to a slightly basic solution of
Ni21(aq), shown on the left, a bright red
precipitate of Ni(C4H7N2O2)2 is formed
as seen in the beaker on the right
(see Section 12C-3, page 294).

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH
Methyl violet (0.0–1.6)

Chlorophenol red (4.8–6.7)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH

Bromophenol blue (3.0–4.6)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH

m-Cresol purple (7.4–9.0)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH

Methyl orange (3.2–4.4)

Thymol blue (8.0–9.2)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH

Bromocresol green (3.8–5.4)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH
Alizarin red (4.6–6.0)

Charles D. Winters

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH
Bromothymol (6.0–7.0)

Phenolphthalein (8.0–10.0)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH
o-Cresolphthalein (8.2–9.8)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH
Thymolphthalein (8.8–10.5)

Color Plate 8 Acid/base indicators and their transition pH ranges (see Section 14A-2, page 323).

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.


Charles D. Winters

Charles D. Winters

Color Plate 13 The time dependence of the reaction between permanganate and oxalate (see Section 20C-1, page 515).

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Charles D. Winters

Charles D. Winters

Color Plate 11 A modern version of the Daniell Cell
(see Feature 18-2, page 450).

Color Plate 12 Reaction between Iron(III) and
iodide. The species in each beaker are indicated by
the colors of the solutions. Iron (III) is pale yellow,
iodide is colorless, and triiodide is intense red-­
orange (see margin note, Section 18C-6, page 464).

Charles D. Winters

Charles D. Winters

2Fe31 1 3I2     8    2Fe21 1 I32

Charles D. Winters

Color Plate 10 Reduction of
silver(I) by direct reaction with
copper, forming the “silver tree”
(see Section 18A-2, page 445).

Color Plate 9 End point in an acid/base titration with phenolphthalein as
indicator. The end point is achieved when the barely perceptible pink color of
phenolphthalein persists. The flask on the left shows the titration less than half a
drop prior to the end point; the middle flask shows the end point. The flask on
the right shows what happens when a slight excess of base is added to the titration mixture. The solution turns a deep pink color, and the end point has been
exceeded (see Section 13A-1, page 304).


© H&H Productions

(b)

Simon Tulloch

Simon Tulloch

(a)

(c)

Charles D. Winters

Color Plate 14 (a) Typical linear CCD arrays for spectrophotometers. The array on the right has 4096 pixels, and the
array on the left has 2048 pixels. In both arrays, each pixel has the dimensions of 14 mm 3 14 mm. These devices have a
spectral range of 200-1000 nm, a dynamic range of 2500:1 (see Section 8E-2), and are available with low-cost glass or
UV-enhanced fused silica windows. In addition to the sizes shown, the arrays are available in lengths of 512 and 1024 pixels.
(b) Photomicrograph of a section of a two-dimensional CCD array that is used for imaging and spectroscopy. Light falling
on the millions of pixels in the upper left of the photo creates charge that is transferred to the vertical channels at the
bottom of the photo and shifted from left to right along the string of channels until it reaches the output amplifier section
shown in (c). The amplifier provides a voltage proportional to the charge accumulated on each pixel, which is in turn
proportional to the intensity of light falling on the pixel (see Section 25A-4, page 705, for a discussion of charge-transfer
devices).
Color Plate 15 Series of standards (left) and two
unknowns (right) for the spectrophotometric determination of Fe(II) using 1,10-phenanthroline as reagent
(see Section 26A-3 and Problem 26-26, page 757).
The color is due to the complex Fe(phen)32+.
The absorbance of the standards is measured, and a
working curve is analyzed using linear least-squares
(see Section 8C-2, page 172). The equation for the
line is then used to determine the concentrations of the
unknown solutions from their measured absorbances.

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.


Visible Spectrum
380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720

Barium

380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720

Calcium
380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720

Chromium
380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720

Europium
380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720

Indium
380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720

Iron
380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720

Lithium
380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720

Sodium
380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720

Strontium
380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720

Thallium
380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720

Vanadium

380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720

380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720

l, nm

Jim Holler

Ytterbium

Color Plate 16 Spectrum of white light and emission spectra of selected elements
(see Chapter 28).

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.


400

410

420

430

440

450

460

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

520

530

540

550

560

570

580

580

590

600

610

620

630

640

640

650

660

670

680

690

700

l, nm
(a)

H
He

l

(Dr. Donald Mickey)

Fe

(a)
Color Plate 17 The solar spectrum. (a) Expanded color version of the solar spectrum
shown in black and white in Feature 24-1 (see Figure 24F-1, page 657). The huge number
of dark absorption lines are produced by all of the elements in the sun. See if you can
spot some prominent lines like the famous sodium doublet. (b) Compact version of the
solar spectrum in (a) compared to the emission spectra of hydrogen, helium, and iron.
It is relatively easy to spot lines in the emission spectra of hydrogen and iron that
correspond to absorption lines in the solar spectrum, but the lines of helium are quite
obscure. In spite of this problem, helium was discovered when these lines were observed
in the solar spectrum (see Section 28D). (Images created by Dr. Donald Mickey,
University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy from National Solar Observatory spectral
data/NSO/Kitt Peak FTS data by NSF/NOAO.)

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.


Charles D. Winters

Color Plate 18 (a) Demonstration
of atomic absorption by mercury vapor.

(b) White light from the source on the
right passes through the mercury vapor
above the flask and no shadow appears
on the fluorescent screen on the left.
Light from the mercury lamp on the
left containing the characteristic UV
lines of the element is absorbed by the
vapor in and above the flask, which casts
a shadow on the screen on the right of
the plume of mercury vapor (see Section
28D-4, page 797).

(a)

Fluorescent screen

Shadow

Mercury vapor

Mercury vapor lamp

White light source

Jim Holler

Liquid
mercury

(b)

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.


Charles D. Winters

Charles D. Winters



(c)

(b)

(d)

Charles D. Winters



Charles D. Winters

(a)

Charles D. Winters



Color Plate 19 Weighing by

difference the old-fashioned way.
(a) Zero the balance. (b) Place a
weighing bottle containing the
solute on the balance pan. (c) Read
the mass (33.2015 g). (d) Transfer
the desired amount of solute to a flask.
(e) Replace the weighing bottle on the
pan and read the mass (33.0832 g).
Finally, calculate the mass of the
solute transferred to the flask:
33.2015 g 2 33.0832 g 5 0.1131 g
(see Section 2E-4, page 27).
(Electronic balance provided by
Mettler-Toledo, Inc.)

(e)

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.


(c)

(b)

Charles D. Winters



Charles D. Winters

Charles D. Winters

(a)

Charles D. Winters



Color Plate 20 Weighing by difference the modern way. Place a weighing
bottle containing the solute on the
balance pan and (a) depress the tare
or zero button. The balance should
then read 0.0000 g, as shown in (b).
(c) Transfer the desired amount of
solute to a flask. Replace the weighing
bottle on the pan, and (d) the balance
reads the decrease in mass directly as
20.1070 g (see Section 2E-4, page 27).
Many modern balances have built-in
computers with programs to perform a
variety of weighing tasks. For example,
it is possible to dispense many
consecutive quantities of a substance
and automatically read out the loss in
mass following each dispensing.
Many balances also have computer
intterfaces so that reading may be
logged directly to programs running
on the computer. (Electronic balance

provided by Mettler-Toledo, Inc.)

(d)

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.


Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

400

10211
(10 pm)

450

1029
(1 nm)

X rays

1018

10210
(100 pm)

1019

1016

500

Near
ultraviolet

1026
(1 mm)

1025
(10 mm)

Near
infrared

1014

550

Far
infrared

650

1023
(1 mm)

1012

1024
(100 mm)

1013

600

Visible spectrum

1015

1027
(100 nm)

Far
ultraviolet

1028
(10 nm)

1017

700

1022
(10 mm)

Microwaves

1011

Radar

TV FM AM
Radio waves

Frequency (s21)

750

800
nm

Wavelength (m)
1021
(100 mm)

1010

Color Plate 21 Electromagnetic spectrum. The spectrum extends from high-energy (frequency) gamma rays to low-energy (frequency) radio waves (see
Section 24B-1, page 654). Note that the visible region is only a tiny fraction of the spectrum. The visible region, broken out in the lower portion, e­ xtends
from the violet (≈380 nm) to the red region (≈800 nm). (Courtesy of Ebbing and Gammon, General Chemistry, 10th ed.)

350

10212
(1 pm)

Gamma
rays

1020
Visible


This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial
review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to
remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous
editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by
ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest.

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.


Fundamentals of
Analytical
Chemistry

ninth Edition

Douglas A. Skoog
Stanford University

Donald M. West
San Jose State University

F. James Holler
University of Kentucky

Stanley R. Crouch
Michigan State University

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.