California science grade 3 (11)

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Most of an iceberg is under water.


CHAPTER

6

Matter

What are some forms of matter
and how can they change?

256

Merced River, Yosemite National Park, California


Lesson 1

Solids, Liquids,
and Gases
PAGE

260

Lesson 2

Building Blocks
of Matter
PAGE

272

Lesson 3

Changing Matter

PAGE

284

3 PS 1. Energy and matter have multiple forms and
can be changed from one form to another.

257


Literature
Poem
ELA R 3.3.1.
Distinguish common
forms of literature (e.g.,
poetry, drama, fiction, nonfiction). ELA W 3.2.2. Write
descriptions that use concrete
sensory details to present and

support unified impressions
of people, places, things, or
experiences.

cold air, water, and ice

258


from Chill

in the Air

by John Frank

A soft rain falls
Through the winter air
That chills the mountain pass,
And clings to the trees
That crown the hills
And turns them into glass.

Write About It
Response to Literature During the winter, rain freezes
into ice. What word does the author use in the poem
to describe ice? What are some words that describe
things around you? Choose an object to write about.
Use as many words as you can to describe the object.

-Journal Research and write about it online @ www.macmillanmh.com

259


Lesson 1

Solids, Liquids,
and Gases

Have you ever watched a hang glider soar
through the air? What can you see from high
in the sky? How does the ground look? How
can you describe the objects and places below?

260
ENGAGE

3 PS 1.e. Students know matter has three forms: solid, liquid, and gas.
3 PS 1.f. Students know evaporation and melting are changes that occur
when the objects are heated.


How do you describe objects?

Materials

Purpose
In this activity you will explore ways to
describe objects.

Procedure

Observe Select a “mystery object” in your
classroom. Observe the object. What color
is it? How does it feel? What is the object’s
shape and size?

classroom objects

Communicate Record your observations
in a concept web like the one shown. Label
each line with a word that describes your
“mystery object.” Leave the circle blank.

hand lens

Infer Trade concept webs with a partner.
Think about the descriptive words. What
classroom object do the words describe?
Label the circle with the name of your
partner’s “mystery object.”

Step

Draw Conclusions
Were you able to guess your partner’s
“mystery object”? Was your classmate able
to guess your mystery object?
What helped you most in guessing your
partner’s object?

Explore

More

Step

Experiment How might your concept web
be different if you were blindfolded and could
only touch the “mystery object”? Try it again
to find out.
3 IE 5.e. Collect data in an investigation and analyze
those data to develop a logical conclusion.

261
EXPLORE


C Main Idea

3 PS 1.e
3 PS 1.f

Solids, liquids, and gases
are three forms of matter.
Adding or removing heat
energy causes matter to
change form.

C Vocabulary
matter , p. 262
mass , p. 262

solid , p. 264
volume , p. 264
liquid , p. 264
gas , p. 265
melt , p. 266
evaporate , p. 267

What is matter?

freeze , p. 268
condense , p. 268

-Glossary
@

www.macmillanmh.com

C Reading Skill

Matter is anything that takes up space. You

Main Idea

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C Technology
Explore matter with
the Secret Agents.

262
EXPLAIN

If you look around, you will see many things
with different sizes, colors, and shapes. Things
differ in the way they look, feel, sound, and
smell. All the things around you are alike in one
way. All are kinds of matter (MA•tuhr).
are matter. This book is matter. Even the air
you breathe is matter. All of these things take
up space. Matter also has mass. Mass is a
measure of the amount of matter in an object.
A brick and a sponge might have the same size
and shape. However, the mass of the brick is
greater than the mass of the sponge. That is
because the brick contains more matter than
the sponge.


Properties of Matter
Each kind of matter has its own
properties (PROP•uhr•teez), or traits.
Color and shape are properties that
you can see. The way an object
tastes, smells, feels, and sounds

are other properties that you can
observe. Properties can be used to
describe and identify matter.
Many properties of matter can be
measured. You measure the length
and width of an object with a ruler
or meterstick. You measure the mass
of an object with a pan balance.

A Everywhere you go,
you are surrounded
by matter.

A pan balance is used
to measure the mass
of objects. Which
object has greater
mass? Why? C

Quick Check
Main Idea What are two properties of all types

of matter?
Critical Thinking Why is the idea of the number 3

not matter, but 3 bricks are matter?
263
EXPLAIN

How do we classify
matter?
One way scientists classify matter
is in groups called states. Three
states of matter are solids, liquids,
and gases. Each of these states of
matter has certain properties.
Most of the things you see
around you are solids (SAHL•idz).
Pencils, desks, pillows, and chairs
are all examples of solids. A solid
is matter that has a definite shape
and volume (VAHL•yewm). Volume
is the amount of space that an
object takes up. This book is a
solid. It has a definite shape. It takes
up a definite amount of space.

A The glass is a solid. It has a
definite shape and volume.
Does the liquid have a
definite shape and volume?

264
EXPLAIN

A liquid (LIK•wid) is matter that
has a definite volume but does
not have a definite shape. A liquid
takes the shape of its container.

Water, oil, juice, and shampoo
are liquids. Milk is a liquid, too.
When it is inside a carton, milk
takes the shape of the carton.
When you pour milk into a glass,
it takes the shape of the glass.
Whatever the shape or size of its
container, milk’s volume does
not change. It takes up the same
amount of space regardless
of what it is in.

A Liquids take the shape of
their containers. Liquids also
take up a definite amount of
space inside their containers.


Gases are the third state of
matter. Most gases are invisible.
You cannot see them, but they
are all around you. Air is made
of gases that you need to survive.
A gas is matter that does not
have a definite shape or volume.
What happens when you blow
into a balloon? The gas takes
the shape of its container—the
balloon. Because the gas does not
have a definite volume, it spreads

out and fills the balloon.
Quick Check
Main Idea What are the states

of matter?
Critical Thinking Compare

solids, liquids, and gases.
How are they alike? How do
they differ?

Solids, Liquids,
and Gases
Blow into an empty
bag. Then quickly
seal the bag.

gas

Fill a second small
bag with some water
and quickly seal this
bag. Put a rock in a
third small bag and
seal the bag.
Observe Each bag
contains matter in a
different state. How
does each bag look
and feel? Record

your observations in
a chart.
Predict What will
happen to the matter
in each bag when the bag
is opened? Record your
predictions in a chart.

liquid

solid

Observe Open each bag.
What happens?

D The gas used to fill
all these balloons
came from this
one small tank.
Gases do not have
a definite volume.
They spread out
and fill whatever
they are in.

Be Careful. Hold the bag
filled with water over a container.
Communicate Describe the
properties of a solid, liquid,
and gas. Tell how the three

states of matter are different
from one another.

265
EXPLAIN


What happens when heat
is added to matter?
When matter is heated, it gains
heat energy. Its temperature rises.
If enough heat energy is added to
matter, its state can change.

Adding Heat to Solids
A When solid steel gains
enough heat energy, it will
melt or turn into a liquid.

A The Golden Gate Bridge is
made from tons of solid steel.

The lava flowing from this
volcano is rock that melted
deep beneath Earth’s
surface. C

266
EXPLAIN

The amount of heat energy needed
to cause matter to change state
varies. When a solid gains enough
heat energy it will melt , or turn into
a liquid. Chocolate and ice cream
melt after gaining a small amount
of heat energy. Rocks deep beneath
Earth’s surface melt after gaining a
huge amount of heat energy.


Adding Heat to Liquids
When a liquid gains heat energy, it will evaporate
(i•VAP•uh•rayt), or turn into a gas. For example,
when wet clothes are placed on a clothesline, the
water in the clothes evaporates. The liquid water
in the clothes gains heat energy and turns into a
gas. The gas state of water is called water vapor.
You cannot see water vapor, but it is part of the
air around you. As the liquid water turns into
water vapor your clothes get dry.

A When the liquid
water in these
clothes gains
enough heat
energy, it will
evaporate, or
turn into a gas.

Gaining Heat Energy

ice cubes

water

steam

Read a Diagram

Quick Check
Main Idea What happens to matter

when it gains heat energy?

What happens when heat is
added to ice cubes?
Clue: Arrows help show a
sequence.

Critical Thinking You wash your hair

and blow it dry. What happens to the
water in your hair? What causes this
to happen?

Watch how matter changes
@ www.macmillanmh.com

267

EXPLAIN


What happens when matter
loses energy?
When matter is cooled, it loses heat energy.
Its temperature drops. If it loses enough heat
energy, its state can change. When a liquid loses
enough heat energy, it will freeze, or become a
solid. When a gas loses enough heat energy, it
will condense (kuhn•DENS), or become a liquid.
For example, on cool mornings, small droplets
of water called dew can appear on objects. This
happens when water vapor in the air touches cool
objects and loses heat energy. The water vapor
condenses and forms dew.
Quick Check
Main Idea How are freezing and

condensation alike?
Critical Thinking Why does liquid water

turn to ice after being placed in a freezer?

D When carbon
dioxide gas loses
enough heat energy,
it will change state
and become solid.

When juice is cooled
enough, it will
change state and
become solid. C

268
EXPLAIN

A The dew on this spider
web formed when
water vapor cooled
and condensed.


Summarize the Main Idea

Think, Talk, and Write

Matter is anything
LR_TXT
that has LR_TXT
mass and
LR_TXT
LR_TXT
takes up space.
LR_TXT
LR_TXT
(pp. 262–263)
LR_TXT LR_TXT

Main Idea What is matter?

Matter is classified
LR_TXT
LR_TXT
into three
states—
LR_TXT
LR_TXT
solids, liquids, and
LR_TXT
LR_TXT
gases. (pp.
264–265)
LR_TXT LR_TXT

Main Idea What are some properties
of a solid that you can measure?

Matter can change
LR_TXT
state by LR_TXT
gaining
LR_TXT
LR_TXT
or losing heat
LR_TXT
LR_TXT
energy. (pp.
266–268)

LR_TXT LR_TXT

Make a
Study Guide
Make a trifold book.
Use it to summarize
what you learned
about matter.

Writing Link
Write an Article
What happens when oil and water
mix? In 1989 a ship spilled oil into
the water off the coast of Alaska.
Research the Exxon Valdez oil
spill. Write a short news article
describing what happened.

Vocabulary What are the three
states of matter?

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Critical Thinking After taking a

hot shower, Luis noticed drops of
water on the bathroom mirror. What
caused the water drops to form?
Test Practice Air is an example of
this state of matter.
A liquid
B solid
C shape
D gas

Math Link
Solve a Problem
It takes 80 calories of heat energy
to melt one gram of solid water
(ice) to liquid water. It takes 539
calories of heat energy to change
one gram of water from the liquid
state to the gas state. How many
more calories are needed for
evaporation than for melting?

-Review Summaries and quizzes online @ www.macmillanmh.com

269
EVALUATE


Measure
You learned that matter is anything that takes
up space and has mass. Water is matter that

comes in three forms: solid, liquid, and gas. Does
the solid form of water have the same mass as
the liquid form? To answer questions like this,
scientists measure things.

measuring
cup

Learn It
When you measure, you find the size, distance,
time, volume, area, mass, or temperature of an object.
Scientists use many tools to measure things. Some
of these tools are shown on this page. Scientists use
measurements to describe and compare objects.

Try It
You know that scientists measure things to answer
questions. You can measure too, to answer this question.
Do solid ice cubes have the same mass after they melt?

tape measure

balance

thermometer

270
EXTEND

3 IE 5.c. Use numerical data in describing and comparing objects, events,

and measurements.


C To start, place several ice cubes in a cup. Then,
cover the cup with plastic wrap so the water cannot
evaporate.

C Measure mass by placing the cup on one end of a pan
balance. Add masses to the other side of the balance
until both sides are even. Record the mass on a chart.

Beginning
Mass

C Measure the mass every
completely melted.

_1
2

Mass
Every Half
Hour

Ending
Mass

hour until the ice is

C Now use your measurements to answer the question.

Do solid ice cubes have the same mass after they melt?

Apply It
Now measure to answer this question: Does ice cream
have the same mass after it melts? How does mass
change when matter changes state?

271
EXTEND


Lesson 2

Building Blocks
of Matter

Suppose you had a bead collection. How
would you organize your collection? How
do you think scientists classify matter?

272
ENGAGE

3 PS 1.h. Students know all matter is made of small particles called atoms, too small
to see with the naked eye. • 3 PS 1.i. Students know people once thought that earth,
wind, fire, and water were the basic elements that made up all matter. Science
experiments show that there are more than 100 different types of atoms, which are
presented on the periodic table of the elements.

How can you classify matter?

Materials

Purpose
Find out ways matter can be classified.

Procedure
Observe Observe the properties of
each object. Record your observations
on a chart.

Classify Divide the objects into groups
that have similar properties.

Communicate Write a name for
each group that describes how its items
are alike.

Draw Conclusions
Analyze Data Did some objects in one

everyday objects
Step

Object

Properties

group have the same properties as objects

in another group? How did you decide
how to classify each object?

Infer Why are scientists careful about
classifying matter?

Explore

More

Experiment What if you have a can of
peanuts and a can of stewed tomatoes? The
cans look the same except for the labels. How
could you tell the cans apart if someone takes
off the labels? What experiments can you
do to find out what is in the cans without
opening them?
3 IE 5.e. Collect data in an investigation and analyze
those data to develop a logical conclusion.

273
EXPLORE


What are elements?
C Main Idea

3 PS 1.h
3 PS 1.i

All matter is made up
of elements. An atom is
the smallest unit of an
element. The periodic
table groups the
elements according to
their properties.

C Vocabulary
element , p. 274
atom , p. 276
periodic table , p. 278

-Glossary
@ www.macmillanmh.com

C Reading Skill

You know that everything around you is
made up of matter. But do you know what
makes up matter? Ancient people wondered
what made up the things in their world,
too. They made observations and performed
investigations. They decided that all matter
was made up of earth, air, fire, and water.
Today scientists use experiments and modern
tools, such as high-powered microscopes,
to observe matter. These tools let scientists
observe things that ancient people could not
observe. Today we know that all matter is made

up of elements (EL•uh•munts). Elements are
the building blocks of matter. More than 100
different elements have been named. Everything
is made up of one or more of these elements.

Draw Conclusions

fire
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water

air

People once thought that
earth, air, fire, and water
were the basic elements
that made up all matter. C

earth

274
EXPLAIN


Some elements, such as gold or copper,
have names that you may have heard. Others
are named for famous scientists or even for

places. Einsteinium is named for Albert Einstein.
Californium is named for California.

Elements
A few elements
are shown here.

One or More Elements
Some matter is made up of mostly one element.
An iron nail contains mostly the element iron.
Aluminum (a•LEW•muh•nuhm) foil contains mostly
the element aluminum.
Most matter is made up of more than one
element. Water is made up of the elements
hydrogen and oxygen. These same two elements
are also found in sugar. Sugar also contains a third
element called carbon. Elements join in different
ways and in different amounts to form everything
in our world.

iron
silver

gold

Quick Check
Draw Conclusions Why are elements

called the building blocks of matter?

aluminum

Critical Thinking Why are the

properties of water and sugar different?

graphite

diamond

sugar
neon

A These three kinds of matter all
contain the element carbon.

275
EXPLAIN


What are atoms?
Elements are made up of tiny particles called atoms
(AT•uhmz) . An atom is the smallest unit of an element
that has the properties of that element. All atoms of a
specific element are identical to each other.
Think about dividing an object into smaller and
smaller pieces. Eventually you would get to the
smallest piece of the object that still has the same
properties—an atom.
Atoms are everywhere, but you cannot see them.

An atom is tinier than a speck of dust. It is too small
to be seen with your eyes. Atoms cannot even be seen
through most microscopes. Scientists study atoms
with special instruments called electron microscopes.
These high-powered tools help scientists learn about
these tiny bits of matter.

This is how
carbon
looks under
a scanning
tunneling
microscope. B

Carbon Atoms

Read a Photo
How do scientists study
atoms?
Clue: Look at the tools the
scientist is using.

D Scientists study atoms
with a scanning tunneling
microscope.

276
EXPLAIN

How can objects be made up
of anything that tiny? Look at
a magazine cover. The colors
you see look solid. But if you
look at a magazine cover with a
microscope, you will see a pattern
of colored dots.
Quick Check
Draw Conclusions Water

Model of an Atom
Observe Look carefully at a
piece of aluminum foil. Make
a list of its properties.
Tear the foil in half. Then tear
each half in two. Continue
tearing the pieces until you
have tiny bits of foil.

is made up of the elements
hydrogen and oxygen.
What kinds of atoms does
water contain?
Critical Thinking Why do

scientists study things that
are too small to see with
your eyes?
Atoms are very small. If you could
compare the size of an atom to

the size of an apple, this would be
the same as comparing the size of
an apple to the size of Earth. B

Compare What are the
properties of the foil bits?
Read the properties you listed
for the whole sheet of foil. Are
the properties the same?
Draw Conclusions Did the
properties of the foil change
as its size changed? Are the
bits of aluminum foil still
aluminum? How are the bits
of foil similar to atoms of
an element?

277
EXPLAIN


How do we arrange elements?
The periodic table (peer•ee•AH•dik TAY•buhl) is a
chart that lists all the known elements. The letter or
letters in each box are symbols for the elements.
Each column in the periodic table lists a group of
elements. All the elements in a group have similar
properties. The table also classifies elements as
metals (MET•uhlz) or nonmetals. Iron (Fe) is a metal.
So are the other elements listed on the left side of the

table. Carbon (C), is a nonmetal. It is listed on the
right side of the table with other nonmetals.

A
Iron is an element
used to make many
things such as nails,
horseshoes, and
machines. What is
the symbol for this
important element?

Quick Check
Draw Conclusions What is the periodic table?
Critical Thinking Why are the elements

helium (He), neon (Ne), and argon (Ar) located
in the same column of the periodic table?

The Periodic Table of the Elements



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EXPLAIN

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Summarize the Main Idea
Elements are the
building blocks of
matter. (pp. 274–275)

Think, Talk, and Write
Main Idea What are the building
blocks of matter?
Vocabulary What is an atom?

An atom is the
smallest unit of an
element that has the
properties of the
element. (pp. 276–277)



.A

The periodic table is
a chart that displays
information about the
elements. (p. 278)

3ODIUM

Make a
Study Guide
Make a three-tab
book. Use it to
summarize what
you learned about
elements and atoms.

Writing Link
Write a Report
Research and write a story about
Glenn Seaborg and his role in
the discovery of elements in the
periodic table.

Draw Conclusions What are some
questions you could answer by
reading the periodic table?
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1]\QZcaW]\a

Critical Thinking How do
high-powered microscopes
help us understand matter?
Test Practice Which of the
following is an element?
A oxygen
B sand

C pebbles
D cells

Math Link
Make a Bar Graph
Scientists discovered elements over
the years. In 1789 scientists knew
only 33 elements. By 1850 they had
identified 57. In 1900 the number
grew to 81 and in 1950 to 96. Today
we know 115 elements. Make a bar
graph that shows this information.

-Review Summaries and quizzes online @ www.macmillanmh.com

279
EVALUATE