✂✁☎✄
✆✞✝✠✟☛✡✌☞✎✍✑✏
✒✔✓✖✕✘✗✚✙
✛✢✜✤✣✦✥★✧☎✩✫✪✦✬✮✭✯✬✱✰✤✲✴✳✖✬
✵✷✶✹✸✻✺✽✼✾✸✔✼✱✸✻✿✂❀❂❁❄❃❆❅✂❇❈✼✾❃❆✶❉❅❄❊●❋❍❃❄✿✷✼❈❊●❃❂❊✯■✷✸❑❏✷❇●❃✷▲❄✶❍✸◆▼❑✼❖❋❉✿❊✯■❆❋❍✼◗✸◆❀❄❋❘❊●❋✹❃❄✿❙▲◆❁❯❚✞❱☎❲❳✱❨
✷❩ ❬✽❬❄❭◆❪❴❫✌❵ ❃❄❏✽❁❛❃❆❜❞❝❢❡✴❣❄❤❈✐❥❝❢❡✴❣❄❦♠❧✷❡★♥♦❝❢❡q♣r❤❞✐✂❝ts✎✉☎✈①✇★②③◗❋❉✶④✶✖▲✷✸❙❏✂❇●✸✻✼✱✸✻✿❆❊⑤✸◆❀⑥❊●❃
❃❄✿✂✸❑❏✷❇●✸✽⑦⑤❅✂✿❄❋❘⑧❄✸✻❇⑨✼✮❋❘❊⑩❁❶❇●✸✻✺☎❀✷✸◆❇❷③✤■✷❃✼✱✸✻✿✂❀✷✼❞❋❍✿❶✼✾❃❆✶❉❅❄❊●❋❍❃❄✿✷✼◗▲✷✸✻❜♠❃❄❇●✸✦❊✯■✷✸❑❀✂✸✻✺☎❀❆✶❉❋❉✿✂✸ ❪❹❸ ■✷✸
❀✂✸ ❵ ❋❍✼✯❋✹❃❄✿❺❃❆❜✂❊✯■✷✸✤✸◆❀❄❋❘❊⑤❃❄❇❻❋❍✼✘❼✂✿✷✺◆✶ ❪
❽ ❅✂❇ ❵ ❃❄✿❆❊●✸◆✼⑤❊✴❊✯■❆❋❉✼❾▼❺❃❄✿❆❊✯■ ❵ ❃❄▼❺✸◆✼✚❜✹❇●❃❄▼➀❿❞✸➁③❴➂✻✸✻✺◆✶❉✺✽✿✂❀ ❪✎❸ ■❄✺✽✿✂➃✽✼r➄✻❃◗❊●❃◗➅✢✺✽❇●❇●✸◆✿
✵❆✺◆✶❉▼❂✸✻❇✱➆ ❽ ❊⑨✺☎➄✻❃➈➇★✿❄❋❘⑧❄✸✻❇⑨✼✮❋❘❊⑩❁➉➆ ❽ ❊●✺✽➄✻❃➉➆★❿❞✸➁③➊➂✻✸✻✺◆✶❉✺✽✿✂❀➉➆❾❜♠❃❄❇◗❏✷❇●❃◆⑧❆❋✹❀❆❋❍✿✂➄❺❅✂✼◗③◗❋④❊✯■❶❊✯■❆❋❍✼
❵ ❃❄✿❆❊●✸◆✼⑤❊r✺✽✿✂❀❑❏✂✸◆❇●▼❑❋❘❊⑨❊●❋❍✿✂➄❞❅✂✼r❊⑤❃✔❏❄❅❥▲❄✶④❋❍✼✾■✦❋④❊❻❋❍✿❺➋✽➃✽❃❆✶④❋❍✺✽❀ ❪
➌❛➍✚➎➐➏✯➑◗➒❖➍❷➓➔✦➍★➒◗→➊➑★➣⑥➌❢↔✘↕➛➙❾↔❷➍❷➓⑤➍★➒➝➜➟➞❑➑❖➠➢➡✤↔✎➎✴➏♠➎➐➏✯➑◗➒➥➤✖➦❞➦❞➦
➧⑨➨❈➩➭➫q➯✚➲➉➳ ✗ ➫q➵✚➯➸➫➐➺ ✓➐➻ ➲✷➼❖➽❛➾ ✓✴➚ ➩✔➫❥➪✹➪ ✓➐➶ ➲q➯
➹ ❪✚➘➐➴✯➷✽➬❄➮➝➱ ✉✽✃❆✈❘❐ ❪r❒ ✿✦❊✯■❆❋❉✼❷❏✷❇●❃✷▲❄✶❍✸◆▼❮③✤✸❆❰ ✶④✶➉▲✂✸◗❏❄✶❍✺ ❵ ❋❍✿✂➄★⑧❆✺✽❇⑨❋✹❃❆❅✂✼ .............................................................................................................................................................
.... .. ...
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... .............. ... ....
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❵ ✺◆✿✂❀
❵ ❵ ❃❆❋❍✿✷✼✔❃❄✿➈❊✯■✷✸✢✿❄❋❍✿✂✸✢✼✱Ï❆❅✂✺✽❇●✸✻✼ ........... .......10
✺✽❇●❇⑨✺✽✿✂➄✻✸✻▼❂✸✻✿❆❊●✼❑❃❆❜
............... ..... .......20....... ..... .......20....... .....
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. .
10
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20
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❃❆❜r✺
➄➭❇●❋❍❀ ❪➈Ð✻Ñ ✺ ❵ ❊●✶ ❁❯❃❄✿✂✸ ❵ ❃❆❋❍✿✢③◗❋④✶❉✶❾▲✷✸❂❏❄✶❍✺ ❵ ✸◆❀❙❋❍✿➈✸✻✺ ❵ ■ ..... ............... ..... ............... ..... ............... .......
.. ...
.. ... ..
.. ... ...
3×3
.. .. ..
.. ..
.. .. ...
❃❆❜✴❊✯■✷✸✔✿❄❋❍✿✂✸✔✼✾Ï❄❅✂✺◆❇●✸◆✼ ❪➝❸ ■✷✸❑➄➭❇⑨❋✹❀❶■❄✺◆✼❞❜♠❃❆❅✂❇
✼✮❅❥▲❄✼✱Ï❆❅✂✺✽❇●✸✻✼ ........... .......10
................ ..... ..10
............... ..... ..10
................ .....
2
×
2
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.
✸◆✺ ❵ ■ ❵ ❃❄✿❆❊⑨✺◆❋❉✿❄❋❍✿✂➄❈✺ ❵ ❃❄❇●✿✂✸◆❇✾➆✽❊✯■✷✸ ❵ ✸◆✿❆❊⑤❇●✸❆➆❆✺✽✿✂❀✤❊✯■✷✸❈❊Ò③✤❃❹✼✱Ï❆❅✂✺✽❇●✸✻✼ ...... ................ ...... ................ ...... ....................... ........
... ...
... ... ...
.. .... ...
. . ..
. .. ..
. ..
✺☎❀✽Ó♠✺ ❵ ✸◆✿❆❊❻❊⑤❃❹❊✯■✷✸✻✼✱✸ ❪❻❽ ✿✂✸✤✸ Ñ ✺✽▼❑❏✷✶❍✸◗❋❉✼❷✼✱■✷❃✽③➝✿✔❋❉✿✦❊✯■✷✸✤❀❆❋❍✺✽➄➭❇⑨✺✽▼ ❪ .......... .......10
............... .... ..10
............... .... .......20...... ....
.. ..
..............................................................................................................................
Ô ✺➭Õ❂Ö☎❋❉✿✂❀✔✺✽✿❑✺◆❇⑤❇⑨✺◆✿✂➄✻✸◆▼❺✸◆✿❆❊❻③✤■✷✸✻❇●✸❖❊✯■✷✸❞❊⑤❃☎❊⑨✺◆✶❉✼★❃❆❜✂❊✯■✷✸◗❜♠❃❆❅✂❇
✼✮❅❥▲❄✼✱Ï❆❅✂✺✽❇●✸✻✼★✺✽❇●✸
❵ ➆
❵ ➆
❵ ➆❾✺✽✿✂❀
❵ ❋❉✿♦✺✽✿☎❁♦❃❄❇●❀✂✸✻❇ ❪ ÔÒ× ❇⑨✺➭③➢✺❙❀❆❋❍2✺✽➄➭×❇⑨✺✽2▼➥✼✱■✷❃✽③◗❋❉✿✂➄✔❁❄❃❆❅✂❇
40 | 60 | 60 |❪
70 |
✺✽❇●❇⑨✺✽✿✂➄✻✸✻▼❂✸✻✿❆❊ Õ
Ô ▲✽ÕÖ☎❋❉✿✂❀✔✺✽✿❑✺◆❇⑤❇⑨✺◆✿✂➄✻✸◆▼❺✸◆✿❆❊❻③✤■✷✸✻❇●✸❖❊✯■✷✸❞❊⑤❃☎❊⑨✺◆✶❉✼★❃❆❜✂❊✯■✷✸◗❜♠❃❆❅✂❇
✼✮❅❥▲❄✼✱Ï❆❅✂✺✽❇●✸✻✼★✺✽❇●✸
❵ ➆
❵ ➆
❵ ➆❾✺✽✿✂❀
❵ ❋❉✿♦✺✽✿☎❁♦❃❄❇●❀✂✸✻❇ ❪ ÔÒ× ❇⑨✺➭③➢✺❙❀❆❋❍2✺✽➄➭×❇⑨✺✽2▼➥✼✱■✷❃✽③◗❋❉✿✂➄✔❁❄❃❆❅✂❇
50 | 60 | 70 |❪
80 |
✺✽❇●❇⑨✺✽✿✂➄✻✸✻▼❂✸✻✿❆❊ Õ
Ö❄❃❄❇❻✸◆✺ ❵ ■✦❏✂✺◆❇⑨❊r❃❆❜✷❊✯■✷✸◗❏✷❇●❃✷▲❄✶❍✸◆▼Ø▲✂✸➭✶✹❃✽③✔➆✽❋❉✶④✶❉❅✂✼⑤❊⑤❇⑨✺✻❊●✸✖❁❄❃❆❅✂❇❻✺✽✿✷✼●③✤✸◆❇✴③◗❋❘❊✯■✦✺◗✼✮❅✷❋❘❊✯⑦
✺☎▲❆✶✹✸✖✺✽❇●❇⑨✺✽✿✂➄✻✸✻▼❂✸✻✿❆❊❻✺◆✿✂❀✤✺✽✿❹✸ Ñ ❏✷✶❉✺✽✿✷✺➭❊●❋✹❃❄✿❹❃❆❜❆③✤■✽❁✤✿✂❃✤❃☎❊✯■✷✸◆❇✎✼✯❅✷❋④❊⑨✺☎▲❆✶✹✸✖✺✽❇●❇⑨✺✽✿✂➄✻✸◆⑦
▼❂✸✻✿❆❊ ❵ ❃❄✿❆❊⑨✺◆❋❉✿✷✼✎✺✘✶❉✺✽❇●➄✻✸✻❇ Ô ❏✷✺✽❇Ò❊ Ô ❵ Õ✹Õ❥❃❄❇q✺❷✼✾▼❑✺◆✶④✶✹✸✻❇ Ô ❏✷✺✽❇Ò❊ Ô ❀✽Õ♠Õ✂✺✽▼❺❃❆❅✂✿❆❊➐❃❆❜☎▼❂❃❄✿✂✸✱❁ ❪
Ô ❵ Õ✦➅❶■❄✺✻❊q❋❍✼➐❊✯■✷✸✖▼❑✺ Ñ ❋❍▼✔❅✂▼Ù✺✽▼❺❃❆❅✂✿❆❊✎❃❆❜❄▼❺❃❄✿✂✸✱❁❈③✤■❆❋ ❵ ■ ❵ ✺✽✿✤▲✷✸✖❏❄✶❍✺ ❵ ✸◆❀➝❃❄✿❖❊✯■✷✸✖➄➭❇●❋❍❀
❵
✼✮❅❥▲❄✼✱Ï❆❅✂✺✽❇●✸✻✼ ❵ ❃❄✿❆❊●✺✻❋❍✿✷✼★✸ Ñ ✺ ❵ ❊●✶❘❁
✼✱❃✤❊✯■❄✺➭❊✘✸◆✺ ❵ ■❺❃❆❜✂❊✯■✷✸
2×2
50 | Ú
Ô ❀✽Õ✔➅❶■❄✺✻❊◗❋❍✼✤❊✯■✷✸❶▼✔❋❍✿❄❋❉▼❑❅✂▼Û✺✽▼❺❃❆❅✂✿❆❊❹❃❆❜★▼❂❃❄✿✂✸✱❁❙③✤■❆❋ ❵ ■ ❵ ✺◆✿Ü▲✂✸✢❏✷✶❉✺ ❵ ✸✽❀Ü❃❄✿➈❊✯■✷✸
➄➭❇●❋❍❀✢✼✱❃❺❊✯■❄✺➭❊❷❊✯■✷✸❑✺Ý⑧❄✸◆❇⑨✺✽➄✻✸❑❃❆❜✴❊✯■✷✸✔✺✽▼❺❃❆❅✂✿❆❊❞❃❆❜✚▼❂❃❄✿✂✸✱❁❋❉✿❙✸✻✺ ❵ ■✢❃❆❜✴❊✯■✷✸
2×2
❵
✼✮❅❥▲❄✼✱Ï❆❅✂✺✽❇●✸✻✼❷❋❉✼★✸ Ñ ✺ ❵ ❊●✶❘❁
60 | Ú
➤ ❪✫Þ ❅✂▼❺✺◆✿✂➃✽❋❉✿✂❀♦③➝✺◆✼✔❇●✸ ❵ ✸✻✿❆❊●✶❘❁ ❵ ❃❄✿❆❊●✺ ❵ ❊⑤✸◆❀➸▲◆❁➈❊✯■❄❇●✸✽✸❶✺◆✶④❋✹✸✻✿Ü❇⑨✺ ❵ ✸◆✼➭ß❑❊✯■✷✸➈à➉③✤✸◆✸◆✿✷✼Ý➆
❊✯■✷✸ ❽rá ❀✷✺✽➃☎✼Ý➆❄✺✽✿✂❀✦❊✯■✷✸✔â⑥✸✻❇✯➃◆❅✂✿✷✼ ❪✖ã ❋❘❊⑨❊●✶✹✸❖❋❉✼✖➃✽✿✂❃✽③➝✿❺✺✽▲✂❃❆❅❄❊❻❊✯■✷✸◆✼✾✸➝❇⑨✺ ❵ ✸✻✼✖✸ Ñ✽❵ ✸◆❏❆❊❾❊✯■❄✺➭❊
à➉③✤✸◆✸◆✿✷✼✔✺✻✶❘③➝✺Ý❁✷✼❹✼✾❏✂✸◆✺✽➃❶❊✯■✷✸❊⑤❇⑨❅❄❊✯■❯③✤■❆❋④✶✹✸ ❽rá ❀❄✺☎➃✽✼✦✺◆✶ ③➝✺➭❁❄✼❹✶❉❋❍✸ ❪❴❒ ✿⑥✺✽✿☎❁⑥➄➭❇●❃❆❅✂❏➸❃❆❜
✺◆✶④❋✹✸✻✿✷✼❷✺✔â⑥✸◆❇⑤➃✽❅✂✿❹③◗❋❉✶④✶✂✿✂✸✱⑧❄✸◆❇r✼✮❏❥✸✻✺☎➃➝❼✂❇⑨✼✯❊ ❪ ➅❶■✷✸◆✿✔❋❘❊✘❀✷❃✷✸◆✼✘✼✾❏✂✸◆✺✽➃✂➆❆❋❘❊✚❊⑤✸➭✶❉✶❉✼r❊✯■✷✸❞❊⑤❇●❅❄❊✯■
❋❉❜✚❊✯■✷✸❂❏✷❇●✸✱⑧❄❋❍❃❆❅✂✼➝✼✯❊⑨✺✻❊●✸◆▼❺✸◆✿❆❊★③➝✺✽✼➝✺❺✶④❋✹✸❆➆✎✺◆✿✂❀❙✶④❋✹✸✻✼◗❋④❜❻❊✯■✷✸❺❏✷❇●✸✱⑧❄❋❍❃❆❅✂✼✤✼⑤❊●✺➭❊⑤✸✻▼❂✸✻✿❆❊✖③➝✺◆✼
✂✁✁
❊⑤❇●❅❄❊✯■❆❜❍❅✷✶ ❪✴❫ ✶④❊✯■✷❃❆❅❥➄✻■❹❊✯■✷✸◗✺◆✶④❋✹✸✻✿✷✼ ❵ ✺◆✿❑❇●✸◆✺✽❀❄❋④✶❘❁❹❊⑤✸➭✶❉✶➉❃❄✿✂✸◗✺✽✿✂❃☎❊✯■✷✸✻❇r✺◆❏✂✺◆❇⑨❊✱➆✷❃❆❜ ❵ ❃❆❅✂❇⑨✼✾✸❖❊●❃
■❆❅✂▼❺✺◆✿✷✼★✺◆✶④✶❥✺◆✶④❋✹✸✻✿✷✼✘✶✹❃✷❃✷➃◗❊✯■✷✸◗✼✾✺◆▼❂✸ ❪
❫ ■❆❋✹➄✻■✷⑦⑤✶✹✸✱⑧❄✸➭✶q❀✷✸✻✶❍✸✽➄➭✺➭❊●❋✹❃❄✿❺❃❆❜❥❊✯■❄❇●✸◆✸➝✺◆✶④❋✹✸✻✿✷✼★■❄✺✽✼✖▲✷✸✽✸✻✿❺✼✾✸◆✿❆❊❻❊●❃ Ð ✺✽❇Ò❊✯■✦❊●❃✔✿✂✸✽➄✻❃✷⑦
❊●❋❍✺➭❊⑤✸➝❃❆❅✂❇❻❜✹✺➭❊⑤✸ ❪➐❫ ▼❂❃❄✿✂➄✖❊✯■✷✸◆▼ ❋❍✼✘✺✻❊❻✶✹✸✻✺✽✼⑤❊r❃❄✿✂✸❹à➉③✤✸◆✸◆✿ ❪❻❽ ✿❑✺◆❇⑤❇⑨❋❘⑧❆✺✻✶✷❊✯■✷✸✱❁✔▼❺✺✽➃✽✸❖❊✯■✷✸
❜♠❃❆✶❉✶❍❃✽③◗❋❍✿✂➄❞✼✯❊⑨✺✻❊●✸◆▼❺✸◆✿❆❊⑨✼ Ô ❋❍✿❺❃❄❇●❀✷✸◆❇⑩Õ✮ß
Ö☎❋❉❇⑨✼✯❊ ❫ ✶❉❋❍✸◆✿➐ß ❸ ■✷✸◗✼✱✸ ❵ ❃❄✿✂❀❑✺✻✶❉❋❍✸◆✿✦❋❍✼❷✺✔â⑥✸◆❇⑤➃✽❅✂✿ ❪
➋✽✸ ❵ ❃❄✿✂❀ ❫ ✶④❋✹✸✻✿➐ß ❸ ■✷✸❞❊✯■❆❋❍❇●❀❑✺✻✶❉❋❍✸◆✿✦❋❍✼❷✿✂❃☎❊r✺✔â⑥✸◆❇⑤➃✽❅✂✿ ❪
❸ ■❆❋❉❇●❀ ❫ ✶❉❋❍✸◆✿➐ß ❸ ■✷✸❖❼❥❇⑨✼⑤❊r✺◆✶④❋✹✸✻✿✔❋❉✼❷✺❑â⑥✸✻❇✯➃◆❅✂✿ ❪
➅❶■❆❋ ❵ ■✔✺◆✶④❋✹✸✻✿❺❃❄❇❾✺◆✶④❋✹✸✻✿✷✼ ❵ ✺◆✿❹❁❄❃❆❅❂▲✂✸ ❵ ✸✻❇⑨❊⑨✺◆❋❉✿❺✺◆❇●✸✦à❥③✤✸✽✸✻✿
Ú
✂ ❪ Ô ❿❈❃☎❊⑤✸❄ß ❒ ✿❹❊✯■❆❋❍✼❷Ï❄❅❥✸✻✼✯❊●❋❍❃❄✿❑✺◆☎
✿ ✄➁✸◆Ï❄❅✂✺✻✶➉❀❆❋❘⑧❆❋❍✼✯❋✹❃❄✝
✿ ✆★❋❉✼❷❃❄✿✂✸❈③✤■✷✸◆❇●✸❈❊✯■✷✸❞❊⑤❃☎❊⑨✺◆✶❆③✤✸✻❋❍➄✻■☎❊
❃❆❜❥❊✯■✷✸❖❊Ò③✤❃✦❏✂✺◆❇⑨❊⑨✼❷❋❉✼r❊✯■✷✸➝✼✮✺✽▼❺✸ ❪ Õ
Ô ✺➭✟
Õ ✞➉✸✻✶④❋❍✿✂❀❄✺✘✺✽✿✂✡
❀ ✠q■❄✺✽❇⑨✶✹✸✻✼✴✺◆❇●✸❷▲❆❅✂❇●➄Ý✶❍✺◆❇⑨✼ ❪➉❫ ▼❺❃❄✿✂➄❻❊✯■✷✸❾✶✹❃✷❃☎❊✂❜✹❇●❃❄▼❴❊✯■✷✸➭❋❍❇✂✶❍✺➭❊⑤✸✻✼✯❊ ❵ ✺◆❏❥✸✻❇
❋❍✼r✺❖✼✱✸Ý❊❾❃❆❜
➄✻❃❆✶✹❀◗③✤✸✻❋❍➄✻■☎❊●✼✘❃❆❜ ➄☎➆ ➄☎➆ ➄☎➆❆✺◆✿✂❀✦✼✱❃❹❃❄✿q➆✽❊✯■❄❇●❃❆❅❥➄✻■➝❊⑤❃
➄ ❪ ✠➉✺✽✿
❊✯■✷✸✱❁❑❀❆❋❘⑧❆❋✹❀✷12
✸❈❊✯■✷✸❈③✤✸➭❋✹➄✻■☎❊⑨✼❷✸✽Ï❆❅✂✺◆1✶④✶❘❁✔▲✂2✸Ý❊Ò③✤3✸✽✸✻✿❹❊✯■✷✸◆▼ ❒ ❜➉✼✱❃➉➆❆✸ Ñ ❏✷✶❉✺◆❋❉✿❑■✷12
❃✽③❴❊✯■✷✸✱❁
Ú
❵ ✺◆✿❺❀✂❃✦❋❘❊✱➆❄✺◆✿✂❀✔❋❉❜➉✿✂❃☎❊✱➆✽③✤■✽❁❑✿✂❃☎❊
Ú
Ô ▲✽Õ✔➅❶■✷✸◆☛
✿ ✞➉✸✻✶④❋❍✿✂❀❄✺❖✺◆✿✂☞
❀ ✠q■❄✺✽❇⑨✶✹✸✻✼❻❊●✺✽➃✽✸✖❊✯■✷✸❞❇●✸◆▼❑✺◆❋❉✿✂❀✂✸✻❇❾❃❆❜❄❊✯■✷✸❈✶✹❃✷❃☎❊➐❊⑤❃✔Ö❆❇●✸◆❀✂❀✽❁✤❊✯■✷✸
➄✔③✤✸➭❋✹➄✻■☎❊➝✺◆✼✦■❆❋❉✼❹❏✂✺Ý❁✷▼❺✸◆✿❆❊ ❪ ✠➉✺✽✌
✿ ✞➉✸➭✶❉❋❉✿✂❀✷✺✢✺◆✿✂❀
❜♠✸◆✿ ❵ ✸❄➆r■✷✸✢❀✂✸✻▼❺✺◆✿✂❀✷✼➝❊✯■✷✸
❒ ❜✴✼✱❃➉➆
✠➐■❄✺◆❇●✶❍✸◆✼❈❀❆❋❘⑧❆❋✹❀✷✸➝❊✯■✷✸✤❇●✸✻▼❺✺✻❋❍12
✿❄❋❉✿✂➄
③✤✸➭❋✹➄✻■☎❊⑨✼❈✸✽Ï❆❅✂✺◆✶④✶❘❁❂▲✂✸Ý❊Ò③✤✸✽✸✻✿❑❊✯■✷✸◆▼
Ú
✸ Ñ ❏✷✶❉✺◆❋❉✿❺■✷❃✽③✞❊✯■✷✸✱❁ ❵ ✺◆✿❂❀✷❃✦❋④❊✱➆❆✺✽✿✂11
❀✔❋④❜q✿✂❃☎❊✱➆✽③✤■✽❁✔✿✂❃☎❊
Ú
Ô❵✟
✼✮❋④✶❘⑧❄✸✻❇✚③✤✸✻❋❍➄✻■☎❊●✼✖❃❆❜ ➄☎➆ ➄☎➆ ➄☎➆
Õ ✞➉✸✻✶④❋❍✿✂❀❄✺✤✺✽✿✂☛
❀ ✠q■❄✺✽❇⑨✶✹✸✻✼✖✺✻✶❍✼✾❃❺■❄✺Ý⑧❄✸✤✺✤✼✱✸Ý❊❷❃❆❜
✺✽✿✂❀Ü✼✱❃Ü❃❄✿q➆✘❊✯■❄❇●❃❆❅❥➄✻■⑥❊●❃
➄ ❪ ✠q✺◆✿⑥❊✯■✷✸✱150
❁❛❀❄❋ ⑧❄❋❍❀✂✸✢❊✯■✷✸◆✼✾✸③✤✸✻❋❍➄✻■☎1❊●✼❺✸✽2Ï❆❅✂✺◆3✶④✶❘❁
150
❒ ❜q✼✾❃➉➆✷✸ Ñ ❏❄✶❍✺✻❋❍✿❺■✷❃✽③✞❊✯■✷✸✱❁ ❵ ✺◆✿❺❀✂❃✦❋❘❊✱➆❄✺✽✿✂❀✦❋❉❜q✿✂❃☎❊✱➆✽③✤■✽❁✔✿✂❃☎❊
▲✂✸Ý❊Ò③✤✸✽✸✻✿✦❊✯■✷✸◆▼
Ú
Ú
✍ ❪✔❫✞❵ ■✷✸◆✼✮✼✱▲✷❃❄✺✽❇●❀❶❋❉✼➝✺◆✿
➄➭❇⑨❋✹❀❯❃❆❜❾✼✾Ï❄❅✂✺◆❇●✸◆✼ ❪❽ ✿✂✸❂❃❆❜✚❊✯■✷✸ ❵ ■✷✸◆✼✮✼➝❏❄❋✹✸ ❵ ✸✻✼➭➆➐❊✯■✷✸
×✺◗8❊●❋❉▼❂✸❖❋❍✿✔✺✽✿☎❁❺❀❆❋❍❇●✸ ❵ ❊●❋✹❃❄✿q➆❆❋❉✿ ❵ ✶❉❅❥❀❆❋❍✿✂➄◗❀❄❋❉✺☎➄✻❃❄✿✷✺✻✶❉✶ ❁ ❪
➃✽❋❉✿✂➄☎➆✷▼❺❃◆⑧❄✸✻✼★❃❄✿✂✸➝✼✾Ï❄❅✂✺◆❇●✸➝8✺✻❊❾
Ô ✺➭Õ ❫ ➃◆❋❍✿✂➄ Ô ❀✂✸✻✿✂❃☎❊⑤✸◆❀❺▲◆❁
❋❍✿✦❊✯■✷✸➝❀❄❋❉✺☎➄➭❇⑨✺◆▼✦Õ✚✼⑤❊●✺◆✿✂❀✷✼
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❃❄✿✢❊✯■✷✸❺✶❍❃✽③✤✸◆❇✖✶✹✸➭❜❉❊ ❵ ❃❄K
❇●✿✂✸◆❇❖❃❆❜❾✺ ❵ ■✷✸◆✼✮✼✱▲✷❃❄✺✽❇●❀ ❪❙❒ ❊ ..............G
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❋❉✿❶✸ Ñ ✺ ❵ ❊●✶❘❁
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✑ ❪ Ô ❿❞❃☎❊●✸✷ß❞Ö❆❃❄❇❷❊✯■❆❋❍✼❖Ï❄❅❥✸✻✼✯❊●❋❍❃❄✿❶✺◆✿✷✼⑤③✤✸✻❇⑨✼ ❵ ❃❄✿❆❊⑨✺◆❋❉✿❄❋❍✿✂➄✦✸ Ñ ❏✂❇●✸✻✼✾✼✯❋✹❃❄✿✷✼❞✼✮❅ ❵ ■✢✺◆✼
4π ✺✽❇●✸
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π
Ô ✺➭Õ ❸ ■✷✓
✸ ✒✾❃❄✿✂✸✻✼❷❜✹✺✽▼✔❋❉✶ ❁✔✶④❋❘⑧❄✸✻✼❷❋❉✿❺✺✤❏✂✸◆❇⑨❜♠✸ ❵ ❊●✶ ❁❺✼✾Ï❄❅✂✺◆❇●✸✤■✷❃❆❅✂✼✱✸❆➆ ▼➊▲◆❁
▼✢➆❆③✤■❆❋ ❵ ■
❋❍✼◗❏❄✶❍✺ ❵ ✸◆❀❯✸ Ñ ✺ ❵ ❊●✶❘❁❶❋❉✿✢❊✯■✷✸❺▼❑❋❍❀✂❀❆✶✹✸❂❃❆❜❾✺
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▼➟✶✹❃☎10
❊✱➆✎✸◆✿❆❊●❋❉❇●10
✸✻✶ ❁ ❵ ❃✻⑧❄✸◆❇●✸◆❀
Ô ✸ Ñ✽❵ ✸✻❏❄❊➝❜♠❃❄❇❖❊✯■✷✸❶■✷❃❆❅✂✼✾✸ÝÕ❈❋❍✿⑥➄➭❇⑨✺✽✼✮✼ ❪Ü❸ ■✷✸✱40
❁Ü➃✽✸◆✸◆❏➈❊✯40
■✷✸❜✹✺✽▼✔❋❉✶ ❁♦❏✂✸➭❊✱➆ × ❃❆✶❉✶ ❁❯❊✯■✷✸
▼ ❇●❃❄❏❥✸ ❪
✼✱■✷✸◆✸◆❏q➆❆❊⑤✸Ý❊✯■✷✸◆❇●✸◆❀✔❊⑤❃❹❊✯■✷✸✤▼✔❋✹❀✷❀❄✶❍✸❹❃❆❜➐❃❄✿✂✸✤✼✯❋✹❀✷✸✤❃❆❜➉❊✯■✷✸✤■✷❃❆❅✂✼✱✸✤❃❄✿❺✺
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✶④✶❘❁❺❋❉✼❈✺☎▲❆✶✹✸
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■✷❃❆❅✂✼✱✸❹❃❄✿❺✺
❋❍✿✤③✤■❆❋ ❵ ■ × ✺◆20
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➌❢✞
➑ ✝✠✟◗↔✘➓●➓✯☛
↔ ✡✷✞
➙ ↔✘
✂ ➓⑤➍★➒➝➜◗↔
➚
➧ ✍✏✎✑✍ ➫q➵✎☛
➵ ➲q✒ ➲➈✔➲ ✓✖✕✎➪ ➳☎➼❖➽❛➾❂➲ ➚ ➩✻➲❯➫➉➪✹➪ ✓✴➚ ➲q✒ ➲
9☞ ✌
➹ ❪ ✍✏✎✑✍ ➷ ✃❆✘
➮ ✙➭✜➮ ✛ ✈ ✣➮ ✢❑➮ ✁✃ ✤ ❪ × ✺◆✿✷✼ ❵ ✸❹❏✂❇●❃✷▲❆✦✶ ✸✻✥ ▼❂✸✦✿✂❃❆❅✂✼❞✺✻✶❉✶❍❃❄✿✷✼ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................
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❀✂✸✻❇⑤✿❄❋❍✸◆❇⑨✼ ❪ ➇★✿❺✸ Ñ ✸◆▼❑❏✷✶❍✸✤✸✻✼✯❊r▼❺❃❄✿❆❊⑤❇ ✸➝
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Ô ✺➭Õ ❸ ❇●❃❆❅❆⑧❄✸◆❇❹❅✂✿➸✺✽❇●❇⑨✺✽✿✂➄✻✸✻▼❂✸✻✿❆❊❑✩
❃ ❅➸
✥ ✶❍✸◆✼✦❊●❃☎❊●✺✻❅ Ñ ❀✷✸◆✼❺Ï❄❅✂✺➭❊⑤❇●✸❯✼✱❃❆❅✂✼✾⑦✾➄➭❇⑨❋❉✶④✶✹✸✻✼
✼✱❃❄✿❆❊
✼✱❃❆❅✂✼Ý➆
✼✱❃❆❅✂✼Ý➆
✼✾❃❆❅✂✼➝✸➭❊
✼✾❃❆❅✂✼➝❀✷✺◆✿✷✼➝✿q❰ ❋❍▼❑❏❥❃❄❇Ò❊⑤✸❺Ï❄❅❥✸➭✶❾❃❄2❇●×
❀❄❇●✸ 2❪
40
60
60
70
Ô⑨× ✸✻✼✾✼✯❋❍✿✂✸✻❇✎⑧❄❃☎❊⑤❇●✸➝✺◆❇⑤❇⑨✺◆✿✂➄✻✸◆▼❺✸◆✿❆❊ÒÕ ❪
Ô ▲✽Õ ❸ ❇●❃❆❅❆⑧❄✸◆❇❹❅✂✿➸✺✽❇●❇⑨✺✽✿✂➄✻✸✻▼❂✸✻✿❆❊❑✩
❃ ❅➸
✥ ✶❍✸◆✼✦❊●❃☎❊●✺✻❅ Ñ ❀✷✸◆✼❺Ï❄❅✂✺➭❊⑤❇●✸❯✼✱❃❆❅✂✼✾⑦✾➄➭❇⑨❋❉✶④✶✹✸✻✼
✼✱❃❄✿❆❊
✼✱❃❆❅✂✼Ý➆
✼✱❃❆❅✂✼Ý➆
✼✾❃❆❅✂✼➝✸➭❊
✼✾❃❆❅✂✼➝❀✷✺◆✿✷✼➝✿q❰ ❋❍▼❑❏❥❃❄❇Ò❊⑤✸❺Ï❄❅❥✸➭✶❾❃❄2❇●×
❀❄❇●✸ 2❪
50
60
70
80
Ô⑨× ✸✻✼✾✼✯❋❍✿✂✸✻❇✎⑧❄❃☎❊⑤❇●✸➝✺◆❇⑤❇⑨✺◆✿✂➄✻✸◆▼❺✸◆✿❆❊ÒÕ ❪
✵❄❃❆❅✂❇ ❵ ■❄✺☎Ï❆❅❥✸❷❏✷✺✽❇Ò❊●❋✹✸❷Ï❆❅✷❋✽✼✯❅✷❋④❊✱➆✱❋❉✶④✶❉❅✂✼⑤❊⑤❇●✸◆❇❄⑧❄❃☎❊⑤❇●✸❷❇ ✸◆★ ❏✂❃❄✿✷✼✱✸✘✺Ý⑧❄✸ ❵ ❅✂✿❖✺✽❇●❇⑨✺✽✿✂➄✻✸✻▼❂✸✻✿❆❊
✸➭❊➝❅✂✿✂✸❙✸ Ñ ❏❄✶❉❋ ❵ ✺➭❊●❋✹❃❄✿⑥❀✂✸❶❏✂❃❆❅✂❇●Ï❄❅❥❃❆❋❷✺✻❅ ❵ ❅✂✿Ü✺◆❅❄❊⑤❇●✸❶✺◆❇⑤❇⑨✺◆✿✂➄✻✸◆▼❺✸◆✿❆❊❹✿✂✸ ❵ ❃❄✿❆❊●❋✹✸✻✿❆❊
❏✷✶④❅✂✼ Ô ✼✾❃❆❅✂✼✱⑦✮Ï❄❅❥✸✻✼✯❊●❋❍❃❄✿ Ô ❵ Õ✹Õ❻❃❆❅❺▼❂❃❆❋❉✿✷✼ Ô ✼✾❃❆❅✂✼✱⑦✮Ï❄❅❥✸✻✼✯❊●❋❍❃❄✿ Ô ❀☎Õ✹Õ❾❀➉❰ ✺◆❇●➄✻✸◆✿❆❊ ❪
Ô❵✫
★ ❀✷✺◆✿✷✼✴❅✂✿✂✸★➄➭❇●❋④✶❉✶❍✸
Õ ✪✘❅❥✸✻✶✽✸✻✼✯❊➉✶❍✸❷▼❺❃❄✿❆❊●✺◆✿❆❊q▼❺✺ Ñ ❋❉▼❺✺✻✶✽❀q❰ ✺✽❇●➄✻✸✻✿❆❊✴Ï❄❅✷❋✽❏✂✸✻❅❄✩
❊ ✸➭✧ ❊⑤❇●✸✘❏✷✶❉✺ ✬❵ ✸❷
❏❥❃❆❅✂❇rÏ❄❅❥✸ ❵ ■❄✺ ❵ ❅✂✿✂✸✤❀✂✸✻✼★✼✾❃❆❅✂✼✱⑦✮➄➭❇●❋④✶❉✶❍✸◆✼ ❵ ❃❄✿❆❊●❋✹✸✻✿✷✿✂✸✤✸ Ñ ✺ ❵ ❊⑤✸✻▼❂✸✻✿❆❊
✼✾❃❆❅✂✼
Ú
50
Ô ❀✽✖
★ ❀✷✺◆✿✷✼✎❅✂✿✂✸✖➄➭❇●❋④✶❉✶❍✸
Õ ✪✘❅❥✸✻✶☎✸✻✼✯❊q✶❍✸❷▼❂❃❄✿❆❊⑨✺✽✿❆❊➐▼❑❋❉✿❄❋❍▼❑✺◆✶☎❀➉❰ ✺◆❇●➄✻✸◆✿❆❊✎Ï❆❅✷❋☎❏❥✸➭❅❄✭
❊ ✸➭✧ ❊⑤❇●✸★❏❄✶❍✺ ✁❵ ✸★
❏❥❃❆❅✂❇✘Ï❆❅❥✸➝✶❉✺✤▼❺❃◆❁❄✸✻✿✷✿✂✸❹❀✷✸◆✼★▼❺❃❄✿❆❊●✺◆✿❆❊●✼✖❀➉❰ ✺◆❇●➄✻✸◆✿❆❊❷❀✂✸ ❵ ■❄✺✽Ï❄❅❥✸➝✼✱❃❆❅✂✼✾⑦✾➄➭❇⑨❋❉✶④✶✹✸◗✼✾❃❆❋④❊
✸ Ñ ✺ ❵ ❊⑤✸✻▼❂✸✻✿❆❊
✼✾❃❆❅✂✼
60
Ú
✁ ✄✂
➤ ❥
❪ ã ❰ Þ ❅✂▼❑✺✽✿❄❋❘❊ ✸❞
★ ✺❞❇ ✸ ★ ❵ ✸◆▼❑▼❂✸✻✿❆❊ ✸➭★ ❊ ✸ ★ ❵ ❃❄✿❆❊●✺ ❵ ❊ ✸✽★ ✸❈❏✷✺✽❇➐❊⑤❇●❃❆❋❍✼❻❇⑨✺ ❵ ✸◆✼r❀➉❰ ✸ Ñ ❊⑤❇⑨✺✽⑦⑤❊●✸◆❇●❇●✸◆✼⑤❊⑤❇●✸◆✼✖ß
ã ✸◆✼✦à➉③✤✸◆✸◆✿✷✼Ý➆➐✶✹✸✻✼ ❽rá ❀✷✺✽➃☎✼✤✸Ý❊❞✶✹✸✻✼✔â⑥✸◆❇⑤➃✽❅✂✿✷✼ ❪ ✵❄✸✻❅♦✸◆✼⑤❊ ❵ ❃❄✿✷✿❄❅⑥❀✷✸ ❵ ✸◆✼➝❇⑨✺ ❵ ✸◆✼✄✺❂
✥ ❏✂✺◆❇⑨❊
★ ✺✻✶✹❃❄❇⑨✼❞Ï❆❅❥✸❹✶✹✸✻✼ ❽rá ❀✷✺✽➃☎✼❈▼❺✸◆✿❆❊●✸◆✿❆❊✘❊⑤❃❆❅❥⑦
Ï❄❅❥✸❹✶❍✸◆✼◗à❥③✤✸✽✸✻✿✷✼❖❀❆❋❍✼✾✸◆✿❆❊✘❊●❃❆❅❆Ó①❃❆❅✂❇⑨✼❈✶❉✺✤⑧ ✸◆★ ❇⑨❋④❊ ✸❹
Ó①❃❆❅✂❇⑨✼ ❪ × ✺◆✿✷✼❞✿q❰ ❋❍▼❑❏❥❃❄❇Ò❊⑤✸❑Ï❆❅❥✸✻✶✎➄➭❇●❃❆❅✂❏✂✸◆▼❺✸◆✿❆❊✱➆❥❅✂✿➈â⑥✸◆❇⑤➃✽❅✂✿✢✿✂✸✦❏✂✺◆❇●✶❍✸◆❇⑨✺✤Ó♠✺◆▼❺✺✻❋❍✼❈❏✂❇●✸◆⑦
★ ✼✯❋☎✶❍✸✖❏✷❇ ✸ ★ ✁
❵ ✸✽★ ❀❄✺✽✿❆❊ ❵ ❃❄▼❺▼❺✸◆✿❆❊⑨✺◆❋❉❇●✸
▼❑❋❍✸◆❇ ❪ ✪✘❅✂✺◆✿✂❀➝❋④✶❆❏✷❇●✸◆✿✂❀❄❇⑨✺❈✶❍✺✖❏✂✺◆❇●❃❆✶✹✸❆➆✻❋④✶❄❀❆❋❍❇⑨✺✖✶❉✺❷⑧ ✸◆★ ❇⑨❋④❊ ✸✖
✸Ý★ ❊●✺✻❋④❊❾❅✂✿❂▼❺✸◆✿✷✼✾❃❄✿✂➄✻✸❄➆✂✸Ý❊❻⑧❆❋ ❵ ✸❖⑧❄✸✻❇⑨✼✾✺ ❪ ✞✂❋✹✸✻✿❂Ï❆❅❥✸➝✶✹✸✻✼✖✸ Ñ ❊⑤❇⑨✺☎⑦●❊⑤✸✻❇⑤❇●✸✻✼✯❊⑤❇●✸✻✼✖❏❄❅✷❋❍✼✮✼✱✸✻✿❆✞
❊ ✸➭✧ ❊⑤❇●✸
❵ ✺◆❏✂✺✽▲❄✶❍✸◆✼❞❀✷✸❹✼✾✸✦❀❆❋❍✼⑤❊●❋❍✿✂➄Ý❅❥✸✻❇✘✶⑩❰ ❅✂✿❂✶①❰ ✺✻❅❄❊⑤❇●✸❄➆✷❋❉✶❉✼✖✼✱✸✤❇●✸✻✼✾✼✾✸◆▼❺▲❄✶❍✸◆✿❆❊r❊⑤❃❆❅✂✼✖✺◆❅ Ñ ❁❄✸✻❅ Ñ ❀q❰ ❅✂✿
■❆❅✂▼❺✺✻❋❍✿ ❪
★ ✸◆✿☎⑧❄❃✻❁ ✸◆★ ✸❈✼✮❅✂❇ ❸ ✸◆❇●❇●✸❞❏✂❃❆❅✂❇
➇★✿✂✸❞❀ ✸➭★ ✶ ✸◆★ ➄➭✺✻❊●❋❍❃❄✿✦❀✷✸❞■❄✺◆❅❄❊✚✿❄❋ ⑧❄✸◆✺✻❅✔❀✷✸◆✼✆☎❈❇⑨✺ ❵ ✸✻✼❾✺ ✸➭★ ❊ ✸❈
✿ ✸✽★ ➄✻❃ ❵ ❋❍✸◆❇➐✿✂❃☎❊⑤❇●✸✖✼✱❃❄❇Ò❊ ❪ ✵❆✺✽❇●▼❑❋❆✸✻❅ Ñ ➆➭❋❉✶✻❁◗✺✖✺◆❅✤▼❂❃❆❋❉✿✷✼✎❅✂✿✦à➉③✤✸◆✸◆✿ ❪❆Ð ✿➝✺◆❇⑤❇⑨❋❘⑧❆✺◆✿❆❊✱➆➭❋❉✶❉✼✎❜♠❃❄✿❆❊
✶✹✸✻✼ ❵ ❃❄▼❑▼❂✸✻✿❆❊●✺✻❋❍❇●✸✻✼★✼✯❅✷❋❘⑧❆✺◆✿❆❊●✼ Ô ❀❄✺✽✿✷✼❷✶①❰ ❃❄❇●❀❄❇●✸ÝÕ❷ß
ã ✸◗❏✂❇●✸✻▼❑❋❍✸◆❇❈ß ã ✸➝✼✾✸ ❵ ❃❄✿✂❀❺✸ Ñ ❊⑤❇⑨✺✽⑦⑤❊●✸◆❇●❇●✸◆✼⑤❊⑤❇●✸✤✸✻✼✯❊❻❅✂✿❶â⑥✸✻❇✯➃◆❅✂✿ ❪
ã ✸◗✼✱✸ ❵ ❃❄✿✂❀✢ß ã ✸❞❊⑤❇●❃❆❋❍✼✯✦❋ ✸✻✥ ▼❂✸➝✸ Ñ ❊⑤❇⑨✺✽⑦⑤❊●✸◆❇●❇●✸◆✼⑤❊⑤❇●✸➝✿q❰ ✸◆✼⑤❊r❏✂✺◆✼❷❅✂✿✢â⑥✸◆❇⑤➃✽❅✂✿ ❪
ã ✸❞❊⑤❇●❃❆❋❍✼✯✦❋ ✸✻✥ ▼❂✸✔ß ã ✸➝❏✷❇●✸◆▼✔❋✹✸✻❇✘✸ Ñ ❊⑤❇⑨✺✽⑦⑤❊●✸◆❇●❇●✸◆✼⑤❊⑤❇●✸✤✸◆✼⑤❊❾❅✂✿✢â⑥✸◆❇⑤➃✽❅✂✿ ❪
ã ✸✽Ï❆❅❥✸✻✶q❃❆❅❑✶❍✸◆✼✾Ï❄❅❥✸➭✶❍✼★❀➉❰ ✸✻✿❆❊⑤❇●✸✤✸✻❅ Ñ ✸➭✧ ❊●✸◆✼✾⑦●⑧❄❃❆❅✂✼❷✼ ❅✂✧ ❇r✼✾❃❄✿❆❊✘❀✷✸◆✼❈à➉③✤✸◆✸◆✿
Ú
✂ ❪ Ô ❿❞❃☎❊●✸❶ß × ✺✽✿✷✼ ❵ ✸Ý❊⑨❊⑤✸❑Ï❆❅❥✸◆✼⑤❊●❋✹❃❄✿✢❅✂✿✂✸ ✆Ý❀❄❋ ⑧❄❋❉✼✮❋❍❃❄✿ ✸◆★ ➄➭✺◆✶❍✸ ✆✤✸◆✿❙✸✻✼✯❊★❅✂✿✂✸❺✩
❃ ❅❶
✥ ✶❍✸✔❏❥❃❆❋❍❀✷✼
❊⑤❃☎❊⑨✺◆✶➉❀✂✸✻✼★❀✂✸➭❅ Ñ ❏✂✺◆❇⑨❊●❋❍✸◆✼★✸✻✼✯❊❻✶✹✸◗▼ ✸✻✧ ▼❂✸ ❪ Õ
Ô ✺➭✟
Õ ✞➉✸✻✶④❋❍✿✂❀❄✺❯✸➭❊ ✠➐■❄✺◆❇●✶❍✸◆✼✔✼✾❃❄✿❆❊✦❀✷✸◆✼✤⑧❄❃❆✶✹✸➭❅✂❇⑨✼ ❪ × ✺✽✿✷✼✦✶❍✸✻❅✂❇❹❀✂✸✻❇⑤✿❄❋❍✸◆❇❹▲❄❅❄❊●❋❉✿q➆r❃❄✿Ü❇●✸✽⑦
❏❥❃❆❋❍❀✷✼➝✸◆✿❯❃❄❇❞❀✂✸ ➄☎➆ ➄☎➆ ➄☎➆✎✸Ý❊ ❵ Ó✹❅✂✼✾Ï❄❅➐❰ ✺ ✥
➄ ❪
❊⑤❇●❃❆❅❆⑧❄✸❑❅✂✿➈✸✻✿✷✼✱✸✻▼❂▲❆✶✹✸❺❀✂✸
✵❄✸✻❅❆⑧❄✸✻✿❆❊✯⑦✯❋④✶❍✼❂❀❄❋ ⑧❄❋❉✼✱✸✻❇✦✶✹✸✻✼❂❏✂12
❃❆❋✹❀❄✼ ✸✽★ ➄➭✺✻✶✹✸✻▼❂✸✻✿❆❊❺✸✻✿❆1❊⑤❇●✸♦2✸✻❅ Ñ 3 ➋✻❋❞❃❆❅✷❋①➆★✸ Ñ ❏❄✶❉❋❍Ï❄12
❅❥✸ á
Ú
❵ ❃❄▼❑▼❂✸✻✿❆❊✱➆❄✼✮❋❉✿✂❃❄✿q➆✷✸ Ñ ❏❄✶❉❋❍Ï❄❅❥✸ á ❏❥❃❆❅✂❇●Ï❆❅❥❃❆❋➉❏✂✺◆✼ ❪
Ô ▲✽✖
Õ ✪✘❅✂✺✽✿✂☞
❀ ✞➉✸✻✶④❋❍✿✂❀❄✺❈✸➭❊ ✠➐■❄✺◆❇●✶❍✸◆✼✚❏✂❇●✸✻✿✷✿✂✸◆✿❆❊➐✶✹✸★❇●✸✻✼✯❊⑨✺✽✿❆❊✎❀✷✸★✶❍✸✻❅✂❇➐▼❑✺☎➄✻❃☎❊➉⑧❄❃❆❋❉❇✚Ö❆❇●✸◆❀✂❀✽❁
✶✹✸❾❇●✸ ❵ ✸✻✶❍✸✻❅✂❇✾➆ ❵ ✸➭✶❉❅✷❋❍⑦ ❵ ❋◆✸ Ñ ❋❍➄✻✸❾✶✹✸r❏✂❃❆❋✹❀❄✼✴❀✂✸
➄r✸◆✿❈❏✂✺✻❋✹✸✻▼❂✸✻✿❆❊ ❪ ✞➉✸✻✶④❋❍✿✂❀❄✺❷✸➭❊ ✠➐■❄✺◆❇●✶❍✸◆✼
❏❥✸➭❅❆⑧❄✸◆✿❆❊✯⑦⑤❋❉✶❉✼❷✺✻✶✹❃❄❇⑨✼✘✼ ✸◆★ ❏✷✺✽❇●✸✻❇❻✶❍✸◆✼
❏❥❃❆❋❍❀✷12
✼✘❇●✸◆✼⑤❊●✺◆✿❆❊●✼ ✸✽★ ➄➭✺✻✶✹✸✻▼❂✸✻✿❆❊r✸◆✿❆❊⑤❇●✸➝✸➭❅ Ñ ➋✻❋
Ú
❃❆❅✷❋⑩➆❄✸ Ñ ❏✷✶④❋✹Ï❆❅❥✸ á❷❵ ❃❄▼❺▼❺✸◆✿❆❊✱➆❄✼✯❋❍✿✂❃❄11
✿q➆✷✸ Ñ ❏❄✶❉❋❍Ï❄❅❥✸ á ❏❥❃❆❅✂❇●Ï❆❅❥❃❆❋➉❏✂✺◆✼ ❪
Ô❵✟
Õ ✞➉✸✻✶④❋❍✿✂❀❄✺◗✸Ý❊ ✠➐■❄✺◆❇●✶❍✸◆✼✘❃❄✿❆❊✚✺◆❅✂✼✮✼✮❋❆❅✂✿✔✸✻✿✷✼✱✸✻▼❂▲❆✶✹✸❖❀✷✸
❏✂❃❆❋✹❀❄✼✘✸✻✿✦✺◆❇●➄✻✸◆✿❆❊❾❀✷✸ ➄☎➆
➄☎➆ ➄☎➆➉✸Ý❊ ❵ Ó✹❅✂✼✱Ï❆❅➐❰ ✺ ✥
➄ ❪ ✵❄✸✻❅❆⑧❄✸✻✿❆❊✯⑦✯❋④✶❍✼❈❀❄❋ ⑧❄❋❉✼✱✸✻❇r150
✶✹✸✻✼✖❏❥❃❆❋❍❀✷✼ ✸◆★ ➄➭✺◆✶❍✸◆▼❺✸◆✿❆❊★✸✻✿❆1❊⑤❇●✸
2
✸✻❅ Ñ 3 ➋✻❋➉❃❆❅✷❋⑩➆❄✸ Ñ ❏✷✶④❋✹Ï❆❅❥150
✸ á❷❵ ❃❄▼❺▼❺✸◆✿❆❊✱➆❄✼✮❋❉✿✂❃❄✿q➆✷✸ Ñ ❏❄✶❉❋❍Ï❄❅❥✸ á ❏❥❃❆❅✂❇●Ï❆❅❥❃❆❋➉❏✂✺◆✼ ❪
Ú
✍ ❪ ➇★✿ ✸ ★ ❵ ■❆❋✹Ï❆❅✷❋✹✸✻❇✖✸◆✼⑤❊❷❅✂✿✂✸❑➄➭❇⑨❋❉✶④✶✹✸✦❀✂✸ ❵ ✺◆❇⑤❇ ✸◆★ ✼
❪ ➇★✿✂✸✦❏❄✦❋ ✸ ✥ ❵ ✸✦❀q❰ ✸ ★ ❵ ■✷✸ ❵ ✼❞✿✂❃❄▼❺▼ ✸✽★ ✸
8 Ï❄❅❥✸➭✶❉✶❍✸♦❀❄❋❉❇●✸ ❵ ❊●❋❍❃❄✿q➆✘❋❉✿ ❵ ✶❉❅✂✺◆✿❆❊✔✶✹✸✻✼
✶✹✸➈❇●❃❆❋❈✼✾✸♦❀ ✸◆★ ❏❄✶❍✺ ❵ ✸♦❀q❰ ❅✂✿✂✸ ❵ ✺◆✼✱✸➈❀✷✺◆✿✷✼✿q❰ ❋❍▼❑❏❥8❃❄×
❇Ò❊⑤✸♦
❀❄❋❉✺☎➄✻❃❄✿✷✺✻✶✹✸✻✼ ❪
Ô ✺➭Õ❑➇★✿❯❇●❃❆❋ Ô ▼❑✺✽❇●Ï❆❅ ✸❂
★ ❏✂✺◆❇❈❅✂✿
Õ★✼✱✸✦❊⑤❇●❃❆❅❆⑧❄✸❂❀✷✺◆✿✷✼◗✶✹✸
❵ ❃❆❋❉✿➸❋❍✿❄❜ ✸✻★ ❇●❋❍✸✻❅✂❇❑➄➭✺◆❅ ❵ ■✷✸♦❀✂R
✸❯✶①❰ ✸ ★ ❵ ■❆❋✹Ï❆❅✷❋✹✸✻❇ ❪❞❒ ✶❞❀✷❃❆❋④❊ ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................
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❇●✸ÝÓ①❃❆❋❉✿✂❀✷❇●✸✔✶❍✺ ❵ ✺✽✼✾✸❑▼❺✺◆❇●Ï❄❅ ✸◆★ ✸❺❏✂✺◆❇❈❅✂✿
✸◆✿✢❊⑤❇●❃❆❋❉✼ ...............G
...
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F
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.
❵ ❃❆❅✂❏✷✼❂✸ Ñ ✺ ❵ ❊●✸◆▼❺✸◆✿❆❊ ❪ â⑥❃❄✿❆❊⑤❇●✸◆❇✔Ï❆❅❥✸❙✶✹✸❙❇●❃❆❋✖❏✂✸✻❅❄❊ ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
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❜✹✺◆❋❉❇●✸ ❵ ✸➭✶❍✺✤❀✂✸➝Ï❄❅✂✺➭❊⑤❇●✸➝▼❺✺◆✿❄✦❋ ✸✻✥ ❇●✸◆✼★❀❄❋ ✎ ✸✻★ ❇●✸◆✿❆❊●✸◆✼ ❪
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Ô ▲✽Õ❺➋✻❅✂❏✂❏✂❃❄✼✱❃❄✿✷✼✚Ï❄❅❥✸✘✶✹✸❷❇●❃❆❋✽❇●✸✱⑧❄❋❍✸◆✿✷✿✂✸ ✺❷
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✥ ✶❍✺ ❵ ✺✽✼✾✸★✸◆✿➝▲❄✺✽✼
..... F .....
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✺❷
✥ ➄➭✺◆❅ ❵ ■✷✸ ❪ × ✸ ❵ ❃❄▼❺▲❄❋❍✸◆✿❖❀✷✸✘▼❺✺◆✿❄✦❋ ✸✻✥ ❇●✸◆✼✴❀❄❋ ✎ ✸✻★ ❇●✸◆✿❆❊●✸◆✼
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❏❥✸➭❅❄❊✯⑦✯❋④✶❹✺➭❊⑨❊⑤✸➭❋❍✿✂❀❄❇●✸❢✶❍✸ ❵ ❃❆❋❍✿Ù✸◆✿ ■❄✺✻❅❄❊ ✺❴
✥ ➄➭✺✻❅ ❵ ■✷✸
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Ô ▼❑✺✽❇●Ï❆❅ ✸✞
★ ❏✷✺✽❇❯❅✂✿
Õ❯✸✻✿✌✼✾✸◆❏❆❊ ❵ ❃❆❅✂❏✂✼➸✸ Ñ ✺ ❵ ❊●✸✽⑦ ...... R ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .......
G
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▼❂✸✻✿❆❊
Ú
✑ ❪ Ô ❿❈❃☎❊⑤✸✔ß✂✵❄❃❆❅✂❇ ❵ ✸Ý❊⑨❊⑤✸◗Ï❄❅❥✸✻✼✯❊●❋❍❃❄✿q➆❆✶❍✸◆✼✘❇ ✸✻★ ❏❥❃❄✿✷✼✾✸◆✼ ❵ ❃❄✿❆❊●✸◆✿✷✺◆✿❆❊✘❀✂✸✻✼★✸ Ñ ❏✂❇●✸✻✼✾✼✯❋✹❃❄✿✷✼❷❀✷✸❖✶❍✺
❜♠❃❄❇⑤▼❺✸ 4π ✼✾❃❄✿❆❊★✺ ❵✯❵ ✸◆❏❆❊ ✸✽★ ✸✻✼ ❪ ➋✻❋➉⑧❄❃❆❅✂✼❈✺Ý⑧❄✸ á ❅✂✿✂✸ ❵ ✺✻✶ ❵ ❅✷✶❉✺✻❊⑤❇⑨❋ ❵ ✸❄➆❆⑧❄❃❆❅✂✼❞❏✂❃❆❅❆⑧❄✸ á ❅❄❊●❋④✶❉❋❉✼✱✸✻❇
✶✹✸➝▲✂❃❆❅❄❊●13
❃❄✿❑❏❥❃❆❅✂❇ ✼✮❋❄⑧❄❃❆❅✂✼✘✶✹✸❈⑧❄❃❆❅✷✶❍✸ á➭❪ Õ
π
✁ ✽✁
Ô ✺➭Õ ã ✺✤❜✹✺◆▼❑❋④✶❉✶❍✸❹❀✷✸◆✼ ✒✾❃❄✿✂✸◆✼✘⑧❆❋✹✸✤❀✷✺◆✿✷✼★❅✂✿✂✸❹▼❑✺◆❋❉✼✱❃❄✿❺❏✷✺✽❇⑨❜✹✺◆❋❘❊⑤✸✻▼❂✸✻✿❆❊ ❵ ✺◆❇⑤❇ ✸✽★ ✸❆➆❥❀✷✸
▼
❏✂✺◆❇
▼❶➆✂Ï❆❅✷❋q✸◆✼⑤❊r❏✷✶❉✺ ❵✬✸◆★ ✸✤✸ Ñ ✺ ❵ ❊⑤✸✻▼❂✸✻✿❆❊❷❀❄✺✽✿✷✼❷✶✹✸ ❵ ✸✻✿❆❊⑤❇●✸❹❀➉❰ ❅✂✿❑✶❍❃☎❊✘❀✂✸
▼➀10
❏✂✺◆❇
á ❃❄✿ ❪r❒ ✶❍✼
▼❶10
➆ ❵ ❃❆❅❆⑧❄✸◆❇Ò❊⑤✸❶✸✻✿❆❊●✦❋ ✸✻✥ ❇●✸◆▼❺✸◆✿❆❊ Ô ✺❶
✥ ❏✷✺✽❇Ò❊➝❏❥❃❆❅✂❇❖✶❍✺✢▼❑✺◆❋❉✼✱❃❄✿☎Õ❈❏✷✺✽❇✤❀❆❅Ü➄➭✺ 40
40
★ ✺✻❅✤▼❑❋④✶❉❋❍✸✻❅✤❀q❰ ❅✂✿
➄➭✺✽❇●❀✷✸◆✿❆❊➐❅✂✿➝✺✽✿❄❋❉▼❺✺✻✶❆❀✂❃❄▼❺✸◆✼⑤❊●❋✹Ï❆❅❥✸❄➆ × ❃❆✶❉✶ ❁❖✶❍✸★▼❂❃❆❅❄❊●❃❄✿q➆✻✺✻❊⑨❊⑨✺ ❵ ■ ✸★
❵ ❃☎✧ ❊ ✸❈
★ ❀✂✸★✶❍✺❈▼❑✺◆❋❉✼✱❃❄✿➝✺➭⑧❄✸ ❵ ❅✂✿✂✸ ❵ ❃❄❇●❀✂✸❈❀✂✸
▼ ❪ ✪✘❅❥✸➭✶❉✶❍✸❞✸✻✼✯❊➐✶⑩❰ ✺◆❋❉❇●✸❈❀✂✸★✶❍✺❈❏✂✸✻✶❍❃❆❅✂✼✱✸
Ô ✸✻✿❑▼ 2 Õ✚❀✷✺◆✿✷✼❷✶❉✺☎Ï❆❅❥✸✻✶④✶✹✸ × ❃❆✶❉✶ ❁✔❏❥✸➭❅❄❊✘▲✷❇●❃❆15
❅❄❊●✸◆❇ ✁Ô ❃❆❋❍❇❻✶❍✺ á ❃❄✿✂✸➝■❄✺ ❵ ■❆❅✂❇ ✸◆★ ✸ÝÕ ❪
Ú
✛
....
....
..
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✻
40m
❄
..............................
✲.........
40m
.
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N
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× ✺✻❋❍✼⑨❁
× ❃❆r✶❉✶ ❁
r
ã ✸◆✼ ✒✾❃❄✿✂✸✻✼
ã ✸✻✼★➋◆▼❑❋❘❊✯■❄✼
Ô ▲✽Õ ã ✸◆✼❷⑧❄❃❆❋❍✼✯❋❍✿✷✼❞❀✷✸◆✼ ✒✾❃❄✿✂✸◆✼Ý➆❥✶❍✸◆✼❞➋◆▼❑❋❘❊✯■❄✼➭➆➉❃❄✿❆❊❷❅✂✿✶✹❃☎❊✘❋✹❀✷✸◆✿❆❊●❋❍Ï❄❅❥✸✦✺◆❅ Ñ ✒✾❃❄✿✂✸◆✼❞▼❑✺◆❋❉✼
✶✹✸➭❅✂❇✤▼❺✺✻❋❍✼✾❃❄✿➸✸✻✼✯❊✤✼✮❋❘❊●❅ ✸✽★ ✸ ❵ ❋❉✿✂ÏÜ▼ ✸Ý✥ ❊⑤❇●✸◆✼✔✺✻❅❴❿❞❃❄❇●❀Ü❀❄❅ ❵ ✸✻✿❆❊⑤❇●✸ ❪❈ã ✸➭❅✂❇❹▼❂❃❆❅❄❊●❃❄✿
★ ➋✻❅❥❀Ü❀✂✸✢✶❉✺❙▼❑✺◆❋❉✼✱❃❄✿
❀✂❃❄▼❺✸◆✼⑤❊●❋✹Ï❆❅ ✸❄★ ➆ × ✺✻❋❍✼⑨❁➉➆❾✸✻✼✯❊✤✺➭❊⑨❊●✺ ❵ ■ ✸✽★ ✸❶✺✻❅Ü▼❑❋④✶❉❋❍✸✻❅➸❀❆❅ ❵ ❃☎✧ ❊ ✸❶
✺➭⑧❄✸ ❵ ❅✂✿✂✸ ❵ ❃❄❇●❀✷✸❙❀✷✸
▼ ❪ ✪✘❅❥✸✻✶④✶✹✸✢✸◆✼⑤❊➝✶①❰ ✺✻❋❍❇●✸❶❀✷✸✢✶❉✺❶❏✂✸✻✶❍❃❆❅✂✼✱✸ Ô ✸◆✿⑥▼ 2 Õ◗❀❄✺✽✿✷✼
✶❍✺✽Ï❄❅❥✸➭✶❉✶❍✸ × ✺◆❋❉✼⑨❁✔❏❥✸➭❅❄❊❷20
▲❄❇●❃❆❅❄❊⑤✸✻❇
Ú
❿❞✸ Ñ ❊➈③✤✸Ù➄Ý❋ ⑧❄✸✫❇●✸◆✺✽❀✂✸✻❇⑨✼➭❰✦✼✾❃❆✶❉❅❄❊●❋❍❃❄✿✷✼Ü❊●❃❮❊✯■✷✸✄✂Ý❊✯■ ✺✽✿✷✿❄❅✂✺✻✶✟✠✚❿❈➇✆☎q✸✽➄Ý❋❍❃❄✿✷✺◆✶
â♦✺✻❊✯■✷✸✻▼❺✺➭❊●❋ ❵ ✼ ✠q❃❄✿❆❊⑤✸✻✼✯❊✞✝ ✂ ✂✠✟❺ß✠✟✠✟☛✡✠✟ ✌☞ ❪
❪ ✠➐❃❄▼❺▲❄❋❍✸◆✿❂❀✂✸➝✶❉✺◆❋❘❊ ✺ ✥
❀✷✸✤▼❺✺➭❊●❋✦✸✻✥ ❇●✸◆✼✖➄➭❇⑨✺✽✼✮✼✱✸✻✼❈❀✷❃❆❋④❊✯⑦✮❃❄✿❺✺➭Ó①❃❆❅❄❊●✸◆❇✆✺✦
✥ ❀❆❅❂✶❉✺◆❋❘❊ ✺ ✥
1%
❏❥❃❆❅✂❇✘❃✷▲☎❊⑤✸✻✿❄❋❍❇
➄➭✺✻✶❉✶❍❃❄✿✷4%
✼★❀✂✸❖✶❍✺✻❋④❊✠✺ ✥
12
2% Ú
Ô ❫ Õ ➄➭✺✻✶❉✶❍❃❄✿✷✼
Ô ✞❄Õ ➄➭✺✻✶❉✶❍❃❄✿✷✼
Ô ✠✂Õ ➄➭✺✻✶❉✶❍❃❄✿✷✼
ÔÒ× Õ ➄➭✺✻✶❉✶❍❃❄✿✷✼
✍
3
4
8
9
✎✑✏✌✒✔✓✖✕✘✗✙✏✠✚✛✗✙✜✣✢✤✚✥✕✘✗✧✦★✓✩✢✫✪✥✬✮✭✰✯✤✢☛✬✮✚✥✱✳✲✮✭✴✬✌✚✶✷ ✵ ✏✌✗✹✸✻✺✽✢☛
✼ ✸✾✗✹✒✙✢✠✕✹✸✳✿❀✢✮
✼ ✕✴✓✑✜✮✗✘✬✮✚✥✕❁✿❃❂★✏✌✒❄✒✮✢❇
❅ ❆✑✢
❈
✏✠✚✥✕❊❉❋✏✠✭●✢☛✚
✼ ✕✴✓✩✜✮✗❁✬✌✚❚✕❁✿❑❂❩✢☛
✼ ❆✩✢❬✪❭✜✣✢
✷■❍ ✿❑❏✌✬✑▲☛✬✤✒✘✿◆▼❖❂◗❘✢✠✕❙✯✤✢✤✬✌✚❚✱●✺❖✬✩▲☛✗✙✜❱❯❲✏❳✓✤✒✧✢❇✿❨✢✠
➐❪
➋✽❃❆❋④❊
✶✹✸✿✂❃❄▼❂▲❄❇●✸❶❀✂✸✢➄➭✺◆✶④✶✹❃❄✿✷✼✦❀✷✸✶❉✺◆❋❘❊
✸➭❊
✶❍✸✿✂❃❄▼❂▲❄❇●✸❶❀✂✸✢➄➭✺◆✶④✶✹❃❄✿✷✼✦❀✂✸
❪ ➋ ❵ ■ x✸◆★ ▼❑✺✻❊●❋❉✼✱❃❄✿✷✼✘✶❍✺➝✼✯❋④❊●❅✂✺➭❊●❋✹❃❄✿✔❏✂✺◆❇✘❀✷✸✻❅ Ñ 4✸◆★ ❴ ❄Ï ❅✂✺➭❊●y❋✹❃❄✿✷✼❖ß
✺❖✭❇✓✌❉❪❉❋✏✠✚✥✜✣▲❇✗✹✒❄✒✧✢❇✿❫✺❖✭❇✓✌❉❪❉❋✏✠✚✥✜✣▲❇✗✹✒❄✒✧✢❇✿✶▼❖❂
✶❍✺✻❋④❊
1❴
4x + y
x+y
= 2 · 12
❪
= 12
➆
Ð ✿⑥❇ ✸◆★ ✼✾❃❆✶❘⑧❆✺◆✿❆❊ ❵ ✸✻✼ ✸✽★ Ï❆❅✂✺✻❊●❋❍❃❄✿✷✼➭➆✚✿✂❃❆❅✂✼✔❃✷▲❆❊●✸◆✿✂❃❄✿✷✼
❪✘❒ ✶r❜✹✺◆❅❄❊✤❀✂❃❄✿ ❵
✸Ý❊
y = 8
✺➭Ó①❃❆❅❄❊●✸◆❇ ➄➭✺◆✶④✶✹❃❄✿✷✼★❀✷✸◗✶❉✺◆❋❘❊
➆❄✺✻❋❍✿✷✼✯❋⑩➆☎✶❍✺➝❇ ✸✻★ ❏❥❃❄✿✷✼✾✸✤x✸✻✼✯=
❊ ✞ 4❪
4
4❴
✁
➹ ➤ ❪ ➋◆✺ ❵ ■❄✺✽✿❆❊✘Ï❄❅❥✸
Ô❫ Õ
f (x) = x + 2
Ô ✞❄Õ
8
✎✑✏✌✒✔✓✖✕✘✗✙✏✠✚
Ô ✠✂Õ
−6
✪✥✬✮✭✄✯✤✢☛✬✮✚✥✱✳✺
✬✑▲❇✗✧✜
➐❪
✸➭❊
g(x) =
2
❯❲✏❳✓ ✒✙✢☛✿
√
3
x
ÔÒ× Õ
➆☎❊⑤❇●❃❆❅❆⑧❄✸ á
f −1 ◦ g −1 (2)
❪
6
✢✠
✼ ✕✴✓✩✜✮✗❁✬✌✚❚✕❁✿
❂❖✢❇
✼ ❆✑✢✳✪
✜✣✢
✺❖✭❇✓✌❉❪❉❋✏✠✚✥✜✣▲❇✗✹✒❄✒✧✢❇✿
✺❖✭❇✓✌❉❪❉❋✏✠✚✥✜✣▲❇✗✹✒❄✒✧✢❇✿✶▼❖❂
√
➆❂✺✻✶✹❃❄❇⑨✼❢✶❍✺❮❜♠❃❄✿ ❵ ❊●❋❍❃❄✿➊❇ ✸ ★ ❵ ❋❉❏✂❇●❃✷Ï❆❅❥✸ ❵ ❃❄❇⑤❇●✸✻✼✾❏✂❃❄✿✂❀✷✺◆✿❆❊⑤✸✌✸◆✼⑤❊
3
g(x) ❪ =
x❋❍❇●✸✻▼❂✸✻✿❆❊✱➆r✼✯❋
❪
✻
➋
❉
❋
❑
▼
④
❋
❍
✶
✻
✺
➆r✺◆✶❍❃❄❇⑨✼ −1
3
g❿❞−1
f (x) = x + 2
f (x) = x − 2
❃❆❅✂(x)
✼❷✺➭⑧❄❃❄=✿✷✼★x❀✂❃❄✿ ❵ ß
➋✻❋
f −1 ◦ g −1 (2) = f −1 (23 ) = 8 − 2 = 6
❪
ã ✺✤❇ ✸◆★ ❏✂❃❄✿✷✼✱✸➝✸◆✼⑤❊ × ❪
➹ ✑ ❪ ➇★✿❶✼✾✸✽➄➭▼❺✸◆✿❆❊❞❀✷✸
❵ ▼➟✸◆✼⑤❊★❅✂✿✂✸ ❵ ❃❄❇●❀✂✸❑❀➉❰ ❅✂✿❙❀✂✸❑❀✷✸✻❅ Ñ❂❵ ✸◆❇ ❵ ✶❍✸◆✼ ❵ ❃❄✿ ❵ ✸✻✿❆❊⑤❇●❋❍Ï❄❅❥✸✻✼
1 ❏❥✸Ý❊●❋④❊r❀✷✸◆✼❷❀✂✸➭❅ Ñ➉❪ ✪✘❅❥✸✻✶④✶✹✸◗✸◆✼⑤❊❻✶⑩❰ ✺◆❋❉❇●✸➝❀✂✸❞✶❍✺◗❇ ✸◆★ ➄Ý❋✹❃❄✿✔✺✽✿✷✿❄❅✷✶❉✺◆❋❉❇●✸
✸➭❊r✸◆✼⑤❊✚❊●✺◆✿✂➄✻✸◆✿❆❊❾✺◆❅❑❏✷✶④❅✂✼❷
✸◆✿❆❊⑤❇●✸◗✶❍✸◆✼★❀✷✸✻❅ Ñ❹❵ ✸✻❇ ❵ ✶✹✸✻✼
Ú
Ô ❫ Õ π ❵ ▼ 2 Ô ✞❄Õ π ❵ ▼ 2 Ô ✠✂Õ π ❵ ▼ 2 ÔÒ× Õ π ❵ ▼ 2
6
4
✎✑✏✌✒✔✓✖✕✘✗✙✏✠✚
✪✥✬✮✭✄✯✤✢☛✬✮✚✥✱✳✺
3
✬✑▲❇✗✧✜
❯❲✏❳✓ ✒✙✢☛✿
2
✢✠
✼ ✕✴✓✩✜✮✗❁✬✌✚❚✕❁✿
➐❪
× ❰ ✺◆❏✂❇✣✸◆✥ ✼❹✶❍✸❶❀❆❋❍✺✽➄➭❇⑨✺✽▼❑▼❂✸❶✸➭❊◗✶❍✸ ❸ ■ ✸✽★ ❃❄❇✣✸◆✥ ▼❺✸❙❀✷✸
✵❆❁❆❊✯■❄✺✽➄✻❃❄❇●✸❄➆◗❃❄✿✫✺
1 ❪✔ã ❰ ✺✻❋❍❇●✸❢❀✂✸➸✶❉✺
2
2
❇ ✸◆★ ➄Ý❋✹❃❄✿❺✺◆✿✷✿❄❅✷✶❍✺✻❋❍❇●✸✤✸◆R
✿❆❊⑤❇●✸◗−✶✹✸✻r✼✖❀✂✸➭=
❅ Ñ✦❵ 4✸✻❇ ❵ ✶✹✸✻✼✖✸◆✼⑤❊ ✸◆★ ➄➭✺◆✶❍✸
✺❂
✥ ✶❉✺✢❀❆✏❋ ✎ ✸◆★ ❇●✸✻✿ ❵ ✸❀q❰ ✺◆❋❉❇●✸✢✸◆✿❆❊⑤❇●✸❺✶✹✸✻✼❹❀✷✸✻❅ Ñ❶❵ ✸✻❇ ❵ ✶✹✸✻✼ ❪❾Ð ✿
❵ ✸➭❊⑨❊●✸➝✺✻❋❍❇●✸❆➆❄✿✂❃❆❅✂✼★❏✂❃❆❅❆⑧❄❃❄✿✷✼ ✸ ★ ❵ ❇●❋❉❇●✸❑ß
✿✂❃☎❊●✺◆✿❆❊
❂❖✢❇
✼ ❆✑✢✳✪
✜✣✢
✺❖✭❇✓✌❉❪❉❋✏✠✚✥✜✣▲❇✗✹✒❄✒✧✢❇✿
✺❖✭❇✓✌❉❪❉❋✏✠✚✥✜✣▲❇✗✹✒❄✒✧✢❇✿✶▼❖❂
........................................
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R
A
A = πR2 − πr 2 = π(R2 − r 2 ) =
ã ✺✤❇ ✸◆★ ❏✂❃❄✿✷✼✱✸➝✸◆✼⑤❊ ✞ ❪
➹
✁
❪
Ô❫ Õ
☎
✸◆★ ✼✾❃❆❅❥❀✷❇●✸◗✶①❰ ✸◆★ Ï❄❅✂✺➭❊●❋✹❃❄✿
Ô ✞❄Õ
24
✎✑✏✌✒✔✓✖✕✘✗✙✏✠✚
✪✥✬✮✭✄✯✤✢☛✬✮✚✥✱✳✺
➐❪
1
86 =
√
2
1
Ô ✠✂Õ
27
✺❖✭❇✓✌❉❪❉❋✏✠✚✥✜✣▲❇✗✹✒❄✒✧✢❇✿✶▼❖❂
❽ ✿❑✺
1
86 + x3 =
✬✑▲❇✗✧✜
4
ÔÒ× Õ
✢✠
✼ ✕✴✓✩✜✮✗❁✬✌✚❚✕❁✿
❪
√
2
√
√
1
3 2 − 2 + x3 3 − 2
√
9−3 2
1
x3 =
√
3− 2
x = 33 = 27
3−
✸Ý❊❾✶❍✺➝❇ ✸◆★ ❏✂❃❄✿✷✼✱✸➝✸◆✼⑤❊ ✞ ❪
R
64
❂❖✢❇
✼ ❆✑✢✳✪
✜✣✢
✸Ý❊✘❀✷❃❄✿ ❵
√
1
2 + x3
❫ ❋❍✿✷✼✯❋⑩➆❄❃❄✿❑✺
❪
7
√
3− 2
32
❯❲✏❳✓ ✒✙✢☛✿
π
r
= 7
= 7
= 3
➆
➆
❪
✺❖✭❇✓✌❉❪❉❋✏✠✚✥✜✣▲❇✗✹✒❄✒✧✢❇✿
✁ ☎
➹
❪ ➋✽❃❆❋❘❊
❅✂✿✂✸★❜♠❃❄✿ ❵ ❊●❋❍❃❄✿✤Ï❆❅✷❋◆⑧ ✸◆★ ❇⑨❋❉❼❥✸
f : \{0} →
f (x)+f
✸◆✼⑤❊❾✶❍✺➝✼✾❃❄▼❺▼❺✸➝❀✂✸✻✼r⑧❆✺✻✶✹✸➭❅✂❇⑨✼✖❀✷✸ ❏❥❃❆❅✂❇❾✶❍✸◆✼✾Ï❄❅❥✸➭✶❉✶❍✸◆✼★❃❄✿❑✺
✍
Ô❫ Õ
✁✄✂
Ô ✞❄Õ
1
✪❳✒✹✗ ✷ ✬✑✕✘✗✧✏✠✚◆✪✥✬✮✭
x
Ô ✠✂Õ
2
✯✤✢☛✬✮✚✥✱✳✺
✬✑▲❇✗✧✜
✆☎
✺❖✭❇✓✌❉❪❉❋✏✠✚✥✜✣▲❇✗✹✒❄✒✧✢❇✿✶▼❖❂✑✿✥❉❋✏✖✜✮✗
−1
1
x
= 3x
❪ ✪✘❅❥✸✻✶④✶✹✸
f (x) = 1 Ú
ÔÒ× Õ
−2
❯❲✏❳✓✤✒✧✢❇✿
✢✮
✼ ✕✴✓✑✜✮✗✘✬✮✚✥✕❁✿
✢✮
✼ ✢❩✪✥✬✌✭✶✒✧✢
✭✣✢✮
✼ ✜✩✬ ✷ ✕✧✢✠✓✮✭
❂❩✢☛
✼ ❆✩✢❬✪
✜✣✢❑✺❖✭❇✓✌❉❪❉❋✏✠✚✥✜✣▲❇✗✹✒❄✒✧✢❇✿
✞✝
❪r❒ ✶❻❜✹✺✻❅❄❊
➋✻❋r❃❄✿➈❇●✸◆▼❑❏✷✶❉✺ ❵ ✸
❏✷✺✽❇
➆✚❃❄✿♦❃✷▲☎❊●❋✹✸✻✿❆❊
❪ â♦✺◆❋❉=
Ï❄❅❥✸
❏❥❃❆❅✂❇❾❊⑤❃❆x❅✂✼★✶✹✸✻✼ 1/x❀✷✺◆✿✷✼✖✶❍✸✦❀✷❃❄▼❺✺✻❋❍f✿✂(x)
✸ + f (1/x)
✼ 3/x
✼✱✸
❏✷\✺✽✼★
{0}
❪ ✠➐✸ x❵ ❋q✼✯❋✹➄➭✿❄❋④❼➉✸✤Ï❄❅➐❰ ❋❉✶q✿q❰ ❁❺✺❹
❇ ✸✻★ ✼✱❃❆❅❥3/x
❀❂✸Ý❊★=❀✷❃❄3x
✿✷✿✂✸
❅✂✿✂✸➝❜♠❃❄✿ ❵ ❊●3/x
❋✹❃❄✿ =❀ 3x
✸✻★ ❼✂✿❄❋✹✸
f
❪
✼✮❅✂❇
Ï❆❅✷❋✷⑧ x✸◆★ ❇⑨❋❉=❼❥✸ ±1
\ {0}
f (x) + f (1/x) = 3x
➤ ➹ ❪ × ✺✽✿✷✼
A
❀✷✺◆✿✷✼✦✶❍✺❶❼❥➄Ý❅✂❇●✸ ✺❯
✥ ❀✷❇●❃❆❋❘❊⑤✸❆➆
➆
.
....
ABC
AB
=
AC
.. ....
.
.
❪ ✪✘❅❥✸➭✶❉✶❍✸❑✸✻✼✯❊ ❫ Ô ❿❞❃☎❊●✸✢ß
➆
.. ....
.
..
...
BC
BD
∠ Ú
..
..
.
ã ✺➝❼❥➄Ý=❅✂❇●✸➝
❪Õ
✿q❰ ✸✻✼✯AD
❊r❏✷✺✽✼ =✺◗
✥ ✶⑩DE
❰ ✸ ★ ❵ ■✷✸➭=✶❉✶❍✸ EB
...... D
..
.. ............. ..
.. .......... .... ..
Ô❫ Õ
Ô ✞❄Õ
30◦
✎✑✏✌✒✔✓✖✕✘✗✙✏✠✚
Ô ✠✂Õ
36◦
✪✥✬✮✭✄✯✤✢☛✬✮✚✥✱✳✺
✬✑▲❇✗✧✜
45◦
❯❲✏❳✓ ✒✙✢☛✿
✆☎
✺❖✭❇✓✌❉❪❉❋✏✠✚✥✜✣▲❇✗✹✒❄✒✧✢❇✿✶▼❖❂✑✿✥❉❋✏✖✜✮✗
✢✮
✼ ✢❩✪✥✬✌✭✶✒✧✢
E........... .........
ÔÒ× Õ
54◦
✢✠
✼ ✕✴✓✩✜✮✗❁✬✌✚❚✕❁✿
❂❖✢❇
✼ ❆✑✢✳✪
B
✜✣✢
..
..
..
. ..
..
..
.. ...
..
... .......
..
. ..
.
..
.......
.
...............................................................
C
✺❖✭❇✓✌❉❪❉❋✏✠✚✥✜✣▲❇✗✹✒❄✒✧✢❇✿
✞✝
✭✣✢✮
✼ ✜✩✬ ✷ ✕✧✢✠✓✮✭
❪ ✵✷❅✷❋❉✼✱Ï❆❅❥✸
✵❄❃❆❅✂❇✦✼✯❋❍▼❑❏✷✶④❋❉❼❥✸◆❇✾➆✘❃❄✿➸✿✂❃☎❊●✸
➆r✺✻✶✹❃❄❇⑨✼❺❃❄✿➸✺
∠A = α
AD
=
DE
❪
✷
✵
✷
❅
❍
❋
✾
✼
❄
Ï
❥
❅
✸
➆✂✸➭❊❷❀✂❃❄✿ ❵
➆✂❃❄✿❂✺
∠AED = ∠A = α❪✂❫ ❅✂✼✮✼✮❋①➆ ∠BED = 180◦ − α
DE = EB❪ × ❃❄✿ ❵
◦
∠EBD = ∠EDB
❪ ∠EBD + ∠EDB = 180 − ∠BED = α
∠EBD
× ✸➝=❏❄✶❉∠EDB
❅✂✼Ý➆✷❃❄✿❑✺ = α/2
✺
∠BDC = 180◦ − ∠ADB = ∠A + ∠ABD =
❪
❪qÐ ✿❺✿✂❃☎❊●✺◆✿❆❊★Ï❆❅❥✸
➆✷✺✻✶✹❃❄❇⑨✼
➆✂❃❄✿
∠C = ∠BDC = 32 α
AB = AC
✵✷❅✷❋❍✼✾Ï❄❅❥✸
➆◦ ✷❃❄✿❺❃✷▲☎❊●❋✹✸✻✿❆❊
â♦✺◆❋❉✼
BD = BC
❪
∠B = ∠C = 23 α
❀q❰ ❃✭❅ ✥
3α
2
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180
α + 23 α + 23 α = 180◦
α = 45◦
➆
❪➐ã ✺➝❇ ✸✻★ ❏❥❃❄✿✷✼✾✸✤✸✻✼✯❊ ✠ ❪
✂❞➤ ❪ ➋✽❃❆❋④❊
✶❍✸❑✿✂❃❄▼❺▲✷❇●✸❺❀✷✸❑▼❺✺◆✿❄❋✦✸✻✥ ❇●✸◆✼◗Ï❄❅❥✸
❀✷❃❆✶❉✶❉✺✽❇⑨✼❖❏✂✸✻❅❆⑧❄✸✻✿❆❊✚✸➭✧ ❊⑤❇●✸ ❵ ■❄✺✽✿✂➄ ✸✻★ ✼➝✸◆✿
★ ✺◆❅✦▼❂❃❆❋❉✿✷✼❾❅✂✿✂✸❈❜♠❃❆❋❉✼ ❪✻❫ ✶❍❃❄⑨❇ ✼
✼✱❃❆❅✂✼r✸Ý❊ n ✱✼ ❃❆❅✂✼❾✺➭⑧❄✸ ❵❾❵ ■❄✺ ❵ ❅✂✿✔❀➉❰ ✸➭❅ Ñ ❅❄❊●❋❉✶④❋❍10
✼ ✸❈
⑧❆✺◆❅❄❊❷ß
10
25
n
Ô❫ Õ
Ô ✞❄Õ
Ô ✠✂Õ
ÔÒ× Õ
18
38
✎✑✏✌✒✔✓✖✕✘✗✙✏✠✚❲✪✥✬✮✭✥✯✤✢☛✬✮✚✥✱✳✲✮✭✴✬✌✚✶✷ ✵ ✏✌✗✹✸
21
✺✽✢☛
✼ ✸✾✗✹✒✙✢✠✕✹✸✳✿
19
✢✠
✼ ✕✴✓✩✜✮✗❁✬✌✚❚✕❁✿
❂★✏✌✒✹✒✮✢☛
❅ ❆✩✢
❈
✏✠✚✥✕❊❉❋✏✠✭●✢☛✚
✟✝
✷■❍ ✿
❏✌✬✩▲☛✬ ✒✹✿
▼❖❂
❪
✵❆✺✽❇r■✽❁✷❏✂❃☎❊✯■ ✸◆✥ ✼✾✸❄➆✷❃❄✿❑✺
1000 = 10x + 25y
✷✵ ❅✷❋❍✼✾Ï❄❅❥✸ ❵ ■❄✺✽Ï❄❅❥✸✔❏✷❋✦✸ ✥ ❵ ✸❑
❀✂❃❆❋❘❊ ✸➭✧ ❊⑤❇●✸❹❅❄❊●❋❉✶④❋❍✼ ✸✽★ ✸❹❅✂✿✂✸✦❜♠❃❆❋❍✼❞❏✂✺◆❇❈■✽❁✷❏✂❃☎❊✯■ ✸◆✥ ✼✾✸❄➆❥✶❍✺✤⑧❆✺☎⑦
✶✹✸➭❅✂❇❈▼✔❋❍✿❄❋❉▼❺✺✻✶✹✸❑❀✷✸
❀✷❃❆❋④❊❈❀✂❃❄✿ ❵ ✸➭✧ ❊⑤❇●✸✔✼✮❅✂❏ ✸◆★ ❇⑨❋✹✸➭❅✂❇●✸❺❃❆❅ ✸◆★ ➄➭✺◆✶❍✸ ✺ ✥ ❪ ✵❄❃❆❅✂❇❷❊⑤❇●❃❆❅❆⑧❄✸◆❇★✶❍✺
▲✂❃❄❇●✿✂✸✔▼✔❋❍✿❄❋❉▼❺✺✻✶✹✸❆➆✂❋❉x
✶➐✼✮❅✡✠✔❊❈❀✷✸✤❊⑤❇●❃❆❅❆⑧❄✸✻❇★✶❉✺✔❏❄✶❉❅✂✼❞❏✂✸➭❊●❋❘❊⑤✸◗⑧❆✺◆✶❍✸✻❅✂❇✖❀✷1✸
❏❥❃❆❅✂❇❷✶❉✺☎Ï❆❅❥✸✻✶④✶✹✸
x ❅✷✶❘❊●❋❍❏❄✶❉❋ ✸❹
Ô
★ ❏✂✺◆❇✘✶❍✺
✶✹✸❹❇⑨✺◆❏✂❏✂❃❄❇⑨❊✖❀❆❅ ❵ ❃✷☛✸ ✠ ❵ ❋✹✸✻✿❆❊✖❀✷✸
✸Ý❊✖❀❄❅ ❵ ❃✷☛✸ ✠ ❵ ❋✹✸✻✿❆❊✖❀✷✸
Õ✘▼❑
x
y 10/25
✁ Ý
⑧❆✺◆✶❍✸✻❅✂❇❻❀✷✸ ❀✂❃❄✿✷✿✂✸❈❅✂✿✦✿✂❃❄▼❺▲✷❇●✸❞✿✷✺✻❊●❅✂❇●✸➭✶ ❪❥ã ✺❖❏✷❇●✸◆▼✔❋✦✸✻✥ ❇●✸★⑧❆✺◆✶❍✸✻❅✂❇❻❀✷✸ ❏❥❃❆❅✂❇✎✶❉✺☎Ï❆❅❥✸✻✶④✶✹✸
✸✻✼✯❊❷❅✂x✿✢✿✂❃❄▼❂▲❄❇●✸✔✿✷✺➭❊●❅✂❇●✸✻✶✎✸◆✼⑤❊ ❪❻ã ✺❑▲✷❃❄❇⑤✿✂✸❹❋❍✿❄❜ ✸✻★ ❇●❋❍✸✻❅✂❇●✸✔✸◆✼⑤❊✖❀✂❃❄x✿ ❵ ➆q✸➭❊❷✶⑩❰ ✸ ★ ❵ ✺✽❇Ò❊
0.4x
❪ 5
▼❑❋❉✿❄❋❍▼❑✺◆✶➉✸◆✿❆❊⑤❇●✸❖✶✹✸✻✼❾⑧❆✺◆✶❍✸✻❅✂❇⑨✼★❀✂✸ ❀✂5❃❆❋❘❊☛✸Ý✧ ❊⑤❇●✸✤❀✷✸ ❪☎❫ ❋❉✿✷✼✮❋
✂
✁
✄
x
5
x
=
5
★ ✺◆❅✔▼❺❃❆❋❍✿✷✼❻❅✂✿✂✸❞❜♠❃❆❋❉✼❾❏✂✺◆❇❾■✽❁❄❏❥❃☎❊✯■ ✸✻✥ ✼✱✸❆➆☎✿✂❃❆❅✂✼❻❊⑤❇●❃❆❅❥⑦
✵✷❅✷❋❍✼✾Ï❄❅❥✸ ❀✂❃❆❋❘❊ ✸➭✧ ❊⑤❇●✸❈❅❄❊●❋❉✶④❋❍✼ ✸❈
⑧❄❃❄✿✷✼✤✶❉✺❺⑧❆✺✻✶✹✸➭❅✂❇◗y▼❑✺ Ñ ❋❍▼❑✺◆✶❍✸❀✂✸
✸◆✿➈✼✾❃❆❅✂✼✯❊⑤❇⑨✺Ý❁❆✺✽✿❆✖
❊ ✺❂
✥ ✶❍✺❑⑧❆✺✻✶✹✸➭❅✂❇➝❀✂✸
➆❻Ï❆❅✷❋
✼✾✺➭❊●❋❍✼✯❜✹✺◆❋❘❊✎✶⑩❰ ✸✽★ Ï❆❅✂✺✻❊●❋❍❃❄✿✦✼✮❋
➆✽✶❍x✺★⑧❆✺◆✶❍✸✻❅✂❇❻❀✂✸❈✶❍✺❖❏❄✶❉❅✂✼r❏✂✸➭❊●❋❘❊⑤✸❖❀❆❋❘⑧❆❋❍✼✯❋✹❃❄✿✦x❀✂✸ = 100
❏❥❃❄✼✮✼✮❋❍▲❄✶❍✸
=❇ ✸◆0
Ô ➆❆❊●✸✻✶
★ ✼✾❃❆✶❘⑧❆✺✽▲❄✶❍✸➝✺➭⑧❄✸ ❵ ❅✂✿❺✿✂❃❄▼❺▲✷❇●✸➝✿✷✺✻❊●❅✂❇●✸➭✶ ❵ ❃❄▼❺▼❺x✸
❏❥❃❆❅✂❇✘Ï❄❅❥✸◗✶⑩❰ ✸✽★ Ï❆❅✂✺✻❊●❋❍❃❄✿❺✼✱y❃❆❋❘❊r
y 5
★
★
❵
✁
★
❆
❪
❫
❪
Ï❄❅❥✸❖❊⑤❇●❃❆❅❆⑧ ✸➝❏✷❇ ✸ ✸✽❀✷✸◆▼❑▼❂✸✻✿❆❊ÒÕ ❋❉✿✷✼✮❋①➆
ã ✸✔✿✂❃❄▼❺▲✷❇●✸❑❀✂✸✤⑧❆✺✻✶✹✸➭❅✂❇⑨✼❖❏✂❃❄✼✾✼✯❋✹▲❆✶✹x✸✻ ✆✼❖☎✞❀✂✝ ✸ = 95
✿✷✺➭❊●❅✂❇●✸✻✶✎❏✂❃❆❅✂❇❈Ï❄❅➐❰ ❅✂✿✂✸❹⑧❆✺◆✶❍✸✻❅✂❇❈❀✷✸
★ ✸◆✿➝❀❆❋❘⑧❆❋❍✼✮✺✽✿❆❊➉✶❍✺❾⑧❆✺◆✶❍✸✻❅✂❇q▼❺✺ Ñ ❋❍y⑦
✿✷✺✻❊●❅✂❇●✸➭✶☎❏❄❅✷❋❍✼✮✼✱✸❷✼✮✺✻❊●❋❉✼✮❜✹✺✻❋❍❇●✸r✶⑩❰ ✸✽★ Ï❆❅✂✺✻❊●❋❍❃❄✿◗✿✂❃❆❅✂✼✚✸◆✼⑤x❊➐❀✂❃❄✿✷✿ ✸★
Ô Õ ❏✂✺◆❇❴✶❍✺ ❏❄✶❉❅✂✼Ù❏✂✸➭❊●❋❘❊⑤✸ ❀❆❋❘⑧❆❋❍✼✯❋✹❃❄✿➟❏✂❃❄✼✾✼✯❋✹▲❆✶✹✸ Ô Õ ❏✂❃❆❅✂❇✞❃✷▲❆❊●✸◆✿❄❋❉❇
▼❺✺✻✶✹✸ ❀✷✸
x✺➝❇ ✸✻★95
5
➐
❪
ã
❏❥❃❄✿✷✼✾✸✤✸✻✼✯❊ × ❪
95
=
19
5
✟✡✠☞☛✌☛✎✍✏☛✒✑☞✓✔✠✖✕ ✍✗✑✙✘✚✘✆✜✣
✛ ✢✥✤✙✦★✧☞✩ ✟✂✪✬✫✎✭✮✟✰✯✲✱✳✭✵✴✷✶✹✸✻✺ ✩✽✼ ✜ ✛ ✕✞✠✖✾✙✍ ✤ ✘✿✕ ✼❁❀ ✜❃✛ ❂✖✜❄✢ ✾ ✜ ✭ ✦ ✠☞❅❆❅❇✑✙✘✿✾✚❈❃✍ ✓ ✓ ✜❃✼
✭ ✦ ✠✙❅❆❅❇✑✙✘✥✾✚❈✒✍ ✓ ✓ ✜❃✼✻❉❊❀✲❋
✂ ✍ ❪ × ✸➭❅ Ñ ❏❥✸✻❇⑤❏✂✸◆✿✂❀❆❋ ❵ ❅✷✶❉✺◆❋❉❇●✸◆✼❷Ï❆❅✷❋✂✼✱✸ ❵ ❃❆❅✂❏✂✸◆✿❆❊❻✺◆❅ ❵ ✸◆✿❆❊⑤❇●✸◗❀q❰ ❅✂✿
❵ ✸✻❇ ❵ ✶✹✸❖❀✷✸❞❇⑨✺Ý❁❄❃❄✿ ➆✽✼ ✸✻★ ❏✂✺◆❇●✸◆✿❆❊✎✶✹✸ ❵ ✸✻❇ ❵ ✶✹✸❞✸◆✿✦Ï❆❅✂✺✻❊⑤❇●✸❞❏✷✺✽❇Ò❊●❋✹✸✻✼ ❪ ➇★✿
❏✷✶④❅✂✼❾❏✂✸➭❊●❋❘❊ ❵ ✸✻❇ ❵ ✶✹✸❈1✸◆✼⑤❊✴❋❉✿✷✼ ❵ ❇⑨❋④❊✚❀❄✺✽✿✷✼✚❅✂✿✂✸❞❀✷✸ ❵ ✸✻✼❻❏✂✺◆❇⑨❊●❋❍✸◆✼ ❵ ❃❄▼❑▼❂✸
❀✷✺◆✿✷✼❷✶❍✺◗❼❥➄Ý❅✂❇●✸ ❪ ✪✘❅❥✸✻✶➉✸✻✼✯❊❾✶❍✸◗❇⑨✺➭❁❄❃❄✿❺❀❆❅❂❏❄✶❉❅✂✼❷❏❥✸Ý❊●❋④❊ ❵ ✸◆❇ ❵ ✶❍✸
Ú
Ô ✞❄Õ 2
Ô ✠✂Õ 1
ÔÒ× Õ √
Ô❫ Õ 1
3
3
✎✑✏✌✒✔✓✖✕✘✗✙✏✠✚
✪✥✬✮✭✄✯✤✢☛✬✮✚✥✱✳✺
2−1
2
✬✑▲❇✗✧✜
❯❲✏❳✓ ✒✙✢☛✿
✢✠
✼ ✕✴✓✩✜✮✗❁✬✌✚❚✕❁✿
❂❖✢❇
✼ ❆✑✢✳✪
✜✣✢
......................
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✺❖✭❇✓✌❉❪❉❋✏✠✚✥✜✣▲❇✗✹✒❄✒✧✢❇✿
✟✝
✺❖✭❇✓✌❉❪❉❋✏✠✚✥✜✣▲❇✗✹✒❄✒✧✢❇✿✶▼❖❂
.....................................
..........
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❿ ❃☎❊●❃❄✿✷✼ ✶✹✸❑❇⑨✺Ý❁❄❃❄✿➈❀❆❅➈❏❄✶❉❅✂✼◗❏❥✸Ý❊●❋④❊ ❵ ✸✻❇ ❵ ✶✹✸ ❪✎❽ ✿❶❊⑤❇⑨✺ ❵ ✸✔✶✹✸
❞
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r
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❇⑨✺➭❁❄❃❄✿❹❀❆❅❹❏✷✶④❅✂✼❻❏❥✸Ý❊●❋④❊ ❵ ✸✻❇ ❵ ✶✹✸✘Ó✹❅✂✼✱Ï❆❅➐❰ ✺✻❅✦❏✂❃❆❋❍✿❆❊✎❀✂✸❷❊●✺◆✿✂➄✻✸◆✿ ❵ ✸❈✺Ý⑧❄✸ ❵
.....
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✶❍✺❏✂✸◆❇●❏❥✸✻✿✂❀❄❋ ❵ ❅✷✶❍✺✻❋❍❇●✸■✷❃❄❇●❋ á ❃❄✿❆❊●✺✻✶✹✸ ❪✚❽ ✿❯❜✹✺✻❋④❊◗❀✷✸❂▼ ✸✻✧ ▼❂✸❂✺Ý⑧❄✸ ❵ ✶❍✺
......
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❏❥✸✻❇⑤❏✂✸◆✿✂❀❆❋ ❵ ❅✷✶❉✺◆❋❉❇●✸⑧❄✸✻❇⑨❊●❋ ❵ ✺✻✶✹✸ ❪ Ö☎❋❉✿✷✺◆✶❍✸◆▼❺✸◆✿❆❊✱➆❾❃❄✿➈❊⑤❇⑨✺ ❵ ✸✢❅✂✿✂✸✢❜♠❃❆❋❉✼
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✸◆✿ ❵ ❃❄❇●✸Ü✶❍✸Ü❇⑨✺Ý❁❄❃❄✿✞❀❆❅✞❏✷✶④❅✂✼❶❏✂✸➭❊●❋❘❊ ❵ ✸◆❇ ❵ ✶❍✸➈Ó✹❅✂✼✱Ï❆❅➐❰ ✺✻❅✞❏❥❃❆❋❉✿❆❊✢❀✷✸
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❵ ❃❄✿❆❊⑨✺ ❵ ❊✘✸✻✿❆❊⑤❇●✸◗✶✹✸✻✼★❀✂✸➭❅ Ñ✦❵ ✸◆❇ ❵ ✶❍✸◆✼ ❪
..................................................................................................................
❽ ✿❑⑧❄❃❆❋❘❊★❀✂❃❄✿ ❵ Ï❄❅❥✸✤✶❉✺✔❀❆❋❍✼⑤❊●✺◆✿ ❵ ✸✦❀❆❅ ❵ ✸◆✿❆❊⑤❇●✸✦❀❆❅ ❵ ✸✻❇ ❵ ✶✹✸❖Ó✹❅✂✼✱Ï❆❅➐❰ ✺ ✥ ❵ ✸➭✶❉❅✷❋✴❀❆❅✢❏✂✸➭❊●❋❘❊
√ ➆✚✸Ý❊ ❵ ✸➭✶❉✶❍✸❀❄❅ ❵ ✸✻✿❆❊⑤❇●✸✢❀❆❅⑥❏✂✸➭❊●❋❘❊ ❵ ✸✻❇ ❵ ✶✹✸✔Ó✹❅✂✼✱Ï❆❅➐❰ ✺✻❅
❵ ✸✻❇ ❵ ✶✹✸✸◆✼⑤❊➝❀✂✸ √ 2
2 =
r
+
r
❏❥❃❆❋❉✿❆❊➝❀✷✸ ❵ ❃❄✿❆❊●✺ ❵ ❊◗✺Ý⑧❄✸ ❵ ✶❍✸➄➭❇⑨✺◆✿✂2r
❀ ❵ ✸◆❇ ❵ ✶❍✸✸✻✼✯❊◗❀✷✸ ❪❾Ð ✿❯✼✾✺ ❵ ■❄✺✽✿❆❊◗Ï❆❅❥✸❺✶✹✸❺❇⑨✺➭❁❄❃❄✿➈❀❄❅
√
√
❪
➄➭❇⑨✺✽✿✂❀ ❵ ✸✻❇ ❵ ✶✹✸◗✸◆✼⑤❊r❀✷✸ ➆❄❃❄✿✔✺ √
❃❆❅❺▲❆❋✹r✸✻✿
1
2r
+
r
=
1
r
=
1/(
2
+
1)
=
2−1
×
ã ✺✤❇ ✸◆★ ❏✂❃❄✿✷✼✱✸➝✸◆✼⑤❊ ❪
❸ ■❄✺➭❊➐▲✷❇⑨❋❍✿✂➄➭✼➐❅✂✼q❊⑤❃★❊✯■✷✸❷✸◆✿✂❀❖❃❆❜☎✺◆✿✂❃☎❊✯■✷✸◆❇❥❋❍✼✮✼✮❅❥✸ ❪➁❸ ■❆❋❉✼✎▼❺❃❄✿❆❊✯■➉❰ ✼➉③◗❋❉✿✷✿✂✸◆❇q❃❆❜☎✺❷❏✷✺✽✼⑤❊
⑧❄❃❆✶❉❅✂▼❺✸❈❃❆❜qâ♦✺Ý❁✂■✷✸✻▼ ❋❉✼ ✒✾✸✻✺✽✿✂⑦ × ✺➭⑧❆❋✹❀ Þ ❃❆❅✷✶✹✸❆➆◆✼⑤❊●❅❥❀✂✸✻✿❆❊✱➆ ✠ ✸✽★ ➄✻✸✻❏✦❀✷✸ × ❇●❅✂▼❑▼❂❃❄✿✂❀✽⑧❄❋④✶❉✶❍✸❄➆
× ❇●❅✂▼❑▼❂❃❄✿✂❀✽⑧❄❋④✶❉✶❍✸❄➆ ✪ ✠ ❪ ✠➐❃❄✿✂➄➭❇⑨✺➭❊●❅✷✶❍✺➭❊●❋✹❃❄✿✷✼ ✒✾✸◆✺◆✿✂⑦ × ✺Ý⑧❄❋❍❀❍●
✠➐❃❄✿❆❊●❋❉✿❄❅❥✸➝✼✱✸✻✿✂❀❄❋❉✿✂➄❖❋❉✿❹❁❄❃❆❅✂❇ ❵ ❃❄✿❆❊⑤✸✻✼✯❊⑨✼❷✺✽✿✂❀❑✼✾❃❆✶❉❅❄❊●❋❍❃❄✿✷✼ ❪
✁ ✮✂
✍ ✁☎✄✝✆
✞✍ ✁ ✠☞ ✟➀✍✑✡ ✍☛✡☞✄✝✆
✂
â♦✺✻❊✯■✷✸✻▼❺✺➭❊●❋ ❵ ✺◆✶✚â♦✺Ý❁✂■✷✸✻▼➢▲✷✸✽➄➭✺◆✿❺❋❍✿✁ ❹✺✽✼ ➷ ❝ ➷ ✍✌ ➮ ✔➷ ✏✎✒✑ ➷ ✈✔✓⑤✉ ❄➴ ✃ ➷ ✈✖✕Ò✉ ➴✖➷ ✃ ➬✘✗ ❐
❤✙✎✛✚✜✌✣✢✜✑✤✌❄✉❄✉✽✈ ➷ ✃ ➬✦✥ ✃✧✎ ★ ➮➭➴ ✎ ✮❐✣✢ ✂➬❄➮ ✃ ❄❪q❒ ❊ ❵ ❃❄✿❆❊●❋❍✿❄❅❥✸✻✼➭➆❆③◗❋❘❊✯■✔❊✯■✷✸✤✼✾✺◆▼❂✸❹✸✻▼❺❏✂■❄✺✽✼✯❋❍✼Ý➆
✺✽✼❷✺✽✿✔❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸◆➄➭❇⑨✺◆✶❥❏✂✺◆❇⑨❊✘❃❆❜✪✩✬✫✮✭✮✔
✯ ❚✞❱✬✰✲✱✴✳✮✔✵ ❱✬❃ ✰✷✶✹❃✷✸✻✺✜❀❄✫✻❋❉✿ ✭✼✵✾Ô ❽ ✽✿❊⑨❊●✶❀✺Ý✰❁❺✱③➝✺❚✞q❱✬✺◆✰❁❇●✱✴✶❍✳✻✸➭✔✵ ❊●❃❄❱✬✿ ✰✹✶✷×✮✸ ❱✮❋❍➐❂ ✼⑤❊⑤❚✞❇●❋ ❵ ❱☎❊❞❲✼✱✴➋ ❵✳✮■✷✵ ❃✷❪ ❃❆✶
❸ ■✷✸✢â♦✺Ý❁✂■✷✸✻▼ Ð ❀❆❋④❊●❃❄❇★❋❍✼◗➋✽■❄✺➭③➝✿❄❻
➉❃❄✺✽❇●❀✽Õ ❪❷❸ ■✷✸ ❫ ✼✾✼✯❋❍✼⑤❊●✺◆✿❆❊â♦✺Ý❁✂■✷✸✻▼ Ð ❀❄❋❘❊⑤❃❄❇❹❋❍✼ ✾✸ Þ ❃✷❃❄❏❥✸✻❇ Ô ❫✘❵ ✺☎❀❆❋❍✺♦➇★✿❄❋❘⑧❄✸✻❇⑨✼✮❋❘❊⑩❁✽Õ ❪
❸ ■✷✸Ü❃☎❊✯■✷✸◆❇❺✼✯❊⑨✺ ✫▼❂✸✻▼❂▲✷✸◆❇⑨✼✢✺✽❇●✸ ✾❃✷■❄✿❅❻
❃ ❇⑨✺◆✿❆❊❙â ❵Ýã ❃❆❅❥➄✻■❆✶❉❋❉✿ Ô ➇★✿❄❋ ⑧❄✸◆❇⑨✼✯❋④❊①❁ ❃❆❜✦❿❞✸➁③
❥❇●❅✂✿✷✼●③◗❋ ❵ ➃➭Õ✯➆ ❒ ✺✽✿ ✺✽✿✂❀✷✸◆❇ ✂❅✂❇●➄✻■ Ô ➇★✿❄❋❘⑧❄✸✻❇⑨✼✮❋❘❊⑩❁❯❃❆❜❻➅✢✺➭❊⑤✸✻❇●✶❍❃✷❃✽Õ✯➆ ã ✺✽❇●❇①❁ q❋ ❵ ✸ Ô ➇★✿❄❋ ⑧❄✸◆❇⑤⑦
✼✮❋❘❊⑩❁✦❃❆❜✷➅✢✺✻❊●✸◆❇⑨✶✹❃✷❃✽Õ⑤➆ Ð ❇●❋ ❵ q❃✷▲✷✸◆❇Ò❊ Ô ã ✸◆❃ Þ ✺Ý❁❄✸◆✼ Þ ❋✹➄✻■✦➋ ❵ ■✷❃✷❃❆✶①➆✷Ö☎❇●✸✽❀✷✸◆❇⑨❋ ❵ ❊●❃❄✿☎Õ✯➆✂â⑥❃❄✿❄❋✹➃◆✺
à✎■✷▲✷✸✻❋❉✼ Ô Ö☎✺✻❊✯■✷✸✻❇❈â➈❋ ❵ ■❄✺☎✸➭✶❆❻
❃ ❃✷✸➭❊ á ➋✽✸ ❵ ❃❄✿✂❀✷✺◆❇①❁❂➋ ❵ ■✷❃✷❃❆✶①➆➉â➈❋❍✼✮✼✮❋❉✼✾✼✮✺◆❅❥➄➭✺ÝÕ✯➆❥â♦✺✽❇⑤➃ ❥❇●✸✽❀❆❋❍✿
Ô ➋➭❊ ❪ ✾❃✷■❄✿q❰ ✼✾⑦ ➉✺Ý⑧❄✸◆✿✷✼ ❵ ❃❆❅✂❇Ò❊r➋ ❵ ■✷❃✷❃❆✶①➆✽➅❋❉✿✷✿❄❋❍❏✂✸✽➄✱Õ⑤➆❆✺◆✿✂❀ q❃❄✿ ã ✺✽✿ ❵ ✺✽✼⑤❊⑤✸✻❇ Ô ➇★✿❄❋❘⑧❄✸✻❇⑨✼✮❋❘❊⑩❁✦❃❆❜
✙ ✤
✞
✁✎
✞
✛
✤
✠
✒ ✎
✒
✞
✤ ✣✢
✁✤ ✙
✤ ✛
☎
☎
✒
☛✞
❸ ❃❄❇●❃❄✿❆❊●❃✽Õ ❪
✤☎
✽☎
❇ ❈❊❉●❋■❍❑❏ ▲◆▼✙❖◗❙❘✜❍❑❏❯❚
⑧♠❻❜✤❞✜❲✷♦✻❞✜❲ ❢❤❣❀❣❀⑨❀❜✮❩✜❱❳❫✼❢❤❲❀❣❀❨❬❭❥❜✮❩✻❫❛❡♥❭✍❨✻❨❪❜✻⑨❁❷✴❭✍❨❬❣❀❨✏❢❧⑩✤❦✧❫✧❨✻❨❼❴❛❴❶❭✏❵❝❜✤❩✻❜❳❲✷❷❀❞✮❞✜❢✷❨✏❡✪❢❤❣❀❡❛❜✮❭✏❜✤❫✼❢❧❦✼❲✷❭✻❞✜❣✛⑦ ❭❊❢❤❣❀❜✮❴❝❫✼❩✜❭✐❢✷❨✦❢✷❜❥❸❹❢❧❣ ❦✧❲ ❪❨✿❜✮♠✖❫✼❡♥❲❤❜✜❵❄♦✻❲❀♦❳❨✍❨✦♣q⑨❁❭r❜✮❣❤❫✜❫❑❭❁❣❧❢❧❴✬❦❝❨✍❣✛❭✠❡♥❨✤❨✻❴❺❴✮❣❀❣✛❢❤❷✠❣❀❜✮❢❧❦✖❫✣❨✏♦✻❡♥❵t❨❥s✈❣✛❭✣✉■❢❤❣❤✇✻♣❛①❁②✏❨✦③❊♦❳④✤❨❬⑤✮❷✷❜✮⑤✼❡♥⑥❳❨ ⑦
➇❧❸❹❫r❣ ❲ ❣✛✜❭➈❭✍♠✖❞✜❡♥❽❝❨✮❨❬❩✜❭❹⑨❁❨✤⑨✹➉❬❦✐❴✬➄❳❨❪♠✖➊✍➄✜❡♥❽❝❜✜➋✍❫✼➄✼♦✻❿✤❩✮❲❀❲ ❨✍❣✛❫✧❭➈♣❾❴✐❦➑⑦ ➌➈❣✛❭➀➄✧❿✤❽❝❣❀❫✼⑩✤❿✤❨✍❲ ❫q❣✛❭➈❦✐❣❤❫❛❸❹❽✼❣ ❲❫❝✍❿✤♠✖❲ ❣✛❡♥❭➁❨✮❦➂⑨❁❨✤❩✮❴✬❫✬❨✪❴❛➃✮➃✮❡♥❡♥❨✍❨✍❫✧❫✧⑨✲⑨✲❦❝❦❝➄✼➄❆❩✮❢❧❫✬❦✧❴❼❨✠❣❤❫❼❜✻➅❥❣✛❭➈❭✍⑨✷❣✛❞✜❩✤❨❬❲✬❭❆❲✛❩✮➍✍❫❝➄✼❿❳➎✻❞✻➄✬❩✤➏❬❿✜➄✼❨❬❩✮❭✙❫✧❴✙❜✻❷❻➐✏➆✜➄✧❩✮➃✮❫✼❡♥❨✍❩✼❫✧❴❝⑨✲❩✬❦ ⑦
↔❙❜✮❫✖❢❧❡♥➒✻❨❬❦✧❩✤❲✧❨✿❷❀❨✤❜✮❴✮❡➛❣❀❢✷❢❧❡✷❜✮❩✮❡➓❫✜❢❧❭❁❦✜❲✛❩✮❩✜❫✜❢❤❣❀➔✮❜✮❭➑❫✜→✤❭r❨✏❜✻❩✮❷✴❫✧❢❧➣➈❦✧↔❑❨➛❩✮♠✖❡♥❡♥⑨➀❜✜➒✻♦✻❨✍❲❀❡✲❨✏❡✹♣➂❣❀❨✏❭✤❡➑⑦ ❩✮❫✬❴➂↔❑❩✮❡➈❢❤❣❤❫t↕❻❜✤❲❧❴❝❭✍❢❀❨❬❣❤❫➂❜✻❷✔❢❧❦✖❨✐➙➑❫❝❣❀⑩✻❨✏❡✷❭♥❣❀❢❤❵✐❜✻❷
➜
➤
➤
●❼➨✿➝ ➩
✂ ❪
✁
➟➞ ➑➠ ➢➡ ❾➤ ❅➤ ✒➥
❳✭✾✏ ✪
✞✬✖✕✙✢✤✭■✒✙✏✖✏✮✿
ã ✸➭❊
➆
✏✮✸✤✢✌✜
✝
✁
❍
✜
✝❊❯ ✝
❖✬✮✭✾✜
✞✬✌✚✖❆ ✿
✗✹✒ ❊✭■✗✙✜
➧➦
❏✌✬✣✓✌✭■✗✧✢☛✭
✚✩✗✧▲✌✢☛✭■✸✾✗✔✕ ❍ ✿
❪ ✵✂❇●❃✻⑧❄✸✢❊✯■❄✺➭❊
▲✷✸❶❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸◆➄✻✸◆❇⑨✼✔✼✮❅ ❵ ■➈❊✯■❄✺➭❊
(a2 + b2 )/5 = n
✺◆✿✂❀ ❪
➆❾✺◆✿✂❀
a b
❜♠❃❄❇r✼✾❃❄▼❂n✸❖❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸◆➄✻✸◆❇⑨✼
n = c + d2
c
➜ ➤
◆➳ ✜➯
➲✪➸ ✤➞ ➺ ❪■➝ ➫➞ ➫➭ ❳➯ ✖➞✾➩ ✣➲ ◆➳ ❳➯ ➵➦
❃ ❋ ⑧❄✸◆✿ ❇●✸◆✺✻✶✂✿❄❅✂▼❂▲✷✸◆❇⑨✼✘❏✷✶❉✺ ❵ ✸✽❀✦✺✽❇●❃❆❅✂✿✂❀✦✺ ❵ ❋❍❇ ❵ ✶❍✸❖✼✮❅ ❵ ■➝❊✯■❄✺✻❊r✸✻✺ ❵ ■❹✿❄❅✂▼❂▲✷✸◆❇
✚
❋❍✼✚❊✯■✷✸❈✺✽❇⑨❋④❊✯■❄▼❺✸➭❊●❋ ❵ ▼❺✸◆✺◆✿✦❃❆❜❄❋④❊⑨✼❾✿✂✸✻❋❍➄✻■✷▲✂❃❆❅✂❇⑨✼✘❃❄❇✚✸➭✶❍✼✾✸✖❋❘❊●✼✚❊Ò③✤❃➝✿✂✸➭❋✹➄✻■✷▲✷❃❆❅✂❇⑨✼r✺✽❇●✸❞✸✽Ï❆❅✂✺◆✶①➆
2
✁
✍
❳✭●✏ ✪
✏✮✸☛✢✮✜
✝
✬ ★✓
❍
✟✝
d
✒❄✗ ❍ ✢ ▲☛✿
★✬ ★✓◆✎✖✕✘✬✖✕✙✢
❚✚✑✗✙▲✌✢✤✭✔✸●✗✧✕ ❍ ✿
★✬ ★✓✌✿
❇✢✤✭ ✠✬✤✗ ■✬✮✚
1001
❏✂❇●❃✻⑧❄✸❖❊✯■❄✺✻❊r✺✻✶❉✶✷❊✯■✷✸◗✿❄❅✂▼❂▲✷✸◆❇⑨✼★✺✽❇●✸➝✸✽Ï❆❅✂✺◆✶ ❪
➜
➤
✁
❼✬➝ ➻ ➛➼ ➀➩ ■➞ ➳
✑ ❪
✝
❳✭●✏ ✪
✏✮✸☛✢✮✜
❃✚❋ ⑧❄✸◆✿➝❊⑤❇⑨❋❍✺◆✿✂➄Ý✶✹✸
❏❥✸✻❇⑤❏✂✸◆✿✂❀❆❋ ❵ ❅✷✶❉✺✽❇⑨✼❾❜✹❇●❃❄▼
✒❁✬✌✚✥✜✠✿❚✎✖✕ ✮✯✤✏ ✖✚
❒❜
✸●✿
✡✝
❍
★✭❇✓ ✷ ✢
❲❏
❳➻ ✖➠
✎ ✖✬
❍ ✢☛✭✴✿
✺◆✿✂❀
t➦
✢✤❉❋✏✠✭■✗✘✬ ✒
➆➭③◗❋❘❊✯■
❚✚✑✗✙▲✌✢✤✭✔✸●✗✧✕ ❍
✺✽✿✂❀
❳➥✙➩ ✜➠✙➥
✏
✞✢
✔✏❳✓✌✚✥✜❳✱
❪ × ❇●❃❄❏
ABC
✺✽✿✂❀
❊⑤DE
❃
➆✽BC
▼❺✸✽✸Ý❊●❋❍✿✂➄ D ∈✺✻❊ AB✺✽✿✂❀ E➆◆❇●∈✸◆✼✮AC
❏❥✸ ❵ ❊●❋❘⑧❄✸➭✶❘❁
D
E
BC
BC
F
K
32 ➆✷❀✷✸➭❊●✸◆❇●▼❑❋❉✿✂✸❖❊✯■✷✸➝❇⑨✺➭❊●❋✹❃
[ABC]
=
[DEKF ]
7
❈
|AD| ❪
|DB|
❪
✁ ✌✟
➜
➤
✁
❼✬➝ ➻ ➛➼ ➀➩ ■➞ ➳
❪
❳✭●✏ ✪
✁
✝
✏✮✸☛✢✮✜
✒❁✬✌✚✥✜✠✿❚✎✖✕ ✮✯✤✏ ✖✚
❳➻ ✖➠
★✭❇✓ ✷ ✢
❍
✡✝
✸●✿
✎ ✖✬
❲❏
t➦
❈
❍ ✢☛✭✴✿
✢✤❉❋✏✠✭■✗✘✬ ✒
❚✚✑✗✙▲✌✢✤✭✔✸●✗✧✕ ❍
❳➥✙➩ ✜➠✙➥
✏
✞✢
✔✏❳✓✌✚✥✜❳✱
❫ ❏✂✺✻❋❍❇r❃❆❜❥❊Ò③✤❃✷⑦✮❀❄❋❍➄Ý❋④❊❾✿❄❅✂▼❂▲✷✸◆❇⑨✼✖■❄✺◆✼✘❊✯■✷✸❖❜♠❃❆✶❉✶❍❃✽③◗❋❍✿✂➄❞❏✂❇●❃❄❏✂✸◆❇Ò❊●❋✹✸✻✼◗ß
✁ ❪❈❸ ■✷✸➝✼✯❅✂▼
❃❆❜❥❊✯■✷✸❖❜♠❃❆❅✂❇✘❀❆❋✹➄Ý❋❘❊●✼✘❋❍✼
❪❈❸ ■✷✸➝✼✯❅✂▼
❃❆❜❥❊✯■✷✸❞❊Ò③✤❃✔✿❄❅✂▼❺▲✂✸✻❇⑨✼❷❋❍✼
❪
17
☎ ❪❈❸ ■✷✸➝❏✷❇●❃✷❀❄❅ ❵ ❊✘❃❆❜❥❊✯■✷✸◗❜♠❃❆❅✂❇r❀❄❋❍➄Ý❋④❊⑨✼❷❋❉✼
89
210
❪❈❸ ■✷✸➝❏✷❇●❃✷❀❄❅ ❵ ❊✘❃❆❜❥❊✯■✷✸❖❊Ò③✤❃✦✿❄❅✂▼❂▲✷✸◆❇⑨✼❷❋❍✼
➜
× ✸➭❊●✸◆❇●▼❑❋❉✿✂✸❖❊✯■✷✸❖❊Ò③✤❃✦✿❄❅✂▼❂▲✷✸◆❇⑨✼ ❪
➓➝
✁
➤
❪
✦➞ ✷➻
❳✭✾✏ ✪
✁
✏✮✸✤✢✌✜
➻
❈
✕ ✥✢
❍
✄✂
✬ ❍ ✥✢☛❉
❪
❪
1924
❪
✝
✎✑✕❁✬
✼✯❅ ❵ ■➸❊✯■❄✺➭❊✱➆✘❋❉❜
❋❍✼❂✺♦❏❥❃❄✼✯❋④❊●❋ ⑧❄✸❯❋❍✿❆❊●✸✽➄✻✸✻❇
Ö☎❋❉✿✂❀❢✺ÜÏ❆❅✷❋❍✿❆❊●❋ ❵ ❏❥❃❆✶ ❁✷✿✂❃❄▼✔❋❍✺✻✶
n ❵ ❃❄✿✷✼✮❋❉✼✯❊⑨✼❑❃❆❜✘❊✯■✷✸❙❀❆❋✹➄Ý❋❘❊
❵ ❃❄✿✷✼✯❋❍✼⑤❊●❋❍✿✂➄✢❃❆❜✘❊✯■✷✸❙❀❄❋❍➄Ý❋④❊
❇●✸◆❏✂✸◆✺➭❊⑤✸◆❀ f (x)❊●❋❉▼❂✸✻✼➭➆✴❊✯■✷✸◆✿
f (n)
❪ Õ ✠➐❃❄▼❑❏✂✺◆❇●✸
❇●✸◆❏✂✸◆✺➭❊⑤✸◆❀
❊●❋❍▼❺✸◆✼7❪ Ô Ö❄❃❄❇r✸ Ñ ✺✽▼❑k❏✷✶❍✸❄➆
7
5k
+
3
f
(77)
=
7777777777777
③◗❋④❊✯■â ✮ ✂✮✟ ✝ ✂ ✠✂ ✟❺ß ✮ ✟✠✂ ☞ ❪
➜
☎✂
➤
✘➝
❪
✍
✁
✝
✎✖✕✘✬
❳✭●✏ ✪
✏✮✸☛✢✮✜
➞ ✷➻
❍
❈
✕ ✥✢
➻
✬ ❍ ✥✢☛❉
..
.
q✸ ❵ ❊⑨✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍✸
❋❍✼❾❋❉✿✷✼ ❵ ❇⑨❋✹▲✷✸✽❀✤❋❍✿
✺ ❵ ❋❍❇ ❵ ✶❍✸
✺✽✿✂❀ ABCD
❋❉✼★✺➝❏❥❃❆❋❉✿❆❊❷❃❄✿ ❪✴ã ❋❉✿✂✸◆✼
P
❏✂✺◆❇⑨✺◆✶④✶✹✸➭✶★Γ❊●❃⑥❊✯■✷✸➈
✼✯❋✹❀✷✸◆✼❂❃❆❜★❊✯■✷✸➈❇●Γ
✸ ❵ ❊●✺◆✿✂➄Ý✶✹✸
✺✽❇●✸➸❀✷❇⑨✺Ý③➝✿ ❊✯■❄❇●❃❆❅❥➄✻■
✺✽✿✂❀❴▼❂✸◆✸➭❊❃❄✿✂✸
❏✂✺✻❋❍❇◗❃❆❜r✼✯❋✹❀✷✸◆✼➝✺➭❊❖❏❥❃❆❋❉✿❆P
❊●✼
✺◆✿✂❀
✺✽✿✂❀
❊✯■✷✸ ✸ Ñ ❊⑤✸✻✿✷✼✮❋❍❃❄✿✷✼ ❃❆❜❂❊✯■✷✸ÙW
❃☎❊✯■✷✸◆❇Ü❏✷X✺◆❋❉❇➸❃❆❜
❪ ✵✂❇●❃✻⑧❄✸❹❊✯■❄✺➭❊❷❊✯■✷✸❹✶❉❋❉✿✂✸
✺✽✿✂❀
✼✮❋❍❀✂✸✻✼❞✺✻❊
❊✯■❄❇●❃❆❅❥➄✻■ Y ✺✽✿✂❀ Z ❋❉✼❈❏❥✸✻❇⑤❏✂✸◆✿✂❀❆❋ ❵ ❅✷✶❉✺✽❇r❊⑤❃
❊✯■✷✸◗✶❉❋❉✿✂✸❞❊✯W
■❄❇●❃❆❅❥➄✻■ Y ✺✽✿✂❀ ❪
➜
➤
➤
◆❼➨✿➝ ➩
✂ ❪
✁
➋✽❃❆❋④❊
Z
✏✮✸✥✢❑
✼
✪✥✬✌✭
✝
➆
✸➭❊
✁
➑➠
✜
❖✬✌✭●✜
✁
✍
❳✭✾✏ ✪
✟✝
❇✢✤✭ ✠✬✤✗ ■✬✮✚
W
B
D
X
C
✏✮✸✥✢ ✼
✝❊❯ ✝
➤
✞✬✌✚✖❆ ✿
➦
❄
➟➤ ❧➥
✚✩✗✧▲✌✢☛✭■✸✾✗✔✕ ✢ ✼
✗❄✒ ❁✭■✗✧✜❨❏✌✬✖✓✮✭■✗✙✢✤✭✴✿
❪ â⑥❃❄✿❆❊⑤❇●✸✻❇❑Ï❆❅❥✸
❀✷✸◆✼❂✸✻✿❆❊●❋✹✸✻❇⑨✼✔❊⑤✸➭✶❍✼❂Ï❆❅❥✸
(a2 + b2 )/5 = n
✸➭❊ ❪
a ❏❥b❃❆❅✂❇✘❀✷
n✸◆✼★✸✻✿❆❊●❋✹✸✻❇⑨✼
n = c 2 + d2
c
➜ ➤
➲✪➸ ✤➞ ➺ ❪ ➝
➡
..
.
A
❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪❪
❳✭●✏ ✪
✞✬✖✕✙✢✤✭■✒✙✏✖✏✮✿
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P
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✪✥✬✮✭
➭ ✜➯ ✔➞ ➩ ❑➲
✬ ★✓
d
✝
✒❄✗ ❍ ✢ ▲☛✿
➳ ❳➯
★✬ ★✓
➟➦
✎✖✕✘✬✖✕✙✢
✚✩✗✧▲✌✢☛✭■✸✾✗✔✕ ❍ ✿
➳ ✜➯
★✬ ★✓✌✿
Ð ❊⑨✺✽✿❆❊✎❀✂❃❄✿✷✿ ✸ ★
✿✂❃❄▼❺▲✷❇●✸✻✼❻❇ ✸✽★ ✸➭✶❍✼✚❏✷✶❉✺ ❵✬✸✻★ ✼❻✺✻❅❄❊⑤❃❆❅✂❇✎❀➉❰ ❅✂✿ ❵ ✸◆❇ ❵ ✶❍✸❈❀✷✸✖✼✾❃❄❇⑨❊●✸❈Ï❆❅❥✸❄➆
❆❃ ❅❑▲❄❋❍✸◆✿ ❵ ■❄✺✽Ï❄❅❥✸❞✿✂❃❄1001
▼❂▲❄❇●✸◗✸✻✼✯❊✎✶❍✺❖▼❺❃◆❁❄✸✻✿✷✿✂✸❖✺◆❇●❋❘❊✯■❄▼ ✸Ý★ ❊●❋✹Ï❆❅❥✸◗❀✷✸❖✼✾✸◆✼✚⑧❄❃❆❋❉✼✮❋❉✿✷✼➭➆☎❃❆❅✦✺◆✶❍❃❄❇⑨✼
✼✱✸✻✼★❀✂✸➭❅ Ñ ⑧❄❃❆❋❍✼✯❋❍✿✷✼✘✼✱❃❄✿❆❊ ✸◆★ ➄➭✺◆❅ Ñ ➆❄▼❺❃❄✿❆❊⑤❇●✸◆❇✘Ï❆❅❥✸❖❊⑤❃❆❅✂✼✘✶❍✸◆✼❷✿✂❃❄▼❺▲✷❇●✸✻✼★✼✱❃❄✿❆❊ ✸✽★ ➄➭✺✻❅ Ñ➉❪
✁ ☎✄
➜
➤
✝
✬➻ ➛➼ ✔➀➝ ➩
✑ ❪
✁
✎✖✕ ✮✯✤✏ ✖✚
❳✭✾✏ ✪
❼➳
✜➻ ✧➠ ✪➦
✏✮✸✥✢✶
✼ ✪✥✬✮✭
★✭❇✓ ✷ ✢❖✎ ✣✬
✡✝
✸●✿
❲❏
❍ ✢✤✭✴✿
❈
✚✩✗✧▲✌✢☛✭■✸✾✗✔✕ ✢ ✼
✈➡ ❬➩
✢✤❉❋✏✠✭■✗✘✬ ✒✣✜✣✢
✢✤✭ ✭✾✢✠✱ ✞✢✩✓✩▲✌✢☛✿
× ✺✽✿✷✼❂❅✂✿❢❊⑤❇●❋❉✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍✸
➆✖❃❄✿❴❀✷✸◆✼✮✼✮❋❉✿✂✸♦❅✂✿✂✸⑥❏✂✺◆❇⑨✺◆✶④✶✦✸➭✥ ✶✹✸
◆✺ ❅ ❵ ❃☎✧ ❊ ✸ ★
➆
ABC ❪ ➋✽❃❆❋❘❊❺❇●✸◆✼✮❏❥✸ ❵ ❊●❋❘⑧❄✸✻▼❂✸✻✿❆❊
❵
✺➭⑧❄✸
✸➭❊
✸➭❊ DE ✶✹✻✸ ✼❏✷❋❍✸✽❀❄✼❶BC
❀✷✸◆✼
D ∈ AB
E ∈ AC
F
K
❪ ➋✻❋ [ABC]
❏❥✸✻❇⑤❏✂✸◆✿✂❀❆❋ ❵ ❅✷✶❉✺◆❋❉❇●✸◆✼✤✺✽▲✷✺✻❋❍✼✮✼ ✸◆★ ✸◆✼➝❀✂✸
✸➭❊
✼✯❅✂❇
32 ➆q❊⑤❇●❃❆❅❆⑧❄✸✻❇
D
|AD| ❪
|DB|
✶✹✸◗❇⑨✺✽❏✷❏❥❃❄❇Ò❊
➜
✬➻ ➛➼ ❪✔➀➝ ➩
➤
✝
❳✭✾✏ ✪
✁
✁
✎✖✕ ✮✯✤✏ ✖✚
✸●✿
❼➳
✏✮✸✥✢✶
✼ ✪✥✬✮✭
✡✝
❲❏
E
✜➻ ✧➠ ✪➦
BC
★✭❇✓ ✷ ✢❖✎ ✣✬
❍ ✢✤✭✴✿
=
[DEKF ]
❈
✚✩✗✧▲✌✢☛✭■✸✾✗✔✕ ✢ ✼
7
✈➡ ❬➩
✢✤❉❋✏✠✭■✗✘✬ ✒✣✜✣✢
✢✤✭ ✭✾✢✠✱ ✞✢✩✓✩▲✌✢☛✿
➇★✿✂✸❈❏✂✺✻❋❍❇●✸❞❀✷✸❈✿✂❃❄▼❂▲❄❇●✸◆✼✠✺❖
✥ ❀✷✸✻❅ Ñ◗❵ ■❆❋ ✎➐❇●✸✻✼❾❏✂❃❄✼✾✼ ✸✽✥ ❀✷✸✖✶❍✸◆✼❻❏✂❇●❃❄❏✷❇●❋ ✸➭★ ❊ ✸✻★ ✼❾✼✮❅✷❋ ⑧❆✺✽✿❆❊●✸◆✼★ß
✁ ❪❹ã ✺➝✼✾❃❄▼❺▼❺✸✤❀✷✸◆✼★Ï❆❅✂✺✻❊⑤❇●✸ ❵ ■❆❋ ✎➐❇●✸✻✼✖✸✻✼✯❊
❪❹ã ✺➝✼✾❃❄▼❺▼❺✸✤❀✷✸◆✼★❀✷✸✻❅ Ñ ✿✂❃❄▼❺▲✷❇●✸✻✼✖✸✻✼✯❊
17
89
☎ ❪❹ã ✸◗❏✷❇●❃✷❀❄❅✷❋❘❊❷❀✷✸◆✼★Ï❄❅✂✺➭❊⑤❇●✸ ❵ ■❆❋✏✎q❇●✸◆✼★✸◆✼⑤❊
❪❹ã ✸◗❏✷❇●❃✷❀❄❅✷❋❘❊❷❀✷✸◆✼★❀✂✸➭❅ Ñ ✿✂❃❄▼❺▲✷❇●✸✻✼✖✸◆✼⑤❊
➜
× ✸➭★ ❊●✸◆❇●▼❑❋❉✿✂✸◆❇ ❵ ✸◆✼★❀✂✸➭❅ Ñ ✿✂❃❄▼❺▲✷❇●✸✻✼ ❪
✁
➤
✁
➓➝
❪
❳✭✾✏ ✪
➈➼
✏✮✸✥✢❖
✼ ✪✥✬✮✭✶✒
✁✼
✦★✓ ✗✁✪
❈
✢✞✜✣✢
➻
✬ ❍ ★✢✤❉
❪
❪
210
❪
1924
❪
✝
❸ ❇●❃❆❅❆⑧❄✸◆❇❾❅✂✿❺❏❥❃❆✶ ❁✷✿ ❃❄✧ ▼❺✸✤Ï❆❅✷❋❍✿❆❊●❋❍Ï❄❅❥✸
❊●✸✻✶qÏ❆❅❥✸❄➆❄✼✮❋ ✸✻✼✯❊❾❅✂✿❺✸◆✿❆❊●❋❍✸◆❇r❏✂❃❄✼✮❋❘❊●❋❉❜
★ ❀❆❅ n❵ ■❆❋✏✎q❇●✸ ❇ ✸✻★ ❏ ✸Ý★ ❊ ✸ ★
❜♠❃❄❇⑤▼ ★
✸ ★ ❀❄❅ ❵ ■❆❋ ✎➐❇●✸ ❇ ✸◆★ ❏ ✸➭★ ❊ ✸ ★ ❜♠❃❆❋❉✼➭➆➁✺◆✶❍❃❄❇⑨✼ f (x)✸✻✼✯❊➉❜♠❃❄❇●▼ ✸★
7
k
f
(n)
7 ✝ ✂ ✂✠✟✔ß 5k+3
❪ Õ ❃❆❋❉❇❻✺✻❅✂✼✾✼✯❋➐â ✮✂✮✟✽
❜♠❃❆❋❍✼ ❪ Ô ❆✵ ✺✽❇❾✸ Ñ ✸◆▼❑❏✷✶❍✸❄➆
✌✟✠✟ ☞ ❪
➜
➤
❈
➻
✁
✍
✬ ❍ ★✢✤❉
❪
➝
f (77) = 7777777777777
❳✭✾✏ ✪
✝
✏✮✸✥✢ ✼
✪✥✬✌✭
➈➼
✒
✁✼
✦★✓ ✗✁✪
✢
✜✣✢
✽➋ ❃❆❋④❊
❅✂✿✢❇●✸ ❵ ❊●✺◆✿✂➄Ý✶✹✸❹❋❍✿✷✼ ❵ ❇●❋❘❊
❀✷✺◆✿✷✼❞❅✂✿ ❵ ✸◆ABCD
❇ ❵ ✶❍✸
✸Ý❊
❅✂✿❏❥❃❆❋❉✿❆❊✖✼✯❅✂❇ ❪
P✸➭❊♦❏✷✺✽❇⑨✺✻✶❉✶✦✸✻✥ ✶❍✸◆✼Ü✺✻❅ΓÑ
ã ✸◆✼➸❀✷❇●❃❆❋❘❊⑤✸✻✼Ü❏✂✺◆Γ❇
❵ ❃☎✧ ❊ ✸◆★ ✼✔❀❆❅Ü❇●✸ ❵ ❊⑨✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍P
✸ ❵ ❃❆❅✂❏✂✸◆✿❆❊➝❅✂✿✂✸❶❏✷✺◆❋❉❇●✸
❀✂✸ ❵ ❃☎✧ ❊ ✸◆★ ✼✢✺✻❅ Ñ ❏✂❃❆❋❍✿❆❊⑨✼
✸➭❊
➆✖✸➭❊❺✶❍✸◆✼
✸ Ñ ❊⑤✸✻✿✷✼✮❋❍❃❄✿✷✼✘❀✂✸❈✶①❰ ✺✻❅❄❊⑤❇●✸❖❏✷W✺◆❋❉❇●✸❖❀✂✸X❵ ❃☎✧ ❊ ✸◆★ ✼r✸◆✿
✸➭❊ ❪ â⑥❃❄✿❆❊⑤❇●✸✻❇★Ï❆❅❥✸✤✶❉✺✦❀❄❇●❃❆❋④❊●✸❹❏✷✺✽❇
Y
✸➭❊ ✸✻Z✼✯❊➉❏❥✸✻❇⑤❏✂✸◆✿✂❀❆❋ ❵ ❅✷✶❉✺◆❋❉❇●✸ ✺❷
✥ ✶❉✺★❀✷❇●❃❆❋❘❊⑤✸✘❏✂W
✺◆❇
Y✸➭❊
❪
X
Z
..
..
Y ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ............................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ............................✻
P
Z
..✻
✛
.. .. .. ...✻
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...... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ✲
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A
W
B
D
X
C
❄
✁ ✁
❇ ✘❈ ❉ ❋■❍❑❏ ✣❖❙❘ ✼❖ ■❚
☎➞ ➑➠ ➡ ■➤ ➤ ❧➥
➜
❼➨✿➝ ➩
➤ ➹ ✂ ❪
➤
❳✭●✏ ✪
S
1
1024
✏✮✸☛✢✮✜
✝
✞✬✖✕✙✢✤✭■✒✙✏✖✏✮✿
✁
❍
✜
❖✬✮✭✾✜
✂✁☎✄✝✆ ✟✞
✝❊❯ ✝
✞✬✮✚✑❆✌✿
✗❄✒ ❁✭■✗✧✜
❏✌✬✖✓✮✭■✗✙✢✤✭
➦
✚✩✗✧▲✌✢☛✭■✸✾✗✔✕ ❍ ✿
❪rÐ ⑧❆✺✻✶❉❅✂✺➭❊⑤✸
➋✽✸➭❊
S = (2 + 1)(22 + 1)(24 + 1)(28 + 1) · · · (21024 + 1) + 1
③◗❋④❊✯■✷❃❆❅❄❊❾❅✂✼✯❋❍✿✂➄❖✺ ❵ ✺✻✶ ❵ ❅✷✶❉✺✻❊●❃❄❇ ❪
❙➞ ✬➻
✎✑✏✌✒✔✓✖✕✘✗✙✏✠✚
✯✤✏ ✖✚
❍
â➈❅✷✶④❊●❋❉❏✷✶ ❁
S
=
=
=
..
.
=
=
✺
S
▲◆❁
✔➲
✢✮❏✩✢✮✏✠✚✑✿
◗✚✖❆✩✢❇✒✙✏
(2 − 1)
❶➦
✎✖✕✘✬✖✕✙✢
❪✎❸ ■✷✸✻✿
❚✚✑✗✙▲✌✢✤✭✔✸●✗✧✕ ❍ ✿
❛➲
✎✌✬✮✚
r➡ ❞❪
◗✚✖❆✩✢❇✒✙✏✮✿
✡✠
(2 − 1)(2 + 1)(22 + 1)(24 + 1) · · · (21024 + 1) + 1
(22 − 1)(22 + 1)(24 + 1) · · · (21024 + 1) + 1
(24 − 1)(24 + 1) · · · (21024 + 1) + 1
(21024 − 1)(21024 + 1) + 1
❪
(22048 − 1) + 1 = 22048
❸ ■✷✸✻❇●✸✻❜♠❃❄❇●✸❆➆ 1024
❪
1
2048
S
= 2 1024 = 22 = 4
✟ ✓ ☛✒✑❁☛✒✑☞✓ ❈ ✜ ✾✟☛✌☞ ✧ ✟✎✍ ✩✑✏✓✒✽❋✕✔✗✖ ✸ ✩ ✪ ✱✔✪✙✘ ✼✚✏ ✑✚✠✖✕✜✛ ✜✒✤ ☛✒✕✢✍ ✍ ☛✌☛✒✑✚✠ ✦ ✍ ✏ ✕ ✤ ✕ ✜ ✸✲✘✖✍ ❈ ✜✒✦ ☛✎✍ ✕ ☞ ✼❍❀ ✤✒✢✮✜
✘✥✍ ✦✳✤☞✦ ✾ ✜✒✤ ✠ ✼ ✍❍✶ ✼ ✸ ✏ ✤
✟ ✣✲✟✆✺✑✥ ✩✦✖★❀ ✟★✧ ✼ ✸✦✩✎❅ ✤ ✘✪✥ ✦ ✍ ❈ ✤ ✕ ✜✫✏✑✬ ✛✥✑ ✑☞✓ ✼✮✭✥✤ ☞☞☛ ✜✒✦ ✍ ✼✯✒ ✠ ✦✱✰ ✜ ☞✲✣ ✧ ✶ ✏ ✩ ✛ ✺✲✸ ✱ ✏ ✭ ✱✛ ✟✴✳✖✫
✕ ✥✥✑☞✓ ✍✗✑✕ ✶✜ ✵ ✬ ✘ ✍ ✬✔✤ ✾ ✜✆❀ ✤ ✕ ✤ ✓✔✠☞✘✦☞ ✤☞✼✷✔✥✤☞✦✸✬✎✜ ✓✗✑✙✘ ✤ ✼✂✏ ✢✥✤ ✍ ✘✌✣ ✏ ✟✹✍ ✸ ✩ ✺✯✘ ✶✴✛ ✍ ✩ ✳✺✍❍✶ ✖✻✩ ✪✬✶ ✼
✔ ✟ ✖✤✖✻✂✩ ✖ ✶ ✼ ✸✿✘ ✍✗❈ ✜✒✦ ☛✎✍✗✕ ✤ ✦
✸✲✘✖✍ ❈ ✜✒✦ ☛✎✍ ✾ ✤ ✾✬✾ ✜ ✧❄✤ ✜ ✛ ✘ ✼✙✧❃✤ ✜ ✛ ✘ ✦✼ ✏ ✢✥✤ ✍ ✌✘ ✣ ✖ ✱ ❀ ✴✂✟ ✖ ✭✏✱ ❋ ✴ ✩✡✏✶✏☞✼✻✖✿✤ ✘ ✬ ✛✥✑✙✥ ✤ ✓✗✑✙☛✆✯ ✜✒✦ ✾ ✜ ☛ ✼✿❀ ✟ ✼ ✸ ✏ ✟✼✣✽✘✂✸ ✏✻✒ ✟ ✯✿✶
✭✤✖ ✾✱ ✍ ✭✻✩✂✖✿✼ ✸✲✘✖✍ ❈ ✜✒✦ ☛✎✍ ✾ ✤ ✾ ❀ ✟ ✩ ❀✥✩✽✼✕✔ ✠ ✜ ✘✥✑✙☛ ✟✻✍ ✦✌✜ ☛ ✼ ✟ ✦✔❂ ✜ ✘✥✕ ✍ ✘ ✤ ✣✿✍✏✱ ✏✌✏ ✶ ✸ ✖ ✱ ✏✦✒ ✟ ✒✽✩ ✸ ✪ ✱✳✯ ✩✂✖✗✏ ✱ ✒ ✧
✥ ✖ ✶ ✔ ✺ ✩ ✍ ✏ ✶❊✺✙✯✮✱ ✙
✪ ✘❀✘ ✖ ✶✹✤✸ ✥ ✡✼ ✏ ✢✥✦ ✍ ✘ ✲❂ ❁✲✜ ✓✗✾ ✼ ✍❍✶ ✼ ✸ ✏ ✼✟ ✣ ✤ ✘✥✾✬✯ ✩ ✭✷✸✻✺❃✟ ✪ ❋ ✍ ✸ ✖✹✒ ✧ ✼ ✭✡✑✖❈ ✜✒✦✳✼ ✥☞✟ ✼ ✸ ✏ ✟ ❋
➤ ➹ ✍ ❪ ❳✭✾✏ ✪ ✏✮✸✤✢✌✜ ❍ ★✬ ✌✗✘✸❩✎✖✕✙✢✤✭✔❆ ✗✙✏❳✓✌✿✶❂ ✖✬ ✒ ✮✗✧✜✩✬ ✿❃❂❚✭●✢✌✢ ✷ ✢ ✝
➜
✙➝
❺➞ ➳ ✖➞
✔➻ ❧➯
❸ ✤
✺✽✿✂❀
✺✽❇●✸➝❃❄✿✔❊✯■✷✸➝✼✮✺✽▼❺✸➝✼✯❋✹❀✷✸✤❃❆❜➉✶④❋❍✿✂✸
③ ❃❑✸✽Ï❆❅✷❋❉✶❉✺✻❊●✸◆❇⑨✺✻✶✂❊⑤❇●❋❉✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍✸◆✼
❪❂❒ ❜
❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸✻❇⑨✼✱✸ ❵ ❊●✼
✺✻❊ ABC✺◆✿✂❀ CDE
❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸✻❇⑨✼✱✸ ❵ ❊●✼
✺✻❊ ➆✴❏✂❇●❃✻⑧❄✸✔❊✯■❄✺➭❊
BCD
DA
CE
L
❪ AC K
❋❉✼❷❏✂✺◆❇⑨✺◆BE
✶④✶✹✸➭✶✷❊⑤❃
➨ ❪➦ ✻➲❞➞ ❪
KL
✎✑✏✌✒✔✓✖✕✘✗✙✏✠✚
❈
❫✿
✎
❍
●➦
BD
❈
✗✘✸●✸✤✏❳✓✌✭■✗
✎✑✕❁✬✑✕✧✢
❚✚✑✗✙▲✌✢✤✭✔✸●✗✧✕ ❍
➝ ➑➞
❳✭●✏
✌✒✙✢✤❉
✟❂❚✭●✏❳✓☛✪★✿❖✎☛✪✥✭■✗❁✚✑❆ ☎✥✢❇✒✙✜✠✿
✎✩✏✌✒✧▲❇✗❁✚✑❆
➋✻❋❍✿ ❵ ✸
E
◦➆
= ③✤60
......
......... ...
③✤✸➈✼✾✸✽✸❶❊✯■❄✺➭❊ ∠BCA = ∠ECD
➆◦ ★❜✹❇●❃❄▼✠
■❆❋ ❵ ■
........... .....
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
.... ...
.
.
.
.
.
∠ACE = 60
.
...
.
...
A
...
....... ....
❪ ➋✻❋❉✿ ❵ ✸
❋④❊◗❜♠❃❆✶④✶✹❃✽③➝✼➝❊✯■❄✺➭❊
...
.......
.
......
........................
..
...
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
∠BCE
=
∠ACD
.
.
.
...
.
.. .... ........................
.
.
.
.
...
...
✺◆✿✂❀
➆➉③✤✸❺✼✾✸✽✸✦❊✯■❄✺➭❊
.
... .............
.
.
.
.
..
.
...
.
.
.
.
.
.
.......... .
..........
.
...
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
AC = BC
CD
=
CE
.
.
.
.
.......
.................
...
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Ô
.
..........
✺◆✿✂❀
✺◆❇●✸ ❵ ❃❄✿✂➄➭❇●❅❥✸✻✿❆❊ ➋ ❫ ➋ÝÕ ❪
.
...
.... ...
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
..........
. L
. .......... K .....
.
.
.
.
...
.
.
ACD
BCE
.
.
.
..........
...
..
.. ..........
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.......... .....
❸ ■❆❅✂✼Ý➆
➆❥✺◆✿✂❀✔③✤✸❹✼✱✸◆✸➝❊✯■❄✺➭❊
... ..
. .........
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..... ..
. ...
. .
∠CAD
=
∠CBE
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
Ô ❫✚❫ ➋ÝÕ ❪ B
❋❉✼ ❵ ❃❄✿✂➄➭❇●❅❥✸✻✿❆❊✔❊⑤❃
D
C
ACL
BCK
❪ ❸ ■✷✸✻❇●✸✻❜♠❃❄❇●✸❆➆
Ö❆❇●❃❄▼ ❊✯■❆❋❍✼Ý➆★③✤✸♦■❄✺➭⑧❄✸
❋❉✼❺❋❍✼✾❃❄✼ ❵ ✸✻✶❍✸◆✼ ❪ ➋✻❋❍✿ ❵ ✸
CK = CL
CKL
❪♦Þ ✸◆✿ ❵ ✸❄➆
◦ ➆➐③✤✸❂✼✱✸◆✸❑❊✯■❄✺➭❊
∠ACE
=
60
∠CKL
=
∠CLK
=
60◦ = ∠BCA
❪
❋❉✼❷❏✂✺◆❇⑨✺◆✶④✶✹✸➭✶✷❊⑤❃
KL
BD
✟ ✓ ☛✒✑❁☛✒✑☞✓✗❈ ✜ ❄
✾ ☛✌☞❅✍✏✱✱ ✘✂✸ ✩ ✺★✹✟ ✍ ✩ ✙
✪ ✘✂✸✚✟✆✺ ❀ ✶ ✯ ✟ ✏ ✼ ❀ ✤ ✓ ❄
✤ ❆ ✍ ❂ ✠ ✜✒✦✳✤ ✼ ✍ ✤ ✓ ✓ ✑ ✸✦ ✬ ✤☞❇
✼ ✏ ✢✥✤ ✍ ✌✘ ✣ ✤ ✘✿✾
✘✂✸ ✏✦✒ ✟✰✯✥✶ ✭✤✖ ✾✱ ✍ ✭✻✂✩ ✖✿✼ ✸✲✘✖✍ ❈ ✜✒✦ ☛✎✍ ✾ ✤ ✾ ❀ ✟ ✩ ❀✥✩✽✎
✼ ✔ ✠ ✜ ✘✿✑✙☛✂✟ ✍ ✦✌✜ ☛ ✼ ✟ ✦✔❂✖✜ ✘✿✕ ✍ ✘ ✤ ✢
❋ ✒ ✛ ✜✒✦✌✫
✜ ❈✂✤ ☛✷✑✙✘ ✜ ✍ ✘ ✬ ✑ ✦✞✦✌✶✜ ✬ ✕
☛✒✑☞✓✔✠✖✕ ✍✗✑✙✘ ✦✌✶✜ ✬✎✜ ✍✗❈ ✜ ✾ ❋
✁ ✁
➜
❊✬➝ ➻ ➛➼ ➀➩ ❄➞ ➳
➤ ➹ ✑ ❪
✝
❳✭●✏ ✪
✒❁✬✌✚✥✜✠✿❚✎✖✕ ✮✯✤✏ ✖✚
✏✮✸☛✢✮✜
✸●✿
★✭❇✓ ✷ ✢
❍
✡✝
❲❏
✜➻ ✧➠
✎ ✣✬
❍ ✢✤✭✴✿
q➦
❈
✢✤❉❋✏✠✭■✗✘✬ ✒
❚✚✑✗✙▲✌✢✤✭✔✸●✗✧✕ ❍
❳➥r➩ ✜➠✙➥
✏
✞✢
✔✏❳✓✌✚✥✜❳✱
✺✽✿✂❀ 2
✺✽❇●✸➝▲✂❃☎❊✯■✔✼✾Ï❄❅✂✺◆❇●✸◆✼
Ö☎❋❉✿✂❀❑✺➝❇⑨✺➭❊●❋✹❃❄✿✷✺✻✶❥✿❄❅✂▼❂▲✷✸◆❇ ✼✯❅ ❵ ■❹❊✯■❄✺✻❊ 2
s
s +5
s −5
❃❆❜q❇⑨✺✻❊●❋❍❃❄✿✷✺◆✶❥✿❄❅✂▼❺▲✂✸✻❇⑨✼ ❪
❙➞
✎✑✏✌✒✔✓✖✕✘✗✙✏✠✚
❍
✎✌✬✮❉
ã ✸➭❊
✤➸
❃❂
✓✩✢❇✒
✏✠
✼ ❉❋✢
❈
❪➦
✏✠✭●✢☛✚✥✏✮✿
✚✩✗✧▲✌✢☛✭■✸✾✗✧✜✩✬✩✜❪✜✣✢
✟✝
✯❬✬ ✢✤
✼ ✚✑✿✖✯❬✬ ✢☛
✼ ✚✖✿❚✎✤✪✥✬✤✗❁✚
▲✂✸✤❏✂❃❄✼✮❋❘❊●❋❘⑧❄✸➝❇⑨✺➭❊●❋✹❃❄✿✷✺✻✶q✿❄❅✂▼❺▲✂✸✻❇⑨✼❈✼✯❅ ❵ ■✔❊✯■❄✺➭❊
✺◆✿✂❀
✺◆✿✂❀
p1 ❪✴❸ ■✷✸✻p
p21 = s2 + 5
❪
✿ 2
2
2
2
2
(p1 +➆➐p
1−
❒ ❜❻③✤=✸❺s✼✱✸Ý❊− 5
❊✯■✷2✸◆)(p
✿✢③✤
✸p■❄✺Ý2⑧❄) ✸ = p1 − p2 = (s ✺◆+
✿✂❀ 5) − (s − 5) = 10 ❪
=❊●❃✢
p❊✯1■❆+
p1 − p2 = 10/a
❸ ■✷✸❂✼✾❃❆✶❉❅❄❊●❋❍a❃❄✿❶
❋❍✼◗p✶④❋❍2✿✂✸✻✺✽❇❞✼⑨❁✷✼⑤❊⑤✸✻▼➥❃❆❜✘✸◆Ï❄p❅✂1 ✺➭+
❊●❋✹❃❄p✿✷2✼◗=
❋❍✼ a
✺◆✿✂❀
2
p
=
(a
❪ ➅❶✸◗▼❺✺Ý❁✦❊✯■✷✸✻✿❂✸ Ñ ❏✷❇●✸◆✼✮✼ 2 ❋❍✿✦❊●✸◆❇●▼❺1✼★❃❆❜ ß + 10)/2a
2
p2 = (a − 10)/2a
s
a
p22
2
s2 = p21 − 5 =
2
a2 + 10
−5 =
2a
100 + a4
❪
4a2
❸ ■❆❋❉✼❷❋❉▼❺❏❄✶❉❋❍✸◆✼r❊✯■❄✺➭❊
❪
2 ❋❍✼r❊✯■✷✸◗✼✱Ï❆❅✂✺✽❇●✸➝❃❆❜q✺✤❇⑨✺➭❊●❋✹❃❄✿✷✺✻✶❥✿❄❅✂▼❂▲✷✸◆❇
100 + a4 = (2as)
❾
❪
Þ
❵
✠➉✶❍✸◆✺◆❇●✶ ❁q➆
✻
✸
✿
❆
✸
◆
➆
✤
③
❞
✸
❺
▼
Ý
✺
◗
❁
➝
③
●
❇
❘
❋
⑤
❊
✸
4
2 2
100 + a4 = (a2 + b)2❪
❪❹❸ 100
③◗❋④❊✯■
■✷✸✻✿ + a > (a 2)
2 ➆❥③✤■❆❋ ❵ ■❺❁❆❋✹✸➭✶✹❀❄✼
2
b
>
0
100
=
2a
b
+
b
a
=
➆ (100
➆✽③✤✸❞❼❥−✿✂b❀❹❊✯)/(2b)
■❄✺➭❊❾❜♠❃❄❇
✞❄❁✦❋❍✿✷✼✮❏❥✸ ❵ ❊●❋✹❃❄✿q➆✽❊●✸◆✼⑤❊●❋❍✿✂➄❖❃✻⑧❄✸◆❇✚❊✯■✷✸◗✿✷✺➭❊●❅✂❇⑨✺◆✶❥✿❄❅✂▼❺▲✂✸✻❇⑨✼ ➆ ➆
1
2
.
.
.
9
❪
③✤✸➝➄✻✸Ý❊
③✤■✷✸◆✿ ❵ ✸❄➆
b=8
a = 3/2
s = 41/12
✟ ✓ ☛✒✑❁☛✒✑☞✓ ❈ ✜ ✟
✾ ☛✌☞ ✧ ✎✟ ✍ ✑✩ ✏✓✒✽✕
✪ ✘ ✚
✕ ✍ ✍ ☛✌☛✒✑✚✠ ✦ ✍ ✏ ✕ ✤ ✕ ✜ ✸✲✘✖✍ ❈ ✜✒✦ ☛✎✍ ✕ ☞ ✼❍❀ ✤✒✢✮✜
❋ ✔✗✖ ✸ ✩ ✪ ✱✔✙
✼ ✏ ✑✚✠✖✜✕ ✛ ✜✒✤ ☛✒✢
✘✥✍ ✦✳✤☞✦ ✾ ✜✒✤ ✠ ✼ ✍❍✶ ✼ ✸ ✏ ✼
✟ ✣ ✖ ✱ ❀ ✴✂✟ ✖ ✭ ✱ ❋ ✴ ✡✩ ✏✶✏☞✚
✼ ✖✿✤ ✘ ✬ ✛✥✑ ✥ ✤ ✓✗✑✙☛ ✯ ✜✒✦ ✾ ✜ ☛ ✼ ❀ ✟ ✼ ✸ ✏ ✼✟ ✣ ✤ ✘✥✾✣✯ ✩ ✭✷✸ ✺✒✟
✪ ❋ ✍ ✸ ✖✹✒ ✧ ✼ ✭✡✑✖❈ ✜✒✦✳✼ ✥☞✟ ✼ ✸ ✏ ✟ ❋
✾ ☛✌☞ ❆ ✾✍ ☛✚✑✙✘ ✡✤ ✬✱✬ ✍ ✤ ☛ ✢✥✤✙✦ ✕ ✂✑ ✁
✔✥✦ ✠ ✜ ✘✖✍ ✘ ❂✷✤ ✕✳✕ ✡✤ ✬ ✛ ✜ ✾ ✤ ✘✿✑ ✕ ✜ ✦✌✜❃❂☞✤✙✦ ✾✙✍ ✘ ❂ ✜✕ ✛✖✍ ☛ ✢✥✦ ✡✑ ☛✙✓ ✜ ❅ ❋ ✱✔✕ ❈✂✤ ☛✆☛✒✑☞✓ ❈ ✜ ✕
✘ ☛✚✑ ✑ ✰ ☛ ✁✔✑ ✦
✤ ❅ ✤ ✜✕ ✛ ✜ ❅ ✤ ✕ ✍ ✬ ✤ ✓✲✕✔✑✚✠ ✦ ✘ ✤ ❅ ✜ ✘✿✕ ✤ ✕ ✜✕ ✛ ✜ ✬ ✑✚✠ ✦ ✕ ✂✑ ✁ ❆✽✦✌✜ ✾ ✜✒✦ ✍ ✬ ✰ ✱✳✱ ❋ ✪ ✑ ✕ ✑✙✘ ✓ ☞ ✬ ✤ ✘✷✍ ✼✕ ☛ ✜ ✁✔✑✚✠✙✘✥✾ ✍ ✕
☛ ✆✟✞✡✠☞☛✌✠✎✍✑✏☎✒✔✓✖✕✘✗✙✍✛✚ ✒✖✠✜✍✑✒✢✍✑✣✥✤✢✦✧✚ ★✛✍✑✒✖✏✪✩✫✒✎✬✮✭✰✯✱✍✑✣✥✤✱✲✫✯✳✍✛✚ ✗✛★ ✼✥✢✚✢✻✵❋ ✴✖✶✝✷✒✸✼ ✴✎✹✂✺ )✼ ☛ ✠✖✕ ✤ ❈ ✜✒✦ ☛✎✍ ✑✙(✘❇✂✑ ✁
☎✜ ✄✙✤ ❅ ✢ ✓ ✜❃✼✻✩ ❈ ✜ ✝
✍ ✕ ✤ ✓ ☛✒✑ ✤✒✢✚✢✮✜✒✤✙✦✌✜ ✾ ✦✌✜✶✬✎✜ ✘✥✕ ✓ ☞✜✻ ✍ ✤☞✦✸✬ ✛ ✴✖✼✎✼✂✽✿✾ ✤ ☛ ✢✥✦ ✡✑ ☛✙✓ ✜ ❁
❅ ❀❃❂✎❂✱❄✆✍ ✘ ✕ ✛ ✜ ✥ ✦ ✡✑ ☛✙✓ ✜ ❅❆☛ ✏✖✜✶✬ ✕ ✍ ✑✙✘ ✂✑ ✁ ✕ ✛ ✜❆❅ ✒✎❇ ❇ ✤✝❈✱✤
✭❉✯✳✍✿✣✔✤✂✲❊✯✱✍☎✚ ✗☎★✮❋✿✒✎✕✵✏☎✠✥✯✱❇✘● ❅ ✭❍❋☎■ ✼ ✂✑ ✁ ❈ ✛✖✍ ✬ ✛ ✔✥✦ ✠ ✜ ✘ ✍ ✘ ❂ ✍ ☛ ✙
✤ ✬ ✑✚✫ ✜ ✾✙✍✗✕✔✑ ✦✒❋ ✟ ✬✱✬ ✑ ✦ ✾✙✍ ✘ ❂ ✕ ✑✷✜✕ ✛ ✜ ☛✒✑☞✓✔✠✖✕ ✍✗✑✙✘ ✂✑ ✁✮✕ ✛ ✤ ✕
✑ ☛✙✓ ✜ ❅ ✼ ✕ ✛ ✜✒✦✌✜✆✤✙✦✌✜✆✤ ✘ ✍ ✘ ❁ ✘ ✍✗✕ ✜ ✘✲✠☞❀
❅ ☛ ✜✒✦ ✂✑ ✁✿☛✒✑☞✓✔✠✖✕ ✍✗✑✙✘✚☛✡✕ ✑ ✜✕ ✛✖✍ ☛ ✢✥✦ ✡✑ ☛✙✓ ✜ ❅ ❋
❅ ✭❏❋ ✢✥✦ ✡
➤ ➹ ❪ ❳✭✾✏ ✪ ✏✮✸✤✢✌✜ ❍▲❑ ✝✑▼ ✝✹✎✡✝❳✎✮✬ ✸ ✕❊✭ ❍ ✿ ★✬✮✚✑❆✮✬✤✒✧✏✠✭✾✢☛✿✢◆✙✚★✜✮✗❁✬✡✝
➜
✙➝
✁
❺➞
➛➳
❫➀Þ ✸◆❇●❃❄✿⑥❊⑤❇⑨❋❍✺◆✿✂➄Ý✶✹✸❯■❄✺◆✼❑❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸◆➄✻✸◆❇❹✼✮❋❍❀✂✸✻✼❑✺◆✿✂❀➸✺◆❇●✸◆✺ ❪✞❸ ③✤❃Ü✼✯❋✹❀✷✸◆✼❑❃❆❜❈✺ Þ ✸◆❇●❃❄✿
❪✘❒ ❜➉❋❘❊●✼❷✺◆❇●✸◆✺◗❋❍✼
❊⑤❇●❋❉✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍✸➝✺◆❇●✸
✺✽✿✂❀
➆❄❼❥✿✂❀✔❋❘❊●✼❷❏✂✸◆❇⑨❋❍▼❺✸➭❊●✸◆❇ ❪
❙➞
✎✑✏✌✒✔✓✖✕✘✗✙✏✠✚
✘➩
442
❍❖
✢✌✜★✓ ✒✘✬
649
✝
❈
✪➝✼➲ ❪➦ ✮➲❞❪
132396
✓✌✭❬✕ ❍ ✿✶✺
✏✑▲✌✢☛✭✴✿
✿
✎
ã ✸➭❊
❀✂✸✻✿✂❃☎❊⑤✸❹❊✯■✷✸✦✺◆✿✂➄Ý✶✹✸✔▲✂✸Ý❊Ò③✤✸✽✸✻✿❂❊✯■✷✸❹❊Ò③✤❃❂✼✮❋❍❀✂✸✻✼★③✤■✷❃❄✼✱✸❹✶❍✸◆✿✂➄➁❊✯■❄✼❞✺✽❇●✸
442❪
❪♦A❸ ■✷✸◆✿ 1
❪♦❸ ■❆❋❉✼✦➄Ý❋❘⑧❄✸✻✼
✺✽✿✂❀
669
(442)(649)
sin
A
=
132396
sin
A
=
12/13
2
Þ ✸✻✿ ❵ ✸❆➆
❪★ã ✸Ý❊ ❀✂✸✻✿✂❃☎❊⑤✸❞❊✯■✷✸❖✶❍✸◆✿✂➄➁❊✯■✔❃❆❜✂❊✯■✷✸❖❅✂✿✂➃☎✿✂❃✽③➝✿❑✼✯❋✹❀✷✸ ❪✎❸ ■✷✸◆✿
a
❪ ➋✻❅❥▲❄✼✯❊●❋❘❊●❅❄❊●❋❍✿✂➄
③✤✸✦■❄✺➭⑧❄✸ cos2A = ±5/13
❜♠❃❄❇
2
2
a
=
(442)
+
(649)
➆❄③✤✸❹➄✻✸Ý❊❷✺✦✿✂❃❄✿✂⑦⑤❋❍✿❆❊●✸✽➄✻✸✻❇❾⑧❆✺✻✶❉❅❥−✸➝2(442)(649)
❜♠❃❄❇ ➆❆③✤■❆❋ ❵ ■❑cos
❋❉✼✖✿✂A
❃☎❊❷✺◆✶④✶✹❃✽③✤✸◆❀❑❋④❜q❊✯■✷✸➝5/13
❊⑤❇⑨❋❍✺◆✿✂➄Ý✶✹✸
cos A
a
❪✤❸ ■❆❅✂✼➭➆➉❊✯■✷✸
❋❍✼❞✺ Þ ✸◆❇●❃❄✿❂❊⑤❇●❋❉✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍✸ ❪ ➇★✼✯❋❍✿✂➄
➆❥③✤✸❑❃✷▲☎❊●✺✻❋❍✿
cos
A
=
−5/13
a = 915
❪
❏❥✸✻❇●❋❉▼❂✸Ý❊⑤✸✻❇❾❋❍✼★✸◆Ï❄❅✂✺✻✶✂❊●❃
442 + 669 + 915 = 2006
✟ ✓ ☛✒✑❁☛✒✑☞✓ ❈ ✜ ✟
✾ ☛✌☞ ✧ ✎✟ ✍ ✑✩ ✏✓✒✽✕
✪ ✘ ✚
✕ ✍ ✍ ☛✌☛✒✑✚✠ ✦ ✍ ✏ ✕ ✤ ✕ ✜ ✸✲✘✖✍ ❈ ✜✒✦ ☛✎✍ ✕ ☞ ✼❍❀ ✤✒✢✮✜
❋ ✔✗✖ ✸ ✩ ✪ ✱✔✙
✼ ✏ ✑✚✠✖✜✕ ✛ ✜✒✤ ☛✒✢
✘✥✍ ✦✳✤☞✦ ✾ ✜✒✤ ✠ ✼ ✍❍✶ ✼ ✸ ✏ ✤
✟ ✣ ✟✂✡✺ ✥ ✂✩ ✖ ❀ ★✟ ✧ ✼ ✻✸ ✩✎❅ ✤ ✘ ✥ ✦ ✍✗❈ ✤ ✕ ✜ ✏✡✬ ✛✿✑ ✑☞✓ ✼ ✭✥✤ ☞☞☛ ✜✒✦ ✍ ✼ ✒ ✠ ✱✦ ✰✚✜ ☞ ✣ ✑✩ ✏✻✒ ✴ ✂✩ ✖
✍ ✟ ✖ ✱✛ ❅
✟ ✘✚✟ ✖ ❀ ✱✛ ✟✡✫ ❀ ✟ ✔ ✟✆✺✖✺ ✩✂✖ ✶ ✼ ✸✿✘ ✍✗❈ ✜✒✦ ☛✎✍✗✾ ✤ ✾ ✾ ✜✡✧❄✤ ✜ ✛ ✘ ✼✮✧❄✤ ✜ ✛ ✘ ✼✹✏✒✢✥✤ ✍ ✑✘ ✣ ✖ ✱ ❀ ✴❊✟ ✖ ✭ ✱ ❋ ✴ ✩✑✏✌✏ ✼✹✖✿✤ ✘ ✬ ✛✥✑
✥ ✤ ✓✗✑✙☛ ✯ ✜✒✦ ✾ ✜ ☛ ✼ ❀ ✟ ✼ ✸ ✏ ✼
✟ ✣ ✤ ✘✿✾ ✍✏✱ ✏✶✏ ✶✹✸ ✖ ✱ ✏✦✒ ✟ ✒✽✩ ✸✮✪ ✱✞✯ ✦✩ ✖✗✏ ✱ ✒ ✧☎✥ ✖ ✶ ✔ ✺ ✩ ✍ ✏ ✶❊✺✙✯✮✱ ✙
✪ ✘ ✘ ✖ ✶ ✼✸ ✥ ✼
✏ ✢✥✦ ✍ ✘ ✲❂ ❁✲✜ ✓✗✾ ✼ ✍❍✶ ✼ ✸ ✏ ✟ ❋
✁☎✄✂
➜
➤ ➹
✙➝
❪
ã ✸➭❊
❺➞ ➳
❳✭✾✏ ✪
✏✮✸✤✢✌✜
❍
❪➦
✣✗❄✒✹✒✥✎✮✬✌✚✥✜✠✸●✿
✚✩✗✧▲✌✢☛✭■✸✾✗✔✕ ❍
❙➞ ✷➻
2005
✕ ★✢
❍
✔➲✐➳
❂✖✬✤✒✘❆✌✬✮✭ ❍ ✿
✝
▲✷✸✖❋❍✿❆❊●✸✽➄✻✸✻❇⑨✼❾✼✯❅ ❵ ■❖❊✯■❄✺✻❊
❀❆❋❘⑧❆❋✹❀✷✸◆✼✚❋❍✿❆❊●❃✤▲✂❃☎❊✯■
✺✽✿✂❀
ab ❪ + 9b + 81
✺✻✶❍✼✾❃❑❀❆2005
❋❘⑧❆❋✹❀✷✸◆✼✘❋❉✿❆❊⑤❃
a, b,❪ c
✵✂❇●❃✻⑧❄✸❖❊✯■❄✺➭❊
bc + 9c + 81
2005
✎✑✏✌✒✔✓✖✕✘✗✙✏✠✚
❳➥
✏ ✶❂✖✬ ✒✹❆✮✬✌✭ ❍ ✿
❈
➻
ca + 9a + 81
☎✂❻❪
✬ ❍ ★✢✤❉
✎✖✕✘✬
❪ ➅❶✸◗③➝✺◆✿❆❊r❊⑤❃❺❏✷❇●❃◆⑧❄✸➝❊✯■❄✺✻❊
ã ✸➭❊
❀❄❋ ⑧❄❋❍❀✂✸✻✼ ❪ ➋✻❋❍✿ ❵ ✸
w
=
ca
+
9a
+
81
2005
w
❀❄❋ ⑧❄❋❍❀✂✸✻✼
➆✽③✤✸➝■❄✺➭⑧❄✸
ab + 9b + 81
Ô ✁➁Õ
ab + 9b + 81 = 2005k
❜♠❃❄❇➝✼✾❃❄▼❂✸❂❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸◆➄✻✸◆❇ ❪➈❸ ■✷✸✢❏✷❇●❋❉▼❂✸✢❀❄❋ ⑧❄❋❉✼✱❃❄❇⑨✼❹❃❆❜
✺◆❇●✸
✺◆✿✂❀
➆❾✿✂✸✻❋❘❊✯■✷✸◆❇➝❃❆❜
❪➝k❒ ❊✘❊✯■✷✸✻✿❂❜♠❃❆✶❉✶❍❃✽③➝✼✖❜✹❇●❃❄▼ Ô ✁➁Õ❻❊✯■❄2005
✺➭❊★✿✂✸✻❋❘❊✯■✷✸◆5❇ ✿✂❃❄❇ 401 ❀❆❋❘⑧❆❋✹❀✷✸◆✼ ❪
③✤■❆❋ ❵ ■❀❆❋❘⑧❆❋✹❀✷✸◆✼
5
401
b
❽ ✿✔❊✯■✷✸➝❃☎❊✯■✷✸◆❇r■❄81
✺✽✿✂❀➉➆✂▲✷❃☎❊✯■ ✺◆✿✂❀
❀❄❋ ⑧❄❋❍❀✂✸
➆❄✼✯❋❍✿ ❵ ✸
5
bw
401
bw
= abc + 9ab + 81b
➆
= c(ab + 9b + 81) − 9(bc + 9c + 81) + 9(ab + 9b + 81)
Ô ❅✂✼✯❋❍✿✂➄❈❊✯■✷✸◗❋❉✿❄❜♠❃❄❇⑤▼❑✺✻❊●❋❍❃❄✿❺➄Ý❋ ⑧❄✸◆✿✔❋❍✿✦❊✯■✷✸◗❏✂❇●❃✷▲❆✶✹✸✻▼✦Õ ❪
③✤■❆❋ ❵ ■✦❋❍✼★❀❆❋❘⑧❆❋❍✼✯❋✹▲❆✶✹✸◗▲◆❁
❸ ■✷✸✻❇●✸✻❜♠❃❄❇●✸❆➆✂▲✷❃☎❊✯■ 2005
✺✽✿✂❀
▼❑❅✂✼⑤❊✘❀❄❋ ⑧❄❋❍❀✂✸ ❪✎❸ ■❆❅✂✼➭➆
❀❄❋ ⑧❄❋❍❀✂✸✻✼ ❪
5
401
w
2005
w
✒ ✛ ✜✒✦✌✯
✜ ❈✹✜✒✦✌✜ ✴ ✍ ✘ ✬ ✑✙❅ ✢ ✓ ✜ ✕ ✜ ☛✒✑☞✓✔✠✖✕ ✍✗✑✙✘✚☛ ✦✌✜✶✬✞✜ ✍ ❈ ✜ ✾ ❋
➤ ➹ ✍ ❪ ❳✭●✏ ✪ ✏✮✸☛✢✮✜ ❍ ✞✢ ▲✌✢☛✚ ✯✌✓✌✭■✗✂✷ ✁ ✿☎✄ ✬✌❆✌✭●✢ ✮✿ ❂✖✭✾✏✠✬✖✕✘✗✘✬ ✝
➜
➝
✦➞ ➩
❳➞
✠➐❃❄▼❑❏✷❅❄❊●✸❖❊✯■✷✸➝✼✯❅✂▼
99
❥➞ ✷➻
✎✑✏✌✒✔✓✖✕✘✗✙✏✠✚
❍
✁
k=1
✸✤✕ ✥✢☛✭
❈
✬✌✭✳✆ ✼ ✬
1
√
√
k k + 1 + (k + 1) k
✔➞
❂❚✬✮✭ ✷ ✆ ✼ ✬✖✱✳❂✖✬
✪➦
✠✬✤✒✹✒✙✢✤✭✾✏✮✿
❪
❚✚✑✗✙▲✌✢✤✭✔✸●✗✙✜✩✬✑✜
➐❪
✜✣✢❚✯❬✬ ✢✤
✼ ✚✑✿✤✯❬✬ ✢☛
✼ ✚✖✿✑✎✤✪✥✬✤✗❁✚
✞❄❁❑❇⑨✺➭❊●❋✹❃❄✿✷✺✻✶❉❋ á ❋❍✿✂➄✖❊✯■✷✸✤❀✷✸◆✿✂❃❄▼✔❋❍✿✷✺➭❊⑤❃❄❇⑨✼Ý➆✽③✤✸➝❃✷▲❆❊⑨✺◆❋❉✿❑✺◗❊●✸✻✶❍✸◆✼ ❵ ❃❄❏❄❋❍✿✂➄❖✼✾✸◆❇⑨❋✹✸✻✼✻ß
99
k=1
1
√
√
k k + 1 + (k + 1) k
99
=
k=1
99
=
k=1
√
√
(k + 1) k − k k + 1
√
√
√
√
(k + 1) k + k k + 1 (k + 1) k − k k + 1
√
√
√
√
99
(k + 1) k − k k + 1
(k + 1) k − k k + 1
=
(k + 1)2 k − k2 (k + 1)
k(k + 1)
k=1
1
1
1
1
9 ❪
= √ −√
=
√ −√
10
k+1
1
100
k
k=1
✟ ✓ ☛✒✑ ☛✒✑☞✓✗❈ ✜ ✾ ✌☛ ☞ ✟✆✺✑✥ ✩✦✖ ❀ ✟★✧ ✼ ✸✻✩✎❅ ✤ ✘ ✥ ✦ ✍✗❈ ✤ ✕ ✜ ✏✑✬ ✛✥✑ ✑☞✓ ✼ ✭✿✤ ☞✙☛ ✜✒✦ ✍ ✼❅✒ ✠ ✦✱✰✚✜ ☞ ✣ ✧ ✶ ✏ ✩ ✛
✭ ✱✛ ✟✴✳✖✫ ✔ ✟ ✖✤✖✻✩✦✖ ✶ ✼ ✸✿✘ ✍✗❈ ✜✒✦ ☛✎✍✗✕ ✤ ✕✺✥✥ ✑☞✓ ✍ ✕✑✜✶✵ ✬ ✘✖✍ ✬ ✤ ✾ ✜ ❀ ✤ ✕ ✤ ✓ ✠✙✘✂☞ ✤ ✼ ✔✥✤☞✦✸✬✎✜ ✓✗✑✙✘ ✤ ✼✺✏✒✢✥✤ ✍ ✘✑✣ ✖ ✱ ❀ ✴✂✟ ✖ ✭ ✱ ❋
✖✿✤ ✘ ✬ ✛✥✑❅✥ ✤ ✓✗✑✙☛★✯ ✜✒✦ ✾ ✜ ☛ ✼ ❀ ✟ ✼ ✸ ✏ ✟✼✣✝✘✂✸ ✏✻✒ ✟ ✯✿✶ ✭✤✖ ✱✾✍ ✭✻✩✂✖✿✼ ✸✲✘✖✍ ❈ ✜✒✦ ☛✎✍ ✾ ✤ ✾ ❀ ✟ ✩✥❀✥✩✙✼✚✔ ✠ ✜ ✘✥✑✙☛
✟ ✦✔❂✖✜ ✘✿✕ ✍ ✘ ✤ ✣✦✍✏✱ ✌✏ ✏ ✶ ✸ ✖ ✱ ✏✻✒ ✟ ✖✒ ✩ ✸✮✪ ✱✞✯ ✩✦✖✗✏ ✱ ✒ ✧❃✥ ✖ ✶ ✔ ✺ ✩ ✍ ✏ ✶✰✺✽✯✲✱✔✪✙✘ ✘ ✖ ✶ ✸✼✥ ✼✑✏✒✢✥✦ ✍ ✘ ❂ ❁✿✜ ✓ ✾ ✼ ✍❍✶
✤ ✘✥✾ ✯ ✩ ✭✷✸ ✺✒✟ ✪ ❋ ✍ ✸ ✖✹✒ ✧ ✼ ✭✡✑✖❈ ✜✒✦✳✼ ☞✥ ✟ ✼ ✸ ✏ ✟ ❋
99
=
✺✲✸ ✱ ✏
✴ ✡✩ ✏✶✏☞✼
✟ ✍ ✦✌✜ ☛ ✼
✼ ✸ ✏ ✟✤✣
✁☎✽✁
▲◆▼✙❖◗❙❘✜❍❑❏ ❖✁ ➂❋■❍☞❇ ❖ ➂❋
✄
✟✞ ✄
✂☎✄❈✰✝✆✞✄❈✰✠✟❹✥★✧✎✪☛✡✔✧✌☞✎✍
✏
✗
❸ ■❆❋❉✼★▼❺❃❄✿❆❊✯■➉➆❄✺❖⑧❆✺◆❇●❋❉✺✻❊●❋❍❃❄✿❺❃❄✿❑✺ ❵ ✶❍✺◆✼✾✼✯❋ ❵ ❏✷❇●❃✷▲❄✶❍✸◆▼❶ß
.......................................................................................................................................................................................B
.....
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➴ ✉ ✈ ➮✣✢ Ô ✂ ✂✩✂❹➋◆▼❑✺◆✶④✶ ❵ ✠➐❃❄✿❆❊●✸◆✼⑤❊ÒÕ ❒ ✿✔❊✯■✷✸
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❇●❃❄✺☎❀✷⑦✮▼❑✺✽❏❺✼✾■✷❃✽③➝✿✔❋❍✿✦❊✯■✷✸✤❀❆❋❍✺✽➄➭❇⑨✺✽▼✢➆✂✸✻✺ ❵ ■
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
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✶❉❋❉✿✂✸❈✼✾✸✽➄➭▼❺✸◆✿❆❊✎❇●✸✻❏✂❇●✸✻✼✱✸✻✿❆❊●✼❾✺❈✼⑤❊⑤❇●✸✽✸Ý❊q③✤■❆❋ ❵ ■
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............................................................
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❵ ✺◆✿❢❃❄✿❄✶ ❁❛▲✂✸✢❊⑤❇⑨✺➭⑧❄✸➭✶❉✶❍✸✽❀➸✺✻✶✹❃❄✿✂➄✢❋❉✿❢✸➭❋④❊✯■✷✸✻❇
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❊✯■✷✸❙❇●❋❍➄✻■☎❊Ò③➝✺✽❇●❀❄✼❺❃❄❇✤❅✂❏❆③➝✺◆❇●❀✷✼❺❀❆❋❍❇●✸ ❵ ❊●❋✹❃❄✿ ❪
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Þ ❃✽③✫▼❺✺◆✿☎❁❑❏✷✺✻❊✯■❄✼❷✺◆❇●✸❖❊✯■✷✸✻❇●✸◗❜✹❇●❃❄▼Ø❏✂❃❆❋❍✿❆❊
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❊●❃✔❏✂❃❆❋❍✿❆❊
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................
A
BÚ
A
❸ ■❆❋❉✼❖❋❉✼◗✺◆✿❙✿✂✸✻✺✻❊★❊Ò③◗❋❉✼✯❊❈❃❄✿❙✺ ❵ ✶❍✺◆✼✾✼✯❋ ❵ ❏✂❇●❃✷▲❆✶✹✸✻▼➊③✤■✷❃❄✼✱✸❹❊●✸ Ñ ❊❈❋❉✼❞❋✹❀✷✸◆✿❆❊●❋ ❵ ✺✻✶⑩➆✴▲❄❅❄❊
③✤■✷❃❄✼✱✸➝❀❄❋❉✺☎➄➭❇⑨✺◆▼Ø❋❉✼❷✺ ❵ ❃❄▼❺❏❄✶✹✸Ý❊⑤✸➝➄➭❇●❋❍❀q➆✽③◗❋❘❊✯■✔✿✂❃✟✄➁■✷❃❆✶✹✸ ✆✖❋❉✿✔❋④❊➁ß
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A
B
❸ ❃✼✱❃❆✶ ⑧❄✸❹❊✯■❆❋❍✼❖❃❆✶✹❀ ❵ ■✷✸✻✼✯❊⑤✿❄❅❄❊✱➆➉❊✯■✷✸✦❋❍✿✷✼✯❋✹➄✻■☎❊★❋❍✼✖❊⑤❃✿✂❃☎❊●❋ ❵ ✸❹❊✯■❄✺✻❊❈✸✱⑧❄✸◆❇①❁✢❏❥❃❄✼✮✼✮❋❍▲❄✶❍✸
❵ ❃❄✿✷✼✮❋❉✼✯❊⑨✼❖❃❆❜❻✸ Ñ ✺ ❵ ❊●✶ ❁
❏✂✺➭❊✯■❜✹❇●❃❄▼
❊●❃
▼❂❃✻⑧❄✸◆✼✖❊⑤❃❺❊✯■✷✸✦❇●❋❍➄✻■☎❊✖✺✽✿✂❀
▼❺❃◆⑧❄✸✻✼❈❅✂❏ ❪
❫ ✶❍✼✾❃➉➆✂✸◆✺ ❵ ■❺A
❏✂❃❄✼✾✼✯❋✹▲❆B✶✹✸✤❃❄❇●❀✂✸✻❇●❋❉✿✂➄✤❃❆❜ ▼❂❃✻⑧❄6✸◆✼✘❊⑤❃✦❊✯■✷✸✤❇●❋❍➄✻■☎❊❷✺◆✿✂❀
▼❺❃◆⑧❄✸✻4✼★❅✂❏➄Ý❋❘⑧❄✸✻✼✖✺
❀❄❋ ✎✴✸✻❇●✸◆✿❆❊✴❏✷✺✻❊✯■ ❪❾❒ ❜✽③✤✸❷❅✂✼✾✸ ✄✌☎ ✆❻❊●❃➝❀✷6✸◆✿✂❃☎❊●✸✖✺✖▼❺❃◆⑧❄✸✘❊●❃❞❊✯■✷✸★❇●❋❍➄✻■☎❊✴4✺✽✿✂❀☞✄➁➇✡✆❻❊●❃➝❀✷✸◆✿✂❃☎❊●✸
✺✖▼❺❃◆⑧❄✸✘❅✂❏q➆➭❊✯■✷✸✻✿◗❏❥❃❄✼✮✼✮❋❍▲❄✶❍✸❷❏✷✺✻❊✯■❄✼✴❋❍✿ ❵ ✶④❅❥❀✂✸★➇ ☎✴➇✖➇✖➇ ☎✶☎ ☎✶☎ ☎✚✑➆ ☎✴➇ ☎➐➇ ☎✴➇ ☎➐➇ ☎ ☎✚➆◆✺◆✿✂❀
✼✱❃❹❃❄✿ ❪✎❸ ■❆❅✂✼➭➆◆③✤✸❖■❄✺Ý⑧❄✸❈❊⑤❇⑨✺◆✿✷✼✮❜♠❃❄❇●▼❂✸◆❀✤❊✯■✷✸❖❏✷❇●❃✷▲❄✶❍✸◆▼ ❃❆❜ ❵ ❃❆❅✂✿❆❊●❋❉✿✂➄❞❏✷✺✻❊✯■❄✼❾❋❍✿❆❊●❃✦❃❄✿✂✸❖❃❆❜
✺✽❇●❇⑨✺✽✿✂➄Ý❋❉✿✂➄❖✶✹✸Ý❊⑨❊⑤✸✻❇⑨✼ Ô ☎✂✼★✺◆✿✂❀ ➇★✼●Õ ❪
Þ ❃✽③➟▼❑✺✽✿☎❁Ü✺◆6❇⑤❇⑨✺◆✿✂➄✻✸◆▼❺4✸◆✿❆❊⑨✼❺❃❆❜
☎❥✼✔✺✽✿✂❀
➇★✼✔✺✽❇●✸❊✯■✷✸◆❇●✸
➋✻❋❉✿ ❵ ✸③✤✸❶✺✽❇●✸
✺✽❇●❇⑨✺✽✿✂➄Ý❋❉✿✂➄
❃✷▲☎Ó①✸ ❵ ❊●✼Ý➆
❃❆❜❖❃❄✿✂✸❙❊①❁✷❏✂6✸❶③✤■❆❋ ❵ ■➸✺✽4❇●✸❙❋✹❀✷✸◆✿❆❊●❋ ❵ ✺✻✶❈✺✽✿✂Ú ❀
❃❆❜❞✺✽✿✂❃☎❊✯■✷✸✻❇
10
6
4
❊⑩❁❄❏❥✸❞③✤■❆❋ ❵ ■✔✺✽❇●✸◗❋❍❀✂✸✻✿❆❊●❋ ❵ ✺◆✶①➆❆❊✯■✷✸✻❇●✸➝✺✽❇●✸ 10!
✺◆❇⑤❇⑨✺◆✿✂➄✻✸◆▼❺✸◆✿❆❊⑨✼➭➆
10(9)(8)(7)
=
= 210
6!4!
4(3)(2)(1)
✺✽✿✂❀➸■✷✸✻✿ ❵ ✸❆➆
❏✂❃❄✼✾✼✯❋✹▲❆✶✹✸❶❏✷✺✻❊✯■❄✼✦❋❍✿♦❊✯■❆❋❉✼ ❵ ✶❉✺✽✼✮✼✮❋ ❵ ❏✂❇●❃✷▲❆✶✹✸✻▼ ❪ Ô ❫ ✶❘❊⑤✸✻❇⑤✿✷✺➭❊●❋❘⑧❄✸➭✶❘❁➉➆❾③✤✸
❵ ❃❆❅✷✶❍❀❹❊✯■❆❋❉✿✂➃❹❃❆210
❜ ❵ ■✷❃✷❃❄✼✮❋❉✿✂➄ ❃❆❜✂❊✯■✷✸
❏✷✶❉✺ ❵ ✸◆✼r❋❉✿✤③✤■❆❋ ❵ ■✤❊⑤❃❹❏✷❅❄❊✚❊✯■✷✸ ☎❥✼Ý➆☎✶✹✸✻✺➭⑧❆❋❍✿✂➄✖❊✯■✷✸
6
10
❇●✸◆▼❑✺◆❋❉✿❄❋❍✿✂➄ ❏✷✶❉✺ ❵ ✸◆✼✘❜♠❃❄❇✚❊✯■✷✸✤➇★✼ ❊✯■✷✸✻❇●✸➝✺✽❇●✸ 10
✼✮❅ ❵ ■✤③➝✺Ý❁✷✼ ❪ Õ
4
6 = 210
Þ ❃✽③ ❀✷❃✷✸◆✼r❊✯■❆❋❍✼★■✷✸✻✶❉❏✦③◗❋④❊✯■❹❊✯■❆❋❉✼★▼❺❃❄✿❆❊✯■➉❰ ✼◗✵✂❇●❃✷▲❄✶❍✸◆▼ ❫ ❊❻❊✯■✷✸❞⑧❄✸◆❇①❁✔✶❍✸◆✺◆✼✯❊✱➆✽❊✯■❆❋❍✼
➄Ý❋❘⑧❄✸✻✼❹❅✂✼✦✺◆✿➈❅✂❏✂❏✂✸◆❇✤▲✂❃❆❅✂✿✂❀➈❜♠❃❄❇❖❊✯■✷✸✢✿❄❅✂▼❺▲✂✸✻❇❹❃❆❜❷❏✷✺✻❊✯■❄✼❹❋❉Ú ✿❯❊✯■✷✸✢❏✂❇●❃✷▲❆✶✹✸✻▼ ❊✯■❄✺✻❊❞③✤✸
③➝✺✽✿❆❊✘❊●❃❂✼✱❃❆✶ ⑧❄✒✸ ✑⑥❊✯■✷✸✻❇●✸ ❵ ✸◆❇Ò❊●✺✻❋❍✿❄✶ ❁ ❵ ✺✽✿✷✿✂❃☎❊✖▲✂✸❹✺✽✿☎❁▼❺❃❄❇●✸✦❏✷✺✻❊✯■❄✼❷③◗❋④❊✯■❂✼✾❃❄▼❂✸❹✼⑤❊⑤❇●✸✽✸Ý❊●✼
❋❍✿❊✯■✷✸❑▼❑❋❍❀✂❀❆✶✹✸❑❇●✸✻▼❂❃✻⑧❄✸✽❀ ❪❒ ❊❞✺✻✶❍✼✾❃❶➄Ý❋ ⑧❄✸◆✼❞❅✂✼◗✺✽✿✢❋✹❀✷✸◆✺❂❃❆❜❾■✷❃✽③✌❊●❃❶✼⑤❊●✺◆❇⑨❊ ❪❂Þ ✸◆❇●✸✔❋❉✼◗✺
❼❥❇⑨✼⑤❊r✺✽❏✷❏✂❇●❃❄✺ ❵ ■✦❊✯■❄✺➭❊r▼❂❃✷❀✷✸✻✶❉✼r❊✯■✷✸◗❋❍❀✂✸✻✺✤✺✽▲✂❃✻⑧❄✸ ❪
✁☎
✁ ✄✂
✎✑✏✌✒✔✓✖✕✘✗✙✏✠✚
❖❒ ❊❈❋❉✼◗❀❄❋ ✠ ❵ ❅✷✶❘❊★❊⑤❃✢➄✻✸➭❊❈✺❺■❄✺✽✿✂❀❆✶✹✸❺❃❄✿❶■✷❃✽③✌❊⑤❃ ❵ ❃❆❅✂✿❆❊★❊✯■✷✸◆✼✾✸❑❏✷✺✻❊✯■❄✼❞❅✂✿❆❊●❋❉✶
③✤✸◗▲❄❇●✸◆✺✽➃◗❅✂❏❹❊✯■✷✸❞❏✂✺➭❊✯■❄✼❾❋❍✿❆❊●❃✤❜♠❃❆❅✂❇ ❵ ✺✻❊●✸✽➄✻❃❄❇⑨❋✹✸✻✼ ❪ ✠q❃❄✿✷✼✮❋❍❀✂✸✻❇✎❊✯■✷✸❈❋❍✿❆❊●✸◆❇⑨✼✾✸ ❵ ❊●❋❍❃❄✿✷✼❾❋❍✿✤❊✯■✷✸
❀❄❋❉✺☎➄➭❇⑨✺◆▼Ø✶❍✺✽▲✂✸➭✶❉✶❍✸✽❀
➆ ➆ ➆❄✺◆✿✂❀ ❪
W X Y
Z
W
r
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B
r
X
Y r
r
A
✄☎
Z
✝✆
❫ ✿☎❁⑥❏✂✺➭❊✯■♦❜✹❇●❃❄▼
❊●❃
▼✔❅✂✼✯❊✤❏✂✺◆✼✾✼❹❊✯■❄❇●❃❆❅❥➄✻■ Ð q❫ ✠ ❸✚ã ❃❄✿✂✸❙❃❆❜✘❊✯■✷✸✢❜♠❃❆❅✂❇
❏ ❃❆❋❉✿❆❊●✼
❥
➆ ➆ ➆✎❃❄❇ A ❪ Ô B
❃❆❅❯▼❑✺➭❁❶✿✂✸✽✸◆❀✢❊●❃❶✼⑤❊●✺◆❇●✸❺✺➭❊✖❊✯■✷✸❂❀❆❋❍✺✽➄➭❇⑨✺✽▼ ❜♠❃❄❇❞✺❑✶④❋④❊⑨❊●✶❍✸
③✤■❆❋❉✶❍✸❖❊⑤❃W❵ ❃❄✿☎X⑧❄❋❉✿ Y❵ ✸❞❁❄❃❆❅✂Z❇⑨✼✾✸✻✶④❜✴❃❆❜❥❊✯■❆❋❉✼ ❪ Õ❈➅❶■✽❁❺❀✷❃✷✸◆✼r❊✯■❆❋❍✼★■✷✸✻✶❉❏ ❒ ❊❷■✷✸➭✶❍❏✷✼✖▲✂✸ ❵ ✺✻❅✂✼✱✸❞③✤✸
❵ ✺◆✿✦▲❄❇●✸◆✺✽➃❞❅✂❏✤❊✯■✷✸✖❏✂✺➭❊✯■❄✼❻❜✹❇●❃❄▼
❊⑤❃
❋❉✿❆❊⑤❃◗❜♠❃❆❅✂❇✚❀❆❋❍✼●Ó①❃❆❋❍✿❆❊ ❵ ✺✻Ú ❊●✸✽➄✻❃❄❇⑨❋✹✸✻✼ ✑⑥❊✯■✷❃❄✼✾✸✖❜✹❇●❃❄▼
A
B
❊⑤❃
❏✂✺◆✼✾✼✯❋❍✿✂➄❷❊✯■❄❇●❃❆❅❥➄✻■✔✸✻✺ ❵ ■❹❃❆❜
➆ ➆ ➆☎✺◆✿✂❀ ❪ ➅❶✸ ❵ ❃❆❅✂✿❆❊✎❊✯■✷✸❞❏✂✺➭❊✯■❄✼❾❋❍✿➝❊✯■❆❋❍✼
A✺➭❁❺▲◆B❁ ❵ ❃❆❅✂✿❆❊●❋❉✿✂➄❞❊✯■✷✸✤✿❄❅✂▼❂▲✷✸◆❇❷❃❆❜➐W
③➝
❏✷✺✻❊✯■❄X✼❷❜✹❇●Y❃❄▼
❊●Z❃✦❊✯■✷✸✤❏✷✺✽❇Ò❊●❋ ❵ ❅✷✶❉✺✽❇❾❋❍✿❆❊●✸◆❇●▼❂✸◆❀❄❋❉✺✻❊●✸
A
❪
❏❥❃❆❋❉✿❆❊✱➆❄✺✽✿✂❀✦❊✯■✷✸✻✿❑❜✹❇●❃❄▼✌❊✯■❄✺✻❊r❏✂❃❆❋❍✿❆❊❻❊●❃
❸ ❃❯➄✻✸Ý❊❖❜✹❇●❃❄▼
❊●❃
➆➐③✤✸❺▼❺✺✽B
➃✽✸
▼❺❃◆⑧❄✸❑❊●❃✢❊✯■✷✸❂❇⑨❋✹➄✻■☎❊❖✺✽✿✂❀
▼❂❃✻⑧❄✸◆✼◗❅✂❏ ❪
A
W
1
4
❸ ■✷✸✻❇●✸✔✺✽❇●✸ 5
✼✮❅ ❵ ■❏✷✺✻❊✯■❄✼ ❪◗❸ ❃✢➄✻✸➭❊❷❜✹❇●❃❄▼
❊●❃
➆✷③✤✸✦▼❺✺✽➃✽✸ ▼❂❃✻⑧❄✸◆✼✖❊●❃
W
B
5
1 = 5
❏✂✺➭❊✯■❄✼r❜✹❇●❃❄▼
❊✯■✷✸❖❇●❋❍➄✻■☎❊ ❪✎❸ ■✷✸✻❇●✸❞❋❍✼✘❃❄✿❄✶ ❁ ✼✯❅ ❵ ■✦❏✷✺✻❊✯■ ❪✎❸ ■❆❅✂✼➭➆◆❊✯■✷✸◆❇●✸❖✺◆❇●✸
1
5×1 = 5
A
❪
❊⑤❃
❊✯■❄❇●❃❆❅❥➄✻■
B ❸ ❃❙➄✻✸Ý❊❈❜✹❇●W
❃❄▼
❊⑤❃
➆q③✤✸❑▼❺✺✽➃✽✸
▼❺❃◆⑧❄✸✻✼❞❊⑤❃❊✯■✷✸❑❇●❋❍➄✻■☎❊❖✺◆✿✂❀
▼❺❃◆⑧❄✸✻✼❖❅✂❏ ❪
A
X
2
3
❸ ■✷✸✻❇●✸✦✺◆❇●✸ 5
✼✮❅ ❵ ■❺❏✂✺➭❊✯■❄✼ ❪★❸ ❃❂➄✻✸➭❊✘❜✹❇●❃❄▼
❊●❃
➆❄③✤✸✤▼❺✺✽➃✽✸ ▼❺❃◆⑧❄✸✻✼★❊●❃
✆
= 10
2
X
B
4
▼ ❃✻⑧❄✸❑❅✂❏ ❪❑❸ ■✷✸✻❇●✸❺✺◆❇●✸ 5
❂
✼✯❅ ❵ ■❶❏✂✺➭❊✯■❄✼ ❪❑❸ ■❆❅✂✼➭➆q❊✯■✷✸◆❇●✸❑✺✽❇●✸
4 = 5
❪
❏✂✺➭❊✯■❄✼❷❜✹❇●❃❄▼
❊⑤❃
❊✯■❄❇●❃❆❅❥➄✻■
10 × 5
=➄✻50
B▼❑✺☎➃✽✸
❸ ❃♦
❊⑤❃ A➆✴③✤✸✢
▼❂X❃✻⑧❄✸◆✼➝❊●❃❙❊✯■✷✸❇●❋❍➄✻■☎❊➝✺✽✿✂❀
▼❂❃✻⑧❄✸❂❅✂❏ ❪
✸Ý❊◗❜✹❇●❃❄▼
A
Y
5
1
❸ ■✷✸✻❇●✸❂✺✽❇●✸ 6
✼✯❅ ❵ ■❙❏✂✺➭❊✯■❄✼ ❪❂❸ ❃❯➄✻✸Ý❊❞❜✹❇●❃❄▼
❊⑤❃
➆➐③✤✸❺▼❑✺☎➃✽✸
▼❺❃◆⑧❄✸✔❊●❃
❊✯■✷✸❺❇⑨❋✹➄✻■☎❊❞✺◆✿✂❀
5
1
= 6
Y
B
1
▼❂❃✻⑧❄✸◆✼❈❅✂❏ ❪◗❸ ■✷✸✻❇●✸✔✺✽❇●✸ 4
✼✯❅ ❵ ■✢❏✷✺✻❊✯■❄✼ ❪◗❸ ■❆❅✂✼Ý➆➉❊✯■✷✸✻❇●✸✔✺✽❇●✸
❊✯■✷✸✔❇●❋❍➄✻■☎❊✖✺✽✿✂❀
3
1 = 4
❪
❏✂✺➭❊✯■❄✼❷❜✹❇●❃❄▼
❊●❃
❊✯■❄❇●❃❆❅❥➄✻■
6 × 4 ❸ = 24
❃✤➄✻✸➭❊✴❜✹❇●❃❄▼
❊⑤❃ A➆➭③✤✸❈B
▼❑✺☎➃✽✸ ▼❺❃◆Y⑧❄✸✻✼✚❊⑤❃❖❊✯■✷✸❈❇●❋❍➄✻■☎❊ ❪✴❸ ■✷✸✻❇●✸❈❋❉✼r❃❄✿❄✶ ❁ ✼✮❅ ❵ ■
❏✂✺➭❊✯■ ❪✘❸ ❃❺➄✻✸➭❊r❜✹❇●❃❄▼ A ❊⑤❃ Z ➆❆③✤✸✤▼❑✺☎➃✽6✸◗ ❑▼❺❃◆⑧❄✸✻✼★❅✂❏ ❪✘❸ ■✷✸✻❇●✸✤❋❉✼❈❃❄✿❄✶ ❁ ✼✯❅ ❵ ■❺1❏✷✺✻❊✯■ ❪
Z
B❏✷✺✻❊✯■✦❜✹❇●❃❄▼
1
❸ ■❆❅✂✼Ý➆❆❊✯■✷✸✻❇●✸◗❋❍✼
❊●❃
❊✯■❄❇●❃❆❅❥➄✻■ ❪
1
×
1
=
1
A
B
Z
❸ ■✷✸✻❇●✸✻❜♠❃❄❇●✸❆➆❆❋❍✿❹❊⑤❃☎❊⑨✺◆✶❄❊✯■✷✸◆❇●✸◗✺✽❇●✸
❪
❏✷✺✻❊✯■❄✼✘❜✹❇●❃❄▼
❊●❃
5 + 50 + 24 + 1 = 80
A
B
❸ ■❄✺➭❊✱❰ ✼✚✺★❏✷❇●✸➭❊⑨❊①❁❖❋❍✿✷✼✯❋✹➄✻■☎❊●❜❍❅✷✶☎▼❺✸➭❊✯■✷❃✷❀ ❪✴❸ ✺☎➃◆❋❍✿✂➄✘✺★❏✂❇●❃✷▲❆✶✹✸✻▼✞❊✯■❄✺✻❊➐✼✾✸✽✸✻▼❺✼✚❀❆❋ ✠ ❵ ❅✷✶④❊
❊⑤❃❞➄✻✸Ý❊➉✺★■❄✺◆✿✂❀❄✶❍✸❷❃❄✿❞✺✽✿✂❀❖❀❆❋❘⑧❆❋✹❀❆❋❍✿✂➄❻❋④❊❥❅✂❏❞❋❉✿❆❊⑤❃✖✼✱✸✻❏✂✺◆❇⑨✺✻❊●✸✘❏✂❇●❃✷▲❆✶✹✸✻▼❺✼➉❊✯■❄✺✻❊➉✺◆❇●✸✘❇●✸✻✶❉✺✻❊●❋ ⑧❄✸✻✶ ❁
✸◆✺◆✼⑨❁✤❊●❃✦❀✷✸◆✺✻✶❆③◗❋❘❊✯■✤❋❉✼r✺◆✶ ③➝✺➭❁❄✼r✺➝➄✻❃✷❃✷❀✤❋❍❀✂✸✻✺ ✑Ü❼❥➄Ý❅✂❇●❋❉✿✂➄❖❃❆❅❄❊❾■✷❃✽③ ❊⑤❃✦❀❆❋❘⑧❆❋✹❀✷✸❞❋❘❊✚❅✂❏✤③➝✺◆✼
❊✯■✷✸➝❇●✸◆✺✻✶✷❊⑤❇●❋ ❵ ➃✦■✷✸✻❇●✸ ❪
✁☎ ☎
Þ ✺Ý⑧❄✸ ❒ ✶✹✸◆❀➈❁❄❃❆❅➸❜✹✺◆❇✦✸◆✿✂❃❆❅❥➄✻■➸❀✷❃✽③➝✿⑥❊✯■✷✸❆➆✖✸✻❇✱➆❷❏✂✺➭❊✯■
➇★✿❄❜♠❃❄❇⑨❊●❅✂✿✷✺➭❊⑤✸➭✶❘❁➉➆✘❊✯■❆❋❍✼
●❇ ✸✻✶❉✺✻❊●❋❍❃❄✿❈❊⑤❃★❊✯■✷✸✡✄ ❵ ✶❉✺✽✼✮✼✮❋ ❵ ✆✚❏✂❇●❃✷▲❆✶✹✸✻▼✫✺◆✿✂❀❞❋④❊⑨✼✴▼❂✸Ý❊✯■✷❃✷❀◗❃❆❜✽✼✱❃❆✶④❅❄Ú ❊●❋✹❃❄✿❞▼❺✺Ý❁◗■❄✺Ý⑧❄✸★▲❆✶❉❋❉✿✂❀✂✸◆❀
❅✂✼✘❊●❃✔✺✽✿❺✸✻✺✽✼✯❋✹✸✻❇❾✼✱❃❆✶④❅❄❊●❋✹❃❄✿ ❪
✂
✎✑✏✌✒✔✓✖✕✘✗✙✏✠✚✁ ★❒ ❜➐③✤✸
❵ ■✷❃✷❃❄✼✾✸❹✺✽✿☎❁❂❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸✻❇⑨✼✱✸ ❵ ❊●❋✹❃❄✿q➆➉■✷❃✽③✌▼❑✺✽✿☎❁❏✷✺✻❊✯■❄✼❈✺✽❇●✸➝❊✯■✷✸◆❇●✸➝❊⑤❃➄✻✸Ý❊
❊⑤❃➝❋④❊ ➅❶✸➭✶❉✶①➆◆❊●❃✦➄✻✸Ý❊✎❊●❃❹✺◆✿☎❁✤❋❍✿❆❊●✸◆❇⑨✼✾✸ ❵ ❊●❋❍❃❄✿q➆✻③✤✸❞▼✔❅✂✼✯❊ ❵ ❃❄▼❺✸❈❜✹❇●❃❄▼ ❀❄❋❉❇●✸ ❵ ❊●✶ ❁➝❊⑤❃◗❊✯■✷✸❈✶✹✸➭❜❉❊
❃❄❇✘❀❆❋❍Ú ❇●✸ ❵ ❊●✶❘❁❑▲✂✸➭✶✹❃✽③ ❪✴❸ ■❆❅✂✼Ý➆☎❊✯■✷✸❖❊●❃☎❊●✺✻✶❥✿❄❅✂▼❂▲✷✸◆❇✘❃❆❜q❏✷✺✻❊✯■❄✼r❊⑤❃✦✺✽✿☎❁✦❋❍✿❆❊●✸◆❇⑨✼✾✸ ❵ ❊●❋❍❃❄✿✔❋❍✼r❊✯■✷✸
✼✮❅✂▼ ❃❆❜➐❊✯■✷✸✦✿❄❅✂▼❺▲✂✸✻❇❈❃❆❜✎❏✷✺✻❊✯■❄✼★❊⑤❃❑❊✯■✷✸❹❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸✻❇⑨✼✱✸ ❵ ❊●❋✹❃❄✿❂❋❉▼❺▼❺✸✽❀❆❋❍✺➭❊⑤✸➭✶❘❁❑❊⑤❃❑❊✯■✷✸❹✶❍✸✻❜❉❊★✺◆✿✂❀
❊✯■✷✸➝✿❄❅✂▼❂▲✷✸◆❇✘❃❆❜q❏✷✺✻❊✯■❄✼✘❋❍▼❑▼❂✸◆❀❄❋❉✺✻❊●✸✻✶ ❁❑▲✂✸➭✶✹❃✽③ ❪
❫ ✼❾✺◆✿✦✸ Ñ ✺✽▼❑❏✷✶❍✸❄➆◆✶✹✸Ý❊✱❰ ✼ ❵ ❃❄✿✷✼✯❋✹❀✷✸◆❇➐❊✯■✷✸❞▲✷❃☎❊⑨❊⑤❃❄▼ ✶❍✸✻❜❉❊ ❵ ❃❄❇⑤✿✂✸✻❇ ❪✴❸ ❃
...
.
➄✻✸➭❊✤❊⑤❃♦❊✯■✷✸❙❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸✻❇⑨✼✱✸ ❵ ❊●❋✹❃❄✿❛❀❆❋❍❇●✸ ❵ ❊●✶❘❁Ü✺☎▲✷❃◆⑧❄✸
➆✘❊✯■✷✸✻❇●✸❙❋❍✼❺❃❄✿❄✶❘❁➸❃❄✿✂✸
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❏✂✺➭❊✯■ ❪❛❸ ❃⑥➄✻✸➭❊◗❊●❃❯❊✯■✷✸✢❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸✻❇⑨✼✱✸ ❵ ❊●❋✹❃❄✿⑥❀❄❋❉❇●✸ ❵ ❊●A
✶ ❁➈❊●❃❯❊✯■✷✸❶❇⑨❋✹➄✻■☎❊❹❃❆❜ ➆
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▼❂❃✻⑧❄✸✤A
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✸◆✺ ❵ ■❈❊✯■❄❇●❃❆❅❥➄✻■➝✸✻✺ ❵ ■
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1
A
➅❶✸ ❵ ✺◆✿✤❜♠❃❆✶④✶✹❃✽③❛❊✯■❆❋❉✼✚✶❉❋❉✿✂✸❈❃❆❜✷❇●✸◆✺◆✼✱❃❄✿❄❋❉✿✂➄✘❊⑤❃❖❼✂✶④✶☎❋❍✿❖❊✯■✷✸❈✿❄❅✂▼❺▲✂✸✻❇❻❃❆❜❄❏✂✺➭❊✯■❄✼✚❊●❃➝✺◆✿☎❁
❋❍✿❆❊●✸◆❇⑨✼✾✸ ❵ ❊●❋❍❃❄✿❂❃❄✿✔❊✯■✷✸❹➄➭❇⑨❋✹❀ Ô ❅✂✼✮❋❉✿✂➄➝✺✤✼✯✶❉❋❍➄✻■☎❊●✶❘❁❺✸◆✿❄✶❉✺✽❇●➄✻✸◆❀✦⑧❄✸◆❇⑨✼✯❋✹❃❄✿❺❃❆❜➉❊✯■✷✸❹➄➭❇⑨❋✹❀❺✼✾❃✦❊✯■❄✺➭❊
③✤✸ ❵ ✺✽✿✔❼❄❊❻❊✯■✷✸➝✿❄❅✂▼❺▲✂✸✻❇⑨✼✖❃❄✿✔❋④❊✲● Õ ❪
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A
Þ ✸✻✿ ❵ ✸❆➆❆❊✯■✷✸✻❇●✸➝✺◆❇●✸
4
10
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❏✂✺➭❊✯■❄✼❷❜✹❇●❃❄▼
16
6
4
5
1
1
A
❊●❃
B
❪
6
1
29
13
7
1
❿❞❃✽③❮❊✯■❄✺✻❊❷③➝✺◆✼❖▼✔❅ ❵ ■❙✸✻✺✽✼✯❋✹✸✻❇ ❪❖❫ ✿✂❀✢❋❘❊✱❰ ✼❖▼✔❅ ❵ ■❙✸✻✺✽✼✯❋✹✸✻❇❷❊●❃❶➄✻✸✻✿✂✸◆❇⑨✺✻✶❉❋ á ✸✒✑Ü❋④❜✴③✤✸
■❄✺☎❀⑥✺❙▼❑❅ ❵ ■Ü▲❆❋✹➄✻➄✻✸✻❇✦➄➭❇⑨❋✹❀❯③◗❋❘❊✯■⑥✺③✤■✷❃❆✶❍✸❙▲❆❅✂✿ ❵ ■➸❃❆❜ ✄➁■✷❃❆✶❍✸◆✼ ✆❺❋❉✿♦❊✯■✷✸❶▼✔❋✹❀✷❀❄✶❍✸❄➆❻③✤✸
❵ ❃❆❅✷✶❍❀❛➄✻✸◆✿✂✸✻❇⑨✺◆✶④❋ á ✸✢❊✯■❆❋❍✼❹⑧❄✸◆❇①❁➸✿❄❋ ❵ ✸➭✶❘❁ ❪✫❸ ■❆❋❉✼❑❋❍✼❑✼✾❃❄▼❂✸Ý❊✯■❆❋❍✿✂➄❊✯■❄✺✻❊❹❋❉✼❺✺✻✶❘③➝✺Ý❁✷✼❹③✤❃❄❇Ò❊✯■
❊✯■❆❋❍✿✂➃◆❋❍✿✂➄❈✺☎▲✷❃❆❅❄❊✴③✤■✷✸✻✿✦✼✱❃❆✶ ⑧❄❋❉✿✂➄❈✺❖❏✷❇●❃✷▲❄✶❍✸◆▼ ✑♦③◗❋❉✶④✶✂❃❆❅✂❇✚▼❂✸Ý❊✯■✷❃✷❀✔➄✻✸✻✿✂✸◆❇⑨✺✻✶❉❋ á ✸✖❊⑤❃✤▼❂❃❄❇●✸
❵ ❃❄▼❑❏✷✶④❋ ❵ ✺✻❊●✸✽❀✔✼✮❋❘❊●❅✂✺✻❊●❋❍❃❄✿✷✼
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✁☎Ý
▲✁❖❙ ❘✻❉■❈✄✂❬❚ ▲■❈✦▼r❈✆☎✦❖
✟✞
✝
✟✞ ✡✠ ➔❹➏☞☛❾↔✟✌➉➎➐➏✯➑◗➒✍☛
✪❑✧ ✡✏➉
✎ ✥✒✑ ✍ ✄✔✓✖◗✕ ✥★✧
↔★➠➢➍ q→★➍ ❞➓✯↔
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✘➡
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❊●❅❄❊⑤✸✤❃❆❜✎â♦✺✻❊✯■✷✸✻▼❺✺➭❊●❋ ❵ ✼★✺◆✿✂❀✔❋④❊⑨✼ ❫ ❏✂❏❄✶❉❋ ❵ ✺➭❊●❋✹❃❄✿✷✼●Õ✯➆➉â➈❋ ❵ ■❄✺☎✸➭✶✝✠➉✺✽❇●❀❆❋❍✿✂➄ Ô ❜♠❃❄❇●▼❂✸✻❇●✶ ❁❑✺✤■❆❋✹➄✻■
✼ ❵ ■✷❃✷❃❆✶✎❏✷❇●❋❉✿ ❵ ❋❍❏✷✺◆✶✴❋❍✿ ✠q■✷✸◆✼✾■❆❋❍❇●✸❆➆ Ð ✿✂➄Ý✶❍✺◆✿✂❀☎Õ★❀✷✸◆✼ ❵ ❇●❋❍▲✂✸◆❀❶✺❹⑧❄❋❉✼✮❋❘❊❷❊⑤❃ ❒ ✿✂❀❆❋❍✺ ❪❹❸ ■✷✸✻❇●✸❄➆✴■✷✸
▼❂✸Ý❊✤✺✢❊✯■❆❋❉❇⑨❊●✸✽✸✻✿❯❁❄✸◆✺◆❇❹❃❆✶❍❀➈❜♠✸◆▼❑✺◆✶❍✸❶✼⑤❊●❅❥❀✂✸✻✿❆❊❖③✤■✷❃❙Ó✹❅✂✼✯❊➝✶❍❃◆⑧❄✸◆❀⑥▼❑✺✻❊✯■✷✸✻▼❺✺➭❊●❋ ❵ ✼ ❪ ➋✽■✷✸
❏❥❃❄✼✾✸✽❀❑■❆❋❍▼Ø✺✤❏✷❇●❃✷▲❄✶❍✸◆▼❶ß
A
❒✿
➆✷❊✯■✷✸✦❏✂✸◆❇●❏❥✸✻✿✂❀❄❋ ❵ ❅✷✶❍✺◆❇⑨✼
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❜✹❇●❃❄▼
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✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍✸◆✼ A ✺◆✿✂❀
▼❺✸✽✸Ý❊➐❊✯■✷❃❄✼✱✸❈▲❄❋❉✼✱✸ ❵ ❊⑤❃❄❇⑨✼
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❋❘❊ ❪ ➋✽■✷✸◗✺✻✶❍✼✾❃❹✼⑤❊●✺➭❊⑤✸◆❀✤❊✯■❄✺✻❊
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■❄✺☎❀❺▲✷✸✽✸✻✿❺✺✽▲❄✶❍✸❞❊⑤❃✔❏✷❇●❃◆⑧❄✸◗❋❘❊ ❪
C
B
❸ ■❆❋❉✼❷③➝✺◆✼❈❃✷▲◆⑧❄❋❍❃❆❅✂✼✮✶ ❁❂✺ ❵ ■❄✺◆✶④✶✹✸✻✿✂➄✻✸➝❊●❃❶â♦❇ ❪ ✠q✺◆❇●❀❄❋❉✿✂➄ ❪★❸ ■✷✸❹✺◆❇⑨❊●❋ ❵ ✶✹✸✤✼⑤❊●✺➭❊⑤✸✻✼★❊✯■❄✺➭❊
â♦❇ ❪ ✠➉✺✽❇●❀❆❋❍✿✂➄ ❵ ✶❍✺✻❋❍▼❺✸✽❀❑Ó①✸Ý❊✯⑦✯✶❉✺☎➄❹✺◆✿✂❀❶❀❆❅❄❊●❋✹✸✻✼❈❊●❃ ❵ ❃◆⑧❄✸✻❇❈■❆❋❉✼❈❋❍▼❑▼❂✸◆❀❄❋❉✺✻❊●✸❹❋❍✿✷✺✽❀✂✸◆Ï❄❅✂✺ ❵ ❁➉➆
✺✽✿✂❀❶✼✯❊⑨✺✻❊●✸✽❀❊✯■❄✺➭❊✖❊✯■✷✸✱❁❙■❄✺Ý⑧❄✸❺❇●✸✻✼✱❃❆✶ ⑧❄✸✽❀❂❊✯■✷✸❑❏✂❇●❃✷▲❆✶✹✸✻▼➢⑧❆❋❍✺❺✸✽⑦✯▼❺✺✻❋❉✶ ❪ ❿❞❃✢✼✱❃❆✶④❅❄❊●❋✹❃❄✿✢❋❉✼
➄Ý❋❘⑧❄✸✻✿❑❋❉✿✦❊✯■✷✸➝✺◆❇⑨❊●❋ ❵ ✶✹✸ ❪
Þ ✸✻❇●✸❄➆Ý③✤✸❈✸ Ñ ✺◆▼❑❋❉✿✂✸❷❊✯■❆❋❍✼❻❏✷❇●❃✷▲❄✶❍✸◆▼ ✺✽✿✂❀✤➄Ý❋❘⑧❄✸✖✺❈✼✾❃❆✶❉❅❄❊●❋❍❃❄✿❞③✤■❆❋ ❵ ■➝■❄✺✽✼❻✺❈✼✯❅✂❇⑤❏✷❇●❋❉✼✱⑦
❋❍✿✂➄◗✸◆✿✂❀❆❋❍✿✂➄ ❪
➅❶■✷✸◆✿❈❼✂❇⑨✼✯❊✂❊✯■❆❋❉✿✂➃✽❋❉✿✂➄r✺✽▲✂❃❆❅❄❊➉✺✘❏✷❇●❃✷▲❄✶❍✸◆▼ ③◗❋❘❊✯■❞▲❆❋❍✼✾✸ ❵ ❊●✸✽❀❈✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍✸◆✼Ý➆Ý❋❘❊❥❋❉✼➐✿✷✺✻❊●❅✂❇⑨✺✻✶➭❊●❃
❵ ❃❄✿✷✼✯❋✹❀✷✸◆❇✚✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍✸◆✼ ●rÖ❆❃❄❇❻✸ Ñ ✺✽▼❑❏✷✶❍✸❄➆✻③✤■❄✺✻❊✚✺✽❇●✸✖❊✯■✷✸❞✼✮❋ á ✸◆✼r❃❆❜✂✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍✸◆✼
➆
➆❆✺◆✿✂❀
❒ ❊✴❋❉✼❻✺◆✶❉✼✱❃❞❊●✸◆▼❑❏❄❊●❋❉✿✂➄❷❊●❃✤❀❄❇⑨✺➭③❢❊✯■✷✸★✶❉❋❉✿✂✸❈✼✾✸✽➄➭▼❺✸◆✿❆❊
❪q❫ P✶❉✼✱AY
❃➉➆➭❋❉❜ QAX
➆
XAY Ú
XY
XY BC
❊✯■✷✸◆✿❹③✤✸➝✼✾✸✽✸❞❊✯■✷✸ ✡ ❸ ■✷✸◆❃❄❇●✸◆▼ ❵ ❃❄▼❑❋❉✿✂➄❞❋❍✿❆❊●❃✔❏✷✶❉✺➭❁ ❪
❫ ✶④❋④❊⑨❊●✶❍✸✢✸✻✶❍✸◆z▼❺✸◆✿❆❊⑨✺✽❇①❁ ❵ ✺✻✶ ❵ ❅✷✶❉✺✻❊●❋❍❃❄✿
✼✱■✷❃✽③➝✼❾❊✯■❄✺➭❊
∠P AY = A + 21 C − 90◦
Ô ❅✂✼✾✸
➆❹✼✱❃ ❊✯■❄✺✻❊
A
∠AP Y = B + 21 C
...
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✺✽✿✂❀
1
.......... ........
◦
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.
.
.
.....
∠P AY = 90 − B Õ −
C
... ...
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2
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◦ ❪ ➋✻❋❍▼✔❋❉✶❉✺✽❇⑨✶❘❁➉➆
.. ..
..... ..
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∠A
+
∠B
+
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=
180
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❪
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③✤✸★✼✾✸✽✸r❊✯■❄✺✻❊
.
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1
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∠QAX = A+ 2 B −90
.
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...
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..
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❸ ■✷✸✻✿
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1
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∠XAY
= 2 (B➆✚❊✯+
Y .................................................. X .........
....
.
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❒❜
.
■✷✸✻C)
✿❯③✤✸❑③✤❃❆❅✷✶❍❀
.
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........
...
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XY
BC
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■❄✺➭⑧❄✸
✺✽✿✂❀
........ ...........
....... ........................
1
.
◦
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∠AY X = 90 − 2 C
.
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.
.
.
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❪ ✠q❃❄✿☎⑧❄✸◆❇⑨✼✾✸✻✶ ❁q➆
1
◦
C
B
∠AXY
=❏✷❇●90
❋❉❜❻③✤✸ ❵ ✺◆✿♦
❃◆⑧❄✸❺−
❊✯■❄✺➭2❊➝B✸✻❋❘❊✯■✷✸◆❇◗❃❆❜❾❊✯■✷✸◆✼✾✸
❪
✸✽Ï❆❅✂✺✻❊●❋❍❃❄✿✷✼✢■✷❃❆✶❍❀✷✼Ý➆✖❊✯■✷✸✻✿
BC
✠q✺◆✿✦③✤✸◗❏✷❇●❃◆⑧❄✸❖❊✯■❆❋❉✼✘❊●❃❑▲✷✸❖XY
❊⑤❇⑨❅❥✸
Ú
❫ ✼★❋❉✿❂✺✻✶❉✶➉❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸✻❇●✸◆✼⑤❊●❋❍✿✂➄➝➄✻✸✽❃❄▼❺✸➭❊⑤❇①❁❺❏✷❇●❃✷▲❄✶❍✸◆▼❑✼➭➆✂✼✾❃❄▼❂✸ ❵ ❃❄✿✷✼✯❊⑤❇⑨❅ ❵ ❊●❋✹❃❄✿❑❋❍✼★✿✂✸✽✸◆❀✂✸◆❀ ❪
❒ ✺✻✶❘③➝✺Ý❁✷✼✘❊●❃❆✶✹❀❑▼❹❁❂➄✻✸◆❃❄▼❂✸Ý❊⑤❇①❁❺✼✯❊●❅❥❀✷✸◆✿❆❊⑨✼ Ô ✺✻❊r❅✂✿❄❋❘⑧❄✸✻❇⑨✼✮❋❘❊⑩❁➉➆✷❋❉✿❺❏✂✺◆❇⑨❊●❋ ❵ ❅✷✶❍✺◆❇ÒÕ✎❊●❃❑▼❑✺☎➃✽✸✤✺◆✼
✁☎✮✂
............
▼❺✺◆✿☎❁ ❵ ❃❄✿✷✼✯❊⑤❇⑨❅ ❵ ❊●❋✹❃❄✿✷✼❷✺✽✼❷✼✱✸◆✸◆▼❺✸✽❀✦❊●❃❑▲✂✸➝❏✂❃❄✼✾✼✯❋✹▲❆✶❘❁✦❅✂✼✾✸✻❜❍❅✷✶ ❪✖ã ✺➭❊⑤✸✻❇✱➆✽③✤■✷✸◆✿❺✺➝✼✱❃❆✶④❅❄❊●❋✹❃❄✿
■❄✺✽✼❷▲✂✸◆✸◆✿✦❜♠❃❆❅✂✿✂❀q➆❆✿✂❃☎❊❾✺◆✶④✶❥❃❆❜✂❊✯■✷✸ ❵ ❃❄✿✷✼✯❊⑤❇⑨❅ ❵ ❊●❋✹❃❄✿✷✼✘▼❑✺☎❀✷✸❈③◗❋④✶❉✶❥▲✷✸◗✿✂✸ ❵ ✸✻✼✾✼✮✺✽❇①❁ ❪✎❸ ■✷✸✻✿q➆❄✺
✿✂✸Ý③ ❀❆❋❍✺✽➄➭❇⑨✺✽▼➀✼✾■✷❃❆❅✷✶✹❀❑▲✂✸➝❀✷❇⑨✺Ý③➝✿❺✺◆✿✂❀✦❊✯■✷✸✤❃❆✶❍❀❑❃❄✿✂✸✤❀❆❋❍✼ ❵ ✺◆❇●❀✂✸◆❀ ❪
❸ ■✷✸❢❅✂✼✾✸✻❜❍❅✷✶ ❵ ❃❄✿✷✼⑤❊⑤❇●❅ ❵ ❊●❋❍❃❄✿✷✼♦■✷✸◆❇●✸
❊●❅✂❇⑤✿⑥❃❆❅❄❊❖❊⑤❃♦▲✷✸❶❀❄❇⑨✺➭③◗❋❉✿✂➄❺❊✯■✷✸✺◆✶❘❊●❋④❊●❅❥❀✷✸
A
......
❜✹❇●❃❄▼
❊●❃
✺✽✿✂❀✦❊✯■✷✸◗✶④❋❍✿✂✸◗✼✱✸◆➄✻⑦
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AD
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✺✽✿✂❀
Ö☎❇●❃❄▼➊❊✯■❆❋❍✼Ý➆✂③✤✸
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DC
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..
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✺✽✿✂❀
✺◆❇●✸ ❵ ❁ ❵ ✶④❋ ❵ ➆❾③✤■❆❋ ❵ ■Ü➄Ý❋❘⑧❄✸✻✼
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✶✹❃☎❊⑨✼★❃❆❜➐✸✽Ï❆❅✂✺◆✶④❋④❊●❋❍✸◆✼❷✺◆▼❂❃❄✿✂➄➭✼⑤❊r✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍✸◆✼ ❪r❒ ✿
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❏✂✺◆❇⑨❊●❋ ❵ ❅✷✶❍✺◆❇✱➆
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∠ADY
= ∠ACY = 21 C
= ∠Y CD = ∠Y AD
B
... ..........
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. ...... ..
.....................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
D
C
❪
❸ ■✷✸✻❇●✸✻❜♠❃❄❇●✸❆➆
❪ ➋✻❋❍▼✔❋❉✶❉✺✽❇⑨✶❘❁➉➆
❪
❋❉✼q❋❍✼✾❃❄✼ ❵ ✸✻✶❍✸◆✼Ý➆➁✺✽✿✂❀★❊✯■❆❅✂✼➭➆
❸ ■❆❋❉✼✖▼❂✸✻AY
✺✽✿✷✼❷D
❊✯■❄✺➭❊
❋❍✼★✺◗⑧❄✸◆❇①❁❺✼✾AY
❏✂✸ ❵ ❋❉✺◆=✶qÏ❄Y❅✂D
✺✽❀✷❇⑨❋❉✶❉✺✻❊●✸◆❇⑨✺✻✶✂③◗❋④AX
❊✯■✦❊✯■✷=
✸✤❏✂XD
❇●❃❄❏✂⑦
❪❾❸ ■❆❅✂✼➭➆❄❋④❊r❜♠❃❆✶❍⑦
✸◆❇Ò❊⑩❁✔❊✯■❄✺➭❊❾❊✯■✷✸❹❀❆❋❍✺✽➄✻❃❄✿✷✺◆✶❉✼★AXDY
✺✽❇●✸➝❏❥✸✻❇⑤❏✂✸◆✿✂❀❆❋ ❵ ❅✷✶❉✺✽❇✘✺✽✿✂❀
▲❆❋❍✼✾✸ ❵ ❊⑨✼
AD
✶✹❃✽③➝✼r❊✯■❄✺➭❊
➆❄✺◆✿✂❀✦❊✯■✷✸❖❊✯■✷✸◆❃❄❇●✸◆▼ ❋❍✼❷❏✷❇●❃◆⑧❄✸◆XY
❀ ❪
❸ ■✷✸✔XY
❪ ➅❋❘❊✯■
▲❄❋❉✼✱✸ ❵ ❊●✼❈❊✯■✷✸✔✺◆✶❘❊●❋④❊●❅❥❀✷✸
✼✮❅✂❇●❏✂❇⑨❋❍✼✯BC
❋❍✿✂➄✔✸ Ñ ❊⑤❇⑨✺❑❇●✸◆✼✯❅✷✶④❊✖❋❉✼❈❊✯■❄✺➭❊
AD
▼❑❋❉✿✂❃❄❇r✺✽❀☎Ó✹❅✂✼⑤❊⑤▼❂✸✻✿❆❊●✼Ý➆❆❊✯■❆❋❉✼❷❏✂❇●❃✷❃❆❜➉❋❉✼❾⑧❆✺◆✶④❋✹❀✦❜♠❃❄XY
❇r✿✂❃❄✿✂⑦✯✺ ❵ ❅❄❊●✸❖❊⑤❇⑨❋❍✺◆✿✂➄Ý✶✹✸✻✼ ❪
❿❞❃✽③✔➆✻■✷❃✽③❛❀❆❋✹❀ ❒✷❵ ❃❄▼❂✸❾❊●❃★❊✯■❆❋❍✿✂➃✖❃❆❜✻❊✯■❆❋❍✼✴❏✷❇●❃✷❃❆❜ ❸ ❃❖▲✷✸★■✷❃❄✿✂✸✻✼✯❊✱➆➁❋❍✿❞❏✂❇●✸✻❏✂✺◆❇●❋❉✿✂➄✘✺
❀❄❋❉✺☎➄➭❇⑨✺◆▼ ❊⑤❃★③✤❃❄❇⑤➃✘③◗❋❘❊✯■➉➆ ❒ ❇●✸◆✼✾❃❄❇⑨❊●✸✽❀✖❊⑤❃ ❵ ❃❄▼❺❏❄❅❄❊⑤✸✻❇q✺◆✶❍➄✻Ú ✸✽▲❄❇⑨✺ ❪❻❒✷❵ ■✷❃❄✼✱✸ ❵ ❃✷❃❄❇●❀❆❋❍✿✷✺➭❊⑤✸✻✼✴❜♠❃❄❇
➆ ✺◆✿✂❀ ➆✻③✤❃❄❇⑤➃✽✸✽❀✦❃❆❅❄❊✴❊✯■✷✸ ❵ ❃✷❃❄❇●❀❄❋❉✿✷✺✻❊●✸◆✼r❃❆❜✷❊✯■✷✸❈❋❉✿ ❵ ✸✻✿❆❊⑤❇●✸✖❊⑤❃❹➄✻✸Ý❊✎❊✯■✷✸❖✸◆Ï❄❅✂✺➭❊●❋✹❃❄✿✷✼
A
❃❆❜ B ✺✽✿✂❀ C ➆✻✿✂✸ Ñ ❊q❊✯■✷✸✖✸◆Ï❄❅✂✺➭❊●❋✹❃❄✿✷✼❻❃❆❜
✺◆✿✂❀
➆◆✺◆✿✂❀❞❊✯■✷✸◆✿❖❊✯■✷✸ ❵ ❃✷❃❄❇●❀❄❋❉✿✷✺✻❊●✸◆✼
AX
AY
❪
❃❆❜ BX✺✽✿✂❀ CY
X ❒ ■❄✺✽Y
❀ ❵ ■✷❃❄✼✱✸✻✿
✺◆✶❍❃❄✿✂➄✔❊✯■✷✸ ✡◆✺ Ñ ❋❍✼ ❪Ü❒ ③➝✺✽✼❖⑧❄✸◆❇①❁➈✼✯❅✂❇⑤❏✷❇●❋❉✼✱✸◆❀❙❊⑤❃➈❀❆❋❍✼ ❵ ❃✻⑧❄✸◆❇
❊✯■❄✺✻❊❷❊✯■✷✸ ✡ ❵ ❃✷❃❄❇●❀❆❋❍✿✷✺➭BC
❊⑤✸✻✼◗❃❆❜
✺◆✿✂❀ x ③✤✸◆❇●✸✦✿✂❃☎❊❈❃❄✿❄✶ ❁✢✸✽Ï❆❅✂✺◆✶①➆➐▲❆❅❄❊✘③✤✸◆❇●✸✔✸✽Ï❆❅✂✺◆✶q❊●❃
y
X
❃❄✿✂✸✦■❄✺◆✶④❜✎❃❆❜q❊✯■✷✸ ✡ ❵ ❃✷❃❄❇●❀❆❋❍✿✷✺➭❊⑤✸✦❃❆❜ Y❪★❸ ■❆❋❍✼❷❊✯■✷✸◆✿➄➭✺➭⑧❄✸✤▼❂✸➝❊✯■✷✸ ❵ ✶❉❅❥✸◗❊✯■❄✺✻❊ ❒ ■❄✺☎❀❑❊●❃
y ✺✽✿✂❀
A ❪✎❸ ■✷✸➝❇●✸✻✼✯❊❻❋❍✼r❊✯■✷✸◗❏✂❇●❃✷❃❆❜q✺✽▲✂❃✻⑧❄✸ ❪
❏✂❇●❃✻⑧❄✸
AX
=
XD
AY
=
Y
❿❞❃✽③✔➆✷✸ Ñ ✺✽▼✔❋❍✿❄❋❉✿✂➄❈❊✯■✷✸◗❼❥➄Ý❅✂❇●✸◗D
✶✹✸✻✺☎❀❄✼r❊⑤❃❹❊✯■✷✸❖❜♠❃❆✶❉✶❍❃✽③◗❋❍✿✂➄❞❇●✸◆✼✯❅✷✶④❊ ❪
✚❋ ⑧❄✸◆✿❊⑤❇⑨❋❍✺◆✿✂➄Ý✶✹✸
➆➉✶✹✸Ý❊
▲✂✸✔✺◆✿❶✺◆✶❘❊●❋④❊●❅❥❀✷✸ ❪ × ❇⑨✺Ý③✌❊✯■✷✸✔❏❥✸✻❇⑤❏✂✸◆✿✂❀❆❋ ❵ ❅✷✶❉✺✽❇
❪❯ã ✸➭❊
▲❄❋❉✼✱✸ ❵ ❊⑤❃❄❇❖❃❆❜
✺✽✿✂❀✢ABC
❊✯■✷✸❺✼✱✸✻▼❑❋ ❵ ❋❍AD
❇ ❵ ✶❍✸
▲✷✸✔❊✯■✷✸❂❏✂❃❆❋❍✿❆❊★③✤■✷✸◆❇●✸✔❊✯■✷✸✻✼✱✸
❪ÜY
❸ ■❆❋❉✼❹❋❍✼➝❊✯■✷✸✢❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸✻❇⑤✿✷✺✻✶❷▲❄❋❉✼✱✸ ❵ ❊⑤❃❄❇
❋❍✿❆❊●✸◆❇⑨✼✾✸ ❵ ❊ ❪Ü❸ AD
■✷✸✻✿
❋❉✼✦✺❙▲❆❋❍✼✾✸ ❵ ❊●❃❄❇✤❃❆ADC
❜
❃❆❜
❋❉❜
✶❉❋❍CY
✸◆✼◗▲✂✸Ý❊Ò③✤✸✽✸✻✿
✺◆✿✂❀ ∠ACD
➆➐✺✽✿✂❀❊✯■✷✸❂✸ Ñ ❊●✸◆❇●✿✷✺◆✶❻▲❆❋❍✼✾✸ ❵ ❊●❃❄❇❞❃❆❜
∠ACB
D
B
∠ACB
❃☎❊✯■✷✸◆❇⑩③◗❋❍✼✾✸ ❪ ➅❶✸➝■❄✺Ý⑧❄✸✤❀❄❋❉✼ ❵ ❃◆⑧❄✸✻❇●✸✽❀✔✺✽✿✂❃☎❊✯■✷C✸✻❇✚③➝✺Ý❁✦❊●❃❑▲❆❋❍✼✾✸ ❵ ❊r✺◆✿❑✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍✸✡●
➮ ➮➭➴✮➮ ✃ ➮
✝●✤
✁ ☞ ✠➉❅✷✶❘❊●❅✂❇●✸Ø➋✽■✷❃ ❵ ➃Ø❜♠❃❄❇✞â♦✺✻❊✯■✷✸✻▼❺✺➭❊●❋ ❵ ✼ ✺✽✿✂❀ ➋ ❵ ❋❍✸◆✿ ❵ ✸❄➆ ❈ ✬✑✕ ✥✢☛❉❪✬✖✕✘✗ ✷ ✸ ✏✖✜✩✬ ❍ ➆
❃❆✶ ❪ ❄➆➉❿❞❃ ❪ ➉➆✁ ✄✂ ✮
✂ ✟✷➆❄❏✂❏ ❪ ✁ ☛✡❆✁ ☎☎✁ ❪
❃
✕ ✔✑
✷➻
➧➡
✞❥❇⑨❅ ❵ ✸➝➋✽■❄✺➭③❞❁❄✸✻❇
× ✸◆❏✷✺✽❇Ò❊⑤▼❂✸✻✿❆❊❷❃❆❜✚â♦✺➭❊✯■✷✸◆▼❑✺✻❊●❋ ❵ ✼❷✺◆✿✂❀❺➋➭❊●✺➭❊●❋❍✼⑤❊●❋ ❵ ✼
â⑥✸✻▼❂❃❄❇⑨❋❍✺✻✶q➇★✿❄❋ ⑧❄✸◆❇⑨✼✯❋④❊①❁❺❃❆❜✎❿❞✸➁③◗❜♠❃❆❅✂✿✂❀❄✶❉✺✽✿✂❀
➋➭❊ ❪ ✒✾❃✷■❄✿q❰ ✼Ý➆➉❿ ã ➆ ✠➉✺✽✿✷✺✽❀✷✺ ❫ ✁✁ ✠ ✂◆➋❆✄
✁☎✌✟
✁☎✄✝✆
✟
◗✡
✡
✟➥✟✂✁☎✄ ✆✆✁
☞✎✍✑✏
✝ ✟✞✡✠☞☛✍✌
✎✞✑✏✒✞✔✓ ✟
✜
✛
✡✓
✜❹✜ ❹✧✷✜
➅❶✸❢▲✷✸✽➄Ý❋❉✿❴❊✯■❆❋❍✼❶❋❍✼✮✼✮❅❥✸♦③◗❋❘❊✯■ ❏✷❇●❃✷▲❄✶❍✸◆▼❑✼❙❜✹❇●❃❄▼ ❊✯■✷✸ ✞➉✸✻✶❉✺✽❇⑨❅✂✼⑥â♦✺✻❊✯■✷✸✻▼❺✺➭❊●❋ ❵ ✺◆✶
❽ ❘✶ ❁❄▼❺❏❄❋❍✺✽❀ ✄✂ ✂ ❪ â❙❁❶❊✯■❄✺◆✿✂➃☎✼✤➄✻❃✢❊●❃ ❫ ✿✂❀✽❁ ã ❋④❅➐➆ ✠q✺◆✿✷✺☎❀❆❋❍✺◆✿ ❸ ✸✻✺✽▼ ã ✸◆✺✽❀✂✸✻❇❈❊●❃✢❊✯■✷✸
✂ ✂ ☎ ❒ â ❽ ❋❍✿ ✒✮✺◆❏✂✺◆✿q➆❆❜♠❃❄❇ ❵ ❃❆✶❉✶❍✸ ❵ ❊●❋❉✿✂➄❈❊✯■✷✸➝❏✷❇●❃✷▲❄✶❍✸◆▼❑✼❷❜♠❃❄❇r❃❆❅✂❇❻❅✂✼✱✸ ❪
✖✕✖✗✙✘ ✒✝ ✚✜✛ ✢➜ ✘✤✷✵ ✶✣✦✥✧✹✕✘✸ ➜✢✘✟✙✣✦✺✼★ ✻✩✘✪✾✗✬✽ ✫✭❀✿✜✗✯✮ ❁ ➜✱✰✲★✳✘✪✴
➔
➵✚➫❥➪
✓✴➚ ➵❻➯
◆➞
✘➫✔✓☎➲
✓ ➩
➤✖➦❞➦◗➤
✧➯
➹ ❪ ✺ ✝❫✺ ✓✑✜ ✑✏ Ð ✺ ❵ ■ ❵ ✸➭✶❉✶✴❃❆❜✎✺◆✿
Ô
Õr✼✾Ï❄❅✂✺◆❇●✸✤❊⑨✺☎▲❆✶✹✸ ❵ ❃❄✿❆❊⑨✺◆❋❉✿✷✼❖❃❄✿✂✸✦❃❆❜
(
)
n
×
n
Ô
❊✯■✷✸❖❅✂✿❄❋❘❊✎⑧❄✸ ❵ ❊●❃❄❇⑨✼ ➆ ➆ ➆
❏❄✶❍✺ ❵ ✸◆❀✔❏✷✺✽❇⑨✺✻n✶❉✶❍✸✻≥✶❄❊●3❃✦✺◗✼✯❋✹❀✷✸◗❃❆❜✂❊✯■✷✸❈❊●✺✽▲❄✶❍✸◗✼✾❃➝❊✯■❄✺✻❊✚❊✯■✷✸
▼❑❋❍❀✂❀❆✶✹✸❷❃❆❜➭❊✯■✷✸❻⑧❄✸ ❵ ↑❊⑤❃❄↓❇ ❵ ❃❆←
❋❉✿ ❵ →
❋✹❀✷✸◆✼❥③◗❋④❊✯■❷❊✯■✷✸ ❵ ✸◆✿❆❊⑤❇●✸❷❃❆❜✻❊✯■✷✸ ❵ ✸➭✶❉✶➭❋❉✿★③✤■❆❋ ❵ ■✖❋❘❊❥❋❍✼q✶❍❃ ❵ ✺➭❊⑤✸◆❀☎Õ ❪
❽ ✿❙✸◆✺ ❵ ■✢▼❺❃◆⑧❄✸❆➆➐✺❺▲✂✸◆✸➭❊●✶❍✸ ❵ ❇●✸✽✸✻❏✂✼❞❜✹❇●❃❄▼➟❃❄✿✂✸ ❵ ✸➭✶❉✶➐❊●❃✢✺◆✿✂❃☎❊✯■✷✸◆❇★❋❉✿❶✺ ❵⑤❵ ❃❄❇●❀❄✺✽✿ ❵ ✸❹③◗❋❘❊✯■
❊✯■✷✸✘⑧❄✸ ❵ ❊⑤❃❄❇✾❰ ✼❻❀❄❋❉❇●✸ ❵ ❊●❋❍❃❄✿ ❪❻❒ ❜☎❊✯■✷✸❈▲✷✸✽✸Ý❊●✶✹✸★✼⑤❊●✺◆❇⑨❊⑨✼✎❜✹❇●❃❄▼Ù✺✽✿☎❁ ❵ ✸➭✶❉✶①➆➭❊✯■✷✸✻✿◗❋④❊ ❵ ❃❄▼❺✸◆✼❻▲❄✺ ❵ ➃★❊●❃
❊✯■❆❋❍✼ ❵ ✸➭✶❉✶➉✺◆❜❉❊●✸◆❇✘✼✱❃❄▼❺✸✤✿❄❅✂▼❂▲✷✸◆❇★❃❆❜➐▼❂❃✻⑧❄✸◆✼ ❪❷❸ ■✷✸◗⑧❄✸ ❵ ❊⑤❃❄❇⑨✼✖✺✽❇●✸❹❀❄❋❉❇●✸ ❵ ❊●✸✽❀❺✼✱❃✦❊✯■❄✺✻❊❾❊✯■✷✸✱❁
❀✂❃✔✿✂❃☎❊r✺✻✶❉✶❍❃✽③ ❊✯■✷✸✤▲✂✸◆✸➭❊●✶❍✸❞❊⑤❃✦✶❍✸◆✺Ý⑧❄✸❞❊✯■✷✸❖❊●✺✽▲❄✶❍✸ ❪
❒ ✼❷❋❘❊r❏✂❃❄✼✾✼✯❋✹▲❆✶✹✸❈❊✯■❄✺✻❊❻❊✯■✷✸◗✼✮❅✂▼➀❃❆❜q✺◆✶④✶❄⑧❄✸ ❵ ❊⑤❃❄❇⑨✼✘❋❍✿❑✺◆✿☎❁❑❇●❃✽③✔➆❄✸ Ñ✽❵ ✸◆❏❆❊r❜♠❃❄❇✚❊✯■✷✸❖❼❥❇⑨✼⑤❊
✺✽✿✂❀✦✶❍✺◆✼✯❊❻❇●❃✽③➝✼➭➆☎❋❉✼★✸◆Ï❄❅✂✺✻✶✷❊⑤❃✤❊✯■✷✸❈⑧❄✸ ❵ ❊⑤❃❄❇✎❊✯■❄✺✻❊❻❋❍✼✘❏✂✺◆❇⑨✺◆✶④✶✹✸➭✶✷❊●❃✤❊✯■❆❋❍✼✘❇●❃✽③✔➆❄✺◆✿✂❀❹❊✯■✷✸◗✼✮❅✂▼
❃❆❜➉✺◆✶④✶❆⑧❄✸ ❵ ❊●❃❄❇⑨✼✘❋❉✿❑✺◆✿☎❁ ❵ ❃❆✶❉❅✂▼❑✿q➆✷✸ Ñ✽❵ ✸✻❏❄❊❻❜♠❃❄❇✚❊✯■✷✸❞❼❥❇⑨✼⑤❊❾✺✽✿✂❀✦✶❉✺✽✼⑤❊ ❵ ❃❆✶❉❅✂▼❑✿✷✼➭➆☎❋❉✼★✸◆Ï❄❅✂✺✻✶✷❊●❃
❊✯■✷✸❞⑧❄✸ ❵ ❊●❃❄❇❻❊✯■❄✺➭❊❾❋❍✼❷❏✷✺✽❇⑨✺✻✶❉✶❍✸✻✶✷❊●❃❹❊✯■❆❋❉✼ ❵ ❃❆✶❉❅✂▼❑✿
Ú
➤ ❪ ✺ ✝ ★✬ ❍ ✒✙✢ ▲ ã ✸Ý❊
(
➓➳ ✮➸
)
P (x) = (x + 1)p (x − 3)q = xn + a1 xn−1 + a2 xn−2 + · · · + an−1 x + an
③✤■✷✸◆❇●✸
✣❃
p
✺✽✿✂❀
q
Ô ✺➭Õ ✚❋ ⑧❄✸◆✿✦❊✯■❄✺➭❊
➆
✺◆❇●✸➝❏✂❃❄✼✮❋❘❊●❋❘⑧❄✸❖❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸◆➄✻✸◆❇⑨✼ ❪
a1 = a 2
➆❄❏✷❇●❃◆⑧❄✸❖❊✯■❄✺➭❊
3n
❋❍✼❷✺➝❏❥✸✻❇●❜♠✸ ❵ ❊r✼✱Ï❆❅✂✺✽❇●✸ ❪
Ô ▲✽Õ❶✵✂❇●❃◆⑧❄✸❞❊✯■❄✺➭❊❻❊✯■✷✸◆❇●✸➝✸ Ñ ❋❍✼⑤❊❾❋❉✿❄❼❥✿❄❋❘❊⑤✸➭✶❘❁✔▼❑✺✽✿☎❁✔❏✂✺✻❋❍❇⑨✼
❃❆❜q❏❥❃❄✼✯❋④❊●❋ ⑧❄✸❖❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸◆➄✻✸◆❇⑨✼
(p,
p❪
✺✽✿✂❀ ✼✮❅ ❵ ■❹❊✯■❄✺➭❊❾❊✯■✷✸➝✸✽Ï❆❅✂✺◆✶④❋④❊①❁
❋❍✼❾⑧❆✺✻✶❉❋❍❀✔
❜♠❃❄q)
❇✚❊✯■✷✸➝❏✂❃❆✶❘❁❄✿✂❃❄▼❑❋❉✺◆✶
q
✂ ❪
❼➳ ✖➞
a1 = a 2
❁➠
P (x)
❸ ③✤❃❺❊⑤❇●❋❉✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍✸◆✼❖✺◆❇●✸✔✼✾✺✻❋✹❀❂❊●❃❶▲✷✸ ✕ ◗✗✘✚✖✸ ❋④❜❾❃❄✿✂✸❑❃❆❜✴❊✯■✷✸◆▼➢❋❍✼❖✺◆✿
✁ ✝ ★✬✌✭✴✬ ✠✬✮✚★✏✑▲
❋❍▼❑✺☎(➄✻✸➝❃❆❜❥❊✯■✷✸✤❃☎❊✯■✷✸✻❇✘) ❃❄✿✂✸❖❅✂✿✂❀✂✸✻❇r✺✤❏✷✺✽❇⑨✺✻✶❉✶❍✸✻✶❥❏✷❇●❃✽Ó①✸ ❵ ❊●❋❍❃❄✿ ❪
✵✂❇●❃◆⑧❄✸❶❊✯■❄✺➭❊✤❊Ò③✤❃♦❊⑤❇●❋❉✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍✸◆✼❑✺✽❇●✸✢❊Ò③◗❋❍✿✷✼✔❋❉❜❈✺◆✿✂❀❢❃❄✿❄✶ ❁Ü❋④❜❞✸✻❋❘❊✯■✷✸◆❇❹✺✻❊❹✶✹✸✻✺✽✼⑤❊✔❃❄✿✂✸
✼✮❋❍❀✂✸❃❆❜❷❃❄✿✂✸❃❆❜❾❊✯■✷✸◆▼➥✸✽Ï❆❅✂✺◆✶❉✼❹✺✼✮❋❍❀✂✸❃❆❜❾❊✯■✷✸❃☎❊✯■✷✸◆❇◗❃❄❇❈❊✯■✷✸❺❊⑤❇●❋❉✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍✸◆✼❹■❄✺Ý⑧❄✸✢✸✽Ï❆❅✂✺◆✶
✼✱✸◆➄➭▼❂✸✻✿❆❊●✼❖❊✯■❄✺➭❊ ❵ ❃❄✿✷✿✂✸ ❵ ❊❈❊✯■✷✸ ❵ ❃❄❇⑤❇●✸✻✼✾❏✂❃❄✿✂❀❄❋❉✿✂➄❹⑧❄✸◆❇Ò❊●❋ ❵ ✸◆✼❈③◗❋④❊✯■❶✼✱❃❄▼❺✸❺❏✂❃❆❋❍✿❆❊⑨✼✤❃❄✿❶❊✯■✷✸
❃❄❏✂❏✂❃❄✼✮❋❘❊⑤✸◗✼✮❋❍❀✂✸✻✼❾③✤■❆❋ ❵ ■❺❀❆❋❘⑧❆❋✹❀✷✸❖❊✯■✷✸✻✼✱✸◗✼✯❋✹❀✷✸◆✼✘❋❉✿✦❊✯■✷✸➝✼✾✺◆▼❂✸◗❇⑨✺➭❊●❋✹❃ ❪
✁☎☎✄
✲➞
✍ ❪
❫
✵❄❃❄✼✮❋❘❊●❋❘⑧❄✸◗✿❄❅✂▼❂▲✷✸◆❇⑨✼
➆ ➆
➆
✺✽✿✂❀
➆ ➆
➆
✼✾✺➭❊●❋❍✼✯❜④❁
❖ ✝ ❑ ✏✌✒ ❳✓✮✚
a 1 a2 . . . a n
b1 b2❪ . . . bn
❊✯■✷✸ (❵ ❄❃ ✿✂❀❆❋④❊●❋❍❃❄✿ )
an⑧❆✺✻=
b1❃❆+
Ö☎❋❉✿✂❀✦❊✯■✷✸➝a✼✮1▼❺+✺✻✶❉✶❍a✸◆2✼⑤❊❾+❏❥·❃❄·✼✮·✼✮❋❍+
▲❄✶❍✸❈
✶❉❅❥✸➝
❜❥❊✯b■✷2✸➝+
✼✯❅✂·▼ · · + bn = 1
➻
a21
a22
a2n
+
+ ··· +
a1 + b 1
a2 + b 2
an + b n
✑ ❪
❪
◆ ✝ ❖ ✏✠✭●✏✠✚★✏✑▲❇✗ ✷
ã ✸Ý❊
❪
➆ ➆ ▲✂✸✤❏❥❃❄✼✯❋④❊●❋ ⑧❄✸➝❋❍✿❆❊●✸✽➄✻✸✻❇⑨✼❈✼✯❅ ❵ ■✔❊✯■❄✺✻❊
(
❵ ✸✻✶④✶❍✼ ❪ ✞✂❋④✶❉✶✷✺◆✿✂❀✢✵✷❋❘❊❻❏✷✶❉m
✼✯❊⑤❇⑨❋❍❏❑❃❆❜❥❏✂)✺◆❏❥✸✻❇❻❋❉✼❷m❀❆❋❘⑧❆n❋✹❀✷✸✽k❀❹❋❉✿❆❊⑤❃
✺ ❵ ✸❖>✿❄❅✂n▼❂>▲✷✸◆k❇⑨✼
❵ ❃❄✿✷✼✾✸ ❵ ❅❄❊●❋ ⑧❄✸ ❵ ✸➭✶❉✶❉✼
✺◆1✿✂×
❀ m❋❉✿✤❊✯■✷✸ ❵ ✸✻✶④✶❍✼❾✼✱❃◗❊✯■❄✺➭❊✎❊✯■✷✸❞✼✯❅✂▼ ❃❆❜✷❊✯1■✷×
✸❞✿❄1❅✂▼❺▲✂✸✻❇⑨✼r❋❉✿✦✺◆✿☎❁
0
1
❋❍✼★✸✽Ï❆❅✂✺◆✶✷❊⑤❃ ❪✴❫ ❜❉❊●✸◆❇✚❊✯■✷✸❖❊⑨✺✽✼✾➃✤❋❉✼❷❏❥✸✻❇●❜♠❃❄❇●▼❂✸◆❀q➆❆❋④❊❻❊●❅✂❇●✿✷✼✖❃❆❅❄❊❻❊✯■❄✺➭n❊❻❊✯■✷✸➝✼✮❅✂▼
❃❆❜
k ❏✷❅❄❊✘❃❄✿✦❊✯■✷✸◗✼✯❊⑤❇⑨❋❍❏❺▲◆❁☎✞✂❋❉✶④✶✂❋❉✼★❀❄❋ ✎✴✸✻❇●✸◆✿❆❊❾❜✹❇●❃❄▼ ❊✯■✷✸◗✼✮❅✂▼
✺◆✶④✶❥✿❄❅✂▼❂▲✷✸◆❇⑨✼★
❃❆S(B)
❜✚✵✷❋④❊ ❪
S(P )
❪
Ö☎❋❉✿✂❀✦❊✯■✷✸◗✶❉✺✽❇●➄✻✸✻✼✯❊❾❏❥❃❄✼✮✼✮❋❍▲❄✶❍✸❈⑧❆✺◆✶④❅❥✸✤❃❆❜
|S(B) − S(P )|
❪
✁
➲
➑➯
✝✧▼❫✏✠❉❪✬✌✚✥✢☛✚
(
✑✏✮✿✶✺
❀➯
✝ ✄✌❉❋✢❬✗
✑✏✑▲
)
Ô ✺➭Õ ❫ ❥
❏ ❃❄✼✯❋④❊●❋ ⑧❄✸❈❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸◆➄✻✸◆❇✎❋❍✼ ❵ ✺✻✶❉✶❍✸✽❀ ✚✩✗ ✷ ✢ ❋❉❜✷❋④❊ ❵ ✺◆✿✔▲✷✸❖❇●✸✻❏✂❇●✸✻✼✱✸✻✿❆❊⑤✸◆❀✦✺◆✼r✺✽✿❹✺✽❇⑨❋④❊✯■❄▼❺✸➭❊●❋ ❵
▼❂✸✻✺✽✿❺❃❆❜➐✼✾❃❄▼❂✸ Ô ✿✂❃☎❊✘✿✂✸ ❵ ✸✻✼✾✼✮✺✽❇⑨❋❉✶ ❁❺❀❆❋❍✼⑤❊●❋❍✿ ❵ ❊ÒÕ✚❏✂❃❄✼✮❋❘❊●❋❘⑧❄✸❖❋❍✿❆❊●✸✽➄✻✸✻❇⑨✼✖✸◆✺ ❵ ■❺❃❆❜❥③✤■❆❋ ❵ ■
❋❍✼❷✺➝✿✂❃❄✿✂⑦✯✿✂✸✽➄➭✺➭❊●❋❘⑧❄✸➝❏✂❃✽③✤✸◆❇r❃❆❜ ❪
2
✵✂❇●❃◆⑧❄✸❞❊✯■❄✺➭❊r✺◆✶④✶❥❏❥❃❄✼✯❋④❊●❋ ⑧❄✸❖❋❍✿❆❊●✸✽➄✻✸✻❇⑨✼★✺✽❇●✸◗✿❄❋ ❵ ✸ ❪
Ô ▲✽Õ ❫
❏✂❃❄✼✮❋❘❊●❋❘⑧❄✸❢❋❍✿❆❊●✸✽➄✻✸✻❇❙❋❍✼ ❵ ✺◆✶④✶✹✸◆❀ ✓ ❆ ✒ ❍ ❋④❜❑❋❘❊ ❵ ✺✽✿✷✿✂❃☎❊➈▲✂✸❴❇●✸✻❏✂❇●✸✻✼✱✸✻✿❆❊⑤✸◆❀❮✺◆✼⑥✺◆✿
✺✽❇⑨❋④❊✯■❄▼❺✸➭❊●❋ ❵ ▼❺✸◆✺◆✿❶❃❆❜✎❏✷✺◆❋❉❇Ò③◗❋❉✼✱✸ ✜✮✗✹✸ ✕✘✗✘✚ ✷ ✕ ❏✂❃❄✼✮❋❘❊●❋❘⑧❄✸✤❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸◆➄✻✸◆❇⑨✼❖✸✻✺ ❵ ■❃❆❜q③✤■❆❋ ❵ ■❂❋❉✼
✺➝✿✂❃❄✿✂⑦✮✿✂✸◆➄➭✺✻❊●❋ ⑧❄✸➝❏❥❃✽③✤✸✻❇✘❃❆❜ ❪
2
✵✂❇●❃◆⑧❄✸❞❊✯■❄✺➭❊❻❊✯■✷✸◆❇●✸✤✸ Ñ ❋❉✼✯❊❻❋❍✿❄❼✂✿❄❋④❊●✸✻✶ ❁❑▼❑✺✽✿☎❁✦❅❥➄Ý✶❘❁✔❏❥❃❄✼✯❋④❊●❋ ⑧❄✸❖❋❍✿❆❊●✸✽➄✻✸✻❇⑨✼ ❪
❼➳ ✖➞
❪ ✁ ✝ ★✬✌✭✴✬ ✠✬✮✚★✏✑▲ × ❃✷✸◆✼✖❊✯■✷✸◆❇●✸❑✸ Ñ ❋❉✼✯❊✖✺❑✼✯❅✂❇ÒÓ①✸ ❵ ❊●❋❘⑧❄✸✦❜❍❅✂✿ ❵ ❊●❋❍❃❄✿
✼✮❅ ❵ ■
❊✯■❄✺✻❊r( ❊✯■✷✸❹✸ Ñ ❏✂❇●✸✻✼✾✼✯❋✹❃❄✿)
❊⑨✺☎➃✽✸✻✼❈✸ Ñ ✺ ❵ ❊●✶❘❁✔❊Òf③✤:❃❹ ⑧❆✺◆→
✶④❅❥✸◆✼ ✺✽✿✂❀
0
❜♠❃❄❇✎⑧❆✺✽❇⑨❋✹❃❆❅✂✼❷❇●✸◆✺✻✶ ✺✽f✿✂(x
❀ + y) − f (x) − f (y)
1
x
yÚ
✍
❪ ◆ ✝ ❖ ✏✠✭●✏✠✚★✏✑▲❇✗ ✷
Ö☎❋❉✿✂❀❊✯■✷✸❑✺◆❇●✸◆✺❺❃❆❜✎❊✯■✷✸ ❵ ❃❄✿☎⑧❄✸ Ñ ❏✂✸◆✿❆❊⑨✺☎➄✻❃❄✿
➆✴➄Ý❋ ⑧❄✸◆✿
ABCDE
❪
➆ )
➆
➆◦
➆◦ ❄✺◆✿✂❀
❊✯■❄✺✻❊ (
➻
AB = BC CD = DE ∠ABC = 150
✜➻ ❳➯
➹ ❪ ◆ ✝ ✄ ❚✓
✺✽❇●✸✘(❏✂✸◆❇●❏❥✸✻✿✂❀❄)❋ ❵
➆
➆
➆
O
❇●✸◆1✼✮❏❥✸ O❵ 2❊●❋❘⑧❄O
✸➭✶❘3❁ ❪
Ô ✺➭Õ❹❊✯■✷✸➝✼✯❅✂▼
Ô ▲✽Õ
∠CDE = 30
✵ ✶ ✹✸ ✙✺ ✻ ✾✽ ❀✿
➵✎➫➉➪
✓✴➚ ➵✚➯
✓ ➩
r➫ ✓✽➲
BD = 2
✁
❸ ✷■ ✸❖❀❄❋❉✺☎➄✻❃❄✿✷✺✻✶❍✼
✺◆✿✂❀
❃❆❜✷❊✯■✷✸ ❵ ❃❄✿☎⑧❄✸ Ñ Ï❄❅✂✺✽❀✷❇⑨❋❉✶❉✺✻❊●✸◆❇⑨✺✻✶
❵ ✸◆✿❆❊⑤❇●✸✻✼
❅✷✶❍✺◆❇q✺✽✿✂❀❈❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸✻❇⑨✼✱AC
✸ ❵ ❊q✺➭❊q❏✂❃❆❋❍BD
✿❆❊ ❪ ✠❥❋❍❇ ❵ ✶❍✸◆✼
➆ ➆ ➆
③◗❋④❊✯■ ABCD
O
S
S
S
S
1
✺✽❇●✸❂❋❉✿✷✼ ❵ ❇⑨❋✹▲✷✸✽❀❯❋❉✿❯❊✯■✷✸❺❊⑤❇⑨❋❍✺◆✿✂➄Ý✶✹✸✻✼
➆ 2 3➆ 4
➆
➆
O
AOB BOC COD DOA
✵✂❇●4❃◆⑧❄✸❞❊✯■❄✺✻❊➁ß
❃❆❜✂❊✯■✷✸✤❀❄❋❉✺✽▼❺✸➭❊●✸◆❇⑨✼★❃❆❜
➆
➆
➆
❋❍✼✘✶❍✸◆✼✮✼r❊✯■❄✺✽✿❺❃❄❇r✸✽Ï❆❅✂✺◆✶✷❊⑤❃
S1 S2 S3 S4
√
➆
(2 − 2)(AC + BD)
√
❪
O1 O2 + O2 O3 + O3 O4 + O4 O1 < 2( 2 − 1)(AC + BD)
✁☎✁
➤ ❪
➓➳ ✮➸
✝
✺
(
③◗❋④❊✯■
★✬
❍ ✒✙✢ ▲
❃✎❋❘⑧❄✸✻✿
)
sin a
sin c
sin(a − c)
=
=
sin b
sin d
sin(b − d)
➆ ➆ ➆
❻➲✿➯ ➻
a b c d ∈ (0, π)
✂ ❪
➆❄❏✂❇●❃✻⑧❄✸❖❊✯■❄✺✻❊
a=b
✺✽✿✂❀
c=d
➆
❪
◆ ✝
★✓ ✒❄✗ ✷
❫ ❇⑨✺✽▲✂▲❆❋④❊❞❋❉✼➝✺➭❊◗❃❄✿✂✸❂❃❆❜✚❊✯■✷✸✦⑧❄✸◆❇Ò❊●❋ ❵ ✸◆✼✤❃❆❜❾✺ ❵ ❅❥▲✂✸ ❪❸ ■✷✸❂❇⑨✺✽▲✂▲❆❋④❊❞❋❉✼
❆■ ❅✂✿❆❊⑤(✸◆❀▲◆❁
■❆)❅✂✿❆❊●✸◆❇⑨✼✘③✤■✷❃❺❀✂❃❑✿✂❃☎❊✘✼✾✸✽✸◗❋④❊❷❃❄❇❾❋④❊⑨✼★❏✂✺➭❊✯■ ❪ ✵❄✸✻❇✘❇●❃❆❅✂✿✂❀➉➆➉✸✻✺ ❵ ■❺■❆❅✂✿❆❊●✸◆❇
✼✱✸➭✶✹✸ ❵ ❊●✼✤❃❄✿✂✸M❃❆❜❾❊✯■✷✸✔⑧❄✸◆❇Ò❊●❋ ❵ ✸◆✼ Ô ✺✻❊◗■❆❋❍✼❹❃✽③➝✿➈❀❄❋❉✼ ❵ ❇●✸Ý❊●❋✹❃❄✿☎Õ✖✺◆✿✂❀❯❼✂❇●✸◆✼❹■❆❋❉✼❹➄Ý❅✂✿ ❪⑥❒ ❜❾❊✯■✷✸
❇⑨✺☎▲✷▲❄❋❘❊➝❋❉✼❹✺✻❊✤❃❄✿✂✸✢❃❆❜r❊✯■✷✸✢✼✾✸✻✶❍✸ ❵ ❊●✸✽❀❶⑧❄✸◆❇Ò❊●❋ ❵ ✸◆✼Ý➆❻❋④❊◗❋❉✼✦➃✽❋④✶❉✶❍✸✽❀ ❪❛❒ ❜★✿✂❃☎❊✱➆✚❊✯■✷✸✻✿♦❋❘❊✤✸✻❋❘❊✯■✷✸◆❇
Ó✹❅✂▼❺❏✷✼✦❊●❃♦✺❙✿✂✸➭❋✹➄✻■✷▲✷❃❆❅✂❇●❋❉✿✂➄❂⑧❄✸✻❇⑨❊●✸ Ñ Ô ❊Ò③✤❃❙⑧❄✸◆❇Ò❊●❋ ❵ ✸◆✼✦✺✽❇●✸❶✿✂✸➭❋✹➄✻■✷▲✷❃❆❅✂❇●❋❉✿✂➄❋❉❜✘❊✯■✷✸✱❁⑥✺✽❇●✸
❵ ❃❄✿✷✿✂✸ ❵ ❊⑤✸◆❀♦▲◆❁❯✺◆✿♦✸◆❀✂➄✻✸➁Õ❈❃❄❇❖✼⑤❊●✺Ý❁✷✼➝✺✻❊❈❊✯■✷✸❺✼✾✺◆▼❂✸✦⑧❄✸◆❇Ò❊⑤✸ Ñ➉❪✢❸ ■✷✸■❆❅✂✿❆❊ ❵ ❃❄✿❆❊●❋❉✿❄❅❥✸◆✼➝❋❉✿
❊✯■❆❋❍✼❷▼❺✺◆✿✷✿✂✸◆❇❾❅✂✿❆❊●❋④✶✂❊✯■✷✸◗❇⑨✺☎▲✷▲❄❋❘❊r❋❉✼★➃✽❋④✶❉✶❍✸✽❀ ❪
Ö☎❋❉✿✂❀✤❊✯■✷✸❞✿❄❅✂▼❺▲✂✸✻❇
❃❆❜✂✼✱■✷❃☎❊⑨✼r❇●✸✽Ï❆❅✷❋❍❇●✸◆❀✤❊●❃✦➃◆❋❉✶④✶❆❊✯■✷✸❞❇⑨✺☎▲✷▲❄❋❘❊✚❋④❜✷❊✯■✷✸❞✿❄❅✂▼❺▲✂✸✻❇❾❃❆❜
N
■❆❅✂✿❆❊⑤✸✻❇⑨✼★❋❉✼✻ß
Ô ✺ÝÕ
Ô ▲☎Õ
Ô❵Õ
❪
✍ ❪
➻ ✵❆✺◆❋❉❇Ò③◗❋❉✼✱✸❹❀❄❋❉✼✯❊●❋❉✿ ❵ ❊★❏✂❃❄✼✮❋❘❊●❋❘⑧❄✸➝❋❍✿❆❊●✸✽➄✻✸✻❪ ❇⑨✼
✼✮✺✻❊●❋❉✼✮❜④❁❹❊✯■✷✸➝✸✽Ï❆❅✂✺◆✶④❋④❊●❋❍✸◆✼
✺✽✿✂❀ (
M = 3
✝ ❖
◆
M = 5
✏✠✭●✏✠✚★✏✑▲❇✗ ✷
)
➆ ➆ ➆
M =4
➆
➆
➆
➆
a b c d e f g h
➆
nÖ☎❋❉✿✂❀✦❊✯■✷✸➝✼✮▼❺✺✻✶❉✶❍✸◆✼⑤❊❾❏❥❃❄✼✮✼✮n
❋❍▲❄✶❍=
✸❈⑧❆ab
✺✻✶❉❅❥+✸➝cd
❃❆❜ =❪ ef + gh
n
✑ ❪
❊✯■❄✺✻❊ (
✝ ❖
◆
✏✠✭✾✏✠✚✥✏✩▲☛✗ ✷
➻
❃
❸ ■✷✸❹Ï❄❅✂✺✽❀✷❇⑨❋❉✶❉✺✻❊●✸◆❇⑨✺✻✶
❋❉✼ ❵ ❁ ❵ ✶❉❋ ❵ ✽✺ ✿✂❀❂■❄✺◆✼❷❊✯■✷✸✤❏✷❇●❃❄❏❥✸✻❇⑨❊①❁
✺◆✿✂❀➝❊✯■❄✺➭❊✴❊✯■✷✸❞❀❄❋❉✺☎➄✻❃❄✿✷✺✻✶
)
❪ ✎❋❘⑧❄✸✻✿➝❊✯■❄ABCD
✺✻❊
AB ➆❆=
BC
=
AD
+
CD
∠BAD
=α
❪
❼❥✿✂❀❹❊✯■✷✸➝✺◆❇●✸◆✺✤❃❆❜❥❊✯■✷✸❖❊⑤❇⑨❋❍✺◆✿✂➄Ý✶✹✸
AC = d
ABC
➲
ã ✸➭✁
✁ ✝ ❈ ✗❁✭✾✏✣✕✘✗❁✚
❊
| x ≥ 1} ❪❯❸ ■✷✸❂❜❍❅✂✿ ❵ ❊●❋✹❃❄✿
✾✼ ✺➭❊●❋❍✼✯❼➉✸✻✼❈❊✯■✷✸❑❋❉✿✂)✸✽Ï❆❅✂✺◆✶④❋④❊①❁ 1 = {x ∈
❜♠❃❄❇❈✺✻✶❉✶
f : 1 →
➆
➆✽③✤■✷✸◆❇●✸
❋❍✼❷✺➝❇●✸✻✺◆✶❥✿❄❅✂▼❂▲✷|f✸◆(x
❇ ❪ + y) − f (x) − f (y)| < ε
x y ∈✵✂❇●❃◆1⑧❄✸❞❊✯■❄✺✻❊❻❊✯■✷ε✸✻>
❇●✸✤0✸ Ñ ❋❍✼⑤❊●✼✘✺✤❇●✸✻✺◆✶❥✿❄❅✂▼❂▲✷✸◆❇ ✼✯❅ ❵ ■✦❊✯■❄✺➭❊✱➆❆❜♠❃❄❇❾✺◆✶④✶
➆
✁
❪
(
✝
❈
✗✘✭●✏✣✕✘✗✘✚✖✿
q
f (x)
x
r➳ ✖➞
− q < 2ε
❪
x∈
1
❁➠
❪ ✁ ✝ ★✬✌✭✴✬ ✠✬✮✚★✏✑▲ ➅❶✸✔✼✾✺Ý❁❊✯■❄✺➭❊❞✺✦❊⑤❇●❋❉✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍✸❑✺✽✿✂❀❶✺❺❇●✸ ❵ ❊●✺◆✿✂➄Ý✶✹✸❑✺◆❇●✸ ✕ ◗✗❁✚ ❋④❜✎❊✯■✷✸✱❁
( ❊✯■✷✸◗✼✾✺◆▼❂✸◗❏✂✸◆❇⑨)❋❍▼❺✸➭❊●✸◆❇r✺◆✿✂❀✦❊✯■✷✸➝✼✮✺✽▼❺✸◗✺✽❇●✸✻✺ ❪
■❄✺➭⑧❄✸❖
✵✂❇●❃◆⑧❄✸❙❊✯■❄✺➭❊✱➆❈❜♠❃❄❇✔✺⑥➄Ý❋ ⑧❄✸◆✿❢❇●✸ ❵ ❊●✺◆✿✂➄Ý✶✹✸❆➆★❊✯■✷✸◆❇●✸♦✸ Ñ ❋❍✼⑤❊●✼❺✺❯❊Ò③◗❋❍✿Ü❊⑤❇●❋❉✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍✸➈❋④❜❈❊✯■✷✸
❇●✸ ❵ ❊⑨✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍✸❶❋❉✼✦✿✂❃☎❊❹✺❶✼✱Ï❆❅✂✺✽❇●✸❶✺◆✿✂❀♦❊✯■✷✸❶❇⑨✺➭❊●❋✹❃♦❃❆❜❷❊✯■✷✸❙▲❆❋✹➄✻➄✻✸✻❇✤✼✮❋❍❀✂✸❶❃❆❜✘❊✯■✷✸❶❇●✸ ❵ ❊⑨✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍✸
√
❪
❊⑤❃✦❋❘❊●✼❷✼✮▼❺✺✻✶❉✶❍✸◆❇❾✼✯❋✹❀✷✸❖❋❍✼❷✺➭❊❾✶✹✸✻✺✽✼⑤❊
➆◆③✤■✷✸◆❇●✸
❹➳ ✔➞
✤➯ ➻
λ−1+
λ(λ − 2)
λ = 3 3/2
✍
❪ ✁ ✝ ★✬✮✭■✬ ✠✬✌✚✥✏✩▲✤✿ ❖ ✝ ❑ ✬ ✸ ✑✢ ▲☛✗ ✷
Ö✽❋❘⑧❄✸◗❊●✸◆✿✷✿❄❋❉✼✖❏✷✶❉✺➭❁❄✸✻❇⑨✼❷❊●✺✽➃✽✸✤❏✂✺◆❇⑨❊✘❋❉✿❂✺✦❀✷❃❆❅❥▲❄✶❍✸◆✼
❊⑤❃❆❅✂❇●(✿✷✺✽▼❺✸◆✿❆❊ ❪✘ã ✸➭❊
▲✷✸❷❊✯■✷✸❈❇⑨✺➭)❊●❋❍✿✂➄★❃❆❜✷❏❄✶❍✺Ý❁❄✸◆❇ ❪❾❒ ❊➐❋❍✼❻➃☎✿✂❃✽③➝✿❖❊✯■❄✺✻❊q❊✯■✷✸❈❇⑨✺➭❊●❋❍✿✂➄➭✼
R(A)
❃❆❜❾❊✯■✷✸❏✷✶❉✺➭❁❄✸✻❇⑨✼❹✺◆❇●✸✢
❀❆❋❍✼⑤❊●❋❍✿ ❵ ❊ ❪ â⑥❃❄❇●✸◆❃◆⑧❄✸✻❇✱➆✎❊✯■✷✸❏✷✺◆A❋❉❇Ò③◗❋❉✼✱✸❂✼✯❅✂▼❺✼❹❃❆❜❾❊✯■✷✸❇⑨✺➭❊●❋❍✿✂➄➭✼❹❃❆❜
❀❄❋ ✎✴✸✻❇●✸◆✿❆❊◗❏✂✺✻❋❍❇⑨✼✤✺✽❇●✸✢❀❆❋❍✼⑤❊●❋❍✿ ❵ ❊ ❪⑥❒ ❜
➆✚❊✯■✷✸✻✿♦❏✷✺◆❋❉❇
+ R(B) > R(C) + R(D)
③◗❋❍✿✷✼❾✺☎➄➭✺✻❋❍✿✷✼⑤❊
➆❆❏✷✺◆❋❉R(A)
❇
❋❍✼✘❀❆❋❍✼✾▲✷✺◆✿✂❀✂✸◆❀q➆☎✺✽✿✂❀✦✺❖✿✂✸➁③✞❏✂✺✻❋❍❇
(A,
❪❂❸ ■✷✸✔❊⑤❃❆❅✂❇●✿✷✺✽▼❺✸◆✿❆❊❞✶❉✺✽✼⑤❊●(C,
❃❄❇ B)
❏❄✶❍✺Ý❁✷✼❞❊✯■✷✸❺(C,
✿✂✸ Ñ D)
❊◗➄➭✺◆▼❂✸❺✺✽(C,
➄➭✺◆❋❉✿✷D)
✼✯❊
✼❖❅✂✿❆E)
❊●❋❉✶
(D,
E)
(A,
B)
✼✱❃❄▼❺✸◗❏✂✺✻❋❍❇⑨✼r❊✯■❄✺✻❊✘■❄✺Ý⑧❄✸➝✺◆✶❉❇●✸◆✺✽❀☎❁✔▼❂✸Ý❊✘▲✂✸➭❜♠❃❄❇●✸❄➆✷■❄✺Ý⑧❄✸❖❊●❃✔▼❂✸◆✸➭❊r✺✽➄➭✺◆❋❉✿ ❪
Ö☎❋❉✿✂❀✦❊✯■✷✸◗✶❉✺✽❇●➄✻✸✻✼✯❊❾❏❥❃❄✼✮✼✮❋❍▲❄✶❍✸◗✿❄❅✂▼❂▲✷✸◆❇✘❃❆❜❥❊✯■✷✸➝➄➭✺✽▼❺✸◆✼✘❋❍✿✦❊✯■❆❋❉✼r❊⑤❃❆❅✂❇●✿✷✺✽▼❺✸◆✿❆❊ ❪
✁☎✁
✵ ✶ ✹✸ ✙✺ ✻ ✾✽ ❀✿✎✻
➵✎➫➉➪
➲
✓✴➚ ➵✚➯
r➫ ✓✽➲
✓ ➩
➹ ❪
✝ ❈ ✗✘✭●✏✣✕✘✗✘✚ Ô ✺➭Õ ❸ ■✷✸✻❇●✸❯✺✽❇●✸
❏❥❃❄✼✯❋④❊●❋ ⑧❄✸❶❋❍✿❆❊●✸✽➄✻✸✻❇⑨✼❺✼✯❅ ❵ ■♦❊✯■❄✺✻❊✦✿✂❃♦❊Ò③✤❃
❃❆❜r❊✯■✷(✸◆▼Û✺◆❇●✸ ❵ ❃❄❏✂)❇⑨❋❍▼❺✸❺③✤■❆❋④✶✹✸✺✽✿☎❁❙k❊✯■❄❇●≥
✸✽✸❶3❃❆❜r❊✯■✷✸✻▼Û✺◆❇●✸ ❵ ❃❄❏✂❇⑨❋❍▼❺✸ ❪ × ✸➭❊●✸◆❇●▼❑❋❉✿✂✸✢✺◆✶④✶
❏❥❃❄✼✮✼✮❋❍▲❄✶❍✸❈⑧❆✺◆✶④❅❥✸◆✼★❃❆❜ ❪
Ô ▲✽Õ × ❃✷✸◆✼➝❊✯■✷✸◆k❇●✸❶✸ Ñ ❋❍✼⑤❊➝✺✽✿➈❋❍✿❄❼✂✿❄❋④❊●✸❶✼✾✸➭❊✤❃❆❜❷❏❥❃❄✼✯❋④❊●❋ ⑧❄✸❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸◆➄✻✸◆❇⑨✼✦✼✾✺➭❊●❋❍✼✯❜④❁❄❋❉✿✂➄❺❊✯■✷✸
✼✾✺◆▼❂✸ ❵ ❃❄✿✂❀❆❋④❊●❋❍❃❄✿
Ú
➤ ❪ ◆ ✝ ✄ ✓ ✵✂❇●❃✻⑧❄✸❻❊✯■❄✺✻❊➉✺✘❇⑨❋✹➄✻■☎❊✯⑦✯✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍✸✽❀★❊⑤❇●❋❉✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍✸ ❵ ✺◆✿❖▲✂✸❾❋❍✿✷✼ ❵ ❇●❋❍▲✂✸◆❀✖❋❍✿✖❊✯■✷✸r❏✷✺✽❇⑨✺✽▲✂❃❆✶❉✺
(
)
✡✽✺ Ñ ❋❉✼❹❋❉❜★✺✽✿✂❀Ü❃❄✿❄✶ ❁♦❋④❜❷❊✯■✷✸
2 ✼✾❃❯❊✯■❄✺➭❊✤❋❘❊●✼✔■✽❁✷❏✂❃☎❊⑤✸✻✿❄❅✂✼✱✸✢❋❉✼✔❏✷✺✽❇⑨✺✻✶❉✶❍✸✻✶❾❊⑤❃❯❊✯■✷✸
y
=
x
✺◆✶❘❊●❋④❊●❅❥❀✷✸♦❜✹❇●❃❄▼ ❊✯■✷✸♦❇●❋❍➄✻■☎❊❺✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍✸➈❋❍✼✢✸◆Ï❄❅✂✺✻✶❈❊●❃ ❪ Ô ❫ ❊⑤x❇⑨❋❍✺◆✿✂➄Ý✶✹✸➈❋❉✼❂❋❍✿✷✼ ❵ ❇●❋❍▲✂✸◆❀❢❋❉✿ ✺
❏✂✺◆❇⑨✺☎▲✷❃❆✶❍✺◗❋❉❜q✺✻✶❉✶✷❊✯■❄❇●✸◆✸❞⑧❄✸◆❇Ò❊●❋ ❵ ✸◆✼★❃❆❜❥❊✯■✷✸❞❊⑤❇●❋❉✺✽✿✂➄Ý✶❍✸➝1✺◆❇●✸✤❃❄✿✦❊✯■✷✸◗❏✂✺◆❇⑨✺☎▲✷❃❆✶❍✺ ❪ Õ
✼➻ ✜➯
✜➻ ❳➯
✂ ❪
❃
◆ ☎
✝ ✄ ❚✓
❸ ■✷✸✔❀❆❋❍✺✽➄✻❃❄✿✷✺◆✶❉✼
➆
➆q✺◆✿✂❀
❃❆❜➐❊✯■✷✸ ❵ ❃❄✿☎⑧❄✸ Ñ ■✷✸ Ñ ✺☎➄✻❃❄✿
(
)
▼❺✸✽✸Ý❊❈✺✻❊❈✺❺A❏❥1❃❆A
❋❉✿❆4❊ A2❪ A✎5❋❘⑧❄✸✻✿✢❊✯■❄A✺➭3❊ A6
➆
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
K
A➆✻2❏✷
A❇●1❃◆⑧❄=
Ñ ✺☎2➄✻K
➆✻✺◆✿✂❀
✸r❊✯A
■❄✺➭2❊➉A❊✯■✷3 ✸★=■✷✸ A
❃❄✿
A
A 6 A5 = A 6 A1 = A 6 K
❵➭❪ A4 A5 = A4 K
❋❍✼ 4❵ A
❁ ❵ 3✶❉❋ =
Ô ➆
✍
➯
➻
➋✽❃❄▼❂✸ ❵ ✸✻✶④✶❍✼❈❃❆❜✎✺◆✿
Õr▲✷❃❄✺✽❇●❀❂✺✽❇●✸◗③✤■❆❋❘❊⑤✸❹✺◆✿✂❀
❊✯■✷✸❖❃☎❊✯■✷✸✻❇⑨✼❾✺✽❇●✸❞▲❆✶❍✺ ❵ ➃ ❪q❫ ▲✂✸◆✸➭❊●✶❍✸❄➆◆❋❉✿❄❋④❊●❋❉✺◆✶④✶❘❁✤❃❆❅❄❊●✼✯❋✹❀✷✸★❊✯■✷✸❖▲✷❃❄✺✽❇●❀➉➆ ❵ ❇●✸◆✸◆❏✷✼r❃❄✿❆❊⑤❃✤❃❄✿✂✸❞❃❆❜
✍ ❪
❖
(
✝ ❑
✬✌✸ ✖✢ ▲❇✗ ✷
)
n×m n m ≥ 2
❊✯■✷✸✦❃❆❅❄❊⑤✸✻❇⑤▼❺❃❄✼✯❊ ❵ ✸✻✶④✶❍✼✖✺◆✿✂❀❂❇●✸ ❵ ❃❆✶✹❃❆❅✂❇⑨✼✖❋❘❊✘❋❉✿❺❊✯■✷✸✦❃❄❏✷❏❥❃❄✼✯❋④❊●✸ ❵ ❃❆✶❍❃❆❅✂❇ ❪★❸ ■✷✸✦▲✂✸◆✸➭❊●✶❍✸❹▼❑✺➭❁
❊✯■✷✸◆✿✤▼❂❃✻⑧❄✸✖❜✹❇●❃❄▼ ❵ ✸✻✶④✶☎❊●❃ ❵ ✸✻✶④✶✷▲◆❁ ❵ ❇●✸◆✸◆❏❄❋❍✿✂➄❷❜✹❇●❃❄▼ ❋❘❊●✼ ❵ ❅✂❇⑤❇●✸✻✿❆❊ ❵ ✸➭✶❉✶✽❊●❃➝✺❞✿✂✸➭❋✹➄✻■✷▲✷❃❆❅✂❇●❋❉✿✂➄
❵ ✸➭✶❉✶ Ô ✺ ❵ ✸➭✶❉✶❄✼✾■❄✺✽❇⑨❋❍✿✂➄★✺❞✼✮❋❍❀✂✸❷③◗❋❘❊✯■❖❊✯■✷✸❖➄Ý❋ ⑧❄✸◆✿ ❵ ✸➭✶❉✶ Õ ❪ ➇★❏✂❃❄✿✦✸◆✿❆❊●✸◆❇⑨❋❍✿✂➄✖✺ ❵ ✸✻✶④✶⑩➆✻❊✯■✷✸❞▲✷✸✽✸Ý❊●✶✹✸
❇●✸ ❵ ❃❆✶✹❃❆❅✂❇⑨✼✘❋④❊❻❋❍✿✦❊✯■✷✸✤❃❄❏✷❏❥❃❄✼✯❋④❊●✸ ❵ ❃❆✶❍❃❆❅✂❇ ❪ Ö✽❋❍✿✷✺✻✶❉✶ ❁q➆✽❊✯■✷✸✤▲✷✸✽✸Ý❊●✶✹✸❖✶✹✸✻✺➭⑧❄✸✻✼r❊✯■✷✸✤▲✷❃❄✺✽❇●❀ ❪
× ❃✷✸◆✼◗❊✯■✷✸◆❇●✸✢✸ Ñ ❋❍✼⑤❊◗✺✢❇●❃❆❅❄❊⑤✸❂❜♠❃❄❇❞❊✯■✷✸✢▲✂✸◆✸➭❊●✶❍✸❺❊✯■❄✺✻❊◗❇●✸◆✼✯❅✷✶④❊⑨✼✤❋❍✿➈✺◆✶④✶ ❵ ✸✻✶④✶❍✼❹❃❆❜r❊✯■✷✸
▲✂❃❄✺◆❇●❀❺▲✂✸➭❋❍✿✂➄ ❵ ❃❆✶❍❃❆❅✂❇●✸✽❀❑▲❄✶❉✺ ❵ ➃
Ú
✑ ❪
◆ ✝
★✓✤✒✹✗ ✷
❒ ✼❑❋④❊✦❏❥❃❄✼✮✼✮❋❍▲❄✶❍✸❄➆★❜♠❃❄❇✦✼✱❃❄▼❺✸❯❏❥❃❄✼✯❋④❊●❋ ⑧❄✸❙❋❍✿❆❊●✸✽➄✻✸✻❇
➆❷❊⑤❃♦③➝❇⑨❋④❊●✸❙❊✯■✷✸
✿❄❅✂▼❂(▲✷✸◆❇⑨✼
➆ 2) ➆❆✺✽✿✂❀
❊✯■❄❇●❃❆❅❥➄✻■ N ✸ Ñ ✺ ❵ ❊●✶ ❁❑❃❄✿ ❵ ✸
3 ❅✂✼✯❋❍✿✂➄◗✸✻✺ ❵ ■❑❃❆❜❥❊✯■✷✸➝❀❄❋❍➄Ý❋④❊⑨✼
N N
N
0
9
Ú
× ❋❉✼✯❊●❋❉✿ ❵ ❊r❏❥❃❆❋❉✿❆❊●✼
❪
✝❳✎ ✖✬✮❉❪✭❇✓
➆
➆
➆
❃❄✿❺❃❄✿✂✸➝✼✯❋✹❀✷✸✤❃❆❜q✺✽✿❺✺◆✿✂➄Ý✶✹✸
✺✽✿✂❀✢( ❀❆❋❍✼⑤❊●❋❍✿ ❵ ❊★❏✂❃❆❋❍✿❆)❊⑨✼
➆
➆
➆ A0 A1❃❄✿❺. .❊✯■✷. ✸✔A
❃☎❊✯1000
■✷✸◆❇❷✼✮❋❍❀✂✸❹✺✽❇●✸❹✼✾❏✷✺ ❵ ✸✽❀✼✾❃❑❊✯■❄✺➭❊
B0 B1 . . . B1000
❪
✺◆✿✂❀
A
A
=
A
A
=
·
·
B0 B1 = B1 B2 =❋❉❜❾
· ·❊✯·■✷✸
=✺◆B
1000
Ö☎❋❉0✿✂❀❙1❊✯■✷✸✺✽❇●1✸✻✺❶2❃❆❜❾❊✯■✷✸✢· Ï❆=❅✂✺☎A❀❄999
❇●❋④✶❍✺➭A
❊⑤✸✻1000
❇⑨✺◆✶
❇●✸◆999
✺◆✼✦B❃❆❜❾
❊✯■✷✸
A999 A1000
Ï❄❅✂✺✽❀✷❇⑨❋❉✶❉✺✻❊●✸◆❇⑨✺✻✶❍✼
✺✽✿✂❀
✺◆❇●✸★B✸✽Ï❆1000
❅✂✺◆✶✻B❊●❃ 999 ✺✽✿✂❀ ➆➭❇●✸◆✼✮❏❥✸ ❵ ❊●❋❘⑧❄✸➭✶❘❁ ❪
❼➲✿➯ ➻
➲ ❳➻ ✜➯
✁
❃ ➻
❪
✮➸ ❀➯ ❸ ■✷✸◆❇●✸❹✺◆❇●✸ ❊⑤✸✻✺✽▼❑✼✖❋❉✿❂✺➝⑧❄❃❆✶④✶✹✸✱❁✷▲✷✺✻✶❉✶❥❊●❃❆❅✂❇⑤✿✷✺◆▼❂✸✻✿❆❊ ❪❖Ð ✺ ❵ ■✔❊⑤✸✻✺✽▼
❏✷✶❉✺➭❁❄✼★✸ Ñ ✺ ❵ ❊●✶ ❁❑❃❄✿✂✸◗➄➭✺✽▼❺✸◗✺☎➄➭✺✻❋❍✿✷✼⑤❊r✸◆✺ ❵ ■✔❃☎❊✯■✷✸◆❇✚❊●✸◆✺◆▼ ❪➐❫ ❊⑤✸✻✺✽▼Ø❇●✸ ❵ ✸➭❋❘⑧❄✸✻✼ ❏✂❃❆❋❍✿❆❊❻❜♠❃❄❇
A0 A1 B1 B0
A1 A2 B2 B1
5
7
❪
◆ ✝ ❖ ✏✠✭✾✏✠✚✥✏✩▲☛✗ ✷
❫ Ï❄❅✂✺✽❀✷❇⑨❋❉✶❉✺✻❊●✸◆❇⑨✺✻✶
❋❉✼ ❵ ❁ ❵ ✶④❋ ❵ ③◗❋❘❊✯■
✺◆✿✂❀
(
ABCD
AB➆✂❼✂
=✿✂❀❺
2AD
❪ ✎❋❘⑧❄✸✻)✿❺❊✯■❄✺➭❊
➆❥✺◆✿✂❀❀❄❋❉✺☎➄✻❃❄✿✷✺✻✶
❊✯■✷✸❹✺◆❇●✸◆✺
BC
∠BAD = α
AC = d
❪
❃❆❜❥❊✯■✷=
✸❖❊⑤2CD
❇⑨❋❍✺◆✿✂➄Ý✶✹✸
ABC
✍
(
✡✝
✎
❈
✬ ●✬✮✚✩✗
)
N
✺✖③◗❋❍✿❹✺◆✿✂❀ ❏❥❃❆❋❉✿❆❊●✼❾❜♠❃❄❇✎✺❞✶✹❃❄✼✮✼ Ô ❊✯■✷✸◆❇●✸❞✺✽❇●✸❞✿✂❃❹❀❄❇⑨✺➭③➝✼❾❋❉✿✦✺★⑧❄❃❆✶❉✶❍✸✱❁✂▲❄✺◆✶④✶☎❊⑤❃❆❅✂1❇●✿✷✺✽▼❺✸◆✿❆❊ÒÕ ❪
0 ❊✯■❄✺✻❊✱➆❆✺✽▼❺❃❄✿✂➄❖✺◆✿☎❁✦❜♠❃❆❅✂❇✚❊●✸◆✺◆▼❺✼Ý➆❆✺✻❊❻✶❍✸◆✺◆✼✯❊✎❊Ò③✤❃✔■❄✺➭⑧❄✸❞❊✯■✷✸❖✼✾✺◆▼❂✸❖✿❄❅✂▼❂▲✷✸◆❇
❒ ❊❾❋❉✼❷➃☎✿✂❃✽③➝✿❹
❃❆❜q❏❥❃❆❋❉✿❆❊●✼✘❋❍✿✦❊✯■✷✸➝➄➭✺✽▼❺✸◆✼✘❋❉✿☎⑧❄❃❆✶❘⑧❆❋❍✿✂➄❈❊✯■✷✸✻✼✱✸❖❜♠❃❆❅✂❇❻❊●✸◆✺◆▼❺✼ ❪
Ö☎❋❉✿✂❀✦❊✯■✷✸◗✶❉✺✽❇●➄✻✸✻✼✯❊❾❏❥❃❄✼✮✼✮❋❍▲❄✶❍✸❈⑧❆✺◆✶④❅❥✸✤❃❆❜ ❪
N
☎ ✂
❫ ✼❹✺✢✼✱✸ ❵ ❃❄✿✂❀♦▲❆✶✹❃ ❵ ➃❙❃❆❜✘❏✂❇●❃✷▲❆✶✹✸✻▼❺✼✤❜♠❃❄❇❈❁❄❃❆❅✂❇◗❏✷❅ á●á ✶④❋❍✿✂➄❺❏✷✶❍✸◆✺◆✼✮❅✂❇●✸❑③✤✸✢➄Ý❋❘⑧❄✸❶✁✽✁
❏✂❇●❃✷▲❆✶✹✸✻▼❺✼r✼✱✸➭✶✹✸ ❵ ❊⑤✸◆❀✤❜✹❇●❃❄▼ ❊✯■✷✸ ❸ ■❄✺✻❋qâ♦✺✻❊✯■✷✸✻▼❺✺➭❊●❋ ❵ ✺◆✶ ❽ ✶ ❁✷▼❑❏✷❋❉✺☎❀ Ð✻Ñ ✺✽▼✔❋❍✿✷✺➭❊●❋✹❃❄✿ ✄✂ ✂ ❪
❸ ■❄✺◆✿✂➃☎✼✔✺☎➄➭✺✻❋❍✿Ü➄✻❃❯❊⑤❃ ❫ ✿✂❀✽❁ ã ❋❉❅➐➆ ✠➉✺✽✿✷✺✽❀❄❋❉✺✽✿ ❸ ✸✻✺✽▼ ã ✸✻✺☎❀✷✸◆❇◗❊●❃❯❊✯■✷✸ ✂ ✂ ☎ ❒ â ❽ ❋❉✿
✒✮✺✽❏✷✺✽✿q➆❆❜♠❃❄❇✘❃✷▲☎❊●✺✻❋❍✿❄❋❉✿✂➄❈❊✯■✷✸◆▼ ❜♠❃❄❇✘❃❆❅✂❇❻❅✂✼✱✸ ❪
✣✦✥✎✘✎★■➜✢✕✁✘✤ ✣✦✘❾✥✧➜ ✕✘➜✢★ ✘✟✘✤✣✦✣✦★ ★ ✩✫ ✘✪✗✬✫✭✗✯✮ ➜✱✰✲★✳✘✪✴
◆➞
✂
✽➌
❛➌ ➤✖➦❞➦◗➤
➲❥➪①➲☎✄✁✓✽➲q➯✝✆❻➩ ✓ ➺✴①➪ ➲✟✞Ü➳
➹ ❪❷❸ ■❄❇●✸✽✸ ❵ ❍❋ ❇ ❵ ✶❍✸◆✼✖✺◆❇●✸❹❏✷✺◆❋❉❇Ò③◗❋❉✼✱✸❖❊●✺◆✿✂➄✻✸◆✿❆❊ Ô ❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸✻❇⑤✿✷✺✻✶❉✶ ❁❃❄❇❷✸ Ñ ❊●✸◆❇●✿✷✺◆✶④✶❘❁✽Õ❾✺➭❊r❊✯■✷✸✤❏❥❃❆❋❉✿❆❊●✼
➆ ➆ ❪✴❸ ✷■ ✸◗❀❄❋❉✼✯❊⑨✺✽✿ ❵ ✸◆✼❷▲✂✸Ý❊Ò③✤✸✽✸✻✿✔❏✂✺✻❋❍❇⑨✼❷❃❆❜ ❵ ✸✻✿❆❊⑤❇●✸◆✼✘✺✽❇●✸ ➆ ➆❆✺◆✿✂❀ ❅✂✿❄❋❘❊●✼ ❪r❒ ❜❥❊✯■✷✸
A
3 3
4
❊⑤❇●❋❉✺✽B
✿✂➄Ý✶❍C
✸
❋❉✼❷✿✂❃☎❊❾❋❉✼✱❃❄✼ ❵ ✸➭✶✹✸✻✼➭➆☎❼✂✿✂❀✔❋❘❊●✼❷❏❥✸✻❇●❋❉▼❂✸Ý❊⑤✸✻❇ ❪
ABC
➤ ❪ × ❇⑨✺Ý③
➄➭❇●✸◆✺➭❊ ❵ ❋❍❇ ❵ ✶❍✸◆✼◗❃❄✿✢✺❺✼✮❏❥■✷✸✻❇●✸❹③✤■❆❋ ❵ ■❶❀❄❋ ⑧❄❋❍❀✂✸❹❊✯■✷✸✔✼✮❅✂❇⑨❜✹✺ ❵ ✸❺❃❆❜✴❊✯■✷✸❑✼✮❏❥■✷✸✻❇●✸
❋❍✿❆❊●❃✔❇●✸✽➄Ý❋❍❃❄✿✷3✼★✺◆✼✘❜♠❃❆✶❉✶❍❃✽③➝✼✻ß
• 3
• 2
• 3
❋❍❀✂✸✻✿❆❊●❋ ❵ ✺◆✶❥❇●✸◆➄Ý❋✹❃❄✿✷✼★▲✂❃❆❅✂✿✂❀✷✸✽❀❺▲◆❁
❋❍❀✂✸✻✿❆❊●❋ ❵ ✺◆✶❥❇●✸◆➄Ý❋✹❃❄✿✷✼★▲✂❃❆❅✂✿✂❀✷✸✽❀❺▲◆❁
❋❍❀✂✸✻✿❆❊●❋ ❵ ✺◆✶❥❇●✸◆➄Ý❋✹❃❄✿✷✼★▲✂❃❆❅✂✿✂❀✷✸✽❀❺▲◆❁
✺◆❇ ❵ ✼★❃❆❜❥❊✯■✷✸ ❵ ❋❍❇ ❵ ✶❍✸◆✼ Ô ❊⑩❁❄❏❥✸ ❒⑨❒ Õ
2
3
✺◆❇ ❵ ✼★❃❆❜❥❊✯■✷✸ ❵ ❋❍❇ ❵ ✶❍✸◆✼ Ô ❊⑩❁❄❏❥✸ ❒⑨❒⑨❒ Õ
4
✺◆❇ ❵ ✼★❃❆❜❥❊✯■✷✸ ❵ ❋❍❇ ❵ ✶❍✸◆✼ Ô ❊⑩❁❄❏❥✸ ❒ Õ ❪
Þ ❃✽③❮▼❑✺✽✿☎❁❂❀❄❋ ✎✴✸✻❇●✸◆✿❆❊❾③➝✺➭❁❄✼ ❵ ✺◆✿✢❃❄✿✂✸✤❏✂✺✻❋❍✿❆❊★✸✻✺ ❵ ■❺❇●✸◆➄Ý❋✹❃❄✿✔③◗❋④❊✯■❺❃❄✿✂✸✦❃❆❜q❊✯■❄❇●✸◆✸
❵ ❃❆✶❍❃❆❅✂❇⑨✼★✼✾❃❹❊✯■❄✺➭❊r✿✂❃❹❊Ò③✤❃✔✺✽❀☎Ó♠✺ ❵ ✸✻✿❆❊✘❇●✸◆➄Ý❋✹❃❄✿✷✼❷✺◆❇●✸➝❏✷✺◆❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸◆❀❹③◗❋④❊✯■❹❊✯■✷✸◗✼✾✺◆▼❂✸ ❵ ❃❆✶✹❃❆❅✂❇
Ú
✝ ✁ ✜ ✝ ❥❸ ■✷✸ ❵ ❋❍❇ ❵ ✶❍✸◆✼ ❵ ✺◆✿✷✿✂❃☎❊✚▲✂✸ ✄➁➄➭❇●✸✻✺✻❊ ✆ ❵ ❋❉❇ ❵ ✶✹✸✻✼✚❋❉✿❹❃❄❇●❀✂✸✻❇➐❜♠❃❄❇q❊✯■✷✸❈✼✯❅✂❇●❜✹✺ ❵ ✸❈❃❆❜❆❊✯■✷✸
✼✾❏✂■✷✸◆❇●✸❖❊●❃❑▲✂✸➝❀❄❋ ⑧❄❋❍❀✂✸◆❀✔❋❉✿✦❊✯■❆❋❍✼❷▼❺✺◆✿✷✿✂✸◆❇ ❪ ☞
✂
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✠✡✠
✠☞☛
✠✡✠✡✠
✠✡✠✡✠
✠☞☛
✠✡✠
✠☞☛
✠✡✠
✂ ❪ Ö☎❋❉✿✂❀✦❊✯■✷✸➝▼❑✺ Ñ ❋❍▼✔❅✂▼Ø❇●✸◆✺✻✶➉✿❄❅✂▼❺▲✂✸✻❇
1
❜♠❃❄❇r✺✻✶❉✶
➆
a b>0
✺✽✿✂❀❑✺✻✶❉✶
ka + b
+
k ∈ [0, π]
❪
K
✼✯❅ ❵ ■✦❊✯■❄✺➭❊
1
kb + a
≥
K
a+b
☎ ✷✁
✍ ❪❂ã ✸Ý❊
✺✽✿✂❀
▲✷✸ ❵ ❃❄✿✷✼✱✸ ❵ ❅❄❊●❋❘⑧❄✸❹❋❍✿❆❊●✸✽➄✻✸✻❇⑨✼ Ô ❊✯■❄✺✻❊★❋❍✼Ý➆
Õ ❪ Ö❆❃❄❇❈✸◆✺ ❵ ■
❋❍✿❆❊●✸✽➄✻✸✻❇ x1
➆✷x
✶✹✸Ý2❊
▲✂✸◗❊✯■✷✸❹❇●✸✻▼❺✺✻❋❍✿✂❀✷✸◆❇❾③✤■✷✸✻✿ 2 x2 =2 x1 ❋❍+
✼✖❀❄1❋ ⑧❄❋❍❀✂✸◆❀▲◆❁ ❪
n
≥
3
x
x
+
x
7
n−1
n−2
❒❜
❪
➆✷❀✷✸➭❊●✸◆❇●▼❑n❋❉✿✂✸❖❊✯■✷✸❞⑧❆✺✻✶❉❅❥✸➝❃❆❜
x2545 = 1
x4
✑ ❪Øã ✸➭❊
▲✷✸❯✺ ❵ ❃❄✿☎⑧❄✸ Ñ ■✷✸ Ñ ✺☎➄✻❃❄✿❛✼✯❅ ❵ ■⑥❊✯■❄✺➭❊
➆
✺◆✿✂❀
BCD ➆ DEF
❪ ➋✻❅✂❏✂❏✂❃❄✼✱✸◗❊✯■❄✺✻❊
➆
AB = BC CD = DE EF =
✺✽✿✂F❀ AB
✺◆✿✂F❀ A
◦ ❪ ➋✽■✷❃✽③Ù❊✯■❄✺✻❊r❊✯■✷✸◆❇●✸✤❋❍✼✖✺✽✿❺❋❍✿❆❊●✸◆❇⑨❋✹❃❄❇❷❏✂❃❆❋❍✿❆❊
∠B
+
∠D
+
∠F
=
360
O
⑧❄✸◆❇Ò❊●❋ ❵ ✸◆✼❈❃❆❜➉❊✯■✷✸❹■✷✸ Ñ ✺☎➄✻❃❄✿
✼✮❅ ❵ ■✦❊✯■❄✺✻❊❾❊✯■✷✸ ✶④❋❍✿✂✸➝✼✱✸◆➄➭▼❂✸✻✿❆❊●✼★❜✹❇●❃❄▼
❊●3❃
ABCDEF
3
O
❊✯■✷✸ ❵ ■✷❃❄✼✱✸✻✿❹⑧❄✸◆❇Ò❊●❋ ❵ ✸◆✼ ❵ ❅❄❊❻❊✯■✷✸✤■✷✸ Ñ ✺☎➄✻❃❄✿
❋❍✿❆❊●❃ ❏✷✺✽❇Ò❊●✼★❃❆❜➐✸✽Ï❆❅✂✺◆✶❥✺✽❇●✸✻✺ ❪
ABCDEF
■❄✺Ý⑧❄✸✦✸◆Ï❄❅✂✺✻✶q✺✽❇●✸✻✺
ABCDEF
3
❪❮ã ✸➭❊
▲✂✸❙✺❙✿✂❃❄✿✂⑦ ❵ ❃❄✿✷✼✯❊⑨✺✽✿❆❊
p(x) = a xn + a
xn−1 + · · · + a x + a0
√ ❋❉✼
❏❥❃❆✶ ❁✷✿✂❃❄▼✔❋❍✺✻✶❥③◗❋④❊✯■❑❋❍✿❆n❊●✸✽➄✻✸✻❇ ❵ ❃✷✸✄n−1
✠ ❵ ❋❍✸◆✿❆❊⑨✼ ❪❷❫ ✼✾✼✯❅✂▼❂✸◗❊✯■❄1✺✻❊
✺◆✿✂❀
= 0 ❋❉✼★✸✱⑧❄
p(✸◆✿ ❪ 2)
✺✽✿✔❋❍✿❆❊●✸✽➄✻✸✻❇ ❪ ➋✽■✷❃✽③✞❊✯■❄✺✻❊❻❊✯■✷✸✻❇●✸◗❋❉✼❷✺✽✿✔❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸◆➄✻✸◆❇ ✼✮❅ ❵ ■❹❊✯■❄✺➭p(−1)
❊
✁
k
p(k) + ak
❪ Ö☎❋❉✿✂❀✺◆✶④✶➐❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸◆➄✻✸◆❇⑨✼ ③◗❋④❊✯■❑❊✯■✷✸✦❏✷❇●❃❄❏❥✸✻❇⑨❊①❁❺❊✯■❄✺✻❊✖▲✂❃☎❊✯■
✺✽✿✂❀
n + 2002
n − 2002
✺✽❇●✸◗❏❥✸✻❇●❜♠✸ ❵ ❊✘✼✾Ï❄❅✂✺◆❇●✸◆✼ ❪ n
❵ ■✷✸◆✼✮✼✱▲✷❃❄✺✽❇●❀❑✼✮❅❥▲✽Ó①✸ ❵ ❊
❪★❒ ✿■✷❃✽③Ù▼❺✺◆✿☎❁✦③➝✺Ý❁✷✼ ❵ ✺✽✿ ❏✷✺➭③➝✿✷✼✖▲✂✸➝❏✷✶❉✺ ❵ ✸✽❀❺❃❄✿❺✺
4×4
❊⑤❃❹❊✯■✷✸❖❜♠❃❆✶❉✶❍❃✽③◗❋❍✿✂➄ ❵ ❃❄✿✂❀❆❋④❊●❋❍❃❄✿✷✼ 8
Ú
Ô ❋❘Õ Ð ✺ ❵ ■❏✂✺Ý③➝✿❋❍✼❞❏❄✶❍✺ ❵ ✸◆❀❋❉✿✢✺❑✼✾Ï❄❅✂✺◆❇●✸❄➆q✺◆✿✂❀❶✸✻✺ ❵ ■✼✱Ï❆❅✂✺✽❇●✸✔■✷❃❆✶✹❀❄✼❞✿✂❃▼❂❃❄❇●✸✤❊✯■❄✺✽✿
❃❄✿✂✸◗❏✂✺Ý③➝✿ ❪
Ô ❋④❋❘Õ ❸ ■✷✸◗✿❄❅✂▼❂▲✷✸◆❇✘❃❆❜q❏✷✺➭③➝✿✷✼✘❋❍✿❺✸✻✺ ❵ ■✔❇●❃✽③Ù✺◆✿✂❀✔❋❉✿❺✸◆✺ ❵ ■ ❵ ❃❆✶④❅✂▼❺✿✔❋❍✼★✸✱⑧❄✸✻✿ ❪
Ô ❋④❋❉❋ Õ❿❞❃❈❊Ò③✤❃❖❇●❃✽③➝✼✚■❄✺➭⑧❄✸✘❊✯■✷✸★✼✮✺✽▼❺✸★❏✷✺✻❊⑨❊●✸◆❇●✿q➆◆✺✽✿✂❀◗✿✂❃❈❊Ò③✤❃ ❵ ❃❆✶④❅✂▼❺✿✷✼❻■❄✺Ý⑧❄✸✘❊✯■✷✸★✼✾✺◆▼❂✸
❏✂✺➭❊⑨❊⑤✸✻❇⑤✿ ❪
✍
❪ Ö☎❋❉✿✂❀✦❊✯■✷✸✤➄➭❇●✸✻✺✻❊●✸◆✼⑤❊❾❋❍✿❆❊●✸✽➄✻✸✻❇✚③✤■❆❋ ❵ ■❑❀❄❋ ⑧❄❋❍❀✂✸✻✼
❜♠❃❄❇r✺◆✿☎❁✔❋❉✿❆❊⑤✸◆➄✻✸◆❇⑨✼
(a − b)(b − c)(c − d)(d − a)(a − c)(b − d)
➆ ➆ ➆
a b c d
❪
➹ ➦ ❪✢❫ ❊⑤❃✻❁➈✼✾✸➭❊ ❵ ❃❄✿✷✼✯❋❍✼⑤❊●✼❹❃❆❜r❜♠❃❆❅✂❇❖❏✷❋❍✸ ❵ ✸◆✼➭ß✤✺ ❵ ✺✻❊◗❇●❃✷▲✷❃☎❊✱➆❻✺ ❵ ✺✻❊ ❵ ❃❄✿❆❊⑤❇●❃❆✶⑩➆✚✺✢▼❺❃❆❅✂✼✱✸
❇●❃✷▲✂❃☎❊✱➆✴✺✽✿✂❀❙✺❺▼❂❃❆❅✂✼✾✸ ❵ ❃❄✿❆❊⑤❇●❃❆✶ ❪ ➅❶■✷✸✻✿✂✸✱⑧❄✸◆❇✖❊✯■✷✸✦❊Ò③✤❃❶❇●❃✷▲✷❃☎❊●✼◗✺✽❇●✸❑❏✷❅❄❊❞✺✻❊❞❀❄❋ ✎✴✸✻❇●✸◆✿❆❊
❏✷✶❉✺ ❵ ✸◆✼❈❃❄✿✔❊✯■✷✂
✸ ✁❥❃✷❃❄❇✱➆❆❊✯■✷✸ ❵ ✺✻❊✘❇●❃✷▲✂❃☎❊❻③◗❋④✶❉✶ ❵ ■❄✺✽✼✾✸❄➆☎③✤■❆❋❉✶❍✸◗❊✯■✷✸✤▼❺❃❆❅✂✼✱✸➝❇●❃✷▲✂❃☎❊❻③◗❋④✶❉✶➉❇●❅✂✿
✺➭③➝✺Ý❁q➆❆▲✷❃☎❊✯■✤❋❉✿✤❊✯■✷✸❖❀❄❋❉❇●✸ ❵ ❊●❋❍❃❄✿✔❃❆❜❄❊✯■✷✸❞✼✯❊⑤❇⑨✺✻❋✹➄✻■☎❊✎✶❉❋❉✿✂✸★Ó①❃❆❋❍✿❄❋❉✿✂➄★❊✯■✷✸✻▼❶➆✻③◗❋④❊✯■◗❊✯■✷✸❞✼✾❏✂✸✽✸◆❀✷✼
✼✱✸Ý❊✘▲◆❁✦❊✯■✷✸◗❇●✸◆✼✮❏❥✸ ❵ ❊●❋❘⑧❄✸ ❵ ❃❄✿❆❊⑤❇●❃❆✶❉✼ ❪
❸ ■❄❇●✸◆✸✦▲✂❃✻❁✷✼❈✸◆✺ ❵ ■■❄✺Ý⑧❄✸❹✺➝❊⑤❃✻❁❂✼✾✸➭❊ ❪❷❸ ■✷✸✱❁❂❏❄✶❍✺ ❵ ✸◗❊✯■✷✸✻❋❉❇ ❵ ✺➭❊✯⑦✮▼❺❃❆❅✂✼✱✸✤❇●❃✷▲✷❃☎❊●✼❈❃❄✿
❊✯■✷✸ ❵ ❋❍❇ ❵ ❅✂▼✔❜♠✸◆❇●✸✻✿ ❵ ✸❞❃❆❜❄✺ ❵ ❋❉❇ ❵ ❅✷✶❍✺◆❇✎➄➭❇●❃❆❅✂✿✂❀ ❪✎❸ ■✷✸❷❊✯■❄❇●✸✽✸ ❵ ✺➭❊●✼
➆ ➆
✺◆❇●✸✖❏✷✶❉✺ ❵ ✸✽❀➝✺➭❊
❊✯■✷✸✦✼✾✺◆▼❂✸❹❏❥❃❆❋❉✿❆❊★✺✽✿✂❀✺✻✶❉✶❍❃✽③✤✸✽❀❂✼✯❋❍▼✔❅✷✶④❊⑨✺✽✿✂✸◆❃❆❅✂✼✮✶ ❁❺❊●❃ ❵ ■❄✺✽✼✾✸✤T❊✯1■✷✸➝T❊✯2■❄❇●T✸✽3✸✦▼✔❋ ❵ ✸
➆
➆
➆✴❇●✸✻✼✾❏✂✸ ❵ ❊●❋ ⑧❄✸✻✶ ❁ ❪✢❒ ❊★❊●❅✂❇⑤✿✷✼✤❃❆❅❄❊★❊✯■❄✺✻❊❖✸✻✺ ❵ ■ ❵ ✺✻❊ ❵ ✺➭❊ ❵ ■✷✸✻✼◗❋❘❊●✼◗❇●✸✻✼✾❏✂✸ ❵ ❊●❋ ⑧❄✸❺▼❺❃❆J❅✂1✼✱✸❑J✺➭2❊
J
❊✯■✷3✸➝✼✾✺◆▼❂✸❖❋❉✿✷✼✯❊⑨✺✽✿❆❊ ❪✎❸ ■✷✸✤❀❄❋❉✼✯❊⑨✺✽✿ ❵ ✸◆✼ Ô ❋❍✿ ❵ ✸✻✿❆❊●❋❍▼❺✸➭❊●✸◆❇⑨✼●Õ❻▲✂✸Ý❊Ò③✤✸✽✸✻✿❑▼❂❃❆❅✂✼✾✸◗❇●❃✷▲✂❃☎❊⑨✼★✺◆❇●✸✷ß
× ❋❍✼⑤❊●✺◆✿ ❵ ✸✻✼★▲✂✸Ý❊Ò③✤✸✽✸✻✿
✺✽✿✂❀
✺◆✿✂❀
✺◆✿✂❀
J1
J2 J2
J3 J1
J3
✺✻❊❻❊✯■✷✸◗✼✯❊⑨✺✽❇Ò❊
32
32
90
✺✻❊❻❊✯■✷✸ ❵ ✺◆❏❄❊●❅✂❇●✸
245
125
370
Ö☎❋❉✿✂❀q➆❄❅✂❏✔❊●❃✦❊Ò③✤❃❑❀✷✸ ❵ ❋❉▼❺✺✻✶➉❏❄✶❍✺ ❵ ✸✻✼➭➆☎❊✯■✷✸➝❇⑨✺✻❊●❋❍❃❑❃❆❜➉❊✯■✷✸➝✺Ý⑧❄✸◆❇⑨✺✽➄✻✸✤✼✮❏❥✸◆✸✽❀❺❃❆❜
❊●❃
T1
❪
❊✯■❄✺✻❊✘❃❆❜
T3