5. Network Layer
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Chapter 5:
Network Layer
Introduction to Networks
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Chapter 5: Objectives
Students will be able to:
Explain how network layer protocols and services support communications across data
networks.
Explain how routers enable end-to-end connectivity in a small to medium-sized business
network.
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Determine the appropriate device to route traffic in a small to medium-sized business network.
Configure a router with basic configurations.
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Chapter 5
5.1 Network Layer Protocols
5.2 Routing
5.3 Routers
5.4 Configuring a Cisco Router
5.5 Summary
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Network Layer
Network Layer
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Network Layer Protocols
Network Layer in Communication
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Network Layer in Communication
The Network Layer
End to End Transport processes
Addressing end devices
Encapsulation
Routing
De-encapsulating
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Network Layer in Communication
Network Layer Protocols
Common Network Layer Protocols
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
Legacy Network Layer Protocols
Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)
AppleTalk
Connectionless Network Service (CLNS/DECNet)
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Characteristics of the IP protocol
Characteristics of IP
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Characteristics of the IP protocol
IP - Connectionless
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Characteristics of the IP protocol
IP – Best Effort Delivery
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Characteristics of the IP protocol
IP – Media Independent
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IPv4 Packet
Encapsulating IP
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IPv4 Packet
IPv4 Packet Header
Version, Differentiated Services (DS), Time-to-Live (TTL),Protocol, Source IP Address, Destination IP
Address
Byte 1
Byte 2
Byte 3
Byte 4
Differentiated Services
Version
IP Header Length
Total Length
DSCP
ECN
Identification
Time To Live
Flag
Protocol
Fragment Offset
Header Checksum
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
Options (optional)
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Padding
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IPv4 Packet
IPv4 Header Fields
Internet Header Length (IHL), Total Length, Header Checksum, Identification, Flags, Fragment Offset
Byte 1
Byte 2
Byte 3
Byte 4
Differentiated Services
Version
IP Header Length
Total Length
DSCP
ECN
Identification
Time To Live
Flag
Protocol
Fragment Offset
Header Checksum
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
Options (optional)
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Padding
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IPv4 Packet
Sample IPv4 Headers
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Network Layer in Communication
Limitations of IPv4
IP Address depletion
Internet routing table expansion
Lack of end-to-end connectivity
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Network Layer in Communication
Introducing IPv6
Increased address space
Improved packet handling
Eliminates the need for NAT
Integrated security
4 billion IPv4 addresses
4,000,000,000
340 undecillion IPv6 addresses
340,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
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IPv6 Packet
Encapsulating IPv6
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IPv6 Packet
IPv6 Packet Header
Byte 1
Version
Byte 2
Byte 3
Traffic Class
Payload Length
Byte 4
Flow Label
Next Header
Hop Limit
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
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IPv6 Packet
Sample IPv6 Header
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Routing
Host Routing Tables
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Host Routing Tables
Host Packet Forwarding Decision
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Host Routing Tables
Default Gateway
Hosts must maintain their own, local, routing table to ensure that network layer packets are directed to the
correct destination network. The local table of the host typically contains:
Direct connection
Local network route
R
Local default route
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Host Routing Tables
IPv4 Host Routing Table
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Host Routing Tables
Sample IPv4 Host Routing Table
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