Phủ định trong tiếng anh

N G 6 N N G C & Bin S 6 N G

64

s l 6 (248)-2016

NGOAI NGtT vOi BANNGOI

PHU D m H TRONG TIENG ANH
NEGA'nON IN ENGLISH
NGUY£N DANG styu
(TS; D^i hgc Kinh doanh va Cong nghf Hd N$0
L D^tvande
1.1. Hifn nay tiing Anh la mdt ngdn ngG
dugc sG dyng rOng rdi ttong giao tidp. Cang
ngdy cdng cd nhilu ngudi sG dyngtidngAnh
ttong cdc lihh vyc chinh tri, kinh td, vdn hda,
khoa hgc ki thu$t ttdn thd gidi. 6 Vift Nam,
tidng Anh ngdy cang dugfc coi ttgng. Nd da
trd thanh mOt mdn hgc d hiu het cdc trudng
dgi hge. Trong hf thdng gido due pho thdng,
nd dugc phi cap tG lap 3. Sd ngudi Vift
Nam CO nhu cau hgc de sG dung thdnh thgo
tieng Anh ngdy cdng gia tang. Vi vgy vifc
day cho ngudi Viet Nam hgc dd hg cd the sG
dung vd giao tidp bang tidng Anh mgt cdch
cd hieu qud dang dugc quan tam chu y, nhit
Idttonggiai dogn hdi nhdp, cdng nghifp hda
vd hifn dgi hda cua nudc ta hidn nay. Thyc
td cho thiy^ ring tidng Anh vd tieng Vift
thugc hai nen vdn boa khdc nhau, ndn ttong

qua trinh hgc tidng Anh, ngudi Vift khi sG
dyng cde cdu ttong giao tidp, nhat la cdc edu
d dang phu dinh, thudng gap nhilu khd
khan. Trong gidng day, ngudi dgy cdn phdi
ed kien thGc vimg vang ve hai ngdn ngG
tidng Anh va tieng Vift, ndm chic cdc ddc
didm ndi bat cua hai ngdn ngG vd hai ndn
vdn hda, tren ca sd dotimra dugc nhGng ndt
tuong ddng vd di bift cua hai thGtieng,gidp
cho ngudi hgc cd the tilp thu kiln thGc tiing
Anh mdt cdch de ddng vd sG dyngtiengAnh
CO hieu qua. Trong s6 nhGng dgc diem iy,
ngudi day vd ngudi hgc khdng thd khdng
quan tdm den hidn tugng phd dinh tiing Anh
vd tiing Viet.
1.2, Con ngudi smh ra vin da cd nhGng
hdnh vi, cG chi thd hifn minh khdng tdn
thanh ho^ khdng ddng tinh vd mOt vifc nao
do nhu lie diu hoac xua tay. Khi trd em bit

diu hgc ndi, m^t trong nhGng tG chung n6i
diu tidn Id tG mang nghia phu djnh nhu
'khong, u'. PhG djnh xem ra cd ve rit don
gian, nhung thyc ra lgi eye ki phGc tgp v^
ndu khdng duge quan tdm diing mik thi
ngudi hgc sd gdp nhilu khd khan,ttdngai.
Moi mgt ngdn ngG deu cd mgt hinh thiic
phu dinh nhat dinh, phG hgp vdi quy tdc van
phgm cua ngdn ngG ay. ChGc ndng chinh eda
phu dinh la chuyen nhGng mfnh dl/cdu dang

khing dinh thdnh phG dinh. Nd cd till dugc
bieu dat d cap dg mfnh dl/cau bdng each
them vao mfnh de/cau iy mOt thanh tl nh^t
dinh.
Trong nhilu ngdn ngG, phG dinh phd hpp
vdi vdn phgm cGa nd, dugc bilu dgt bdng
mgt tG ho§c hinh vj md vj tri cGa ylu tl phi
dinh ndm d bg phdn vj ngG h o ^ d cym dgng
tG. Nd cd thd cd m§t trong cdc hinh thGc sau:
a- Mdt ttg dgng tG phu dinh dugc thSm
vdo bd phdn vi ngG va dam nhifm mft vdi
d ^ diem cua dgng tG chinh cua menh de/cSu
khing dinh, nhu nU ttong tieng Nenets.
b- Mgt h o ^ hai tiiu tG phG dinh cd vj tri
dugc xac dinh cd lidn quan din cac thanh to
cua vi ngO, nhu ne.. ...pasttongtiengPhdp.
c- MOt hjnh vi phu dinh cd vj tri trong bO
ph$n vi ngG, nhu -me- ttong tiing Thd NK
Sy hiln difn cua phu dinh cd thi di Uen
vdi nhGng thay doi trong cau tnic cdu, chdng
han nhu thay ddi trgt ty tdttongtiengKm,
thay ddi gigng difu ttong tiing Igbo, ho5c
chu cdch/tan cdch tton^ tiing Nga. Doi vdi
tiing Anh, hinh thGc bieu thi hifn tugng phil
dinh phi biln ho§c Id hhih vi phu djnh not
dugc dat sau trg dgng tG nhu trong cdu Jaiti
is not rich, ho$c b^nh vi phG dinh nit ggn -


s l 6 (248)j0!fi

NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG

n 't di lien vdi ttg d$ng tG da duge chia trong
cdu nhu Jane isnH rich. Hinh thGc bilu thi
phG dinh nii bdt cua tiing Vift Id dung tiiu
td khdng ddt hirdc dOng tG ttong cdu. Vi
dy: "Trong ddnh gid cdng chiec. viin chitc
ndm 2013, Bg Y ti khdng phdn logi cdng
chikc ddi v&i miec 'hodn thdnh nhi^m vu
nhung con hgn chi vi ndng luc' Id khdng
dUng quy dfnh." (Bdo Hd NOi mdi 15-72015)
2. Dac diem cua phu djnh trong tieng
Anh
2.1. Bgc Mim chung
Khi muln bdy td mOt thyc tl Id cd mOt
vife gi dd khdng ddng, mdt sy vifc hay mOt
sy kidn nao dd khdng xiy ra, ngudi ta
thudng dun^ cdu phu dinh. Nhiing cau phG
dinh bao gdm nhGng tG nhu: not (khdng),
never (khdng bao gid), nowhere (khdng thiy
d ddu cd). Ngudi ta ggi nhihig tG ndy Id tG
phu dinh. TG phG dinh dugc diing dl bilu thi
sy vdng mat cGa ngudi, vgt, sy vifc, sy kifn,
hifn tugng,...ndo dd. Trong tiing Anh cd
nhGng tG phG dinh sau: not, never,
neither,no, nobody, none, no one, nor,
nothing, nowhere. Bk phdn tich vd dii chieu
phu djnh tidng Anh vdi tidng Vift, chiing ta
cin phdi phan bift dugc h ^ logi phG £nh

ttongtiengAnh:
(1) Phu dinh cdu (Sentential negation): Id
todn bO cdu hay todn bg mdnh dl diu bi phu
dinh, ndi cdch khdc Id phgm vi phG dinh bao
triim Idn toan bg cdu hay mfnh dl. Vi dy:
Ihave notfinishedwork
John mightn 't have been in love.
(2) Phu dinh bO phdn/ PhG dinh tiianh to
(Local/ Constituent negation): Id phu dinh
mOt thdnh to/ mOt tG hay cym tG md khdng
Idm cho cd cdu bi phu dinh. Vi dy:
They made some not unintelligent
observations.
Not unnaturally, we rejected their
complaint
2.2. B^c^m
ve cuphdp
2.2.1. Phu dfnh cdu (Sentential negation)

65

a.Phu dfnh cdu/mfnh di bdng phu dinh
ddng tir. Mgt cau don gian dgng khdng dinh
hay Id mdt mfnh dl biln vi dgng khdng djnh
ttong cdu phGc hgp dugc phG dinh bdng
cdch thdm tG phu dinh not vao sau ttg dgng
tG ho&c ddng tG noi cGa cdu.
S + Auxiliary/Surrogate Auxiliary +
NOT + verb + Complement
S + Copula (be) + NOT+ Complement

Vfdy:
John might not have been in love.
Russell is not walking to work today.
They have notfinishedwork They do not
laugh.
Trong cdc vi dy ttdn, tG phu dinh not
dugc ddt sau ttg dgng tG might, sau dgng tG
noi be dd chia: (is not) vd sau have trong
cym ddng tG have finished (have not
finished).
Neu trong cdc cdu khdng cd ttg dgng tu
hodc dgng tG nil be, do dugc dGng thay thd
gilng nhu ttg dOng tG kit hgp vdi not, tiep
dd la dgng tG nguydn thi khdng cd '/o'. Vi
dy:
They do not see you very often these days.
She does not walk to work every dc^.
MOt dilu khd li thu Id dOng tG sd hGu
have cd hai cdch bidu thi nghia phG dinh: cung giong nhu dgng tG noi be, cd thd thdm
not vdo ngay sau dOng tG have, vd cung cd
the dung do+ not d ngay trudc dOng tG fmve
nhu nhGng dOng tG khdng phdi Id nhimg
dOng tG noi khdc. Cd hai cdch bilu tiu nay
diu cd nghia giong nhau. Vf dy:
She does not have a new car. -^ She has
not a new car
She does not have a sore foot. -^ She has
not a sore foot
Thdng thudng, tG phu dinh not ttong
tiing Anh dugc vilt rut gon thdnh -nV. Thi

dy:
Russell isn *t walking to work today.
They haven'tfinishedwork
She doesn't walk to work every day.
She fuisn *t a sore foot


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S6NG

s l 6 (248)-2016

Ndu trg dOng tG c6 hinh thGc rdt ggn that mistake again; SINot until yesterda
ngay sau chu ngG, co thi cd hai khd ndng nit did he change his mind. 6/T0 no one wi
ggn ttong cdu phG dinh: 1/nit ggn td phG they admit their guilt.
dinh; 2/nit ggn ttg dOng tG. M ^ du cd hai
NhGng vi dy trong phin trinh bdy tren
khd nang ndy ddu khdng dugc dung ttong loi cho thiy chGng diu Id nhiing cdu/mfnh de
vdn ttang ttgng ttong tieng Anh. VI dy: a.rut phu dinh. De xdc minh xem nhQng vi dy iy
ggn tG phG dinh; b. nit ggn ttg dOng tG.
cd diing Id cdu phG djnh hay khdng, chiing
John isn't happy. -^ John's not fiappy. can thda man S dieu kifn sau:
They aren't reatfy. -^ They're not fiappy.
- Vi la nhGng cau phu djnh nfin khi
We haven't caught her.-^ We've not chuyin chGng thdnh cdu hdi c6 dudi, chiing
caught her.
ta cdn phdi thdm phin dudi (question tag) la

Khi nghia phG dinh dugc nhin manh, tG mfnh dl khing dinh dl kilm tra IEU thdng tin
phG dinh not dugc giG nguyen, khdng nit cua mfnh dl trudc dd. Vi dy: She doesn'
ggn. Trong ill vilt van trang ttgng, ngudi ta work hard, does she? Nlu mfnh dl trade \i
thudng trdnh vifc sG dyng dang nit ggn ciia mfnh dl khing dinh, thi mfnh dl dudi lii
tu phu djnh.Vi dy:
phu dinh: She work hard, doesn't she?
They do not know you.
Theo sau mfnh dk phG dinh Id nhdng
They may not be working.
mfnh dl dudi d dgng phG dinh, c6 bl sung
b. Nhitng tit phu dfnh cd vi hinh thirc vd thdm ngG nghia. Vi dy:
ngir nghia: Trong phG dinh cdu hay phd dinh I haven'tfinished,and neither have you.
mfnh de, ngodi dgng tG bi phG dinh, mfnh
She hasn't stopped working, and nor
dl edn ed the bi phu dinh bdng cdch liy have I
nhGng tG nhu no hodc not phG dinh mOt
Tuy nhidn, cung gidng nhu cdc mfnh de
thdnh td cGa mfnh dl hodc bdng cdch dimg khing djnh, sau cdc mfnh de phu dinh cung
mft tG phu dinh nhu none hogc never. Vi dy: cd thi cd cdc dudi khdng dinh md khdng
MTfiat was no accident.; 21 He is no phdi ddo ttdt t\f tG cGa chiing. VI dy: /
frierui ofyours.; 3/She is no different.; 4/No haven'tfinishedwork, but you HAVE.
honest man would lie.; SINo dogs are
-Trong ngdn bdn, sau mfnh dl phd dinh
permitted here.; 6/1 will never make that
Id ldi ddp bilu thj sy ding tinh vdi mfnh d^
mistake again; 7/None of us were ready.
dang phG dinh dd ndu d vl trudc. Vi dy:
Neu tu phu dinh di cGng vdi trg dgng tG
A: He doesn't know Rusian. B: NO.he
thi nd mang nghia khdc. Vi dy cdu Many

people did not come to the party cd nghia Id DOESn't.
- Ckc mfnh de phu djnh thudng cd cac
cd nhilu ngudi vdng mat ttong biia tifc.
Trong khi dd cdu Not matry people came to thdnh to khdng mang nghia khdng djnh ^
the party lgi de c^p din sy cd m|it eda mOt sl kem nhu: any, anything, anybody, anyone
anytime, any more,...Yi dy:
it ngudi.
A; He won't notice any change in you.
Trong lli vdn trang trgng, thdnh tl phu
B: she won't notice any, change in you
djnh cd thi dugc chuyen len vi tri diu cau.
Trong trudng hgp ndy cin phdi ddo trdt ty either.
tG, nghia Id chuyin ttg dgng tG len ddng d vi
- Cdc mfnh de phG djnh khdng di ciing
tri trudc chG ngG. Vi dy:
vdi nhiing thdnh tl cd khuynh hudng mang
i/Not a word would he say.; 2/Not a r^hia khing djnh nhu: pretty, qt^te va
moment did she waste.; 3/No longer are rather. VI dy: khdng ddng "It isn't pretty
they staying with us.; 4/Never will I make late" md dung lt*s pretty late.


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N G 6 N NGC*& Ddi S6NG

67

NhGng dOng tG, thih tG va gidi tG mang
c Nhirng tit cd nghta phd dinh nhung lgi
cd hinh thitc khdng dinh: Cd mOt sltirgngtG nghia phG dinh cung cd till di kdm ydi

vd tG han djnh (adverbs and determiners) nhGng thdnh to khdng mang nghia khing
mang nghia phu djnh nhung lgi cd hlnh thGc dinh, d|ic bift Id any vd nhGng tl hgp cua nd.
khdng djnh nhu seldom, rarely, scarcely, Vidy:
hardly, barely, little, few. NhGng tG ndy cd
MHe denies I ever told him; 2/1forgot to
dnh hudng din phu djnh cau. Chung thudng ask for any change. [Cau ndy thudng cd
xuit hidn ttong cdu cGtig vdi nhGng tG khdng nglua Id: / wanted some change but forgot
mang nghia khdng dinh nhu any, ever, to ask for it (tdi muln cd sy thay doi nhung
arcane, anywhere, anyboe^, anyplace, at tdi dd qudn dl ngW)]; ^/We are unaware of
all..., vd nhung cdu ndy can cd mgt phin any hostility; 41 I'm against going out
dudi Id mfnh dd nghi vin dgng khdng dinh anywhere tonight; 5/They decided to leave
dl kiem tra thdng tin. Vi du:
without telling any of their friends.
2.2.2.Phu dfnh cue bg (thdnh td)
I// seldom get any sleep.; 2/Hardly
anyone wants the job; 3/Few changes have Constituent/Local Negation
ever taken so many people by surprise.; 4/1
PhG dinh cyc bg hay phd dinh thdnh tl Id
can barely speak to any of my friends; phG djnh mgt tG hay mOt cym tG md khdng
SlThey hardly have any friends, do they?
ldm cho cd cau hay mfnh dl phu djnh.
Ciing nhu cdc ttang ngG phG dinh d vi tri
a. NOT bd nghta cho tinh tU hogc tigng
diu tidn ciia cdu, cdc trang tG ndy khi d vi tri tit CO din td mang nghta phu dfnhtiongcum
diu tien cua cdu tiu ttg ddng td phdi ddo ldn danh tit:
trade chG ngG. Vi dy:
Subject + (Auxiliary) Verb/CopuIa+
I/Rarefy does crime pay so well as many Deteminer + NOT+ Adj + NP
people think; 2/Scarcely ever has the British
NOT cd till dGng trade raOt tinh tG cd

nation suffered so much obloquy: ytittle tidn tl mang nghia phG djnh Idm dinh ngd
did I eypect such enthusiasmfromso many. cho mgt danh tG, di sau dOng tG lam tan ngG
CGng nhu cdc tG hgn dinh, cdc ttgng tG ho§c sau dOng tG nii Idm bo ngG ttong cdu.
scarcely, hardly, va barely cd chGc nang phG Vidy:
dinh ttong phgm vi chG ngG Id cym danh tG
She's a NOT unattractive woman, in
chung diu cd tdc ddng din phu dinh cGa ca some wc^s.
cdu. Vi du;
They made some NOT unintelligent
\tScarcely any wine has yet arrived, fias observation, [1,791]
b.NOT bd nghta cho tigng tu:
it?; 2/Barely any arms were accumulated
before the war; 3/Little help can be expected Subject+ (Auxiliary) Verb + NOT+
from Peter; 4/Hardly fifty people were in Adverb
the vast hall
NOT cd thi bl nghia chotirgngtG cd tiln
0 mdt mGc dO nhit dinh, ONLY mang tl mang nghia phu dinh ldm ttgng ngG ttong
nglua phG dinh. Khi ONLY bl nghia cho cdu. Vi dy: He writes NOT inelegantly.
c. NOT bd nghta cho mdt tigiig tic & vj tii
thanh to dGng sdt vdi nd chG khdng phdi chG
ngG, ddi khi (nhung khdng nhit thilt) phdi ddu tien cua cdu:
ddo vi hi cGa chd ngG vd trg dgng tii. VI dy:
NOT + adverb + Subject + (Auxiliary)
ONLY his mother will he obey.
verb/Copula + Complement
ONLY on Sunders do tk^ eat with their
NOT cd thi bd nghia cho mOt ttang tG
children.
dGng d vj tri dau cua cau. Vi dy:

68

NGON N G f & Bin S 6 N G

S I 6 (248)-2016

«,

cho gidng day. 6 cau 'He is no teacher', td
Not surprisingly, they mised the tiain.
d NOT CO thi bd nghta cho tigng tic chi hgn dinh NO da chuyin hda mOt danh tii
thudng khdng c6 tinh so sanh tiidnh mft
miecdg
Trong Iogi phu djnh cyc bg/thdnh to, danh tG mang tinh so sdnh, md td d§c tmh
NOT bd nghia cho ttgng tG chi mGc dg md cGa con ngudi.
Hdy so sdnh mgt vdi tradng hgp nOa tiii
trang tG chi mGc dO ndy lgi bo nghia cho mOt
tinh tG hay mgt trang tG mang ndt nghia cd thiy rit rd cdch dung khdc bift ciia NOT vd
NO:
tfnh so sdnh:
'I'm not a youngster' ngMa Id I'm not
Subject + (Auxiliary) Verb/Copula +
Determiner + NOT +Adv (degree)+Adj+ young (Tdi khdng cdn tte); cdn 'I'm no
youngster' cd nghia Id I'm qi^te old (Tdi
N
khd nhilu tiili).
Vidu:
'She's not a fool' (She's not stupid "chj
1/They own two NOT very fierce dog.

(rather docile "de bdo"); 2/1 saw a NOT too ta khdng dit"); cdn 'She's no fool' c6 nghia
sympathetic report about you.(rather Id 'She's very intelligent (cd ta rit thdng
unsympathetic"cd phdn khongdong cdm"). minh).
311 visit them NOT very often.
Ngogi trd mdt s6 cym tG cl dinh nhu no
good, no different, trang tG NO b6 ngMa
e. Phu dinh eUa dgng tu chinh
cho
tinh tG chi khi nhGng tinh tG iy d dgng
Subject + Auxiliary+ - 'NOT+Verb +
so sdnh ban nhu: no worse, no tastier, no
Complement
Trong cdc cdu cd ttg dOng tG, sau trg better behaved, no more awkward, no less
dOng tG CO mgt khodng ngdt vd nhin mgnh intelligent.
Nhu dd trinh bay d phan ttdn, NOT bo
ttgng dm vdo NOT, phgm vi phG dinhttditG
nghia cho tfnh tG hogc trang tG ed tiln tl
NOT din hit cdu. Thi dy:
l/They may *not like the party. (It is mang nghia phu dinh nhu ttong vi du: She's
possible tfiat they do not like the party); a not unattractive woman, in some ways.
2lThey may not bother to come if it's wet. Trong cdu ndy, NOT da phd dinh tii
(It's possible that they will not bother to UNATTRACTIVE, nhung khdng phG dinh
come...); 3/Don't worry. You shall not lose cd cdu/mfnh dl. Tdc dOng cGa NOT d ddy la
your reward. (I'll make sure that you don't lam ddo ngugc lai luc phu dinh cd sdn ciia
lose your reward); 4/You must not keep us cym tG sau nd. NhGng cym tG hai lin phu
waitmg. (It's essential that you don't keep us dinh nhu vdy Id nhung phuang tifn ndi
waiting); 5/They might not be telling lies. (It gidm. Chdng hgn:
is possible that they are not allowed...).
'She is a not entirely unintelligent
woman' cd nghia Id 'She is a fairly

2.3, Bgc diim ngit nghta
2.3.1. Su khdc nfiau vi ngir nghta giita intelligent woman (chi ta Id mOt phy nG
tuong doi thdng minh).
NOvdNOT tiong tiing Anh
TG phu dinh NO cd thi c6 nhGng each
'He's not a too sympathetic doctor' cd
ddng khdc hon so vdi tG phu dinh NOT. Vi nghia Id 'He's a rather unsympathetic doctor
dy: He is not a teacher vd He is no teacher. (anh ta Id mgt bdc si tucmg doi Ididng thifn
Ndu nhu *//e is not a teacher' dk cap den cdm).
nghl nghifp cua anh ta, anh ta khdng phdi Id
Cdc cym tG hai lin phu dinh ddi hdi phdi
gido viin, thi *He is no teacher' lgi cd in ^ cd ttgng tG hay tinh tG d trung tdm cym td
ring anh ta cdn thilu nhihig kl ndng cin thilt mang nghia so sdnh. Phu dinh d ddy chl ra


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I've never in all my life seen such a
mOt ^dm giGa hai thdi cyc cGa mGc dg so
sdnh.Dli vdi thi du (a) dilm phG dinh ndm d crowd. (Chua bao gid trong ddi tdi lgi thay
khodng giGa unattractive vd attractive. Dudi mOt ddm ddng din nhu v$y).
3) Not: T 6 hgp tG not one vd not a... Id
day la m^t vdi vi dy nGa vl cym tG hai lin
nhGng t l hgp tG nhin mgnh ngbia thay the
phu dinh:
l/They made some NOT unintelligent cho NO nhu mOt tG han dinh dim dugc. Vi

observation; lIThey are paying a NOT dy:
Not a word camefromher lips.
inconsiderable amount in rent; 3/Tfie
We left not a single bottle behind.
announcement was followed by a NOT
4) NhOng Id hgp lit mang sdc thdi Hnh
unexpected silence, 4/1 visit them NOT
infrequently; 5/He writes NOT inelegantly. cdm khdc: dugc dung trong c ^ thi d\i dudi
Mdi mOt cdu tten deu tuong Gng vdi mOt day:
lIHe didn 'I give me a thing, (informal);
cau khdng djnh ttong dd hai lin phd djnh
dugc thay bdng tG Idm gidm bdt tdc dgng 211 don 'I care a damn whether we win or
vdo lyc cGa dgng tG hay bo ngu. Mgt vdi lose; yShe didn't say a word about itfinj);
trgng ngG hogc cd tien tl mang nghia phG AINo way -Willi accept such an offer.
2.3.3. Mgt si Cfm tit mang nghta phu
djnh hodc mang nghia bit ngd cung cd the hi
dinh khi chiing kit hap vdi cdc dgng lit cu
phu dinh. Vi dy:
lhi.Vid\f;
Not unnaturally, we rejected their
lIHe won't lift a finger to help you.; 2/1
complaint.
didn 'I sleep a wink.; 3/She didn 'I bat an eye
Not surprisingly, they mised the tiain.
2.3.2. Bd sung ldm tdng cuang nghta phU /eyelid.; 4/They won't budge an inch.; 5/1
won't drink a drop.; 61He didn't move a
dfnh
Cd nhieu cdch khdc nhau dl bo sung ldm muscle.; llWe didn 'I see a soul
2.3.4. Phgm vi phi djnh
tdng cudng sde thm tinh cdm vao nghia phu

C6 thi 1h4y, thinh t6 phii dinh c6 thS co
dinh. Dudi ddy la nhGng thf dy vl nhGng
cym tG chi mGc dg khdng mang nghia khdng anh huong den mpt t h ^ t6 khong mang
dinh: at all, by any means, in any way, in the nghia kh9ng djnh chl khi thanh t6 khong
mang nghia khdng dinh 4y nSm trong pham
slightest, a bit, in the least,...
1) at all, whatever, whatsoever,in any vi phu dinh cua thanh to phu dinh, nghia la
way, in the least...: Dgi tG vd td ban dinh nim trong ph^m vi chju ksih hudng ngO
mang nghia phu dinh thudng dugc nhin nghia do th^nh t6 phii djnh tac dpng. Pham
mgnh ngbla bdng cdc td at all, whatever, vi phi dinh thudng trai dM tir thinh t6 phu
dinh den t$n cuoi cfiu hay cuoi m$nh ik,
whatsoever. Vi dy:
Ifound nothing at all the matter with him. nhung nfi khdng nhit thiet phai bao g6m ck
trsmg nga dJt 6 vi tri cu6i ciing. Trong
(Tdi thiy ching cd vin dd gi vdi anh ta cd)
cau/m?nh dS c6 til phii dinh cau NOT, h o ^
You have no excuse whatever. (Anh chdng
tii phu dinh NEVER hay HARDLY & ciing
cd mgt li do ndo cd.)
vi tri sau tn? dOng tit thi trjng ngtt xuat hi?n
2) Never: dugc l§p lgi hodc kit hgp vdi trudc tiianh t6 phu dinh thudng nSm ngoai
cym tG tdng cudng them nghTa nhu in my p h ^ vi phu djnh. Do v$y c6 s\r khdc nhau
life. Vi dy:
vk nghia nlu d^t trgng ngtt d hai v; tri IdiSc
I'll never, never go there again. (Tdi sS nhau gitta hai cau:
khdng bao gid, khdng bao gid din dd nGa).


70

N G 6 N NGCT & D d i S 6 N G

Sfie definitely didn't speak to him: Phgm
vi phu dinh kdo ddi tG -nV din het cau.
Nghia cua cdu nay id: Chde chdn rdng chi tii
khdng ndi vdi anh ta (It's definite that she
didn't speak to him).
Sfie didn't definitely speak to him: Phgm
vi phu djnh tG -n't din hdt cdu.Nghia cdu
ndy id: Khdng cftdc chdn rdng chj ta dd ndi
vdi anh ta/ vifc clu ta ndi vdi anh ta Id khong
chde chdn (It's not definite she spoke to
him).
Khi cd ttang ngG dgt d culi cdu hay mfnh
de, trgng ngG iy cd thi nim ttong ho$c
khdng ndm ttong phgm vi phG dinh cdu. Sy
khdc nhau phy thuOc vdo ttgng dm cGa cdu
vd y dinh ciia ngudi phdt ngdn. VI dy:
I wasn't Listening all the time. Cau ndy
ttgng dm roi vdo LIS- nghia Id ttong suit
thdi gian iy toi khong nghe. (For the whole
tune, / wasn 't listening). Phgm vi phu dinh
tG -n't den hit listening.
/ wasn't listening all the TIME. Trgng
am roi vao TfME nghia Id vifc tdi khdng
nghe ttong suit thdi gian iy Id khdng diing /
khdng thyc tl. Pham vi phu dinh tG -n't din
het cdu.
Khi mOt ttgng ngG mang nghia phu dinh
dugc ddt d vj tri diu cdu, tilp theo Id chd

ngu vd ttg dOng tG dugc dao vj tri. Trong
tradng hgp ndy chG ngG cd thi cd thanh to
khdng mang nghia phu dinh. Vi dy: NEVER
have any of them been interested in music.
Pham vi phd dmh cGa cdu ddi khi cd thi
keo ddi din hit mfnh dl phy cua cdu. Vf dy:
She didn't know I would eome to her
whenever she needed any advice. Phgm vi
phu dinh keo ddi tG -n'/ din advice.
I wouldn't like you to disturb anyone.
Phgm vi phG djnh tG -n 't den anyone.
2.3.5. Tiiu diim phu dfnh
cin thilt phdi xdc djnh khdng nhGng
phgm vi phu djnh ma cdn cd tieu diem phu
dinh. Mgt trgng am chlnhridngbift hay neu

SO 6 (248)-2016

b$t sy tuang phdn rai vao mdt bO phgn eg
till cGa cau/mfnh dl thi ttgng dm iy chl r8
ring nghia tuong phdn phd dinh ndm d dung
b$ ph|n cd trgng am, ddng thdi cung chl ra
ring phin cdn lgi cua mfnh dl cd thi dugc
bilu Id mang nghia khdng djnh. Dl phdn bift
dugc nhihig bg ph$n mang nghia phu dinh
vd nhGng bO pban mang nghia khdng djnh,
cin phdi xem xdt kl khdi nifm phgm vi phfi
dinh, bao gom cd nhthig phgm vi khdng lign
tyc (ddt qudng) vd cung gOp cd bg phan
dGng trudc thdnh tl phG dinh vdo phgm vi

phG djnh. Vj tri khdc nhau cua tdm dilm
dugc phdn bift ttong cdc cau sau day.
NhGng bf ph$n khdng ndm ttong pham vi
phG djnh dugc hiiu la mang nghia khdng
dinh. Vi dy:
I did« 7 take Joan to swim in the P60L
today. -> I forgot to do so.
I did« V take j()AN to swim m the pool
today. -> // was Mary tfiat I took to swim
in the pool todi^.
I didn YftikeJoan to SWIM in tiie pool
today. -> Just to see it
I didwV mke Joan to swin in the PdOL
today -> I took her to the seaside.
I didnV fake Joan to swln in the pool
toDAY. -^ It was last weektiiatI did so.
/ did«V fake Joan to swin in the pool
today. -> It was my brother who took her.
Phgm vi phd djnh vd tieu diem phG dinh
cd lidn quan vdi nhau din mGcttongph?m
vi phG dinh phai bao gim tidu diem phii
dinh. Do dd, cd m0t each bdo hifu mGc df
phgm vi ciia phu dinh bdng edch xde dinh vj
tii cua tdm didm phu d^nh. Thyc te Id, vi
phgm vi phG dinh thudng khdng dugc bdo
hifu mgt cdch r5 rdng ndn chung ta cd thi
chi rd phgm vi phu djnh nim d bg phgn cua
cdu md chGng ta d$t tidu dilm phu djnh. Mft
thf dy vl hifn tugng nay Id, khi phgm vi phii
djnh dugc md rgng, nd bao gdm cd mfnh de

phy vd dGng ngG difu xuong gigng - ISn


s l 6 (248)-2016

NGON N G f

& Ddi

S6NG

71

gjgng i
T
d l nhin manh vao mfnh dk practice
in second language
teaching.
phu cua cdu. VI dy:
C.U.P.USA.
/ didn't leave HOME
because I was
3. Collins, D & HoIlo.C. (2010).
afraid of my FATHER.
(= Because I was English grammar. Macmillan. London.
afraid of my father, I didn 7 leave home).
4. Dbton, R.M.W. (2005), A semantic
I didn 7 leave home because 1 was afraid approach to English grammar.O.\J.P. New
of my FATHER. (= I left home, but it wasn 7 York.
5. Hinkel, E. (1999), Cultiire in second

because I was afraid of my father).
Phgm vi phu djnh cd thi thay ddi ciing language teaching arui learning. C. U. P.
UK.
dugc dp dyng d i i vdi mfnh d l chi thdi gian
6. Kral,T. (1994), Teacher development
(when- clause) ttong hai vi dy sau:
She didn't come to SEE him when he - making tfie right moves. Uiuted States
ASK. (= When he asked, she didn't come to Information Agency. Washington DC.
7. Malley, A.(2002).
Learner-based
see him).
teaching. O.U.P. New York.
She didn't come to see him when he ASK
8. Quyrk, R., Greenbaum,S., Leech ,G.,
(= She came to see him, but not at the time
& Svartvik, J. (1985), i comprehensive
he asked her to see him).
of
the
English
language.
NgG difu cung quan trgng ttong vifc grammar
ddnh diu xem chu ngG cd phdi la tdm dilm Longman. London and New York.
9. Richards, J . C , & Rodgers,T.S.
cua phu dinh hay khdng, cdn phdi phdn bift
and methods
in
cdc chG ngG cd chua mOt ttong nhirng tG all (2001), Approaches
language teaching. C.U.P. UK.
hodc every. Vi dy:

10. Thombury,
S.
(2001),
About
All the children didn't SLEEP. (All tiie
language-tasks for teachers of English.
children failed to sleep.)
ALL tfie children didn 7 sleep. (Not all C.U.P. UK.
the children slept)
Abstract: At present, English has become a
widely-used language in the world. In Viemam,
3.Kltlu$n
English
has been an ever- more important
Trdn day chung tdi dd trinh bay hifn
tugng phu djnh ttong tiing Anh md ngudi subject in education system.It lies in the fact that
Vift Nam khi hgc cin phdi ndm vung de cd English and Vietoamese belong to two different
cultures. That's why Vietoamese sometimes
thi sG dyng thdnh thgo tiing Anh trong giao
have difficulty in communicating, majorly in
tiep hdng ngdy. Hi vgng rang bdi viet ndy
using negation in English. In the teaching of
phin nao giGp cho vifc dgy vd hgc hifn English, teachers should have good command of
tugng phu djnh ndi ridng vd tiing Anh ndi both English and Vietoamese, even of English
dhung d Viet Nam dugc tiiuan lgi hon frong and Vietoamese cultures. On that basis,
giai dogn hOi nhgp hifn nay.
similarities and differences ofthe two languages,
particularly of English and Vietnamese
T A I L I ^ U T H A M KHAO
1. Bright, W. (1992),

Intemational negations will be found out, which will, to some
encyclopedia of linguistics. Volume 3.0UP. extent, help Vietoamese learners make effective
use of English in commimication.
New York.
Key words: education; culture; negation;
2. Bums, A & Richards, J.C.(2012),
The Cambridge guide to pedagogy and similarity; difference; effective.