Một vài suy nghĩ về Phật giáo Thăng Long thời Lý

Nghien CUU Ton giao. Sd

22

10-2009

0

TON GIAO VA DAN TOC

MOT VAI SUY NGHI VE
PHAT GIAO THANG LONG THdl LY
NGUYEN HUNG HAU'*'
I. Trieu Ly keo dai tif nam 1010 den
nam 1225, tdn tai 215 nam, la trieu dai
tdn tai lau va dai nhat treng lich sif
phdng kien Viet Xam; trieu dai dau tien
va duy nhat trong lich sii khi quan xam
lifdc Phiidng Bic rue rich xam lifdc nifdc
ta, da bi Ly Thiidng Kiet chii dgng dem
quan danh up tdi bdi tren chinh manh
dat ciia ke dinh xam liidc; trieu dai lay
qud'c hieu niidc ta la Dai Viet; trieu dai ra
ddi ban tuyen ngdn dgc lap dau tien ciia
niidc ta, bai Nam qudc sOn hd; trieu dai
van hgc, nghe thuat phat trien riic rd;
trieu dai Phat giae phat trien den dinh
cao vdi nhieu tdng phai va nhieu thien sii
uyen tham ldi lac; la mgt trong nhiing
trieu dial huy hoang chdi lgi nhat trong
lich sii nild'c nha.

Difdi trieu Ly cd tdn tai ba thien phai:
thien phai Ty Ni Da Liiu Chi (Vinitaruci)
xuat hien tif nam 580, tdn tai trai dai
sudt trieu Ly; thien phai Ve Ngdn Thdng
xuat hien nam 820 tdn tai trai dai sud't
trieu Ly eho den trieu Trin; thien phai
Thao Difdng do nha Ly iPrp nen vao naiu
1069. Xhif vay, xet ve mat teng phai Phat
giiid thi khdng cc trieu dai nao phong
phii. da diing nhii tneu Ly. CJua dd ciing
phan anh khdng khi tii do h'-r thuat, tii
do tif tifdng cua t r i e u Ly. Xgay viec

khdng chi de cao Phat giao ma cdn de cao
ca Nhd va Dao, khdng chi tiep thu tinh hoa
van hda An Do, Trung Hoa ma ca van hoa
Chiem Thanh ciing ndi len dieu dd.
Qua nghien ciiu phan tfch, chung ta
tha'y r i n g thien phai Ty Ni Da Lifu Chi
la sii ket hdp giiia Thien vdi Mat tren cd
sd ndng co't la Thien. Yeu td Mat giao
thay bang bac d nhieu nha sii. Dieu nay
ed the chiing minh qua bai ke thi tich cua
su: Tri Biit (1049-1117) (the he thif 12) co
cau mat chii "Um ! Suru Suru Sre" (lim to
rd, um td rd tat rf). Va cfing nhd yeu to
Mat giao nay nd lam cho Phat giao, cu
the la thien phai Ti Ni Da Lifu Chi gin
vdi tin ngifdng phdng thuy, sam kf, ciu
did, dieu phuc ta ma, bdc thudc chiia

benh rat thinh hanh d Viet Nam liic bay
gid. Dinh Khdng da doan trrfdc dddc Ly
Cdng Uan ngiidi hiidng Cd Phap len ngoi
vao nam ke (Ki Dau). Nhiing ldi noi cua
La Quf An p h i n nhieu deu h(3p vdi sam
ngii. Triidc khi mat dng cdn pha het
nhiing chd yem long mach cua Cao Bien,
trdng cay gao de tran chd dat ciit long
mach khien xuat hien de viidng ddi sau,
va khuyen de tif dimg phap thuat yem
tang, khdng de che ngifdi ngoai biet. Ong
*. GS.TS., Hoc vien Chinh tri-Hanh chi'nh Quo'c gia
Ho Chi Minh.


Nguyen Hiing Hau. M()t vdi suy nghi ve Plicit gido.

23

cdn doan difdc ngay tho (mao), t h a n g

d i u tien khi P h a t giae du n h a p cho den

chugt (tf). n a m

ga (dau), hg Ly (cau tao

the ki IX (trifdc khi thien phai Vo Ngdn

tif ba chii: t h a p , bat, tii) se len ngdi. Van

Thdng x u a t hien) P h a t giao Viet X a m

Htinh chuyen tu t a p D h a r a n i S a m a d h i ,

m a n g n a n g m a u sac An Do. Giai ddan

ndi ra nhiing ldi sam ngii, k h u y e n vua

nay lai h a u nhif t r u n g vdi thdi ki Bac

t a n cdng q u a n Td'ng (980) se t a t thang,

Thudc. Dieu do p h i n nao li gili

biet trifdc sii t a t yeu n h a Ly se t h a y n h a

chinh P h a t giac nay cung vdi tfn ngifdng

Le t r e n g vdng ba t h a n g niia. Thee t r u y e n

van hda b a n dia da giiip cho n h a n diin

thuyet, sii cen l a m biia phep, biia chii, va

Viet X a m t r a n h diidc sii ddng hoa ve van

cen t h a c sinh lam v u a Ly T h a n Teng sau

hoa tif phfa Bac.

nay. Van H a n h cdn doan trifdc difpc sii
t h a t bai cua q u a n Td'ng n a m 980. Ong la
ngqdi gdp p h a n q u a n trgng difa Ly Cdng
Uan len ngdi vua, s a n g lap r a trieu Ly.
Khi m a t vua Ly N h a n Teng cen cc bai

rang

Neu thien phiii Ti Xi Da Lifu Chi van
cdn m a n g mau sac cua P h a t giao An Do
thi thien phai Vd Ngon Thong m a n g sac
thai cua P h a t giao T r u n g Quoc k h a ro
net. Sii x u a t hien cua thien phiii Vo Ngon

truy tan.

Thdng la do n h u cau phiii t n e n van hoii
"Van H a n h thdng ba cei

ciia xa hgi nudc ta khi dd doi hdi cd sii da

Ldi sif nghiem sam thi

d a n g hdn, phdng p h u hdn. Bdi vay, ben

Tif lang que Cd P h a p

canh mgt tong phai thien m a n g dam m a u

Cheng gay t r a n k i n h ki"

sac An Do, da x u a t hien mgt phai thien

(Viin Hiinh d u n g t a m te

m a n g m a u sac T r u n g Hoa. Sii xuat hien
thien

phai Vd Ngdn Thdng ben

canh

Chan phd cc s a m thi

thien phai Ti Ni Da Liiu Chi phai c h a n g

Hifdng q u a n d a n h cc p h a p

noi nen r a n g d Viet N a m the ki IX da

Tru tich t r a n k i n h ki)

dien r a mgt cugc t r a n h gianh a n h hiidng

Qua day ta t h a y Viin H a n h cdn la tru

giiia van hda An Dg va van hoii T r u n g

qud'c gia xa tac. Nhif vay, cac

Hoa ma dai dien la P h a t giao An Do va

thien sif phiii Ti Ni Da Lifu chi deu la

P h a t giao T r u n g Hda? Sii bien m a t cua

nhiing dai tri thiic cii phach, thong hieu

phiii Ti Ni Da Lifu Cbi thdi T r i n , phai

T a m giiio. Hg cd cdng phd vua giiip nifdc

chang ndi len k h u y n h hiidng T r u n g Hoa

difdi nhieu h i n h thifc k h a c n h a u nhii trd

thdi ki nay da thiing the va de phai chang

giiip t n e u

dinh, giiip d a n chdng ban,

la bifdc qua dg de van boa T r u n g Hoa ma

chiia benh, bai trif cac hii tiic lac h a u

dai dien la Nho giao chiem the thifdng

n h i m gdp p h i n p h a t trie'n van hoa, tuyen

phdng d thdi Le?

cot ciia

t r u y e n dieu thien, giao due dao diic lanh
manh.

Ben canh hai thien phai tren ta cdn
thay x u a t hien thien phai Than Difdng.

Diiy la ddng thien chiia diing trong

T h l d Difdng la ten mgt vi thien sif thudc

minh mot so' yeu to' ciia m a t giao, nhu'ng

phai V a n Mon, met trdng n a m phiii thien

ddi sd'ng tu b a n h lai m a n g dam mau sac

N a m T r u n g Qudc dd Van Yen thien sif d

An Do. Nhif vay, ngay tif nhiing the ki

mii Van Mdn s a n g lap. Sau Hue Nang,


24

Nghien cuu Ton giao. So 10 - Z0U9

X'bu'ng neu nhin qua sii trinh bay tren
thi thien phai Thao Diidng xuat hien d
Viet X^am mang tinh ngau nhien. Sii thiic
Thee "Dgi Viet sd ki'. nam Ki Dau nhu ta da phan tich d tren, sii xua't hien
1069. mua xuan thang hai vua Ly Thanh cua thien phai Thao Difdng cd ngudn gd'c
Tdng than chmh di danh Chiem Thanh sau xa d nhiing dieu kien chfnh tri xa hgi
bit dUdc vua nifdc ay la Che Cu va dan liic bay gid. Trifdc khi thien phiii Thao
chung 5 van ngifdi. Mua ha thiing 6 dem Diidng xuat hien thi d Viet Nam da cd hai
quan ve. Mua thu thang 7 vua tii Chiem thien phai: Ti Ni Da Liiu Chi va Vd Xgdn
Thanh ve den ndi. diing tu d Thai Mieu. Thdng. Thien phai Ti Xh Da Lifu Chi
ddi nien hieu lii Thiin Vu nam thif nhat. mang sac thai cua Phat Giao An Do chi it
('he Cu xm diing ba chau Dia Li (nay la den mia dau the ki XI. Thien phai Vo
thudc Binh Tri Thien). Ma Linh (nay Xgdn Thdng la ddng ihien tif Trung Hoa
thuoc huyen Ben Hai). Bd Chinh (nay sang. Triidc trieu Ly. cac trieu dai, chang
Lhugc huyen Quing Trach. Bd Trach. ban nhii nhu Xgd (939 - 965), Dinh (966 Tuyen Hda) de chugc tgi. Vua bang long, 980), Tien Le (980 - 1009), tdn tai khdng
tha cho Che Cu ve nudc. Trong dam tu lau. Xha Ly (1010 - 1225) cai quan dat
binh cd mgt vi thien sii Trung Qudc ten la nifdc tu'dng ddi lau dai vdi sii thdng nhat
Thao Dudng. Thld Difdng theo thay sang
dgc lap ve lanh thd. kinh te, chinh tri,
Chiem Thanh hoang diidng Phat Phap.
van boa. Dieu dd ddi hdi can cd mgt be tu
khong may gap chien tranh va bi bat lam
tudng dgc lap chd nha niidc Dai Viet liic
lu binh. Sau khi ve kinh thanh Thang
bay gid. Hai thien phai tren deu kheng
Long (thang 7/1069). vua chia tu binh
thdi man nhu eau nay bdi le mgt cai thi
him liip dich cho ciic quan cbdc. Lrong dd

nghieng ve An Do. mgt eai thi nga ve
CO mgt vi Tang luc. Mgt hdm khi vi Tang
luc nay di viing, Thio Difdng trdng liic Trung Hoa. Triidc tinh hinh dd Ly Thanh
liim phan sir' quel dgn, thay tren ban ehu Teng (1054 - 1068) da lap nen met thien
cd cudn Xgfi luc chep tay, Thld Diidng phai mdi - Thien phai Than Diidng.
ben lay xem. Thiiy treng sach cd nhieu
Cd ldi cho nhiing li dc dd la sii ra ddi
cho ghi chep sai. khdng chiu du'dc Thao
ban tuyen ngdn dgc lap dau tien ciia niidc
Dudng da d m but sifa chiia. Khi ve, lin
dd sach Xgii luc thay cd nhieu chd sifa ta; niim 1054, dat qud'c hieu nildc ta la
chiia, that ngiie nhien, vi Tang nay dem Dai Viet; nam 1040, vua khdng diing gam
sii viec tau len vua, De hieu ro nggn vdc cua nha Tdng niia; nam 1075 nha
ngudn, vua cho ggi ngifdi tu dd vao de hdi. Tdng chuan bi diing binh danh nifdc ta;
Qua sii trinh bay cua ngu'di tu, vua biet biet tin dd Nhan Tdng da sai Ly Thifdng
ong la thien sif Thao Diidng, Tii viec h Kiet, Tdng Dan dem hdn 10 van quan
giai kmh siich tifdng tan. chinh xac va sang dat Td'ng, danh up quan Tdng, giet
trudc tiii tri. phdng do cua thien sif. vua hdn 10 van, biit sd'ng quan d ba chau
dii mdi thien su' den tru tri d chua Khai Kham. Liem. Ung dem ve.
Qudc va jihdng chieu Qudc su, ve sau.
Xam 1077 dem diii bmh sang danh hai
phiii thien mang ten Thao Difdng dugc
chau Kham va Liem nudc Td'ng, ndi lay
liij) I'ii.
tieng r i n g nha Td'ng thi hanh phej) thanh
thien Xam Phu'dng chia lam hai nhiinh
ldn: Thanh Xguyen (mat nam 740) va
Xam Xhiic (677 - 744)

Nguyen Hiing Hau. M()t vdi suy nghi ve Phdt gido.
mieu (bien p h a p kinh te de Viidng An
Thiich de xcfdng) t a n hai d a n T r u n g Qudc,
nen dem q u a n s a n g hdi tgi de cifu giiip
n h a u . Day la sti kien cd mgt khong hai
trong lich sti Viet N a m , No chifng to n h a
Ly h u n g cif mgt phiidng ngang ngiia,
tham chf n h a Td'ng cdn ne sd. N h a sif hgc
Hoiing Xuan H a n cho r i n g Ly Thiinh
Tong la v u a d i u tien cua niidc t a co dc lap
mgt de qud'c cd d a n h n g a n g vdi mgt nifdc
thien tii. Vua d a t qud'c hicu Dai Viet
(1054), tdn cac v u a triidc dd la Thai Td,
Thai Tong, coi cac nifdc nhd la chif h i u ,
mud'n ngan cam Chiem T h a n h t h a u phuc
n h a Td'ng. N h a Ly cdn muo'n khoi phuc
nhiing phong tiac t a p q u a n cua d a n Viet
tii thdi cac v u a Himg. Dieu dc t h e hien d
nhiing ngay s m h n h a t vua, ngiidi ta lay
tre ket thiinh mgt nggn niii ggi la Van
Thg N a m Sdn d ngdai ciia Q u a n g Phiic.
tren nui liim nhieu hinh chim bay, m u c n g
chiiy, m u c n ve la ki. Lai sai ngifdi biit
chifdc tieng cua cam thii lam vui de b a n
chd be toi. Ngay lifng chiing nui co rdng
Lhiin cuo'n q u a n h , ciim xen ciic Lhif cd,
Lreo lan v a n g nggc, sai con h a t thoi ken
siio trong h a n g nui, d a n g ca t a u miia liim
VUI, cho Ciic q u a n an yen.
Chi qua mgt vai chi tiet dd cong vdi

nhiing t r a n d a n h t a n q u a n Td'ng da noi
len t i n h t h i n dgc lap tii chu ciia thdi nay
cao chifa tiing thay. Trong tinh h i n h tii
tifdng va k h d n g k h i dgc Lap tii chii dd,
viec x u a t hien thien phai Thao Difdng
c h i c k h d n g phai la mgt sii viec ngiiu
nbien, n h a t thdi.
Ly Thiinh Tdng di thee khuynh hifdng
cd tfnh chili tdng hdp, vifa ton simg Phat
giiio, liii

vifa diic ca tifdng cua Balamdn

25

Chiem T h a n h , tiep thu nhiing tmh hoa van
boa cd thdi Himg Viidng cung vdi nhiing
tin ngu'dng chin gian ndng nghiep the bien
qua viec xay lau chung mot cot siiu canh
hinh hoa sen, cd lien he mat thiet vdi viec
di le c i u tii cua n h a vua. Biing nhiing viec
liim dd Ong da xay diing mgt nen Phiit giiio
CO tinh chat tong hdp, dd la sii ket hop giiia
Thien. Tinh. Nho, l^ao. Khuynh hifdng nay
difg'c ket hdp vdi tfn ngiidng diin gian nong
nghiep, cdi h n h phii linga-Yoni cua dan
Chiem Thiinh difdi anh hifdng it nhieu cua
Xbo giao, dac biet la P h a t giao dii bien
t h a n h ngoi chiia Mgt Cdt gan lien vdi le
c i u tii, mong sii sinh boa. tuoi thg. phiic

trach lau dai (liien hiiu). .Xhif vay. thien
phiii Thao Diidng la sii chat Igc. ket tinh
ciia viin hoii T r u n g Hoa, viin hda An Do,
van boa Chiem T h a n h va van hea Dili Viet,
trong do viin hda Dai Viet lam ndng cot,
diidc the hien trong "Truy to cdnh sdch"
cua Thao Difdng biing chu trifdng cc nhieu
diidng tu.
Ngoiii thien phiii Thao Difdng. Phat
giao 'i'hiing Long thdi Ly phiit t n e n kbii
miinh, cc kbii nhieu thien su' uyen t h a m
loi liic, tieu bieu lii thien sii Vien Chieu
(999-1090), the he thif b i y ddng Vo Ngon
Thong, t r u tri c h u a Cat Tifdng; Ly Thai
Tong: M a n Giiic (1052-1096), chiia Cu'u
Lien Giiio Nguyen, the be thif tiim, ddng
Vd Ngdn Thdng; T a n g Tho'ng Hue Sinh
(mat n a m 1063), the be thif mudi ba,
ddng Ty Ni Da Liiu Chi,
2. Vien Chieu la ngifdi d i u tien da dat
cd sd If luan cho cen difdng di den gi;ic
ngg b a n g h a n h dgng thiic tien hiing ngay
ciia P h a t giac Viet N a m .
Ong cho rijng ciii dep de cae ca, ciii quy

giiio nhii Pham Thien (Brahma), De Thfch

hiem khdng phai nam d dau xa. khdng

(Indra), de trong chua, phien dich am nhiic

phai trii ngu trdng viidng qudc miiy mu


Nahien cuii ion aiao. Sd jO - ZUL/y

26
triiu tudng. ma nd n i m ngay trong the
gidi 6 trgc bui bam nay khi dng ndi:
Te giac la loai siic thu hiem
An bing gai gdc. ngu trong bim
(Cif the siic do te thi bao
Xan u kinh ciic ngga u ne)
Dieu niiy ciing gid'ng nhii bdng hoa sen
(la xanh. bdng trang lai chen nhi vang)
nhiing nd moc len tif biin liy ma ngdi
chua Mgt Cot tren da md ta.
Xhif vay. ndi theo danh tii triet hgc thi
cai tuyet doi n i m trong cai tiidng ddi. cai
tifdng ddi chifa diing cai tuyet dci. Chan
Xhu. Xiet Ban. Be de. Chan tam, Phat
khdng phai d dau xa ma ngay trudc mat
("xiic muc"), trong tam mdi ngiidi. Tu
tudng nay khdng cd gi mdi so vdi Thien
tdng Trung Qudc.
Xiet Ban nam treng the gidi t r i n tue.
vay con ngiidi t r i n tuc mud'n dat den cai
nam trong the gidi tran tuc (Xiet Ban),
td't nha't nen bang con dudng t r i n tuc nhu
gia gao. bo ciii. ganh nudc. quet dgn. v.v...

Day la mgt tif tifdng quan trgng cho viec
tu hanh. Bien I'dng menh mdng bao la bat
ngat, ndi bao chifa tat ca cac ddng sdng
du trong hay due. Theo nghia nay. thien
su Vien Chieu viei:
Bien rdng bad la dung nhieu ngudn nhe
Xdn cao giii mai bui hdng tran
(Son cao canh tiii dung tran trii
Hai khoat nang tham nap te luu)
Trong cugc sd'ng. ai hudng thien.
hifdng tdi cai tam bao la bat ngat nhu"
bien ca thi ngifdi dd tien dan den giai
thoat. Tu tifdng nay sau diidc Qud'c sii
Triic Lam lam ro hdn khi khuyen vua
ddng thdi cung la mgt vi Phat tii - Tran

Thai Tdng; "Di thien ha chi due vi due,
di thien ha chi tam vi tam" (Lay muo'n
ciia thien ha lam mud'n ciia minh. lay
tam ciia thien hii lam tam cua minh).
Dd cfing la tu tu'dng "Di chiing tam vi ki
tam". Theo tii tu'dng nay. cen ngiidi
hiidng thien bang viec phuc vu nhan
sinh. n h a n quan xa hgi. va trong qua
trinh dd tam con ngiidi md rdng. khai
md dan d i n bad chiia tam nhieu ngiidi
tii hep den rdng. tii ndng den sau. tii gia
dinh. xdm. lang. xa. huyen. tinh den
qudc gia va thien ha. Cang trai rong bao
nhieu thi cang di d i n den giac ngg bay

nhieu. Xhu' vay, Phat giao Viet Nam
vach ra mgt cen dudng mdi di den giac
ngg. hoan toan khac vdi Phat giao AnTrung, dd la eon difdng di den giac ngg
bang ciiu dan do the. va tren difdng nay
tam con ngu'di ngay cang khai md bao
trum thien ha. muon loai. viin phap. tiic
dat den tam Phat. Dieu nay dudc Tue
Trung Thiidng Si - ngdi sao sang choi
tren nen trdi Thien hgc Viet Nam - noi
kha re: "Tam cua mudn Inai tiic Phat
tam" (Van phap cbi tam tuc Phat tam).
Di den giac ngg bang each nhu vay,
Phat giao Viet Xam da mang trong
minh tinh t h a n yeu nudc. Khdng the noi
yeu nudc thiidng dan ma lai khdng lay
nguyen vgng. mong mud'n cua dan lam
nguyen vong. mong mudn cua minh.
Xgiidc lai, da la ngiidi yeu nifdc chan
chinh thi phai lay nguyen vgng, mong
mud'n cua dan lam nguyen vgng, mcng
mudn cua minh, "Lay" d day khong phai
la cai lay chung chung triiu tu'dng 6
trdng tam. ma phai bang hanh dgng
thiet thiic cu the. Chinh quan diem nay
da d i n Phat giao Viet Nam den chii
nghia yeu niidc chan chinh.


Nguyen Hiing Hau. Mdt vdi suy nghi ve Phdt gido...

27

M a t k h a c . d a t den t a m van p h a p ciing

Tuy nghi, tuy thdi. n h a m van. dd la

cd nghia la hieu va n a m diidc cai t r u n g

h a n h dgng cua n h i i n g ngifdi da giac ngg d

t a m cd't loi, quy l u a t ciia van vat. N i m

mgt dat niidc m a mgi ngiidi deu ban rdn,

difdc quy l u a t thi mdi sdng dgc lap, tii dd,

hiim hd, hiing biii chd'ng giiic ciiu nildc,

tii tai diidc, vi tii do la n i m diidc t a t yeu.

neu cii 6m khif khif nhiing giao li n h a

0 day "Di chiing t a m vi ki t a m " tiic la lay

P h a t , dong kin cifa chiia, thi t h a t c h a n g

tam cua chiing sinh lam t a m cua minh,

hdp thdi d u n g luc cbiit nac. Di sau mgt

thay ciii t a m ca n h a n ich ki cua minh

chiit ta t h a y P h a t la Thien. Trong Thien

bang cai t a m ddng loai. Neu vo t a m la

c6 n h i e u miic do, cd thien ldn. thien nho,

triit bd Ciii t a m nhd be cua minh t h a n h

thien vi dai nhii Difc P h a t , tif bd ngai

cai tam bac la ciia m u c n Idai, thi day

v a n g di tim con diidng cifu cluing sinh r a

thiic sii la q u a t r i n h vn t a m . Vd tiim la

khdi sdng me bien khd. Thien nhd nhif

tam tat c l . Ma t a m t a t ca lai la vd t a m .

lam mgt dieu tot lanh nho nhd, chang

Bien chiing d diiy la nhu' vay. Ciing giong

b a n cho ngu'di khd'n kho dong tien b a t

n h u k h o n g cd gi lai la cd t a t ca va cd t a t

gao. Ngiidi P h a t tif Viet N a m luen nhin

ca lai la khong cd gi. Sifc m a n h cua chii

ra va lam thee nhiing cai thien ldn, khi

"vc", "khdng", "bu!" ciia n h a P h a t la d chd

diing giiia nga ba difdng can phai liia

dd. Lien q u a n den dieu nay, Vien Chieu

chgn, dii cc p h i i vi p h a m gidi luat. Chap

Viet:

vad nhiing gidi luiit de liim nhiing dieu
Nhiidc diit t a m k h c n g vd sac sac

"Sac" "khdng" I n hien mac v i n xoay.

thien nhd ma bd qua nhiing cai thien ldn
thi c h a n g khac niio nhif "ngu

trung",

"ngu hieu" trong Nho giiio vay. Nhiing
0 day, phai chang ddng gdp cua Phat
giao Viet Nam la da tim ra mgt con difdng
mdi vifa tifdng ddi cu the, thiet thiic, re

rang, viia tiidng ddi ngiin, de di den giiic
ngg? Lich sii P h a t giao tii trifdc tdi nay
theo mgt khia canh nao dd cd the noi la lich
sif ngay cang n i t ngan con difdng den Niet
Ban. Neu xet d gee dg nay thi ddng gdp ciia
Phat giiid Viet N a m chd P h a t giad the gidi
qua la khdng nhd. Hdn niia trdng Phat
giad, dac biet la Thien tdng, khi da giac ngg
thi con ngifdi hoan toan khdng bi trdi huge
bdi bat cii cai gi, mgi chap thii bi vd tung
ra, hg tu do, tii tai, vo tam, vo ngai, vo bd
uy, khdng chii tam, khdng thien chap, dd
dd khdng cdn tiio nghiep. Ndi mgt each

ngifdi nay, thee Khdng Tif, mdi co k h i
niing thich nghi vdi dao li ma chifa co k h a
niing quyen bien. 0 day, muo'n hdp thdi
dung luc, mud'n thee difc ldn phai bgc tap
Thifdng Si la k h o n g trai vdi ngu'di ddi,
trgn liin cimg the ttic, p h i i difng trong
h a n g ngii d a n tgc, e l m gifdm len ngiia
d a n h dudi q u a n xam lifdc. Dd chinh la tuy
nghi, quyen bien. Theo Lad Tif, cai difc
cao n h a t la bat diic, cho nen cd difc. cai
dtic t h a p n h a t la k h d n g t h a t difc, cho nen
vo difc. Da giac ngg thi mgi h a n h dgng. cii
chi, suy nghi deu la Thien. Va d day d a n h
guic cifu nudc cung la Thien.
Thdi Ly - T r i n la thdi ki ma diio P h a t

hinh anh, cd the vi mgi b a n h vi. suy nghi,

la qudc giac, nhUng cung la thdi ki ve

Cli cbi, ldi ndi ciia hg gidng nhif gieo mgt

v a n g oanh h e t n h a t trong lich sii. Thien

hilt dice, nd khdng cdn nay m I m , sinh tii

ldn, dtic ldn, hdp thdi, diing luc, tuy nghi

luan hdi niia.

liic niiy la phai cdu dan tgc, que hifdng.


28

Nghien cuu Ion giao. Sd 10 - Z009

d a t nudc khdi ciii t h a m hda cua n a n ngoai

3. Mgt vi t h i e n sU tieu bieu cua ddng

xam. Vi c;ii thien ldn. diic Idn dd ma cac

thien Ty Xi Da L u u Cbi, t h i e n sU Hue

Phiit tu s a n s a n g d m gUOm len ngiia. s a n

Sinh ( m a t n a m 1063) c h u a V a n Tue, kinh

siing vi ])hiim gidi luat (cam sat sinh).

thiinh Thiing Long, dii cd mgt tU tudng

giet moL ngUdi de cifu mudn ngu'di. Trdng

bet siic u y e n tbiim ve triet li vd ngon,

bdiin canh

Tnet

nudc sdi Ida bdng.

nhung

If vd ngdn

ciia n h a

Phat,

theo

ngUdi P h a t tif k h d n g t h e giao dieu m a y

t r u y e n t h u y e t . biit d a u tit bgi Linh Sdn.

mdc dm khU khU gidi l u a t la k h d n g dUdc

khi DUc P h a t c a m c a n h hoa sen dUa len

giet biii c h u n g sinh trong dd cd c l ke t h u .

cd y k h a i thi. d

quiin xam lu'ric d a n g t a n sat ddng bao.

cbi

Khdng lhe vi mgt dieu thien nhd cho ca

( M a h a k a s y a p a ) mim cUdi. P h a t hen noi:

n h a n ma quen dieu thien Idn cho d a n tgc.

"Ta cd c h i n h p h a p n h a n t;ing. met biin

X h u viiy, d day jibii gidi la thee tinh t h a n

dieu tiim. p h a p mdn m a u nhiem, thuc

phii chap. Thien tdng Viet X a m cd tinh

tu'dng vd tifdng, n a y ta phd chuc cho

than thUdng ngu'di. cifu ngu'di. dae biet

ngUdi". Ay la P h a t Di tdm truyen

cu'u cen ngu'di la t r e n het. Cha the m a

Ca Diep. P h e p dd tif Ca Diep, theo truyen

Phat giad Vict N a m cd ciiu;

t h u y e t , t r u y e n x u d n g t r a i q u a 28 ddi den

cd

hgi chiing deu im lang,

minh

.Maha

Ca

Dieji

tdm cho

B d d d h i d h a r m a (Bd De D a t Ma), vj sU nay

Du xiiy chin cap p h u dc
Khdng biing lam phuc cuu cho mgt ngu'di.

vUdt bien q u a D e n g Do d chua Thieu
Lam. s a n g lap ra T h i e n tdng T r u n g Quoc.

Ctiu mgt Cdn ngUdi cdn hdn ca xay chin

B d d d h i d h a r m a trUdc k h i vien tich cd de

cap phu dc. Bdi viiy. viec cUu ca met d a n

nghi cac de til ndi len chd sd diic cua

tgc. dat nudc. cUu m u c n d a n t r a m bg la

m i n h . r i e n g cd H u e Kha la k h c n g noi

cdng viec khiin thiet d p bach hdn c l , du

niing gi (vd ngdn) chi bUdc r a d i n h le ngiii

cd phai VI pbtim gidi luat. Chinh khai md
tiim di diin den guic ngd lumg cdn dUdng
thiim giii tich ciic vac viec cuu ddi kd

d

Stit smh niii Phat giiio Viet X a m dii cd
nhiing ddng gdp to ldn trong cdng cugc

ba lay rdi trd lai dUng n g u y e n chn cii.
B o d d h i d h a r m a ndi: XgUdi du'dc phan cot

tuy dao ta rdi. Dd la sii tiep no) phu'dng
chiim Di tdm

truyen

tdm.

vi diid ban vo

ngdn. ngdn s i n h li t a n .

chdng ngoai xam gianh lai dgc lap chii
quyen cho d a t nUdc. Lich sif "chdng dich

Triet li vd ngdn tiic triet li khdng Idi.

boil" cua dan tgc Viet X a m cho den n a y

triet li ve sii im lang. Cai

dii chung m m h dieu dd. Au dd cfing la le

thiiiin. vi dii triet If thi phai cd sii lap

dd cd ve mau

thu'dng tinh boi vi phuo'ng chiim cua n h a

l u a n . logic c h a t che, chiing m i n h rd rang,

P h a t la "Ldi lac q u a n sinh vd nga vi tha".

nhUng d day ta't d

Thien tdng Viet X a m cdn di xa hdn; "Ldi

n h u mgt con t h u y e n t r d n g khdng vUdt

liic q u i n sinh vd tiim vi tam".

bien dUdi a n h triing h u y e n ao trong biii

deu yen lang, gichg

thd cua thien sU H u e Siiih:
-Xhu viiy. ihien sU Vien Chieu d k m h
thiinh T h a n g Long the ki XI dii dat cd sd
ll luiin cho con dudng di den giac ngd ddc
diio cua Phiii guio Viet X a m .

Tich tich liing gia n g u y e t
Khdng k h d n g do hai chu.
( T r a n g L a n g Gia v i n g l a n g


Nguyen Hiing Hau. Mot vdi suy ngliive Phcit gido..

29

T h u y e n vUdt bien trdng khong)

ma theo nghia n g a y cang tien diin den

XhUng ngifdi ta cung thUdng noi: Luc
yen lang (vd ngon) chfnh la luc noi nhieu
nhat. Theo dd mii xet thi t n e t If vo ngon
cdn phong phu hdn ca triet If hUu ngcn.
Hgc triet li h u u ngdn thi de. nhUng hgc
va lam theo triet If vd ngon mdi khd. Cai
dd gid'ng nhif dieu Gamzatd'p ndi:" X'^gUdi
ta can hai niim de bgc ndi. nhUng can den
sau mudi niim de hgc yen lang". Xhin
chung. mdi con ngUdi trdng cugc ddi deu
trai qua ba giai dean: vd ngon - hUu ngon
- vo ngdn. CngUdi chUa biet ndi. Trai qua giai doan
hUu ngdn dn Pio, dien thuyet, tuyen
truyen, co dong,... con ngUdi diit den muc
vien man d ve cugc ddi liin kinh nghiem
Sd'ng, da cc met be day kien tbUc cung
nhu t n thUc, vii khi anh h d a n g hdn cugc
ddi dang tii tU t a t dan, thi con ngUdi mdi
hieu ra cugc song cua m i n h t h a t ngan
ngui. mgi ciii deu vo nghia, ngdn ngu
cung chiing giup ich dUdc gi nhieu hdn, va
ho m a n g theo biet bao dieu bi an trd ve
vdi cfit bui. Ciii vd ngcn sau khdng phai la
hoiin toan k h o n g ndi, yen l a n g t u y e t ddi

nam md. con ngUdi ngay cang it ndi, ngiiy

Cling yen lang.
Triet If vd ngon la triet li ve su im
lang. Su im lang ben ngoai lii sU phan
anh sti im lang ben trong. Chi c6 n h u n g
ngUdi diit tdi mgt trinh do n h a t dinh mdi
CO dUdc sii im lang. cdn diii da so' lii am i,
on ao, kbuecli trUdng, lang nhiing lit nhit,
Dan ta en cau " T h u n g rong keu to" la vay.
Neu ldi ndi lii quy thi yen lang cdn quy
hdn nhieu. Tuc ngu the gidi ciing co ciiu;
Ngon

ngU la biic, yen

lang

hi

vang.

NhUng ndi yen l a n g n h a t la nbUng ndi
sau thiim n h a t . Nguyen
chan

kinh

chinh

la k i n h

Du cho r a n g
khdng chU.

Dudng H u y e n T r a n g s a n g Tay True thinh
kinh lan d a u dUdc toiin kinh khdng chU.
Mot vi thien sU dUa ra mgt hinh anh khii
hay: B i y chim hot giUa nhUng bong hoa
hUdng thdm ngad ngat. tieng chim hot
cua biiy chim d diiu, dd hi ldi, cdn hUdng
thdm ngiio ngat, dd la sU im liing, ndi dd
tru ngu c h a n If. Day ciing la mgt diem
dac siic cua P h a t giao T h a n g Long./.