Human anatomy and physiology 9th edition marieb test bank

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 2.1
Using Figure 2.1, match the following:
1) Lipid

1) _____________

2) Functional protein

2) _____________

3) Nucleotide

3) _____________

4) Polysaccharide.

4) _____________

5) Monosaccharide

5) _____________

6) Polymer

6) _____________

7) Tertiary (protein) structure

7) _____________

Figure 2.2
Using Figure 2.2, match the following:
8) Deoxyribose sugar.

8) _____________

9) Thymine

9) _____________

10) Guanine

10) _____________

11) Phosphate

11) _____________

12) Hydrogen bonds

12) _____________

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.
Match the following chemical bonds to the correct description:
13) A bond in which electrons are shared
unequally.

A) Ionic bond

13) ______

B) Polar covalent bond
14) A bond in which electrons are
completely lost or gained by the
atoms involved.

14) ______


15) A bond in which electrons are shared
equally.

C) Nonpolar covalent bond
D)
Hydrogen bond

16) A type of bond important in tying
different parts of the same molecule
together into a three-dimensional
structure.

15) ______

16) ______

Match the following particles to the correct description:
17) Electrically charged particle due to
loss of an electron.

A) Cation

17) ______

B) Atom
18) Neutral subatomic particle.

18) ______
C) Molecule

19) Smallest particle of an element that
retains its properties.

19) ______
D) Neutron

20)
Smallest particle of a compound that
still retains its properties.

20) ______

Match the following:
21) Water.

A) Mixture

21) ______

22) Carbon.

B) Compound

22) ______

23) Dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide).

C) Element

23) ______

24) Blood.

24) ______

Match the following:
25) Can be measured only by its effects
on matter.

A) Energy

25) ______

26) Anything that occupies space and has
mass.

A) Weight

26) ______

B) Mass
27) Although a man who weighs 175
pounds on Earth would be lighter on
the moon and heavier on Jupiter, his
________ would not be different.

27) ______

C) Matter


28) Is a function of, and varies with,
gravity.

28) ______

Match the following:
29) Legs moving the pedals of a bicycle.

A) Chemical energy

29) ______

30) When the bonds of ATP are broken,
energy is released to do cellular
work.

B) Electrical energy

30) ______

C) Mechanical energy
31) Energy that travels in waves. Part of
the electromagnetic spectrum.

31) ______
D) Radiant energy

32)
Represented by the flow of charged
particles along a conductor, or the
flow of ions across a membrane.

32) ______

Match the following:
33) Heterogeneous, will not settle.

A) Solutions

33) ______

34) Heterogeneous, will settle.

B) Suspensions

34) ______

35) Homogeneous, will not settle.

C) Colloids

35) ______

36) Will not scatter light.

36) ______

Match the following:
37) First one or two letters of an
element's name

A) Mass number of an element

37) ______

B) Atomic symbol
38) Number of protons in an atom

38) ______
C) Atomic number

39) Combined number of protons and
neutrons in an atom
TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
40) The atomic weight is only an average of relative weights of an atom and its isotopes, and it may
vary from the weight of a specific isotope.

39) ______

40) ______

41) It is the difference in the R group that makes each amino acid chemically unique.

41) ______

42) Chemical properties are determined primarily by neutrons.

42) ______

43) A charged particle is generally called an ion or electrolyte.

43) ______


44) Isotopes differ from each other only in the number of electrons the atom contains.

44) ______

45) About 60% to 80% of the volume of most living cells consists of organic compounds.

45) ______

46) Lipids are a poor source of stored energy.

46) ______

47) Current information suggests that omega-3 fatty acids decrease the risk of heart disease.

47) ______

48) Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide.

48) ______

49) Glycogen, the storage form of glucose, is primarily stored in muscle tissue only.

49) ______

50) The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration.

50) ______

51) Covalent bonds are generally less stable than ionic bonds.

51) ______

52) Hydrogen bonds are too weak to bind atoms together to form molecules but are important
intramolecular bonds.

52) ______

53) The fact that no chemical bonding occurs between the components of a mixture is the chief
difference between mixtures and compounds.

53) ______

54) The acidity of a solution reflects the free hydrogen ions in the solution

54) ______

55) A chemical bond is an energy relationship between outer electrons and neighboring atoms.

55) ______

56) All organic compounds contain carbon.

56) ______

57) A dipeptide can be broken into two amino acids by dehydration synthesis.

57) ______

58) The pH of body fluids must remain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis.

58) ______

59) Mixtures are combinations of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but
are not bound by chemical bonds.

59) ______

60) Buffers resist abrupt and large changes in the pH of the body by releasing or binding ions.

60) ______

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
61) Which of the following elements is necessary for proper conduction of nervous impulses?
61) ______

A) I
B) Fe
C) P
D) Na
62) The basic structural material of the body consists of ________.
A) Lipids.
B) Proteins.
C) Carbohydrates

62) ______
D) Nucleic acids.

63) In general, the lipids that we refer to as oils have ________.
A) a high degree of saturated bonds
B) a high degree of unsaturated bonds
C) long fatty acid chains
D) a high water content

63) ______

64) The genetic information is coded in DNA by the ________.
A) three-dimensional structure of the double helix
B) arrangement of the histones
C) regular alteration of sugar and phosphate molecules

64) ______


D) sequence of the nucleotides
65) Which of the following is not true of proteins?

A) They have both functional and structural roles in the body..
B) They appear to be the molecular carriers of coded hereditary information.
C) Their function depends on their three-dimensional shape.
D) They may be denatured or coagulated by heat or acidity.

65) ______

66) The single most abundant protein in the body is ________.
A) DNA
B) glucose
C) collagen

66) ______

67) Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of ________.
A) triglycerides
B) glycogen
C) glucose

D) hemoglobin
67) ______
D) cholesterol

68) Which of the following does NOT describe enzymes?
A) Each enzyme is chemically specific.
B) Enzymes work by raising the energy of activation.
C) Some enzymes are protein plus a cofactor.
D) Some enzymes are purely protein.

68) ______

69) Which of the following is not a role of molecular chaperonins?
A) help to translocate proteins and certain metal ions across cell membranes
B) promote the breakdown of damaged or denatured proteins
C) act as a platform for assembling primary protein structure
D) aid the desired folding and association process of polypeptides
E) prevent accidental, premature, or incorrect folding of polypeptide chains

69) ______

70) A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with ________.
A) the release of energy
B) forming a larger molecule
C) a synthesis
D) the consumption of energy

70) ______

71) Salts are always ________.
A) ionic compounds
C) hydrogen bonded

71) ______
B) single covalent compounds
D) double covalent compounds

72) The numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energy
levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom?
A) 2, 8, 1
B) 2, 8

C) 2
D) 2, 8, 8

72) ______

73) Which of the following statements is false?
A) When the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the hydroxyl ion concentration also
decreases.
B) The more hydrogen ions in a solution, the more acidic the solution.
C) When acids and bases are mixed, they react with each other to form water and a salt.
D) The pH of blood is slightly basic.

73) ______

74) Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells?
A) sodium
B) potassium
C) magnesium

74) ______

75) Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule?
A) NaOH
B) H2O
C) CH4

D) hydrogen
75) ______
D) NaCl

76) What is a chain of more than 50 amino acids called?
A) polysaccharide
B) protein
C) polypeptide

76) ______
D) nucleic acid

77) What level of protein synthesis is represented by the coiling of the protein chain backbone into
an alpha helix?
A) primary structure
B) quaternary structure
C) tertiary structure
D) secondary structure

77) ______

78) Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the ________.
A) addition of a water molecule between each two units
B) removal of a carbon atom between each two units
C) removal of a water molecule between each two units
D) addition of a carbon atom between each two units

78) ______

79) Which statement about enzymes is false?
A) Enzymes have the ability to accelerate reactions as much as a billion-fold.
B) Enzymes may be damaged by high temperature.
C) Enzymes require contact with substrate in order to assume their active form.

D) Enzymes may use coenzymes derived from vitamins or cofactors from metallic elements.

79) ______

80) Which of the following statements is false?
A) Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more
forcefully.
B) Chemical reactions progress at a faster rate when the reacting particles are present in
higher numbers.
C) Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions, sometimes while undergoing reversible
changes in shape.
D) Chemical reactions proceed more quickly at higher temperatures.

80) ______

81) Choose the answer that best describes HCO3-.

81) ______

A) a weak acid
C) a bicarbonate ion

B) common in the liver
D) a proton donor

82) Select which reactions will usually be irreversible regarding chemical equilibrium in human
bodies.
A) glucose molecules joined to make glycogen
B) glucose to CO2 and H2O

82) ______

C) H2O + CO2 to make H2CO3
D) ADP + Pi to make ATP
83) What happens in redox reactions?
A) both decomposition and electron exchange occur
B) the electron acceptor is oxidized
C) the reaction is uniformly reversible
D) the organic substance that loses hydrogen is usually reduced

83) ______

84) Choose the answer that best describes fibrous proteins.
A) are usually called enzymes
B) are very stable and insoluble in water
C) are cellular catalysts
D) rarely exhibit secondary structure

84) ______

85) Which of the following does not describe uses for the ATP molecule?
A) mechanical work
B) chemical work

85) ______


C) transport across membranes

D) pigment structure

86) Select the most correct statement regarding nucleic acids.
A) DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule made up of A, T, G, and C bases.
B) Three forms exist: DNA, RNA, and tDNA.
C) tDNA is considered a molecular slave of DNA during protein synthesis.
D) RNA is a long, single-stranded molecule made up of the bases A, T, G, and C.

86) ______

87) Which of the following is an example of a suspension?
A) blood
B) rubbing
C) cytoplasm
alcohol

87) ______
D) salt water

88) Select the correct statement about isotopes.
A) All the isotopes of an element have the same number of neutrons but differing numbers of
electrons.
B) Isotopes occur only in the heavier elements.
C) Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but differ in their atomic
masses.
D) All the isotopes of an element are radioactive.

88) ______

89) The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are ________.
A) carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, calcium

B) carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
C) nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium
D) sodium, potassium, hydrogen, oxygen

89) ______

90) ________ is fat soluble, produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation, and necessary for
normal bone growth and function.
A) Vitamin D
B) Cortisol
C) Vitamin K
D) Vitamin A

90) ______

91) 31) You notice that you cannot read your book through a test tube of patient fluid held against
the print, making it so blurred as to be unreadable. There is no precipitant in the bottom of the
beaker, though it has been sitting for several days in a rack. What type of liquid is this?
A) suspension
B) mixture
C) colloid
D) solution

91) ______

92) Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell?
A) 3
B) 10
C) 7

92) ______
D) 5

93) Which protein types are vitally important to cell function in all types of stressful circumstances?
A) regulatory proteins
B) structural proteins
C) molecular chaperones
D) catalytic proteins

93) ______

94) If atom X has an atomic number of 74 it would have which of the following?
A) 37 protons and 37 neutrons
B) 37 protons and 37 electrons
C) 37 electrons
D) 74 protons

94) ______

95) What does the formula C6H12O6 mean?

95) ______

A)
B)
C)
D)

The molecular weight is 24.
The substance is a colloid.

There are, 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms.
There are 6 calcium, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms.

96) An atom with a valence of 3 may have a total of ________ electrons.
A) 17
B) 3
C) 13

96) ______
D) 8


97) Which of the following is a neutralization reaction?
A) HCl → H+ + ClB) NH3 + H+ → NH4+2
C) NaOH → Na+ + OHD) HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

97) ______

98) The chemical symbol O O means ________.
A) both atoms are bonded and have zero electrons in the outer orbit
B) this is an ionic bond with two shared electrons
C) the atoms are double bonded
D) zero equals zero

98) ______

99) What is a dipole?
A) a type of reaction
C) a type of bond

99) ______
B) an organic molecule
D) a polar molecule

100) What does CH4 mean?
A)
B)
C)
D)

100) _____

There are four carbon and four hydrogen atoms.
There is one carbon and four hydrogen atoms.
This was involved in a redox reaction.
This is an inorganic molecule.

101) Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) ________ reaction.
A) decomposition
B) synthesis
C) exchange
D) reversible

101) _____

102) Which of the following is not considered a factor in influencing a reaction rate?
A) time
B) temperature
C) particle size
D) concentration

102) _____

103) Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat?
A) reactivity
B) high heat of vaporization
C) cushioning
D) polar solvent properties
E) high heat capacity

103) _____

104) Sucrose is a ________.
A) polysaccharide
C) disaccharide

104) _____
B) triglyceride
D) monosaccharide

105) What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in neutral fats?
A) 3:1
B) 4:1
C) 1:1

105) _____
D) 2:1

106) In a DNA molecule, the phosphate serves ________.
A) as nucleotides

B) to bind the sugars to their bases
C) as a code
D) to hold the molecular backbone together

106) _____

107) Stress proteins are a type of protein called ________.
A) coenzymes
B) eicosanoids
C) cofactors

107) _____
D) chaperones

108) Which bonds often bind different parts of a molecule into a specific three-dimensional shape?
A) Amino acid
B) Carbon
C) Oxygen
D) Hydrogen

108) _____


SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
109) The atomic number is equal to the number of ________.
109) ____________
110) Molecules such as methane that are made of atoms that share electrons have ________
bonds.

110) ____________

111) An atom with three electrons would have a valence of ________.

111) ____________

112) AB → A + B is an example of a(n) ________ reaction.

112) ____________

113) ________ have a bitter taste, feel slippery, and are proton acceptors.

113) ____________

114) A holoenzyme is composed of an apoenzyme and a(n) ________.

114) ____________

115) In a DNA molecule, guanine would connect to ________.

115) ____________

116) The ________ molecule directly provides energy for cellular work.

116) ____________

117) Hydrogen bonds are more like a type of weak ________ than true bonds.

117) ____________

118) Weak acids and bases make good ________.

118) ____________

119) Starch is the stored carbohydrate in plants, while ________ is the stored carbohydrate in
animals.

119) ____________

120) How many phosphates would AMP have attached to it?

120) ____________

121) Which metals have a toxic effect on the body?

121) ____________

122) What does the polar end of a phospholipid contain?

122) ____________

123) What type of chemical bond can form between an element with 11 protons and an
element with 17 protons?

123) ____________

124) What happens when globular proteins are denatured?

124) ____________

125) Explain the difference between potential and kinetic energy.

125) ____________

126) How can phospholipids form a film when mixed in water?

126) ____________

127) What properties does water have that make it a very versatile fluid?

127) ____________

128) What advantages does ATP have in being the energy currency molecule?

128) ____________

129) Explain why chemical reactions in the body are often irreversible.

129) ____________

130) When a set of electrodes connected to a light bulb is placed in a solution of dextrose and
a current is applied, the light bulb does not light up. When the same unit is placed in
HCl, it does. Why?

130) ____________

131) Describe the factors that affect chemical reaction rates.

131) ____________

132) Protons and electrons exist in every atom nucleus except hydrogen. Is this statement
true or false and why?

132) ____________

133) A chemical bond never occurs between components of a mixture. Discuss this.

133) ____________

134) All chemical reactions are theoretically reversible. Comment on this statement.

134) ____________

135) What is the major difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?

135) ____________

136) An amino acid may act as a proton acceptor or donor. Explain.

136) ____________

137) Name at least four things you know about enzymes.

137) ____________

138) In the compound H2CO3, what do the numbers 2 and 3 represent?

138) ____________

139) Are all chemical reactions reversible? If not, why aren't they all reversible?

139) ____________

140) If all protons, electrons, and neutrons are alike, regardless of the atom considered, what
determines the unique properties of each element?

140) ____________

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
141) Mrs. Mulligan goes to her dentist and, after having a couple of cavities filled, her dentist strongly suggests
that she reduce her intake of sodas and increase her intake of calcium phosphates in the foods she eats. Why?
142) Although his cholesterol levels were not high, Mr. Martinez read that cholesterol was bad for his health, so
he eliminated all foods and food products containing this molecule. He later found that his cholesterol level
dropped only 20%. Why did it not drop more?
143) How can DNA be used to "fingerprint" a suspect in a crime?
144) Why is it possible for us to drink a solution that contains a mixture of equal concentration of a strong acid
and a strong base, either of which, separately, would be very caustic?
145) A 65-year-old patient came to the emergency room with complaints of severe heartburn unrelieved by taking
a "large handful" of antacids. Would you expect the pH to be high or low? Explain why.
146) A 23-year-old male was riding his road bike in 100-degree heat, when he suddenly became nauseated and
weak. He called 911 from his cell phone. When the ambulance came, the paramedics started intravenous
therapy for severe dehydration. Explain the critical role of water to maintain homeostasis.
147) Brenda is a 26-year-old female who is being discharged from the hospital after a vaginal delivery of an
8-pound healthy infant. Brenda is instructed by the nurse to eat a diet high in fiber and to drink 8 glasses of
water per day to prevent constipation. Explain the role of fiber and water to promote defecation.


1)
2)
3)

4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)
31)
32)
33)

34)
35)
36)
37)
38)
39)
40)
41)
42)
43)
44)
45)
46)
47)
48)
49)
50)
51)

D
B
E
C
A
C
B
B
D
E
C

A
B
A
C
D
A
D
B
C
B
C
B
A
C
D
B
A
C
A
D
B
C
B
A
A
B
C
A
TRUE
TRUE

FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE


52)
53)
54)
55)
56)
57)
58)
59)
60)
61)
62)
63)
64)
65)
66)
67)
68)
69)

70)
71)
72)
73)
74)
75)
76)
77)
78)
79)
80)
81)
82)
83)
84)
85)
86)
87)
88)
89)
90)
91)
92)
93)
94)
95)
96)
97)
98)
99)

100)
101)
102)
103)

TRUE
TRUE
TRUE
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
TRUE
D
B
B
D
B
C
B
B
C
A
A
A
A
A
C
B

D
C
C
A
C
B
A
B
D
A
A
C
B
A
C
C
C
D
C
C
D
C
D
B
B
A
B


104)

105)
106)
107)
108)
109)
110)
111)
112)
113)
114)
115)
116)
117)
118)
119)
120)
121)
122)
123)
124)
125)
126)

C
A
D
D
D
protons (and electrons)
covalent

one
decomposition
Bases
cofactor
cytosine
ATP
attraction
buffers
glycogen
one
heavy
a phosphorus-containing group
ionic
The active sites are destroyed.
Potential energy is inactive stored energy that has potential to do work. Kinetic energy is energy in action.
Phospholipids have both polar and nonpolar ends. The polar end interacts with water, leaving the nonpolar end
oriented in the opposite direction.
127) High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polarity and solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning.
128) Its energy is easy to capture and store; it releases just the right amount of energy for the cell's needs so it is
protected from excessive energy release. A universal energy currency is efficient because a single system can be
used by all the cells in the body.
129) Chemical reactions that release energy cannot be reversed unless energy is put back into the system. Also, some
reactions produce molecules in excessive quantities (like CO 2 and NH4) that the body then eliminates, but which
are needed to reverse a reaction.
130) HCl ionizes to form current-conducting electrolytes. Dextrose does not ionize, and therefore does not conduct
current.
131) Temperature increases kinetic energy and therefore the force of molecular collisions. Particle size: smaller particles
move faster at the same temperature and therefore collide more frequently; also, smaller particles have more
surface area given the same concentration of reactants. Concentration: the higher the concentration, the greater the
chance of particles colliding. Catalysts increase the rate of the reaction at a given temperature. Enzymes are

biological catalysts.
132) False. Hydrogen has one proton and one electron. It is the neutron, not the electron that can coexist in the nucleus
and that hydrogen does not have.
133) Mixtures come in three forms–solutions, colloids, and suspensions. Components of these mixtures always retain
their original makeup and can be separated into their individual components; therefore no chemical bonding has
taken place.
134) It is possible to reverse any reaction if the products are still present. Those that are only slightly exergonic are easily
reversible. Some would require an enormous amount of energy to reverse. In the simple reaction Na + Cl → NaCl
the amount of energy it takes to reverse table salt to chlorine gas and sodium metal is enormous. The reversing of
the covalently bonded sugar molecule once it is reduced to ATP molecules is even harder or next to impossible
without plant-like systems.
135) Polar bonds have an unequal sharing of electrons resulting in a slight negative charge at one end of the molecule
and a slight positive charge at the other end. Nonpolar bonds have an equal sharing of electrons, resulting in a
balanced charge among the atoms.
136) Amino acids have two components a base group (proton acceptor) and an organic acid part (a proton donor).


Som e have additional base or acid groups on the ends of their R groups as well.
137) 1.
They are proteins.
2.
They have specific binding sites for specific substrates.
3.
They lower the activation barrier for a specific reaction.
4.
The names end in "ase."
5.
They can be denatured.
6.
They can be used again and again.

138) The 2 indicates that there are two hydrogen atoms in the compound and the 3 indicates that there are three oxygen
atoms in the compound.
139) All chemical reactions are theoretically reversible, but only if the products are not consumed.
140) Atoms of different elements are composed of different numbers of protons, electrons, and neutrons.
141) Sodas are strong acids that can reduce bone and tooth salts. Calcium phosphate makes teeth hard and therefore
more resistant to tooth decay.
142) Cholesterol is produced by the liver, in addition to being ingested in foods.
143) The DNA of a person is unique to that individual. By obtaining the DNA from nucleated cells from the crime scene
(e.g., tissue, sperm), enzymes may be used to break up the DNA into fragments. Because nearly everyone's DNA is
different, it also breaks up into fragments differently. When the fragments are separated, they form patterns even
more unique than fingerprint patterns. A match of suspect and crime scene DNA is strong evidence.
144) When an acid and base of equal strength are mixed, they undergo a displacement reaction to form a water and a
salt.
145) You would expect a high pH. Taking antacids will neutralize the acidic stomach. Taking a "handful" of antacids can
cause an alkaloid state. Certain drugs, such as corticosteroids and antacids that contain baking soda, will lead to
metabolic alkalosis.
146) Water is the most abundant and important inorganic compound in living material. It makes up 60% to 80% of the
volume of most living cells. The properties of water are: high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent
properties, reactivity, and cushioning. In this case the bicyclist lost a large amount of water through perspiration in
an effort to cool his body. This caused a disruption in homeostasis.
147) Cellulose is a polysaccharide found in all plant products that adds bulk to the diet to promote feces through the
colon. Water acts as a lubricating liquid within the colon, which eases feces through the bowel.