Tiếng anh chuyên ngành: INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

INFINITIVES
&
GERUNDS


INFINITIVES - TYPES









Full inf.: to do
Bare inf.: do
Present inf.: to do
Present continuous inf.: to be doing
Perfect inf. : to have done
Perfect continuous inf.: to have been doing
Present passive inf.: to be done
Perfect passive inf.: to have been done


INFINITIVES - USES
SUBJECTS
E.g.:
To drive slowly would be wiser.
To join that company seems hard to me.
 COMPLEMENTS

My hobby is to read books.
His task is to deal with customers’ complaints.



INFINITIVES - USES
IMPERATIVES
Come in , please
Don’t smoke in the office.
Do come to our shop again.



INFINITIVES - USES
AFTER VERBS (showing requests, obligations, reasoning…)
- want / need / would like (love, hate, prefer)
consent / agree/ disagree / refuse
force/ warn/ urge/ offer/ demand/ beg /tell/ ask/ make/
request/ order/ require/ command
hope/ wish/ try/ manage/ attempt / prepare / tempt / fail /
volunteer
intend/ plan/purpose/ arrange/
tend/aim/decide/choose/mean/
promise/ swear/ undertake/determine/ induce
enable/ unable/ teach/ train/ instruct/ learn/ help/assist
pretend/ prove/ threaten/ promote/ encourage/ stimulate
remind /invite/ expect/ forget/ remember
turn out/ seem/ appear/ trouble/ bother/ hesitate


INFINITIVES - USES

-

AFTER AUXILIARIES, MODAL VERBS
Be / be about
Can/ could/ be able to
May / might/
Will/ would
Shall/ should
Must / have to/ need/ ought to
Would rather/ would sooner/ had better
Used to
Be going to


INFINITIVES - USES


-

VERB + what/ when/ where/ why/ what time/
which/ whether /who/ how…+ inf.
Learn/teach/show/ instruct
Tell/ ask/ require/ order
Wonder/ decide/ make up my mind
Explain/ know/ find out/ discover
Remember/ forget

INFINITIVES - USES
V+ O + INF
- advise/ encourage
- allow / permit
- suggest/ recommend
- forbid
 AFTER VERBS OF SENSE
- feel/ see / hear/ watch/ discover/ notice/ find



INFINITIVES - USES
AFTER REPORTING VERBS IN PASSIVE
SENTENCE
- know/ think/ believe/ tell/ say
- expect/estimate
- suppose/ assume/ consider
- report/ announce/ inform
 IN SOME ABSOLUTE PHRASES
- To be honest/ To sum up/ To tell the truth



INFINITIVES - USES

-

-

-

AFTER NOUNS
chance/ opportunity/ wish
request/ promise/ offer/ order/
refusal/ effort/ intention/ attempt/ desire/ failure/
determination/ advice
right/ ability/ ambition/ duty/ obligation/ task/ job/
plan/ decision
eagerness/ willingness/ courage/ patience/
determination


INFINITIVES - USES
AFTER NOUNS AND PRONOUNS to show
function, purpose
A house to rent
Someone to talk to
Nowhere to go
Too much to eat
Enough to spend



INFINITIVES - USES


-

AFTER ORDINALS AND SUPERLATIVES

The first candidate to be chosen.
The best engineer to fix the machine.
TOO – ENOUGH
Too old to get the post
Not easy enough to learn


INFINITIVES - USES
PURPOSES
-Full inf.
We study to expand the knowledge
-In order (not) to
Our Co. joins the fair in order to introduce new
products.
-So as (not) to
We should improve the quality so as not to lose
more customers



INFINITIVES - USES
AFTER ADJECTIVES
- Adj. showing characters (brave/ generous/ mean/
nice/ rude/ selfish/ sensible/ clever…)
It is very kind of him to help me.
He is silly to invest in this project
- Adj. showing feeling (happy/ glad/ sorry/ ready/
sure/ willing/ disappointed…)
I am pleased to hear that.
- Adj. showing state (funny/ easy, necessary/

possible/ convenient/ hard…)
It is unsafe to drive at high speed



GERUNDS - TYPES





Present gerund: doing
Perfect gerund: having done
Present passive gerund: being done
Past passive gerund: having been done


GERUNDS - USES
SUBJECT
Smoking is bad for health.
Investing in real estate is a wise decision.
•

COMPLEMENT
Her like is watching TV.
Our main activities are processing and exporting
seafood
•

GERUNDS - USES

-

AFTER PREPOSITIONS
by/ for/ about
In spite of / despite
without/ in stead of
before/ after/ while
beside/ in addition to


GERUNDS - USES

-

AFTER ADJECTIVES (+ PREP.)
worth/ busy
disappointed about/ bored with/ interested in/
angry for/ shocked by/ used to/ ashamed for/
fond of/ excited about/ good at/ tired of/
incapable of…


GERUNDS - USES

-

AFTER NOUNS (+ PREP.)
attention to/ difficulty in/ advantage of/ success

in/ dream of/ means of / way of/ opinion for
(against)/ sign of/ intention of/ habit of/
mechanism for…
E.g. :There is no point in applying this approach.
It is no use (good) smoking.
They have the responsibility for training new
workers.


GERUNDS - USES
IN COMPOUND NOUNS:
swimming pool/ traveling bag
 GO + Gerund
go camping
 DO + Gerund
do gardening
 NO + Gerund (warning)
No smoking
No fishing



GERUNDS - USES




-

AFTER VERBS OF SENSE: see/ hear/ feel/

notice/ find/ discover
AFTER SOME VERBS: advise/ allow/ permit/
suggest/ recommend/ forbid/ encourage
They do not allow smoking in the office.
He advises learning Chinese.


GERUNDS - USES

-

AFTER PHRASAL VERBS
stop from/ suspect of/ accuse of/ apologize for/
forgive for/ thank for/ insist on/ prevent from/
plan on/ succeed in/ approve of/ congratulate on/
complain of/ object to/ think of/ feel like/ save
from…
E.g.: We look forward to hearing from you soon.


GERUNDS - USES

-

-

AFTER VERBS
Showing likes and dislikes: love/ hate/ mind/
enjoy/ fancy/ prefer/ like/ dislike/ dread/ loathe/
can’t stand/ can’t help

Showing process: start/ begin/ commence/ go
on/ keep on/ come on/ keep/ continue/ carry on/
delay/ postpone/ defer/ finish/ stop/ put off/ quit/
end up/ cease


GERUNDS - USES

-

AFTER SOME DEFINITE VERBS
admit/ risk/ try/ deny/ excuse/ practice/ recall/
appreciate/ forget/ remember/ imagine/ spend
time/ waste time/ regret/ miss/ understand/ save/
involve


GERUNDS - NOTES






Excuse my/ me disturbing (lam mat yen tinh) you.
Object (phan doi) to their/ them opening an account
Approve of our/ us setting up company
They do not understand my/ me advising
My boss highly appreciates (danh gia) my/ me
working hard