Một số giải pháp nhằm phát triển vùng nguyên liệu cho ngành thuốc lá Việt Nam đến năm 2010

BO GIAO nvc vA 'nAo T~o

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TRUONG DL}I HOC KINH TE THANH PHO HO CHI MINH
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MOT
NHAM PHA T TRIEN
. ' SO GIAI PHAP
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VUNG
NGUYEN
LIEU
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NGANH
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THUOC LA VIETNAM
DEN NAM 2010
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CHUYEN NGANH : QUAN TRl KINH DOANH
MA s6: 5.02.05

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LU~N

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VAN T~C SI KINH TE

Ngu'oi hu'6'ng din khoa hQc: PGS. TS. N UYEN THJ LIEN DitP
BQ GIAO D!)C VA DAO TAO ,
TRUONG DH KINH TE TP.HCM

THUVI~N

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THANH PHO HO CHI MINH • NAM 2003

MUCLUC
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MODAU
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Chlidng I : Sl)' CAN THIET PHAT TRIEN VUNG TRONG NGUYEN LIEU
THUOC LA T~I VI~T NAM
I.l. Ml}C tieu c~n d~t dt.iQ'c cua vung nguyen li~u ........................................ 1
"'I'a .................................... . 2
" so"'"'
. . M Qt

van d~I""
e Ien quan d"'
en san xuat t h uoc
I2
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1.3. Tinh hinh san xua't thu6c hi nguyen li~u tren the" gidi va t~i Vi~t Nam 3
!.3.1. Tlnh hlnh ph;H trien thuO'c hi nguyen li~u tren the" gioi .......................... 3
!.3.2. Tlnh hlnh san xua't thuO'c hi nguyen li~u t(;li Vi~t Nam .......................... .4

I.4. Timh h'mh san
?
" ' t h uoc
"' Ia' di"'
xuat
eu t~I. v·"
I~t Nam ...................................... . 5
!.4.1. Thi tru'ong trong nu'oc .............................................................................. 5
!.4.2. Thi tru'ong xua't kh~u ................................................................................ 6

1.5. Tinh hinh xua't khan thuO'c hi nguyen li~u cua Vi~t Nam ..................... 6
1.6. Stf c~n thie"t phai co chie"n IliQ'c phat tri~n vung
nguyen li~u t~i Vi~t Nam .......................................................................... 7
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d~
" 1."
? xuat
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I .6 . 1. V an
e ch?u d"Qng ve~ nguyen
1~u ch o san
...................................... . 8

!.6.2. Va'n de t(;lo ngu6n nguyen li~u thay the" nh~p kh~u
·K ki"
~m ngo(;li t~ ................................................................................ . 8
va' tlet
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!.6.3. Va'n de nang cao hi~u qua cua ngfmh ..................................................... 8
!.6.4. Va'n de xa h(>i .......................................................................................... 9
!.6.5. Bong gop cho ngan sach Nha nttoc ......................................................... 9

Cht.tdng II: THl)'C TR~NG NGUYEN LltU THUOC LA VItT NAM
11.1. Di~u ki~n tli nhien - xa h()i .................................................................. 10
11.2. Cac chong Io~i thuO'c hi chinh t~i Vi~t Nam ........................................ 11
II.2.1. ThuO'c la vang sa'y Virginia .................................................................. 11
II.2.2. ThuO'c hi nau ......................................................................................... 12
II.2.3. ThuO'c la Burley .................................................................................... 12

11.3. Hi~n tr~ng phan bel' cac vung nguyen li~u thu6c hi ............................ 12
II.3.1. ThuO'c hi vang sa'y ................................................................................ 12


II.3.2. Thuo'c 1a nau ......................................................................................... 14
II.3.3. Thuo'c la Burley .................................................................................... 14

11.4. Hi~n tr~ng d§u tti phat tri~n vimg tr6ng ............................................ 15
II.4.1. Mo hlnh dftu tll' ciia T6ng Cong ty thuo'c la Vi<$t Nam ......................... 15
II.4.2. Vo'n dftu tU' ........................................................................................... 15
II.4.3. Ngu6n nhan h,tc .................................................................................... 16
II.4.4. Co sd h~ tftng ........................................................................................ 17
II.4.5. Hi<$u qua dftu tll' ................................................................................... 17

..... t r~ng ve~ nh u cau
~ ph'tt
·-" vung
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" I""
. . HI~n
a r1en
nguyen
I~u ........................ . 19
115
-<' 1,
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." tr~ng ve~ san xua-<'t th uoc
a d•1eu
.................................................. . 19
II.5 . 1. HH(n
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~ nguyen
" 1."
~t th uoc
~ 1,
H(U ch o san xua

a d.~
1eu ............................... . 20
II.5 .2 . Nh u cau
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II.5.3. Nhu cftu nguyen li<$u cho xua't kh~u ..................................................... 21
..... tr~ng ve~ nguon
~
. . 1.....
21
. . Htt(n
cung nguyen
H(U ...••....••.....................................
II.54
II.5.5. Can do'i cung- cftu
11.6. Tac d()ng cua moi trtiO'ng de'n phat tri~n nguyen li~u thuO'c Ia ......... 25
II.6.1. Moi trll'C1ng vi mo .................................................................................. 25
II.6.2. Moi trll'C1ng vi mo .................................................................................. 28
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Chtidng 3 : MQT SO GIAI PHAP CHIEN LU(1C NHAM PHA T TRIEN
VUNG TRONG NGUYEN LI~U THUOC LA T~I VI~T NAM
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111.1. Djnh huong phat tri~n nganh Thuo'c Ia Vi~t Nam ............................ 34
III.l.l. E>inh huang ciia Nha nuoc .................................................................. 34
III.1.2. San xua't thuo'c lei die'u ........................................................................ 35
III.1.3. Phat tri~n nguyen li<$u ........................................................................ 36

111.2. Can do'i nhu cau nguyen li~u de'n nam 2010 ..................................... 36
111.3. M1J.c tieu phat tri~n vimg nguyen li~u ............................................... 38
III.3.1. M1,1c tieu t6ng quat ............................................................................. 38
III.3.2. M1,1c tieu c1,1 th~ ................................................................................... 39

111.4. M()t sO' giai phap nhiim phat tri~n vimg nguyen li~u
cho nganh thuO'c Ia Vi~t Nam ............................................................... 39
III.4.1. E>inh huang .......................................................................................... 39
III.4.1.1. Xac l~p quy ho~ch va mo hlnh qulm ly vung nguyen Ii<$u .............. 39


III.4.1.2. Phat tri~n thi truong d~u ra .............................................................. 40
III.4.1.3. Cling ceS va nang cao cha't 1uqng d~u vao ....................................... .41
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nang
suat
va' ch"'
at 1uqng san p h;t
am .................................... . 41
III .4 . 1.4 . Ca1 uen
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III.4.2. M9t seS giai phap .................................................................................. 42
III.4.2.1. Giai pha p nang cao cha't 1uqng va nang sua't .................................. .42
III.4.2.2. Quy ho~ch vung tr6ng nguyen li~u trong nude de'n nam 2010 ........ 43
III.4.2.3. M9t seS giai phap h6 trq ................................................................... .47

111.5. Mqt sfi kie'n nghi ................................................................................... 50
II.5.1. Cac ngu6n veSn h6 trq cho tht;(c hi~n quy ho~ch .................................. 50

III.5.2. Chinh sach h6 trq phat tri~n ke't ca'u h~ t~ng cho
K
1a/ .............................................................. . 50
cac vung trong cay th uoc
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III.5.3. Chinh sach khuye'n khich dua tie'n bQ khoa hQc ky thu?t,
cong ngh~ vao san xua't thueSc 1a nguyen li~u cha't 1uqng cao,
g1am nong d Q tar va mcotme, g1am dQC h ~!. ...................................... . 50
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1~1• to;? chuc
/ san xuat
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1/a nguyen 1"1~u ............................ . 52
III.5 .4 . S ap
xep
thuoc
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III.5.5. Chinh sach bao h9 vung thueSc 1a nguyen li~u trong nude .................. 53

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TAl LI~U THAM KHAO

PHl) Ll)C


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DANH MUC
. CAC BANG

Trang

Bang 1 : Tlnh hlnh san xua't nguyen li<$u thuO'c hi tren the' gioi ....................... 3
Bang 2 : Di<$n tich - Nang sua't- San lu'<;fng nguyen li<$u 1996 - 2001 ......... .4
Bang 3: Nh~p kh~u nguyen li<$u cua T6ng Cong ty thuO'c la Vi<$t Nam ........ 5
Bang 4 : San lu'<;fng nganh thuO'c la Vi<$t Nam 1996- 2002 ............................ 6
Bang 5: Tlnh hlnh xua't kh~u- T6ng Cong ty thuO'c la Vi<$t Nam ................... 7
Bang 6 : Tinh hlnh dff u ttt vung nguyen li<$u cua T6ng C6ng ty
thuO'c la Vi<$t Nam ........................................................................... 16
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7 : C"ac dn
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vn V~. san XUa~t th UOC
B ang
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01 cung cau
1~u thuoc
B ang 8 : C"an d"''
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Bang 9 : Thu nh~ p blnh quan qua cac nam ................................................... 26
Bang 10 : L9 trlnh tang nang sua't va cha't htqng nguyen li~u thu6c hi ..43
Bang 11 : D\1' kie'n di<$n tich, nang sua't va san ltt<;fng nguyen li<$u ............... .44
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Bang
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1ch -san I·~rl
uyng th uoc
a vang
say
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Bang 13: D\1' kie'n di<$n tich- san ltt<;fng thuO'c la nau ................................... .46
Bang 14: Dl! kie'n di~n tich- san htqng thu6c hi burley ...................... .47


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I. Sri cftn thie't ciia d@ tai nghien cll'u :
T<;li Vi<$t Nam cilng nhu tren the' gioi, thu6c la la m?t hang khong duqc khuye'n
khich phat tri€n. Tuy nhien, day l~i la m9t nhu du eta t6n t~i tu lau va eta trC1 nen thie't
ye'u ct6i voi m9t bQ ph?n nguai tieu dung. Nganh cong nghi<$p thu6c la duqc hlnh thanh
va phat tri€n tren cd sd nhu du nay. d hfiu he't cac nude tren the' giOi, thu6c la la m9t
trong nhfi'ng lo~i san phftm chiu thue' sua't cao nha't. Do do, nganh cong nghi<$p thu6c la
trd thanh ffiQt trong nhfi'ng nganh cong nghi<$p quan trQng do muc dong gop hang nam
rilt IOn vao ngu6n thu cua ngan sach Nha nude.
· Cilng nhu mQi nganh cong nghi<$p khac, nganh cong nghi<$p thu6c la dn ae'n ra't
nhi~u lo~i nguyen v?t li<$u afiu vao, trong do thu6c la la (hay thu6c la nguyen li<$u, gQi
t~t la nguyen li<$u) dong vai tro chu ye'u, la n~n tang cua qua trlnh san xuilt. Sg phat
tri€n cua nganh cong nghi<$p thu6c la vua doi hoi vua kich thich sg phat tri€n ciia thu6c
la nguyen li<$u.
Trude day, nganh thu6c la Vi<$t Nam ho~t d9ng chu ye'u dga vao nguyen li<$u
nh?p kh§'u do nguyen li<$u tr6ng trong nude chua dap ung au nhu du san xua't ca v~ s6
luqng Va chfit luqng. Tlnh tr~ng phl,l thUQC nay hoan toan khong CO lqi V~ m?t chie'n
luge cho stf phat tri€n cua nganh. Chinh vl v?y, T6ng Cong ty Thu6c La Vi<$t Nam eta
m~nh d~n afiu tu xay dgng cac vung tr6ng thu6c la trong nude nh~m chu d9ng v~
ngu6n nguyen li<$u, ct6ng thai gop phfin cai thi<$n dai s6ng cua nong dan trong nude.
Trong nhii'ng nam gfin day, ngoai nhi<$m Vl,l cung cilp au nguyen li<$u cho ho~t
d9ng san xuilt cua nganh thu6c la, thu6c la nguyen li<$u Vi<$t Nam con dugc xuilt khftu
ra thi trttang qu6c te' va duqc khach hang chilp nh?n v~ chilt luqng va giphat tri€n nguyen li<$u trong nude khong con giOi h~n trong ph~m vi qu6c gia, rna con
coy nghia quan trQng trong vi<$c dfty m~nh xua't khftu, tang thu ngo~i t<$ cho aa't nude.
Trong linh vgc nong nghi<$p, thu6c la la m9t lo~i cay cong nghi<$p ng~n ngay co
hi<$u qua kinh te' kha cao SO VOi cac lo~i cay tr6ng khac. (1 nude ta, cay thu6c la QUQC
tr6ng (1 nhi~u ndi, gop phfin quan trQng vao vi<$c t~o ra cong an vi<$c lam cho nong dan.

M?t khac, ngu6n lqi do cay thu6c lei mang l~i cilng eta trd thanh thu nh?p chinh cua
nong dan (1 nhi~u tinh.
M?c du ti~m nang phat tri€n cua thu6c la nguyen li<$u la ra't to IOn, nhung cong
tac phat tri€n nguyen li<$u thu6c la la nude ta trong thai gian qua vfrn con nhi~u ai€m
chua hoan ch!nh: cac vung tr6ng phat tri€n tlf phat, nong dan san xua't thu6c la nguyen
li<$u d cac VUng tr6ng COn dlfa VaO kinh nghi<$m la chinh, cac tie'n bQ khoa hQC ky thu?t
chua OUQC tri€n khai va ap dt,Ing fQng rai, nang sufit Va chfft luqng thu6c la nguyen li<$u
vfrn con thilp so voi muc trung blnh cua the' giOi. Kha nang c~nh tranh cua thu6c la
nguyen li<$u Vi<$t Nam tren thi truang qu6c te' va khu vgc chua cao. Tilt ca cac tlnh
tr~ng tren d~u do m9t nguyen nhan : thie'u m9t chie'n luge chung va dung d~n. co th€
d!nh huang dai h~n cho qua trlnh phat tri€n thu6c la nguyen li<$u, trong do dinh huang
chie'n luqc v~ phat tri€n cac vung nguyen li<$u dong vai tro he't sue quan trQng.


Chinh vi v~y, chung t6i m(;lnh d(;ln chQn d~ Uli nghien cuu dS tim ra cac giai
phap aS phat triSn cac vung tr6ng thuO'c la nguyen li~u t(;li Vi~t Nam trong thoi gian tdi
dS ph1,1c v~,~ cho m1,1c tieu phat triSn nganh thuO'c la Vi~t Nam.

II. Muc tieu va phu'dng phap nghien CUu :
1. Muc tieu nghien cuu :
1. E>anh gia thlfc tr(;lng ho(;lt d()ng phat triSn ngu6n nguyen li~u trong thoi gian
qua.
2. Nghien cti'u moi tntong chung va cac ye'u tO' kinh te' - ky thu~t cua cac vung
tr6ng nguyen li~u thuO'c la t(;li Vi~t Nam dS xac djnh quy ho(;lch h<;1p ly cho cac vung
tr6ng thuO'c la, ph1,1c v1,1 cac nhu du tieu dung trong mtoc, thay the' xua't kh~u va xua't
kh~u.

3 ..£>~ ra dinh hu'ong chung nh~m phat triSn nguyen li~u thuO'c la t(;li Vi~t Nam
va h~ thO'ng cac giai phap c:ts thlfc hi~n thanh cong c:ttnh huang.
4. Xay dlfng cac lu~n ell' phi,IC Vl,l cho cong tac phat triSn nguyen li~u t(;li Vi~t

Nam.

2. Noi dung nghien cuu:
1. Cac ngu6n tai nguyen, eel sd v~t cha't ky thu~t ph1,1c Vl,l cho phat triSn vung
tr6ng.
2. Thi tru'ong thuO'c la die'u trong nu'oc va tac d()ng cua tieu dung thuO'c la die'u
de'n qua trlnh phat triSn nguyen li~u (v~ nang sua't, chung lo(;li, cha't lu<;~ng).
3. K.ha nang tang nang sua't va cha't lu'Qng cua thuO'c la theo tung chung lo(;li.
4. Cac ye'u tO' dja ly, tl! nhien, nhan llfc anh hu'Cing de'n cay thuO'c la.
5. K.ha nang affu ttt va cac phuang an dffu tu nh~m giam thiSu chi phi c:tffu tu cua
T6ng Cong ty ThuO'c La Vi~t Nam va huy d()ng du'Qc cac ngu6n vO'n trong n~n kinh te',
d?c bi~t la ngu6n vO'n nha.n r6i trong dan.

6. Thi tru'ong tieu th1,1 thuO'c la nguyen li~u trong nu'oc va thi tntong xua't kh~u.
7. Kha nang C(;lnh tranh CUa cay thuQ'c la VOi cac cay cong nghi~p ng~n ngay
khac.

3. Phu'dng phap nghien cuu:
£>~ tai sii' d1,1ng cac phuang phap nghien cti'u bao g6m : phuang phap ke' thua,
phu'clng phap phan tich so sanh, phu'clng phap di~u tra, phu'clng phap chuyen gia h()i

thao.
N()i duJ:Ig cua d~ Uli bao g6m md dffu, 3 chuang va ke't lu~n :
Chuang I

Sl! dn thie't phat triSn vung tr6ng nguyen li~u thuO'c la t';li Vi~t

Chuang II
Chuang III

Nam
Thlfc tr(;lng nguyen li~u thuO'c la Vi~t Nam
Mot sO' giai phap chie'n lu'<;1c nh~m phat triSn vung tr6ng nguyen
li~u thuO'c la t';li Vi~t Nam.


tnen

St! cdn tliie't pliat
vitng tro'ng
nguyen {i¢u thuOC {ti t{li VI,T.NAM


1.1. Muc tU~u cfin dat dude cua vung nguyen lieu
Bfft ky nganh cong nghi~p nao d~u phtang cho san xufft. Chuftn bi nguyen li~u cho san xufft Ia mot khau c6 tinh chfft
quye"t dinh cho san xufft hang h6a, di;ic bi~t la nhil'ng lo~d nguyen li~u c6 ngu6n
g6c tu nong nghi~p. Nhil'ng loe;ti nguyen li~u nay Ia ke"t tinh cua nhi~u de;tng lao
dong, trong d6 lao dong nong nghi~p.
Trong qua trlnh phat tri~n, cong nghi~p h6a- hi~n de;ti h6a mot dfft mtoc
c6 ti trQng nong nghi~p chie'm 80% dan s6 la mot bai toan he't sue nan giai.
Ngoai cac loe;ti cay cong nghi~p dai ngay, cac loe;ti cay cong nghi~p nga:n ngay
nhtt mia, d?u, sa:n, bong vai, tc1 ti!m, thu6c la ... la nhung loe;ti nguyen li~u chu
ye"u Va quan trQng CUa CaC nganh cong nghi~p phl,lC VlJ. nhu cffu tieu dung cua
nhan dan. Cac nganh cong nghi~p nhu' du'ong, vai SQi, thuO'c la ... c6 th~ phat
tri~n va Ce;tnh tranh VOi thj tru'ong the' gioi du'QC hay khong chinh la CJ khau dffu
tu' cho cac vung nguyen li~u.
Thl;t'c tre;tng san xufft nong nghi~p (J nttoc ta hi~n nay con kha le;tc h?u so
voi cac nttoc trong khu vl;t'c va tren the' gioi v~ nhi~u mi;it: phttdng phap canh tac
con le;tc h?u, cd gioi h6a trong nong nghi~p con chua phd bie'n, nhi~u loe;ti gi6ng

da thoai h6a nhu'ng vftn du'QC sfr d1,1ng do t?p quan CUa nong dan, cong ngh~ Va
ky thu?t canh tac tien tie'n chua dtt<;fc ap d1,1ng rong rai ... H?u qua la nang sufft
thffp va chfft ltt<;1ng khong dn djnh, thu nh?p cua ngu'oi nong dan con thffp. Vl
v?y, nong dan thu'ong c6 xu hu'ong san xufft cac loe;ti san phftm c6 gia ca thi
trttong cao.· Tuy nhien, do quy lu?t cung cffu, gia ca thi tru'ong thttong xuyen
bie"n dong. Ngay tren mot manh dfft, ne'u ngttoi nong dan thay ddi cd cffu cay
tr6ng theo gia ca thi tru'ong thl se lam cho san lu'<;fng cua tung loe;ti san phftm
nong nghi~p khong can d6i, hi~n tu'<;fng nay anh hu'CJng rfft IOn de'n hoe;tt dQng
cua cac ddn vi trong nganh che' bie'n nong san do dffu vao bffp benh, dO'i voi cac
ddn vi c6 tham gia xufft khftu thl cang nguy hi~m hdn.
Do d6, vi~c dn djnh cd cffu cay tr6ng, dn dinh cac vung nguyen li~u la
mot vffn d~ cffn phai di;it ra cho cac nganh cong nghi~p sii' dl,lng hang nong san
d~ san xufft phl,lC VlJ. cho tieu dung va cho xufft khftu. Ml,lc tieu rna cac wng
nguyen li~u cffn de;tt Ia :

1. Di~n tich tr6ng trQt dn dinh va phat tri~n tu'dng ung voi t6c dQ phat
tri~n cua cac nganh cong nghi~p sii' dl,lng nguyen li~u.
2. Nang sufft va chfft ltt<;fng phai du'qc cai thi~n thong qua vi~c cai tie'n
quy trlnh canh tac, ap d1,1ng CaC thanh tl;t'U khoa hQC cong ngh~ tien tie'n, di;J.c bi~t
lu'u y de'n cac loe;ti giO'ng c6 kha nang chO'ng chiu voi thoi tie't, khang b~nh va
phu hqp voi vi~c tham canh tang VlJ..
3. Mang le;ti hi~u qua kinh te" xa hoi cao, g6p phffn ccli thi~n va nang cao

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muc so'ng cua ngttoi nong dan, cai thit%n cd sd h~ tffng nong thon, thlfc hit%n chu
trttdng cong nghit%p h6a - hit%n d~i h6a, thu hyp khoang each nong thon va
thanh thi.

1.2. Mot sfi va'n d~ lien quan de'n san xua't thufic hi
Nganh san xua"t thuo'c Ia la m<)t nganh ke't hnghit%p, Ia m<)t qua trlnh phuc t~p. doi hoi nhi@u ling dl;lng khoa hQc ky thu~t va
cong nght%, th€ hit%n qua sd d6 sau :

Tr6ng Thu6c La
- Ch9n d(l't
- Ch9n gidng
- Tr6ng
-Thu hor,zch

Che' Bie'n ThuO'c La

Sd Che'

...

- so.'y
- Phan cdp

...

-La mdnh
- C9ng
- V~n

I

_t

San Xufft ThuO'c la E>ie'u

Lu'u Trii' Cho Len Men

Thuo'c la la lo~i cay cong nghit%p ngftn ngay, la nguyen lit%u chinh cua
nganh cong nghit%p thuo'c la d€ san xufft ra cac lo~i thuo'c la die'u phl;IC Vl;l tieu
dung.
Tren the' giOi va t~i Vit%t Nam, cac lo~i thuo'c la nguyen lit%u dttqc sti'
dl;lng bao g6m:
- Thuo'c la vang sa"y (Flue-cured Tobacco) : con gQi Ia thuo'c la Virginia,
Ia nguyen lit%u chinh d€ san xua"t cac lo~i thuo'c die'u kh~u vj (gout) Anh va la
thanh phffn quan trQng d€ san xua"t cac lo~i thuo'c die'u gout My.
- Thuo'c la Burley (Light air-cured Tobacco) : chu ye'u sti' dvng cho thuo'c
la kh~u vi My va m<)t so' kh~u vj chau Au. Bay cling la lo~i nguyen lit%u chu
ye'u d€ san xua't l~i thuo'c la nhai ra"t ph6 bie'n t~i My.
- Thuo'c la nau (Sun-cured Tobacco) : ph6 bie'n (J nhi@u nttdc tren the'
giOi, trong d6 Vit%t Nam la 1 trong 10 nttdc c6 san lttqng thuo'c la nau IOn nha"t
the' giOi. Bay la nguyen lit%u d€ san xua"t cac lo~i thuo'c die'u kh~u vj n~ng va
con dttqc dung d€ san xua't xl ga.
- Thuo'c la Oren tal : dttqc tr6ng nhi@u nha"t t~i Th6 Nhi Ky, sti' dl;lng d€
san xua"t cac kh~u vi chau Au, t~i Vit%t Nam cling c6 sti' dl;lng nhttng d It% ra't
thffp.
- Ngoai ra con c6 m<)t so' lo~i thuo'c la nguyen lit%u khac nhtt maryland
2


(My), Rustica (Nga) ...
T:~li

Vi<$t Nam, cac chung loe;1i thu6c la vang sffy, Burley va thu6c la nau

du'
1.3. Tinh hinh san xua't thu6c hi nguyen lieu tren the' gi6'i va tai Viet Nam
1.3.1. Tinh hinh phat tri~n thu6c Ia nguyen lieu tren the' gi6'i
Theo s6 li<$u th6ng ke cua Hi<$p h{)i Nhfi'ng ngu'oi tr6ng thu6c la the' giOi
(International Tobacco Growers Association), san lu'<;1ng thu6c la nguyen li<$u
tren toan the' gioi hang nam la khoang 7 - 8 tri<$u ta"n, cd ca"u chung loe;1i nhu'
sau:
- Thu6c la vang sffy Virginia
- Thu6c Ia Burley
- Thu6c la Oriental

60%
10%
13%

Ph~n con le;1i la cac chung loe;1i khac nhu' xl ga, maryland ...

Bang 1 : TINH HINH sAN xu AT NGUYEN utu THU6c LA TREN THE GIOI
E>VT: ta'n

1998

1999

2000

2001

Toim the' gi6'i

6.872.450

6.924.275

6.918.885

6.482.257

10 mi6'c himg dau

4.739.428

4.749.894

4.773.865

4.387.613

2.365.000

2.469.300

2.552.000

2.349.627

-An£>()

633.200

648.600

661.600

585.600

-My

671.257

586.355

453.600

449.745

- Th6 NhiKy

260.750

250.484

250.495·

207.261

- Zimbabue

223.977

198.967

245.214

200.096

-Indonesia

148.980

156.882

185.121

185.100

-Y

132.030

130.762

129.937

130.487

- Hy L~p

132.200

129.700

126.700

126.000

- Achentina

116.500

113.400

101.000

98.110

-Han Qu6c

55.534

65.444

68.198

55.587

2.133.022

2.174.381

2.145.020

2.094.644

- Trung Qu6c

Cac mi6'c khac

Ngu6n: USDA- B9 Nang Nghi~p My- 2002

Tu nam 1980 de'n nay, di<$n tich tr6ng thu6c la tren toan the' gioi bie'n
d{)ng khoang 4 - 4,5 tri<$u ha. Do ap llfc cua phong trao ch6ng hut thu6c la,
nhi~u nu'oc da giam di<$n tfch tr6ng thu6c la nguyen li<$u. Hi<$n nay, chau A la
3


khu Vl,l'C tr6ng thu6c hi nguyen li~u c6 san lu'<;Jng Ion nha't the" gioi voi 54,7%,
chau My chie"m 21,8% san lu'<;Jng. C:ic khu vl,l'c khac chi chie"m 23,5% san lu'<;Jng
toan the" gioi.
Trung Qu6c la nu'oc san xua't nguyen li~u thuO'c la Ion nha't the" gioi voi
du cac chung lo~i. san lu'<;Jng nam 1996 d~t 2.900.000 ta'n, nam 1997 d~t
3.390.000 ta'n, nam 1998 d~t 2.524.000 ta'n, nam 2000 d~t 2.552.000 ta'n. Hi~n
t~i, Trung Qu6c la d6i thu c~nh tranh m~nh nha't v~ thuO'c la nguyen li~u voi
Vi~t Nam. Nam 1999 va nam 2000, lu'<;Jng thuO'c la nguyen li~u cua Trung qu6c
nh~p kh~u vao Vi~t nam len de"n khoang 18.000- 19.000 ta'n!nam.
N~m t~i trung tam die'm v~ san xua't thuO'c la nguyen li~u cua the" giOi, c6
di~u ki~n tl,l' nhien phu h<;Jp, Vi~t Nam hoan toan c6 ti~m nang d~y m~nh san
xua't thu6c la nguyen li~u va tham gia xua't kh~u ne"u c6 dinh hu'ong chie"n lu'<;Jc

va quy ho~ch vung tr6ng thuO'c la dung da:n.
1.3.2. Tinh hlnh san xua't thuo'c hi nguyen lieu tai VietNam
Trong nhung nam tru'oc day, cac vung tr6ng thu6c la du'<;Jc hlnh thanh va
phat trie'n m9t each tl! phat, manh mun. Ho~t d9ng dffu tu' phat trie'n tren quy.mo
IOn chi du'<;Jc tie"n hanh sau khi thanh l~p Lien Hi~p Thu6c La Vi~t Nam, ti~n
than cua T6ng Cong ty ThuO'c La Vi~t Nam. Sau d6, nhi~u ddn vi khac trong
nganh thuO'c la cling ba:t tay vao dffu tu' vung nguyen li~u, du'a nguyen li~u thuO'c
la Vi~t Nam len mQt bu'oc phat trie'n moi.
Voi di~u ki~n tl,l' nhien phu h<;Jp cho cay thu6c la, du'<;Jc sl,l' dffu tu' m~nh
me cua T6ng Cong ty ThuO'c La Vi~t Nam, hi~n nay san lu'<;Jng thuO'c la nguyen
li~u trong nu'oc d~t 25.000 - 26.000 ta'n/nam voi cac vung tr6ng tu'dng d6i 6n
dinh. Hi~n nay, cd ca'u cac chung lo~i thu6c la nguyen li~u t~i Vi~t Nam Ia vang
sa'y 74%, nau 19% va burley 7%.

Bang 2

: DitN TICH- NANG SUAT- SAN Ll1<;1NG NGUYEN utu 1996- 2001

DVT: Di~n tfch (DT): ha; Nang sutit (NS): tdnlha; Scm luong(SL): tfin

Thuo'c hi Vang sa'y
Nam

Thuo'c hi Nau

Thuo'c bi Burley
DT

NS

SL

10.475

1.333

1,66

2.214

1,14

17.112

2.032

1,70

3.453

7.485

1,16

8.710

1.256

1,83

2.302

18.235

5.770

1,31

7.560

760

1,67

1.267

1,51

19846

3.860

1,26

4.861

693

1,91

1321

1,48

20053

2.585

0,90

2.323

455

2,18

994

DT

NS

SL

DT

NS

SL

1997

9.153

1,28

11.733

9.320

1,12

1998

11.591

1,42

16.418

15.054

1999

11.436

1,30

14.916

2000

12.325

1,48

2001

13128

2002

13512

Ngu8n: TfJng cong ty thudc ld Vi~t Nam

4


Mc}c du v~y, san htqng nguyen li<$u trong nU'oc moi chi dap ung duqc
khmlng 43% nhu c~u sii' dt,mg cho san xua't va xua't khffu (khoang 60.000
ta'n/nam). D€' bu cta:p lll'qng nguyen li<$u ma't din dO'i, hang nam nganh thuO'c la
Vi<$t Nam phai nh~p khffu khoang 34.000 ta'n nguyen li<$u cac lo(;li- rieng T6ng
Cong ty ThuO'c la Vi<$t Nam phai nh~p khoang 21.000 ta'n- trong d6 m<)t ph~n
IOn Ia nguyen li<$u cua Trung QuO'c va Campuchia.
Bang 3 : NH!P KHAU NGUYEN u~u cuA TONG c6NG TY THuoc LA. vi~T NAM
f)(Jn

Nam

Sqi

cao ca'p

vi tfnh :

tan

La cao ca'p

Nguyen Ii~u K, TQ

T6'ng c()ng

1996

2.500

1.511

7.007

11.018

1997

2.908

850

6.125

9.883

1998

3.233

855

1999

3.314

659

1.772

5.745

2000

3.409

1.437

6.136

10.981

2001

3.618

1.755

16.001

21.374

2002

4.588

1.201

8.820

14.609

4.088

Ngu6n: Tdng cong ty thuoc ld Vi?t Nam

Tinh tr(;lng ph1,1 thu<)c vao ngu6n nguyen li<$u ngo(;li nh~p da dc}t ra va'n d€
ca'p bach la phai phat tri€'n nguyen li<$u trong nU'oc d€' dap ung du nhu c~u san
xua't, thay the' nguyen li<$u nh~p khffu va c6 du nguyen li<$u cho xua't khffu.

1.4. Tinh hlnh san xua't thuo'c hi die'u tai Vi~t Nam
1.4.1. Thi tru'ong trong nu'oc

T6ng muc tieu dung thuO'c la die'u hang nam t(;li Vi<$t Nam hi<$n nay la
khoang 3,7 ti bao cac lo(;li, trong d6 san lll'qng cua nganh thuO'c la Vi<$t Nam
khoang 3,4 ti bao, chie'm 92% muc tieu dung, ph~n con l(;li (0,3 ti bao) Ia thuO'c
Ia ngo(;li nh~ p I~ u.
M<)t sO' ye'u tO' cua th! trll'ong thuO'c die'u trong ml'oc anh hltong quan tr<;mg
de'n nhu c~u sii' dl,lng nguyen li<$u cua nganh thuO'c la la :

- Theo da tang trU'ong cua n€n kinh te' va thu nh~p dan CU', nhu c~u tieu
dung dang chuy€'n nhanh
thuO'c la ca'p tha'p len cac lo(;li thuO'c la trung cao
ca'p, doi hoi nguyen li<$u voi cha't lU'qng cao hdn va 6n dinh hdn.

tu

- Xet v€ gout, th! trll'ong Vi<$t Nam tieu dung nhi€u lo(;li gout nhtt gout
Anh (sii' d1,1ng thuO'c la vang sa'y), gout dia phU'dng (thuO'c la vang sa'y va thuO'c hi
nau), gout My (thuO'c la vang sa'y, thuO'c la Burley va Oriental) ... Gout dia

5


phu'ong chie'm d trQng tren 80%, gout Anh 19% va gout My 1%.
Nhtt v?y, ngoai yeu cffu nang cao chfft lu'qng thu6c hi nguyen li~u. con
phai chu trQng de'n co cffu chung lo<:ti nguyen li~u phu hqp voi nhu cffu san xua'"t.
Bang 4 : SAN Lu'
DVT: Tri?u baa
San htc;tng
toim ngimh

San lu'c;tng TBng cong ty
thuo'c hi Vi~t Nam

Nam 1996

2.101

1.570

Nam 1997

2.076

1.501

Nam 1998

2.194

1.458

Nam 1999

2.140

1.330

Nam 2000

2.800

1.515

Nam 2001

3.126

1.724

Nam 2002

3.376

1.834

Ngufm : Hi?p H9i thudc ld Vi?t Nam

1.4.2. Thi trriong xmit kh~u
Trong th?p ky 80 va dffu th?p ky 90, Vi~t Nam xufft kh~u kha nhi~u
thu6c la sang cac nttoc Dong Au va Lien Xo cu. Sau cac bie'n co' chinh tri t(;li
day, thi trttang xua'"t kh~u khong con t6n t(;li trong su6t m()t thai gian dai.
Trong nhung nam gffn day, T6ng Cong ty Thu6c la da tich clfc dffu tu' tlm
kie'm thi tru'ang xufft kh~u thu6c la die'u va da dl;lt du'qc nhung thanh cong bu'oc
dffu rfft kha quan. Thu6c la Vi~t Nam da du'qc xufft kh~u dttoi d(;lng die'u va sqi
pipe di kha nhi~u noi tren the' giOi.M~c du lttqng xufft con thffp nhttng v~n hila
hyn m()t ti~m nang IOn.
Do d6, ben c(;lnh nhu cffu nguyen li~u xufft kh~u. ngu6n nguyen li~u chfft
lu'qng cao pht;tc vt;t cho san xufft thu6c la die'u xufft kh~u cfing la m()t vffn d~ cffn
he't sue quan tam trong thai gian toi.

1.5. Tinh hlnh xua't kh~u thu6c hi nguyen lieu cua Viet Nam
Tu nam 1997 de'n nay, lttqng nguyen li~u Vi~t Nam xufft kh~u ra thi
trttang nttoc ngoai lien tt;tc tang. Chung lo(;li nguyen li~u xufft kh~u ciing da
d(;lng, phong phu hon : thu6c la vang sffy, thu6c la nau, thu6c la Burley, CQng
thu6c la ... Ben c(;lnh d6, thi tru'ang xua'"t kh~u cfing dttqc md r()ng ra nhi~u nttoc
nhu' Anh, Singapore, Malaysia, Tht;ty Di~n. Ao, Hy Ll;lp, (r c, Bi, IrAc ... Trong
6


tudng lai, xua't khffu nguyen lit%u v~n con ra't nhi€u ti€m nang, d~c bit%t Ut thong
qua mo'i quan ht% hqp tac rna T6ng Cong ty Thuo'c La Vit%t Nam da t~o dl!ng
duqc vdi cac do'i tac tren the' gio'i, trong d6 c6 nhung t~p doan hang dffu v€
nguyen lit%u nhu Universal, Dimon Intabex ...
Bangs: TINH HINH xuAT KHAu- TONG coNG TY THuoc LA vitT NAM
DVT: Tftn

S6Lu'Nam 1997

518

Nam 1998

1.770

Nam 1999

1.155

Nam2000

4.073

Nam 2001

5.735

Ngu6n: Tdng cong ty thuoc ld Vi?t Nam

Tuy nhien, xua't khffu nguyen lit%u hit%n nay con m<)t so' di€m ye'u dn
kh~c ph1,1c:
- Thuo'c la nguyen lit%u Vit%t Nam hit%n nay v~n chua t~o duqc thudng hit%u
uy tin tren thi truong the' gioi.
- Vung tr6ng thuo'c la trong nude chua dii 6n dinh, chua dap ung duqc nhu
cffu v€ so'luqng va chung lo~i nguyen lit%u theo nhu cffu khach hang nude ngoai.
- Cha't luqng nguyen lit%u con tha'p va chua 6n dinh, gia ca con cao so vdi
nhi€u nude tren the' gidi.

1.6. Sti can thie't phai c6 chie'n hide phat tri~n vimg nguyen lieu tai Viet
Nam
Qua m<)t so' net chinh (J tren, ta tha'y :
- Nhu cffu nguyen lit%u cho san xua"t thuo'c la die'u tieu dung trong nude va
xua"t khffu ngay cang cao, khong chi v€ so'Iuqng va con ca v€ cha"t luqng, d¢ 6n
dinh va gia thanh. M~t khac, nguyen lit%u trong nude phai dam bao thay the'
duqc nguyen lit%u nh~p khffu, dam bao sl! chii d<)ng cho nganh cong nghit%p
thuo'c la.
-Trang di€u kit%n nude ta dang dffy m~nh xua"t khffu thl xua"t khffu nguyen
lit%u 13. m<)t linh vl!c c6 tffm quan trqng ldn. Cac lo~i thuo'c la ciia Vit%t Nam d€u
c6 kha nang xua"t khffu ne'u cac va"n d€ cha"t luqng, d<) 6n dinh va gia thanh dap
ung duqc yeu cffu cua cac do'i tac nh~p khffu.

Vl v~y, vi<$c phat tri€n nguyen lit%u trong thoi gian tdi cffn phai c6 dinh
7


huong chie'n luqc dung diin, lam cd sCi cho mQi chudng trlnh ho<;tt d<)ng C\J th€
vai m\}c tieu dam bao du s6 luqng, nang cao va 6n dinh cha't luqng, h<;t ghi thanh
nguyen li<$u, giup nganh cong nghi<$p thu6c hi c6 th€ dung vung va c<;tnh tranh
duqc trong xu the' hQi nh~p vai n~n kinh te' khu V\l'C va the' giai. Trong dinh
huong chie'n luqc phat tri€n nguyen li<$u, dinh huong v~ phat tri€n cac vung
tr6ng thu6c la chie'm m<)t vi tri d~c bi<$t quan tr<;>ng, la n~n tang de xay dttng cac
dinh huang khac.
Hdn nua, ne'u xac dinh duqc dinh huang dung v~ phat tri€n vung nguyen
li<$u, chung ta c6 th~ xay dl;t'ng m<)t chie'n luqc t6'ng th€ v~ phat tri€n nguyen
li<$u n6i chung vai nhi~u giai phap v~ cong ngh<$, v6n, dffu tu ... va giup nganh
thu6c la Vi<$t Nam giai quye't duqc hang lo<;ti va'n d~ t6n t<;ti tu nhi~u nam qua :
1.6.1. Va'n d~ chu dong v~ nguyen lieu cho san xua't.
Chi c6 quy ho<;tch hqp ly cac vung nguyen li<$u mai dam bao dap ling
duqc nhu cffu san xua't va xua't kh~u, truac he't la v~ s6luqng va cd ca'u chung
lo<;ti nguyen li<$u cffn thie't. Vi<$c xac dinh cac vung tr6ng t~p trung cho tung
chung lo<:ti nguyen li<$u va quy mo cua tung vung tr6ng se giai quye't v~ cd ban
tlnh tr<;tng thie'u hl,lt v~ luqng, v~ cd ca'u chung lo<;ti mang nganh thu6c la dang
g~p phai. M~t khac, vi<$c phat tri€n cac vung tr6ng theo dinh huang chung con
giup nganh thu6c la Vi<$t Nam dam bao can d6i nguyen li<$u v~ lau dai, chu
d<)ng di~u tie't luqng va chiing lo<;ti cffn thie't theo nhu cffu cua nganh.
1.6.2. Va'n d~ tao ngu6n nguyen lieu thay the' nhap kh~u va tie't kiem ngoai

te
Phat trien cac vung tr6ng nguyen li<$u trong nuac mQt each hqp ly la giai
phap de tang nang sua't, nang cao cha't luqng, dam bao d¢ 6n dinh va h<;t gia
thanh nguyen li<$u. Hi<$n nay, chung ta van con phai nh~p kh~u nguyen li<$u la vl

cac di~u ki<$n nay chua duqc dap ling. Ne'u nguyen li<$u trong nuac c6 cha't
luqng, d¢ 6'n dinh va gia thanh phu hqp cho san xua't thu6c die'u thl nganh thu6c
la Vi<$t Nam se tung buoc thay the' duqc cac lo<;ti nguyen li<$u nh~p kh~u, tie't
ki<$m m<)t luqng dang k€ ngo<;ti t<$ phai tieu t6n hang nam.
1.6.3. Va'n d~ nang cao hieu qua cua nganh
Ben C<;tnh vi<$c tie't ki<$m ngo<;ti t<$ va giam rui ro do va'n d~ ti gia, phat
trien nguyen li<$u trong nuac m<)t each hqp ly se giup nang cao hi<$u qua ho<;tt
d<)ng cua toan nganh nho sv d6ng g6p ciia cac ye'u t6 :
- Hi<$u qua cua kha u san xua't nguyen li<$u
- Hi<$u qua xua't kh~ u nguyen li<$u
- Hi<$u qua ciia khau san xua't va xua't kh~u thu6c la die'u.

8

(


1.6.4. Va'n d~

xa hoi

Phat tri~n thu6c la nguyen li~u dong vai tro rfft quan trong trong vi~c
nang cao doi s6ng kinh te'- xa h<)i cua cac vung tr6ng. Nho hi~u qua cua cay
thu6c la, thu nh~p va doi s6ng cua nong dan du'qc cai thi~n r6 r~t, tu d6 g6p
ph~n nang cao mile s6ng chung cua dia phu'ong c6 vung tr6ng. M~it khac, nhung
cong trlnh d~u tu' cho vung tr6ng nhu' h~ thO'ng di~n, h~ thO'ng thuy lqi, du'ong
gao thong, c~ u cO'ng ... cfing tn,tc tie'p g6p ph~n cai t~o co sd h~ t~ng nong thon.
Ben c~nh d6, phat tri~n cay thu6c la con mang l~i m<)t tac dl;lng quan trQng la
t~o them cong an vi~c lam, g6p ph~n x6a d6i giam ngheo cho cac vung sau,
vung xa.

1.6.5. Dong gop cho ngan sach Nha mioc
Phat tri~n thu6c la nguyen li~u Ia n€n tang d~ phat tri~n san xufft thu6c
la die'u, va do d6 la di€u ki~n d~ tang thu cho ngan sach Nha nu'oc thong qua
thue' tieu thl;l dt_ic bi~t danh tren thu6c la die'u. Nganh thu6c la Vi~t Nam chi
dung Vling Va C~nh tranh du'c6 du'qc khau nguyen li~u 6n dinh va du sue dap ling nhu c~u san xufft.
Do d6, vi~c xac dinh chie'n luqc phat tri~n vung tr6ng thu6c la t~i Vi~t
Nam la m<)t nhi~m Vl;l c~n thie't. Vi~c xay dgng chie'n luqc phat tri€n nguyen
li~u n6i chung va phat tri~n vung nguyen li~u -thu6c la t~i Vi~t Nam n6i rieng
se d6ng vai tro he't sue quan trQng trong qua trlnh phat tri~n cua nganh thuO'c la
Vi~t Nam, va r<)ng hon, ca qua trlnh cong nghi~p h6a - hi~n d~i h6a dfft nu'oc
trong nhung nam toi.

9


rylitjc trt;tng nguyen u¢u tliu8'c ra
VQTNAM


11.1. Di~u kien tu' nhien -

xa hoi

Nhii'ng di~u ki~n tl,i nhien v~ da't dai, th6 nhttong va khi h~ u (J nttoc ta ra't
phu hop voi vi~c tr6ng diy thuo'c hi.
- Dac di€m sinh trttdng cua cay thuo'c hi : thuo'c hi la m()t lo~i cay cong
nghi~p ngiin ngay c6 chu ky sinh trttdng tu 100- 120 ngay. Cay thuo'c hi nh~y
cam voi di~u ki~n sinh thai d€ sinh trttdng va phat tri€n. Do d6, cha't lttqng san

phffm bie'n d()ng m~nh dttoi tac d()ng cua di~u ki~n tl,i nhien va cac bi~n phap
ky thu~t nong hQC.
- Khi hau: thuo'c la dttqc tr6ng (J vung c6 nhi~t d() tu 25 -28°C va ~m d()
khong khi tu 65-80% tuy theo chung lo~i. Khi h~u t~i Vi~t Nam thich hqp cho
cay thuo'c la, d~c bi~t la (J cac tinh phia Nam cang c6 nhi~u thu~n lqi bon.
- Da't dai : kha nang khai thac da't tr6ng t~i Vi~t Nam con ra't IOn, di~n
tich da't canh tac thuo'c hi de'n nay chie"m chua de'n 1% t6ng quy da't nong nghi~p
ca nttoc. T~i Vi~t Nam c6 nhi~u vung thich hqp cho cay thuo'c la nhtt Cao BAng,
L~ng Son (phia Bile), duyen hai mi~n Trung, cao nguyen va Dong Nam B()
(phia Nam).
- Ngu6n nhan lttc : thuo'c la nguyen li~u chu ye'u sll' dlfng 2 ngu6n lao
d()ng chinh:
•

Ngu6n lao d()ng ph6 thong, m6i ha c~n khoang 500 -700 cong lao
d()ng d€ thl,ic hi~n cac cong do~n tu vtton ltom de'n dong ki~n san
ph~m. Hi~n nay, ngu6n lao d()ng ph6 thong (J cac vung nong thong
con ra't d6i dao, du kha nang dap ung cho nhu c~u lao d()ng san xua't
thuo'c la.

•

Ll,ic lttqng lao d()ng khoa h9c ky thu~t: T6ng Cong ty thuo'c Ia Vi~t
Nam hi~n c6 mQt d()i ngfi can bQ khoa hQC nong nghi~p m~nh va
dong dao voi khoang 300 ky stt va trung ca'p nong nghi~p. Day Ia
ll,ic lttqng chinh thl,ic hi~n cac cong tac chi d~o ky thu~t t~i vung
tr6ng. Trong thoi gian toi, ll,ic lttqng nay c6 th€ dttqc gia tang theo
nhu c~u phat tri€n nguyen Ii~u ne'u c6 chinh sach diii ng() xung
dang.

- Co sd ha t~ng : tlnh hlnh chung cua nttoc ta Ia co sd h~ t~ng con ye'u
kern, d~c bi~t Ia d nong thon. Tuy nhien, cac vung tr6ng thuo'c Ia cua T6ng
Cong ty Thuo'c La Vi~t Nam d~u dttqc d~u ttt cac h~ng mlfc co ban c~n thie"t cho
san xua't nhtt di~n. thuy lqi, dttong sa, c~u co'ng ... Trong tttong lai, mo hlnh d~u
tlt co sd h~ t~ng vung tr6ng vfrn se dttqc duy trl va tang cttong theo dinh httong

10


phat tri~n vung tr6ng.
Tren thl,l'c te', diy thu6c la da du'Tuy nhien, do chua c6 dinh hu'ong dung dcln nen chua c6 cd scJ d~ phat tri~n
vung chclc va Hiu dai, cac vung tr6ng t~p trung chua hlnh thanh, dit%n tich khong
6n dinh, nang sua"t tha"p, cha"t lu'Tu khi nganh thu6c la trong nu'oc bu'oc vao giai doc;~.n phat tri~n mc;~.nh,
cac vung tr6ng thu6c la moi belt dffu du'QC thl,l'c Sl,l' quan tam Va dffu tu' phat tri~n.
T6ng Cong ty Thu6c La Vit%t Nam Ia doanh nghit%p di tien phong trong vit%c hlnh
thanh cac n~n tang cong nghit%p dffu tien trong linh Vlf'C nguyen lit%u thu6c la Va
phat tri~n cac vung tr6ng thu6c la.
Trong nhung nam qua, voi Slf' t~p trung dffu tu' cho vung tr6ng nguyen lit%u
thu6c la cua T6ng Cong ty, san lu'qng thu6c la nguyen lit%u cua Vit%t Nam da dc;tt
khoang 30 - 32.000 ta"n I nam (trong d6 rieng san lu'qng cua T6ng Cong ty
Thu6c la Vit%t Nam la 25.000 ta"n/nam), nhung vung tr6ng nguyen lit%u trong
nu'dc da hlnh thanh va phat tri~n kha 6n dinh, nang sua"t va cha"t lu'qng du'thit%n r6 rt%t.

11.2. Cac chong loai thuO'c Ia chfnh tai VietNam
Hit%n nay, nu'oc ta da tr6ng du'la nau va thu6c la Burley phl;IC Vl;l cho san xua"t va xua"t khffu, trong d6 thuo'c la
vang Virginia chie'm khoang 74%, thu6c la nau dia phu'dng chie'm khoang 19%,

con lc;ti la thuo'c la Burley khoang 7 %.

11.2.1. Thuo'c Ia vang sa'y Virginia
Truoc nam 1987 thu6c la vang sa"y du'Bclc voi cac gi6ng cua Trung qu6c nhu' E>c;ti kim tinh, Trung hoa bai, Bclc lu'u, .E>a
dit%p ... Sau nam 1975 - 1985, Vit%t Nam c6 nh~p gi6ng thu6c la vang sa'y tu
Bungari, Phap, Cu Ba va m(H so' nu'oc khac. Tuy nhien, do nhi~u nguyen nhan
chu quan va khach quan, cac gio'ng thuo'c Ia nay d~u khong t6n tc;ti va dap ung
du'Tu nam 1987, T6ng Cong ty Thuo'c la Vit%t Nam da c6 chu tru'dng t~p
trung nghien cuu tr6ng thii' nghit%m va chQn tc;to du'thich hqp la C.176 va K.326 (du'gio'ng thu6c la nay da duqc B() Nong nghit%p va Phat tri~n Nong thon cong nh~n
la gi6ng Qu6c gia tu nam 1996 va hit%n Ia cac gi6ng thu6c la vang chu ye'u tr6ng
tc;~.i Vit%t Nam. Nang sua"t thu6c la gi6ng moi cao hdn hAn so voi cac gio'ng cii,
dc;tt trung blnh 1,4- 1,5 ta"n/ha, ca bit%t c6 ndi dc;tt nang sua"t 2 - 2,3 ta"n/ha. Tuy
nhien, nang sua"t nay vfrn con kha tha"p ne'u so sanh voi muc trung blnh cua the'
giOi ( 2,5 - 3 ta"n!ha).

11


11.2.2. Thuo'c hi nau
ThuO'c hi nau da duqc trdng tit lau (J cac dnh phia Nam nhu' Ninh Thu~n,
Blnh Binh, Bdng Nai, Phu Yen, An giang, Bdng thap. Di~n tich hang nam tru'dc
day khoang 15.000- 20.000 ha, nang sua"t blnh quan dudi 1 ta"n!ha, rieng thu6c
la nau t~i B6ng Nai do d~c di€m tr6ng tren da"t soi da va tr6ng tha nen nang
sua"t ra"t tha"p (0,6- 0,7 ta"nlha).
GiO'ng thu6c la nau chu ye'u la sli' d1,1ng gi6ng dia phuong c6 ngu6n g6c tit
giO'ng Rio Grand da duqc nh~p vao nude ta tu lau, hftu he't da thmli h6a. Nhii'ng

nam gffn day t~i Tay Ninh, T6ng Cong ty thu6c la Vi~t Nam da tie'n hanh ph1,1c
trang, tuy€n ch9n tit nhii'ng giO'ng tr6ng t~i dia phuong lau doi va da ch9n l9c
duqc m<)t sO' dong tO't d€ phat tri€n (J cac vung trdng va da cho nang sua"t blnh
quan 3 ta"n!ha.
11.2.3. ThuO'c hi Burley
Trong nhil'ng nam dffu cua th~p ky 90, Vi~t Nam ba:t dffu nh~p m<)t sO'
gi6ng thu6c la Burley dua vao cac vung trdng d€ dap ung yeu cffu ph6i che' m<)t
s6 mac thu6c phong theo gout h6n hnude.
Sau khi thuffn h6a va tuy€n chQn, thu6c la Burley duqc tr6ng chu ye'u d
cac dnh phia Nam va cho nang sua"t 1,3 - 2,2 ta"n!ha, (J phia Ba:c mdi tr6ng thli'
nghi~m vdi nang sua"t 1,9 - 2,0 ta"n!ha.
11.3. Hien trang phan b6 cac vimg nguyen lieu thuo'c Ia
Trong nhii'ng nam tru'dc day, cac vung nguyen li~u thu6c la duqc hlnh
thanh m<)t each tl,l' phat, chua c6 m<)t dinh hudng chie'n luqc chung, do d6 khong
du'dfrn de'n tlnh tr~ng di~n tich khong 6n dinh, nang sua"t tha"p, cha"t luqng kern, co
ca"u chung lo~i nguyen li~u khong phu hqp vdi nhu cftu san xua"t.
Trong khmlng 15 nam trd l~i day, vdi sl}' dftu tu m~nh me cua T6ng Cong
ty Thu6c La Vi~t Nam, cac vung trdng thu6c la trong nude da duqc quy ho~ch
l~i. cai thi~n budc dftu tlnh tr~ng tl}' phat tru'dc day.
11.3.1. ThuO'c Ia vang sa'y
Thu6c la vang sa"y la chung lo~i nguyen li~u chu ye'u d€ phO'i che' cac
mac thu6c la die'u gout Anh (hay con gQi Ia gout Virginia). Bay la gout thuO'c
ph6 bie'n nhfft (J Vi~t Nam.
Ca nude hi~n c6 han 12.000 ha vung tr6ng thu6c la Virginia, bao g6m
4.500 ha (J mi~n Ba:c va 7.700 ha (J mi~n Nam.

d phia

Ba:c, cac vung tr6ng thuo'c la vang Virginia da hlnh thanh (J 10

12


tinh, bao g6m:
-Soc Son
- Vinh Phu
- Ha Tay
- Ninh Blnh
-Thanh Hoa

- Cao BAng
- B8:c C~n
- L~ng Son
- B8:c Giang
- Thai Nguyen

Cac tinh phia B8:c da co t~p quan tr6ng thu6c la vang sly ttt lau dCJi.
Nhi~u vung tr6ng thu6c la vang Virginia da hlnh thanh, co nhfing nam da d~t
de'n di~n tich 13.000 ha. Tuy nhien, trong thCJi gian qua di~n tich tr6ng thu6c la
gi6ng phat tri€n ch~m va m<)t s6 vung khong 6n dinh nhu' B8:c Giang, Soc Son,
Thanh Hoa ...
T6n t~i chu ye'u ciia san xult thu6c la nguyen li~u (J phia B8:c la quy mo
san xult nho (h<) gia dlnh) do di~u ki~n dlt dai (J nhung vung mi~n nui phan tan,
khong t~p trung, phu'ong phap tr6ng va sly thu6c la theo 16i cli da an sau vao
t~p quan cua ngu'CJi dan. Vl v~y vi~c chuy€n giao ky thu~t moi kho khan, chlt
lu'qng thu6c la m<)t s6 vung chu'a dap ung yeu c~u san xult; kho quan ly d~u tu',
vi~c quan ly, bao quan va thu mua san phgm kho. Nhung blt thu~n cua thCJi tie't,
khi h~u cling gay anh hu'dng kha nhi~U de'n thCJi V\} gieo tr6ng Va vil$c th\l'C hil$n

quy trlnh ky thu~t. tu do anh hu'dng de'n nang sult va chlt lu'qng nguyen lil$u.

d cac tinh

phia Nam thu6c la vang sly moi du'qc phat tri€n khoang 15
nam g~n day nhu'ng duqc phat tri€n kha nhanh v~ dil$n tich, chlt lu'qng phu hqp
voi yeu c~u san xult. Cac vung tr6ng thu6c la vang sly phia Nam tu'ong d6i t~p
trung, g~n nhu' vung chuyen canh, du'qc T6ng Cong ty Thu6c La Vi«$t Nam trl!c
tie'p d~u tu' va cung clp ky thu~t do nong dan chua quen ky thu~t canh tac.
Chinh vl v~y vi~c chuy€n giao ky thu~t moi, quan ly d~u tu' thu~n lqi hon, chlt
lu'qng va nang sult thu6c la du'qc 6n dinh va t6t hon phia B8:c.
Cac vung tr6ng thu6c la vang (J phia Nam hil$n nay bao g6m:
-

Blnh Binh
Phu yen
Gia Lai
Lam B6ng
Ninh Thu~n

-Song Be
- Tay Ninh
-Long An
- B6ng Thap
-An Giang

- Blnh Thu~n
- Quang Nam- Ba Nang

Tuy nhien, san xult thu6c la nguyen lil$u (J phia Nam hi~n nay co m<)t s6

di€m c~n chu y: c~n nhi~u v6n d~u tu' de xay d\l'ng cac cvm lo sly thu6c la vang
(J cac vung tr6ng t~p trung, ngu6n nu'oc tu'oi cho thu6c la trong mua kho chu'a
du'qc giai quye't d~y du, h~n che' vi~c md r<)ng di~n tich cac vung tr6ng. Ngoai
ra, thCJi tie't khi h~u nhfi'ng namvtta qua co nhi~u di~n bie'n blt thu'CJng, mu'a lfi
ho~c h~n han keo dai cling gay anh hu'Cing rlt Ion de'n cac vung tr6ng thu6c la.

13


Trang thoi gian qua, co th~ danh gia du<;1c mot sfS vung tr6ng thuffc la co
nhfi'ng di€u kit%n cho cha't lu<;1ng cao nhu : Cao BAng, L~ng Son, Lam E>6ng, Gia
Lai ... va· nhfi'ng vung co san lu<;1ng IOn t~p trung nhu: L~ng Son, Cao BAng, Tay
Ninh, Ninh Thu~n.

11.3.2. Thuo'c hi nau
Thuffc la nau du<;lc Slt dl)ng d~ phffi che' cac mac thufSc gout dia phuong,
d6ng thoi phffi tron them vao cac mac thu6c gout Anh.
Vdi g~n 7.000 ha dit%n tich vung tr6ng, thuffc la nau du<;1c phan bfS chu
ye'u t~i cac tinh phia Nam, bao g6m :
-

Blnh E>inh
Phu Yen
Khanh Hoa
Gia Lai
Ninh Thu~n
An Giang

- Blnh Thu~n
- E>6ng Nai

- Ba Ria- Vfing Tau
-Song Be
- E>6ng Thap

Hit%n nay, thuffc la nau du<;lc Slt dl)ng cua ye'u cho san xua't thuffc Ia
khong d~u lQC va d~u lQC ca'p tha'p. Ngoai ra, thuffc la nau con du<;lc sii' dl)ng d~
xua't khff u.
Tuy nhien, nhfi'ng nam g~n day, do Sl! thay d6i thi hie'u cua nguoi tieu
dung trong nuoe, chuy~n d6i tu san phffm thu6c la khong d~U lQC sang thuffc la
d~u lQC, d~n de'n nhu c~u slt dl)ng thu6c la nau ngay mot giam. Hit%n nay thuffc
la nau du<;1c tr6ng chu ye'u (J Ninh thu~n, E>6ng nai va mot sfS dnh khac vdi dit%n
tich khong nhi€u nhu Blnh E>inh, Phu Yen, Khanh Hoa, Gia Lai.

11.3.3. Thuo'c hi Burley
Thuffc la Burley la lo~i nguyen lit%u d~c trung d~ ph6i che' cac mac thuffc
gout My (nhu Marlboro, Camel ...). Gout thuffc nay hit%n nay chua thinh hanh (J
Vit%t Nam, do do nhu c~u stt dl)ng thufSc la Burley con h~n che'.
Thuffc la Burley du<;1c tr6ng chu ye'u (J phia Nam vdi t6ng dit%n tich hon
900 ha, t~p trung chu ye'u (J Lam E>6ng, E>6ng Nai va mot s6 it (J E>6ng Thap, An
Giang, Song Be. Nhfi'ng vung tr6ng nay d€u cho nang sua't chua cao, tu 1,4- 1,5
ta'nlha, chu ye'u phvc Vl) cho nhu c~u slt dl)ng cua cac nha may trong T6ng Cong
ty ThufSc la Vit%t Nam (nhu c~u nay hang nam chi khoang 600- 700 ta'n). Hudng
xua't khffu dfSi vdi thu6c la Burley hit%n nay con kho khan va chua 6n dinh.
Trude day, Cong ty Lien doanh Thuffc la E>a Nang da t6 chuc tr6ng thuffc
la Burley t~i vung Quang Nam- E>a Nang. Thuffc Burley tr6ng t~i day cho nang
14


sua't cao, tu 2 - 2,2 tffn!ha, 100% san lttqng dttqc xua't kh~u cho do'i tcic nttoc
ngoai trong lien doanh la Cong ty RJ Reynolds. Tuy nhien, tu nam 2000 do c6

slf thay d6i do'i tac lien doanh nen vi~c xua't kh~u bi thu hyp d~n.

11.4. Hien trang dftu tti phat tri~n vimg tr6ng
11.4.1. Mo hinh dftu tti cua Tcho m1,1c dich phat tri€n nguyen li~u trong nttoc, T6ng Cong
ty Thuo'c La Vi~t nam da thanh l~p 2 cong ty nguyen li<$u (Cong ty Nguyen li<$u
thuo'c la Nam thanh l~p thang 10/1988 va Cong ty Nguyen li~u thu6c la Ba:c
thanh l~p thang 1111993) lam nhi~m v1,1 dftu ttt phat tri€n vung nguyen li~u, che"
bie'n va cung ca'p nguyen li<$u cho cac nha may san xua't thuo'c die"u trong nu'oc
va xua't khffu.

D€ ph1,1c v1,1

Mo hlnh dft u ttt cua T6ng Cong ty la :
- Tri€n khai h<;Jp d6ng de"n tung h<) nong dan, cung ca'p ung trttoc khong
tinh Iai cho nong dan h~t gi6ng, phan b6n, thuo'c tru sau...
-Huang d~n ky thu~t tr6ng, hai sffy va phan lo~i

- T6ng Cong ty xay ho~c cho dan vay ti~n xay lo sa'y ho~c dftu tu' b<) ph~n
nhi~t lo sa'y cho dan, xay kho tang tr~m tr~i t~i cac vung tr6ng
- Thong qua cac tr~m nguyen li~u trlfc thu<)c cac cong ty Nguyen li~u
Ba:c va Nam, T6ng Cong ty t6 chuc thu mua bao tieu toan b<) san ph~m theo
muc ghi du'<;JC cong b6 cong khai tru'OC Vl} mua nh~m bao dam quy~n l<;Ji CUa
ngu'C1i nong dan.

11.4.2. V6n dft u tti
Voi mo hlnh dftu tu' n6i tren, T6ng Cong ty thuo'c hi Vi<$t Nam dang duy
trl m<)t quy dftu tu' voi quy mo tren 55 ti d6ng d€ d~u tu' phat tri€n cac vung
nguyen li<$u thu6c la. Cac h~ng ml}C dftu tu' tu quy nay bao g6m dftu tu' ung tru'oc
v~t tu' nontg nghi~p, dftu tu' xay dlfng co sd v~t cha't ky thu~t t~i vung tr6ng, d~u

tu' cho nghien cuu khoa h<;>c ky thu~t va h6 tr<;l cac dia phu'ong c6 vung tr6ng
trong qua trlnh xa y dlfng co sd h~ t~ng.
Quy d~u tu' cua T6ng Cong ty dtt<;lc luan chuy€n va b6 sung qua cac nam
b~ng each trich them 5% tren gia nguyen li<$u giao v~ cac nha may d€ du'a vao
quy. Tinh trong 5 nam 1996- 2001, t6ng s6 vo'n dftu tu' cua T6ng Cong ty cho
cac vung nguyen li~u da d~t gffn 380 ti d6ng.
Mo hlnh nay da phat huy tac d1,1ng tich clfc trong suo't thC1i gian qua.
NgttC1i nong dan dttqc dffu ttt va h6 trq dffy du tu khau gio'ng, v~t tu' nong nghi~p
de"n ky thu~t, CO Sd V~t chfft va du'QC bao tieu san phffm theo gia cong khai tu
15


dffu

Mo hinh nay da giup nong dan yen tam t?p trung vao san xua't, giup cai
thi~n cha't h.tqng, nang cao nang sua't t~i cac vung tr6ng.
Vl;l.

Tuy nhien, voi quy mo quy dffu tu' vung nguyen li~u n6i tren, T6ng Cong
ty chi mdi dffu tu' xay dt!ng du'qc cac cd sCi v?t cha't cd ban cho cac vung tr6ng
nhu' h~ th6ng lo sa'y, nha phdi, kho tang, tr~m tr~i, tqm bie'n the' di~n, tr~m bdm
... , dffu tu' cho san xua't gi6ng, ling tru'oc v?t tu' nong nghi~p cho nong dan. Quy
mo cua quy dffu tu' hi~n nay chu'a du sue dap ling nhu cffu cong nghi~p h6a hi~n d~i h6a ITnh VlfC san xua't nguyen li~u, chu'a du sue du'a may m6c cd gioi
de'n voi vung tr6ng, va do d6, h~n che' kha IOn kha nang quy ho~ch vung tr6ng
cua T6ng Cong ty.

Bang 6 : TINH HINH DAU nf viJNG NGUYEN utu cuA TONG coNG TY THuoc LA vr¢T NAM

Don vi tinh : 1.000 d6ng
Nam

Ddutt.t
XDCB

1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002

6.450
851.442
1.735.600
438.266
3.065.698
3.120.125
6.385.824
7.310.402
1.777.927
4.100.020

6.020.947
7.304.298
6.064.409
12.975.343
4.117.000

Cc}ng

65.273.751

H6 tr., dia
phu'dng

H6 trq
thi~t h~i
thH~n

tai

906.000
663.472
4.487.571
2.909.664

11.518.974

Ung tntdc
tu' nong

v~t

1.273.907
847.042
625.835
6.236.088

939.500
572.899

11.080.602

5.930.613

482.656.590

18.608

77.940
410.489
295.467
1.313.834

66.812
233.960
220.552
180.823
158.042
493.541
898.511
1.197.213

950.152

Chi khac

T6'ng cc}ng

nghi~p

725.835
2.129.873
3.177.333
13.066.077
22.794.147
22.071.868
27.402.886
29.712.799
31.720.778
38.009.282
49.302.759
55.958.348
57.114.605
63.405.000
66.065.000

164.067
236.200
22.000
325.000
50.000
1.500.000

235.000
20.000

Nghien
cti'u
KHKT

1.041.687
1.185.807
1.526.257
1.998.288

914.960
3.224.940
5.017.545
14.063.303
26.130.391
25.429.566
35.571.261
38.173.753
34.724.204
44.642.439
57.179.858
66.241.712
69.699.434
82.381.599
78.989.275

5.923.716

582.384.240

7.425
15.800

56.750
46.569
11.522
11.521
22.090

Ngu6n: T6ng cong ty thuo'c ld Vi~t Nam

11.4.3. Ngu6n nhan hie
Vi~c san xua't thu6c la nguyen li~u t~i cac vung tr6ng chu ye'u dlfa vao 2

Ngu6n nhan Ivc chinh :
- Lao dong ph6 thong : m6i ha thu6c la cffn khoang 500 - 700 cong lao
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