General organic and biological chemistry structures off life 5th CH3 classification of matter GOB structures 5th ed
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Lecture Presentation
Chapter 3
Matter and Energy
Karen C. Timberlake
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 3 Matter and Energy
Dietitians specialize in helping others learn
about nutrition and the need for a balanced
diet.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 3 Readiness
Key Math Skills
•
Using Positive and Negative Numbers
in Calculations (1.4B)
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•
•
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Solving Equations (1.4D)
Interpreting Graphs (1.4E)
Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation (1.4F)
Rounding Off (2.3)
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 3 Readiness
Core Chemistry Skills
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•
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Counting Significant Figures (2.2)
Using Significant Figures in Calculations (2.3)
Writing Conversion Factors from Equalities (2.5)
Using Conversion Factors (2.6)
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.1 Classification of Matter
Matter
•
is the material that makes up all
things.
•
is anything that
has mass and
occupies space.
Learning Goal Classify examples of matter as pure
substances or mixtures.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Matter: Pure Substances or Mixtures
Matter is classified according to its composition.
•
Pure substances have a fixed or definite composition.
•
Mixtures contain two or more different substances that are physically mixed but
not chemically combined.
Core Chemistry Skill Classifying Matter
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pure Substances:Elements and Compounds
A pure substance is
classified as
•
a type of matter with a fixed or definite composition.
•
an element that is composed of one type of atom.
•
a compound that is composed of two or more
elements always combined in the same proportion.
An aluminum can
consists of many atoms
of aluminum.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Elements
Elements are pure substances that contain
only one type of material, such as the
following:
•
•
•
copper, Cu
lead, Pb
aluminum, Al
The element copper consists of copper
atoms.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Compounds
A compound contains two or more elements in a
definite ratio, such as the following:
•
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
•
table salt (NaCl)
•
sugar (C12H22O11)
•
water (H2O)
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Elements in a Compounds
“Table salt” is a compound that contains the elements sodium and chlorine.
The decomposition of salt, NaCl, produces the elements sodium and chlorine.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mixtures
A mixture is a type of matter that consists of
•
two or more substances that are physically
mixed but not chemically combined.
•
two or more substances in different
proportions.
•
substances that can be separated by
physical methods.
A mixture of a liquid and a solid is
separated by filtration.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Homogeneous Mixtures
In a homogeneous mixture,
•
the composition is
uniform throughout.
•
the different parts of the mixture are not
visible.
Brass is a homogeneous mixture of copper and zinc
atoms.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chemistry Link to Health: Scuba Breathing Mixtures
Breathing mixtures for scuba are homogeneous mixtures. Some
examples are the following:
•
nitrox (oxygen and nitrogen gases)
•
heliox (oxygen and helium gases)
•
trimix (oxygen, helium, and nitrogen gases)
A nitrox mixture is used to fill scuba
tanks.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Heterogeneous Mixtures
In a heterogeneous mixture,
•
the composition varies from one part of the
mixture to another.
•
the different parts of the mixture are visible.
Copper metal and water form a heterogeneous
mixture.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Matter
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Study Check
Identify each of the following as a pure substance
or mixture:
A.
pasta and tomato sauce
B.
aluminum foil
C. helium
D. air
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Solution
Identify each of the following as a pure substance
or mixture:
A. pasta and tomato sauce
B. aluminum foil
C. helium
D. air
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
mixture
pure substance
pure substance
mixture
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Study Check
Identify each of the following as a homogeneous or
heterogeneous mixture:
A. hot fudge sundae
B. shampoo
C. sugar water
D. peach pie
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Solution
Identify each of the following as a homogeneous or
heterogeneous mixture:
A. hot fudge sundae
heterogeneous mixture
B. shampoo
homogeneous mixture
C. sugar water
homogeneous mixture
D. peach pie
heterogeneous mixture
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.2 States and Properties of Matter
The evaporation of water from
seawater gives white, solid
crystals of salt called sodium
chloride.
Learning Goal Identify the states and the physical and chemical properties of matter.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Solids
Solids have
•
a definite shape.
•
a definite volume.
•
particles that are close together in a
fixed arrangement.
•
particles that move
very slowly.
A solid has a definite shape and volume.
Amethyst, a solid, is a purple
form of quartz (SiO2).
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Liquids
Liquids have
•
•
•
an indefinite shape but a definite volume.
the same shape as their container.
particles that are close together but
mobile.
•
particles that move slowly.
A liquid has a definite volume but takes the
shape of its container.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gases
Gases have
•
•
•
an indefinite shape.
an indefinite volume.
the same shape and volume as their
container.
•
•
particles that are far apart.
particles that move
very fast.
A gas takes the shape and volume of its
container.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Comparison of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
Karen C. Timberlake
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
