Group a counseling specialty 7e pearson by t gladding chapter 15

Chapter 15
Transactional Analysis, Reality
Therapy, Adlerian, and PersonCentered Groups
Prepared by: Nathaniel N. Ivers, Wake Forest University
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
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Roadmap


Transactional Groups



Reality Therapy Groups



Adlerian Groups



Person-Centered Groups

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding

15-2

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Transactional Analysis (TA) Groups


Founded by Eric Berne



Oriented toward groups since its inception



Emphasis placed on understanding intrapersonal and interpersonal
dynamics



Learning occurs through participating in interactions in sessions and
through homework assignments
Groups are main choice of treatment for redecision school of TA (Goulding,
1987)



Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding

15-3

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Premises of Transactional Analysis
Groups
Development and interaction of an ego state



Three basic ego states exist and operate within every individual

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

Parent
Adult
Child

Ego states can be observed in the dynamic interactions with individuals

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding

15-4

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Premises of Transactional Analysis


Parent Ego State: Dualistic – both nurturing and critical



Adult Ego State: Functions like a computer – it receives and processes
information from the parent, child, and environment



Child Ego State: Divided into two parts – The Adapted Child (conforms to
rules and parental wishes) and Free Child (natural child; reacts more
spontaneously)

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding

15-5

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Premises of Transactional Analysis



Four basic ways to identify an individual’s current ego state:





Behavioral
Social
Historical
Phenomenological
(Woollams et al., 1977)

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding

15-6

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Premises of Transactional Analysis


Knowledge of ego states empowers individuals and those working with
them to assess which types of transactions they are most likely to have
and to take corrective measures, if needed (Hargaden & Sills, 2002)



This knowledge helps people avoid playing games



People who play games operate from three distinct positions: victim,
persecutor, rescuer

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding

15-7

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Premises of Transactional Analysis


Strokes



Physical or psychological recognition
Six major ways in which people structure
their time to obtain strokes








Withdrawal
Ritual
Pastimes
Work
Games
Intimacy
(Berne, 1972)

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding

15-8

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Premises of Transactional Analysis


People develop scripts





Habitual patterns of behavior
Influence how people spend their time, for
example, as losers, nonwinners, and
winners (Berne, 1972; Capers, 1975)
Include transactions, or social actions
between two or more people

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding

15-9

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Premises of Transactional Analysis


Types of transactions




Complementary
Crossed
Ulterior

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e

Samuel Gladding

15-10

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Practice of TA in a Group


Preferably used in groups that serve as a setting in which people can
become more aware of






Themselves
The structure of their individual personality
The transactions they have with others
The games they play
The scripts they act out

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding

15-11

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Practice of TA in Groups




Objective in group settings: “fight the past in the present in order to assure
the future” (Berne, 1966, p. 250)
TA groups are based on participants’ ability and willingness to make and
work on therapeutic contracts (Stewart, 2014)


Specific, measurable, concrete statements
of what participants intend to accomplish
during group

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding

15-12

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Practice of TA in Groups


Classical Contracts


Carried out with an emphasis on one or
more of the following:







Structural analysis
Transactional analysis
Game Analysis
Life script analysis

Redecision Contracts

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding

15-13

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Role of TA Group Leader




More than just group members
They stand apart as “primarily listeners, observers, diagnosticians, and
analysts – and, secondarily, process facilitators (Donigian & Hulse-Killacky,
1999, p. 115)



Group leader – group member transactions are considered major



Group leader – group member transactions are considered minor

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding

15-14

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Role of TA Group Leader


Four specific roles within the TA group:






Protection
Permission
Potency
Operations
(Corey, 2012)

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding

15-15

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Desired Outcomes of TA Groups


Self-awareness



Changes in feelings, thoughts, and behaviors




Freedom from Parent messages
(injunctions)
Freedom from early, self-defeating scripts

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding

15-16

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Desired Outcomes of TA Groups


Seven steps that lead to positive outcome



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



Trust in the other
Trust in self
Moving into group
Work

Redecision
Integration
Termination
(Woollams & Brown, 1978)

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding

15-17

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Strengths of TA


Cognitive clarity of the language used to explain TA concepts (Grimes,
1988; Yalom & Leszcz, 2005)



Simplicity



Efficiency – group members make progress quickly



Flexible – can be sued in task/work, psychoeducational, counseling, and
psychotherapy settings

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding

15-18

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Limitations of TA with Groups


Restrictive interpretation of the complexities of human nature by
categorizing them into a limited number of games, ego states, and scripts
(Yalom & Leszcz, 2005)



Strong emphasis on understanding
Neglect of emphasizing group process (Yalom & Leszcz, 2005)




Lack of empirical evidence to support its effectiveness

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e

Samuel Gladding

15-19

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Reality Therapy Groups


Founded by William Glasser



Basis has evolved from control theory, a complete system for explaining
how the brain works, to choice theory



Developed in educational systems



Emphasis placed on raising self-esteem and altering behaviors and
attitudes



Has gained traction in task/work environments, such as with the total

quality movement (TQM)

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding

15-20

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Premises of Reality Therapy
Groups
Emphasizes that “all behavior is generated within ourselves for the


purpose of satisfying one or more basic needs” (Glasser, 1984, p. 323)



Claims that human behavior is a reaction not to outside events but rather
to internal needs

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding

15-21

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Premises of Reality Therapy
Groups
Four human psychological needs:







Belonging
Power
Freedom
Fun

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding

15-22

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Premises of Reality Therapy
Groups
Differs from other psychotherapeutic systems in the following ways:





Rejects the concept of mental illness
Emphasizes the present as the “cutting
edge” of people’s lives, focusing on how
individuals can effectively control the world
they live in and choose behaviors that are
best for them

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding

15-23

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Premises of Reality Therapy
Groups
 Differs from other psychotherapeutic system in
the following ways:








Does not deal with transference but relates to
clients’ perceptions
Does not consider the unconscious or dreams but
rather concentrates on present awareness
Stresses that persons must judge their own
behaviors in light of personal and societal values
Attempts to teach people a better way of fulfilling
needs and taking responsibility for themselves
(Glasser, 1965, 1999, 2001, 2003)

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding

15-24

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Practice of Reality Therapy in
Groups
Emphasizes observable behavior in a here-and-now setting (Glasser, 1992,






2000)
Focuses on helping clients take responsibility for their actions, find better
ways to meet their needs, and change inappropriate or destructive ways of
behaving (Glasser & Breggin, 2001)
Two main components involved in reality therapy groups: setting up the
environment and applying proper procedures using the WDEP framework
(Wubbolding, 2011)

Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding

15-25

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.