Group a counseling specialty 7e pearson by t gladding chapter 16
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Chapter 16
Existential, Gestalt, RationalEmotive Behavior Therapy,
and Psychodrama Groups
Prepared by: Nathaniel N. Ivers, Wake Forest
University
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Roadmap
Existentialism
Gestalt
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
Psychodrama
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-2
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Existentialism
Addresses what it means to be human
Stresses the importance of beliefs, such as
values, freedom, and responsibility
Emphasis placed on discovering meaning
in the midst of everyday life as well as in
absurd and tragic events
Highlights the paradox of living fully in life
and increasing awareness of death
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-3
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Premises of Existential Groups
People form their lives by their choices.
Human beings are aware of their existence
and their own mortality
Human beings have freedom to make
choices and the freedom of responsibility
for what they do (Frankl, 1997)
People are the authors of their lives and
make their own lives meaningful.
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-4
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Premises of Existential Groups
People make meaning in their lives in
three ways:
Doing a deed, or achieving or
accomplishing something
Experiencing a value, such as the intrinsic
worth of a work of nature, culture, or love
Suffering, by finding a proper attitude
toward unalterable fate (Frankl, 2000)
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-5
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Premises of Existential Groups
People who do not actively seek meaning
in life choose despair or psychopathology
Existentialism is the process of evaluating
and simultaneously releasing and
incorporating objects and events in life’s
quest for meaning
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-6
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Practice of Existential Theory in
Group
Usually conducted with an emphasis on
psychotherapy, counseling, and
psychoeducation
During the group process, it is crucial that
group members come to realize their
potential and their responsibilities for
making healthy and self-directed choices
(May, 1983).
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-7
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Practice of Existential Theory in
Group
Goals of Existential Theory in a Group
Increase self-awareness
Increase personal responsibility
Enhance ability to handle anxiety
Increase ability to search for meaning
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-8
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Role of the Existential Group
Leader
Develop close relationships with all group
members
Point out discrepancies between what group
members say they want and what they are
doing
Use themselves in as a source of knowledge
and a model in regard to human experience
Are calm in the presence of turmoil
Discuss the meaning they have experienced
and how they have overcome obstacles
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-9
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Desired Outcomes of Existential
Groups
Members will
Become more aware of themselves and the
choices they have
Realize that their feelings, even painful ones,
can be motivational (Greenstein & Breitbart, 2000)
Find new meaning in all aspects of their lives
Become more authentic
Increase interpersonal responsibility (Yalom &
Josselson, 2011)
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-10
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Strengths of Existential Groups
Deal with ultimate issues in life and present
their members with opportunities to explore
values and lifestyles
Provide a framework for other forms of group
work
Deal with group members holistically (Lowenstein,
1993)
Are versatile
Are applicable to individuals from a wide
range of cultures
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-11
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Limitations of Existential Groups
Limited to members who are verbal,
communicative, and unafraid to confront
painful issues (Lowenstein, 1993)
Theory supporting existential groups has
limited applicability outside of counseling
and psychotherapy settings
Broadly based and do not generally deal
with specific behaviors or concerns
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-12
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Gestalt Therapy
Experiential and humanistic approach to
change founded by Fritz Perls, along with
Laura Perls and Paul Goodman
Emphasis of theory placed on teaching
awareness skills
Evolved into Gestalt group process
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-13
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Premises of Gestalt Groups
Four basic assumptions of Gestalt groups:
Principle
Principle
Principle
Principle
of
of
of
of
holism (integration)
awareness
figure/ground
polarities
Process
Complex and based on the assumption that
groups are multidimensional systems that
operate on several levels at once
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-14
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Premises of Gestalt Groups
Assumptions
Impossible to understand the person in the
group outside of the context of the group
People are proactive, especially if they are
self-aware and present-focused
Individuals will experience certain amount
of elasticity
Awareness gives people self-cohesiveness
and enables them (Hagedorn & Hirshhorn, 2009)
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-15
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Practice of Gestalt Theory in a
Group
Function in several ways:
Focus on one person in the presence of
other members (West Coast practice)
Emphasis is more interactive, involving
direct, here-and-now group member
communities (East Coast style) (Early, 2000)
Balance between interaction and one-onone focus
Dual-focused Gestalt Group Work (Harman, 1988)
Floating Hot Seat (Yontef & Jacobs, 2014)
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-16
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Practice of Gestalt Theory in a
Group
Gestalt group practitioners share many
common beliefs and practices:
They stay centered on the here and now
They ask group members to work on a
specific problem to help foster greater
awareness
They emphasize behavioral processes
Experiments
Exercises
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-17
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Practice of Gestalt Theory in a
Group
Experiments and exercises revolve around
five main themes:
Enactment
Directed behavior
Fantasy
Dreams
Homework
(Polster & Polster, 1973)
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-18
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Practice of Gestalt Theory in a
Group
Some of the better known exercises:
Making the rounds
Rehearsal
Role reversal
Body language
Changing question to statements
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-19
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Practice of Gestalt Theory in
Groups
Some of the better known exercises:
Empty chair technique
Top dog/underdog dialogue
Fantasy exercises
Dream work
Energy field
Homework
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-20
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Role of the Gestalt Group Leader
Help group members locate their
impasses and work through tem to
awareness and growth
Create an atmosphere that promotes
growth within the group
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-21
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Role of the Gestalt Group Leader
Play several roles during the group’s life
span:
Expert-helper
Seer
Communications expert
Frustrator
Creator
Teacher
(Levin & Shepherd, 1974)
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-22
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Desired Outcome of Gestalt
Groups
As a result of Gestalt group, members should
Be more aware of themselves in the here and
now and change (Flores, 1988)
Will shed layers of neurosis
Come to realize self-growth through
implosiveness and explosiveness (Perls, 1970)
Be more congruent on personal and
interpersonal levels and are less likely to
mired down in the past
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-23
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Strengths of Gestalt Groups
Suitable to group leaders with a humanisticexistential philosophy of helping (Vander Kolk, 1985)
Focus on working through impasses and
becoming integrated
Foster a variety of exercises and
experiences
Work with a variety of difficulties, from
addiction to couple communication (Browne-Miller,
1993; Curman & Curman, 1994)
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-24
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Limitations of Gestalt Groups
Gestalt approach may eschew the
cognitive side of human nature
Gestalt groups may not be able to help the
group work through impasses
Gestalt approach may create potential
danger of abusing techniques and people
Gestalt groups are difficult to research
Groups: A Counseling Specialty, 7e
Samuel Gladding
16-25
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
