English for chemical engineering and petrochemical refining lesson 3 hydrocarbon

ENGLISH FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
AND PETROCHEMICAL - REFINERY
Hoang Anh Viet Dung
Oct 2016

1


Review lesson 2
Name of positive ions
H+
Na+
Ca2+
K+
Mg2+
Ag+
Al3+

Hydrogen /ˈhaɪdrədʒən/
Sodium /ˈsəʊdiəm/
Calcium /ˈkælsiəm/
Potassium /pəˈtæsiəm/
Magnesium /mæɡˈniːziəm/
Silver /ˈsɪlvə(r)/
Aluminum /əˈluːmɪnəm/

Fe2+
Fe3+
Cu+
Cu2+
Sn2+

Sn4+

Ferrous /ˈferəs/
Ferric /ˈferik/
Cuprous /ˈkuprəs/
Cupric /ˈkuprik/
Stannous /ˈstænəs/
Stannic /ˈstænɪk/

2


Review lesson 2
Metal oxide
Na2O
CaO
K2O
MgO
Ag2O
Al2O3

Sodium oxide
Calcium oxide
Potassium oxide
Magnesium oxide
Silver oxide
Aluminum oxide

FeO
Fe2O3

Cu2O
CuO
SnO
SnO2

Ferrous oxide
Ferric oxide
Cuprous oxide
Cupric oxide
Stannous oxide
Stannic oxide

3


Review lesson 2
Non-metal oxide
Non-metal + mono/di/tri OXIDE

CO
CO2
SO2
SO3
NO
NO2
N2O

Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Sulfur dioxide

Sulfur trioxide
Nitrogen monoxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Dinitrogen monoxide/ Nitrous oxide
4


Review lesson 2
Metal hydroxide
NaOH
Ca(OH)2
KOH
Mg(OH)2
Al(OH)3
NH4OH

Sodium hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide
Magnesium hydroxide
Aluminum hydroxide
Ammonium hydroxide
/əˌməʊniəm haɪˈdrɒksaɪd/

Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)3
CuOH
Cu(OH)2

Ferrous hydroxide

Ferric hydroxide
Cuprous hydroxide
Cupric hydroxide

5


Review lesson 2
Name of non-metal negative ion
FClBrIO2N3C3S2P3-

Fluoride /ˈflʊəraɪd/
Chloride /ˈklɔːraɪd/
Bromide /ˈbrəʊmaɪd/
Iodide /ˈaɪ əˌdaɪd/
Oxide /ˈɒksaɪd/
Nitride /ˈnaɪ traɪd/
Carbide /ˈkɑrbaɪd/
Sulfide /ˈsʌl faɪd/
Phosphide /ˈfɒs faɪd/
6


Review lesson 2
Name of acid
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
H2S

CH3COOH
H2CO3
HNO3
HNO2
H2SO4
H2SO3

Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrobromic acid
Hydroiodic acid
Hydrosulfuric acid
Acetic acid
Carbonic acid
Nitric acid
Nitrous acid
Sulfuric acid
Sulfurous acid
7


Review lesson 2
Ternary acid = polyatomic ion root + acid
Acid formula

Acid name

CH3COOH
H2CO3

Acetic acid
Carbonic acid

HNO3
HNO2
H2SO4

Nitric acid
Nitrous acid
Sulfuric acid

H2SO3

Negative ion

CH3COOCO32HCO3-

NO3NO2SO42HSO4Sulfurous acid SO32HSO3-

Name of negative ion

Acetate
Carbonate
Hydrogencarbonate/
Bicarbonate
Nitrate
Nitrite
Sulfate
Hydrogensulfate
Sulfite

Hydrogensulfite
8


Review lesson 2
Salts
Positive ion (Metal ion) + Negative ion

Na2CO3
KMnO4
MgSO4
CaSO3
AgCl
AlBr3
Fe(NO3)2
Fe(HCO3)3

Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
Calcium
Silver
Aluminum
Iron (II)/ Ferrous
Iron (III)/ Ferric

Carbonate /ˈkɑr bəˌneɪt/
Permanganate /pərˈmæŋ gəˌneɪt/
Sulfate /ˈsʌl feɪt/
Sulfite /ˈsʌl faɪt/

Chloride
Bromide
Nitrate
Bicarbonate
9


Review lesson 2
atom
Nguyên tử
Molecule
Phân tử
Fomula
Công thức

Chemical formula
Công thức hóa học
Molecular formula
Công thức phân tử
Structural formula
Công thức cấu tạo
Electrical charge
Ion
Cation
Anion

Nomenclature
[nou'menklət∫ə]
Danh pháp
Nomenclature of chemistry

Danh pháp hóa học


Review lesson 2
Abbreviation /əbriːviˈeɪʃən/
e.g: for example (exempli gratia)
etc: “and the other”, “and others thing”, “and the rest” (et cetera)

Prefix /ˈpriːfɪks/ tiền tố, tiếp đầu ngữ

Prefix for number


Lesson 3 - Content
Reading: kydrocarbons
Reading skill: keyword technique
Grammar: comparison with adjective

Exercises


LESSON 3 – Text 1
Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbons are compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms. The
simplest hydrocarbon is methane, CH4. Its molecules are tetrahedral, the four
hydrogen atoms lying at the corners of a regular tetrahedron around the carbon
atom, and connected with the carbon atom with single bonds. Methane is a gas,
which occurs in natural gas, and is used as a fuel. It is also used in large quantities
for the manufacture of carbon black, by combustion with a limited supply of air. The
hydrogen burns to water, and the carbon is deposited as very finely divided carbon,

which finds extensive use as filler for rubber for automobile tires.
Methane is the first member of a series of hydrocarbons having the general formula
CnH2n+2, called the methane series or paraffin series. The compounds of this series
are not very reactive chemically. They occur in complex mixtures called petroleum.
The molecules heavier than ethane are characterized by containing carbon atoms
attached to one another by single bonds. The lighter members of the paraffin series
are gases, the intermediate members are liquids, and the heavier members are solid
or semi-solid substances. Gasoline is the heptane-nonane mixture, and kerosene
the decane-hexadecane mixture. Heavy fuel oil is a mixture of paraffins containing
twenty or more atoms per molecule. The lubricating oils and solid paraffin are
mixtures of still larger paraffin molecules.


LESSON 3 – Vocabulary
to contain /kənˈteɪn/ chứa , có, bao gồm
Methane /ˈmɛθ eɪn/ mê-tan
Tetrahedral /ˌtɛtrəˈhi drəl/ tứ diện
to lie
/laɪ/ nằm, vị trí ở
Lying: v-ing form of “lie”
to occur /əˈkɜː(r)/ xuất hiện, có mặt
Quantity /ˈkwɒn tɪ ti/ số lượng
Manufacture /ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃə(r)/ sản xuất
Combustion /kəmˈbʌstʃ(ə)n/
to burn /bɜː(r)n/
to deposite /dɪˈpɒzɪt/

Petroleum /pəˈtrəʊliəm/
Crude oil
Reactive /riˈæktɪv/

Complex /ˈkɒmpleks/
Ethane /ˈiːθeɪn/
to characterize /ˈkærɪktəraɪz/
Bond /bɒnd/
Single bond
Heavy fuel oil
Lubricating oil /ˈluːbrɪkeɪting/


LESSON 3 – Text 1
Hydrocarbon

Exercise 1: questions

1. What kinds of substances are hydrocarbons?
Hydrocarbons are compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen
atoms
2. What is methane?
Methane is a gas, which occurs in natural gas
3. What is methane used for?
Methane is used as a fuel and in large quantities for the manufacture of
carbon black.
4. What is the formula of methane?
The formula of methane is CH4
5. What is the general formula of paraffin series?
The general formula of paraffin series is CnH2n+2
6. How many atoms per molecule are there in heavy fuel oil?
There are twenty or more atoms per molecule.

LESSON 3 – Text 1
Hydrocarbon
Exercise 2: translate into Vietnamese
1.Hydrocarbon là hợp chất phổ biến rộng rãi nhất của hydro và
carbon, được tồn tại trong tự nhiên.
Hydrocarbon/ substance/ popular/ hydrogen/ carbon/ exist/
natural
Hydrocarbons are the most popular substances of hydrogen and
carbon that exist in natural.
2.Methan là loại khí có trong khí đốt tự nhiên được sử dụng chủ
yếu làm nhiên liệu.
Methane/ gas/ natural gas/ used/ mostly/ fuel
Methane is a gas which occurs in natural gas and is used mostly
as a fuel.


Lesson 3: Hydrocarbons
Vocabulary
Cyclic hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon vòng
Ring of carbon atoms
Vòng carbon
Cyclohexane /,saiklou'heksein/

Aromatic /,ærou'mætik/
Hợp chất thơm
Benzene /'benzi:n/
Toluene /'tɔlju:in/
Xylene /'zaili:n/
Derivative

Dẫn xuất

Tetrahedron /,tetrə'hi:drən/
Tứ diện
Tetrahedral (a)
Hexagon /'heksəgən/
Lục giác
Hexagal (a)
Planar /'pleinə/
Phẳng
Quatrivalent = tetravalent

Saturated
Bão hòa, no
Unsaturated
Volatile
Bay hơi

Reactive (a)
Hoạt động
Chemical reactivity
Độ hoạt động hóa học
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Lesson 3: Hydrocarbons
Vocabulary
Fossil energy
Năng lượng hóa thạch
Natural gas

Khí thiên nhiên
Petroleum
Dầu mỏ
Oil and Gas industry
Công nghiệp dầu khí
Natural resources
Tài nguyên thiên nhiên
Coal
Than đá
Minerals
Khoáng sản

Renewable energy
Năng lượng tái tạo
Sunlight
Wind
Rain
Tides
Waves
Geothermal heat
Địa nhiệt

Oil price:
$US/barrel
Barrel = 119,24 liters
Natural gas price:
$US/mmBtu
One thousand thousand
British thermal unit
mmBtu: 1 triệu Btu, =

1.054615 GJ

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Lesson 3: Hydrocarbons
Vocabulary Petroleum cuts
Light
Nhẹ
Lighter
Intermediate
Trung bình
Heavy
Nặng
 Heavier
Drug
Thuốc, dược phẩm
Explosive
Thuốc nổ
Plastic
Nhựa
Synthetic dye
Nhuộm tổng hợp

Gasoline
xăng
Kerosene – Jet fuel
Xăng máy bay
Lubricating oil
Dầu bôi trơn

Paraffin wax
Asphalt = bitumen
Nhựa đường
Application
Ứng dụng
Manufacture
Sản xuất
Tire
Lốp
Rubber
Cao su

Phân đoạn dầu mỏ
b.p
Boiling point
Điểm sôi
m.p
Melting point
Điểm chảy
f.p
Freezing point
Điểm đông đặc
Gas
Khí
CNG (compressed natural gas)
Khí thiên nhiên nén
LNG (liquefied natural gas)
Khí thiên nhiên hóa lỏng
LPG (liquefied petroleum gas)
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Khí dầu mỏ hóa lỏng


Lesson 3: Grammar
Comparative adjective
How shall we travel? Shall we drive or go by train?
Let's drive. it's cheaper.
Don't go by train. lt's more expensive.
Cheaper and more expensive a re comparative forms
After comparatives you can use than:
lt's cheaper to drive than go by train.
Going by train is more expensive than driving
Short adjectives
-er
cheap = cheaper
old = older
fast = faster
thin = thinner
E.g:
+ You're older than me.
+ I am thinner than him

Long adjectives
more/less
more serious
more often
more expensive
more comfortable
+ You are more serious than
me

+ This bicycle is more
expensive than that one

Two-syllable adj ending in
y
-y = -ier
lucky = luckier
easy = easier
early = earlier
pretty = prettier
+ She is luckier than me
+ This lesson is easier than
that one
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Lesson 3: Grammar
Comparative adjective
Irregular form:
Good = better
This book is better than that one.
Bad = worse
How's your headache? Better? No, it's worse.
Far = farther / further

21


Lesson 3: Grammar
Superlative adjective

What is the longest river all over the world?
What was the most enjoyable holiday you’ve ever had?
Short adjectives
-est
long = longest
hot = hottest
easy = easiest
hard = hardest
E.g:
+ You're older than me.
+ I am thinner than him

Long adjectives
the most + adj
enjoyable = the most enjoyable
Interesting = the most interesting
expensive = the most expensive
popular = the most popular
+ Football is the most popular sport in Vietnam
+ What’s the most expensive you’ve ever bought?

22


Lesson 3: Grammar
Superlative adjective

Irregular form:
Good = best
Bad = worst

Far = farthest / furthest

23


Lesson 3: Grammar

To say that as one thing changes, another thing also changes
Càng … thì càng …
The –er/more/less + adj + S + V, the –er/more/less + adj + S + V
The better the joke (is), the louder the laugh (is).
The longer Sue stays in Canada, the less likely she will ever go back to England.
It almost seems that the more expensive the wedding, the shorter the marriage.

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Lesson 3: Grammar
•ENOUGH
Enough + NOUN
Ex. Is there enough bread?
Do you have enough money?
ADJ + enough
Ex. The house was comfortable enough but not luxurious.
We are not in a strong enough financial position to cut taxes.
ADJ + NOUN
I haven’t got big enough nails for the job.
I haven’t got enough big nails for the job.
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