business english 2e by mary chapter 09

9
Conjunctions

MARY ELLEN GUFFEY AND CAROLYN M.
SEEFER

BUSINES
S
ENGLISH
12e

© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected
website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
© Larysa Ray/Shutterstock. © Valeri Potapova/Shutterstock.


LEARNING
OUTCOMES

Level 1
▶ Punctuate compound
sentences using coordinating
conjunctions such as and, or,
nor, and but.
▶ Punctuate compound
sentences using conjunctive
adverbs such as therefore,
however, and consequently.

© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use. © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

2


Conjunctions
 Conjunctions are connecting words.
Two categories of conjunctions:
 Those that join grammatically equal
words or word groups:
coordinating, conjunctive
adverbs, correlative
 Those that join grammatically
unequal words or work groups:
subordinating


Recognizing conjunctions and their uses
will help you use commas and
semicolons correctly.

©
© 2017
2017 Cengage
Cengage Learning®.
Learning®. May
May not
not be
be scanned,

scanned, copied
copied or
or duplicated,
duplicated, or
or posted
posted to
to a
a publicly
publicly accessible
accessible website,
website, in
in whole
whole or
or in
in part,
part, except
except for
for use
use as
as permitted
permitted in
in a
a license distributed with a
license distributed
with a certain
product
or otherwise on
a password-protected
website
or school-approved

learning
management
for classroom
use. ©
certain
product or service
or otherwise
onora service
password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management system
for classroom
use.system
© Larysa
Ray/Shutterstock
Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

3


Coordinating Conjunctions
 Coordinating conjunctions
connect: (1) words, (2) phrases,
and
(3) clauses of equal grammatical
rank
Thiscommon
copier is fast,

simple, and
 Most
coordinating
economical. (Words)
conjunctions:
and, or, but, nor
Should our team meet in the morning
or in the afternoon? (Phrases)
Quality is expected, but service is
even more important. (Clauses)
©
© 2017
2017 Cengage
Cengage Learning®.
Learning®. May
May not
not be
be scanned,
scanned, copied
copied or
or duplicated,
duplicated, or
or posted
posted to
to a
a publicly
publicly accessible
accessible website,
website, in
in whole

whole or
or in
in part,
part, except
except for
for use
use as
as permitted
permitted in
in a
a license distributed with a
license distributed
with a certain
product
or otherwise on
a password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management
for classroom
use. ©
certain
product or service
or otherwise
onora service
password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning

management system
for classroom
use.system
© Larysa
Ray/Shutterstock
Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

4


Coordinating Conjunctions
 Less frequently used coordinating
conjunctions: yet, for, so
Tanya said that she wanted to go, yet
she hasn’t called.
Filling that position will not be easy,
for
few applicants have the necessary
technical skills.
Marcus isn’t feeling well, so he called
in sick.
©
© 2017
2017 Cengage
Cengage Learning®.
Learning®. May
May not
not be
be scanned,
scanned, copied

copied or
or duplicated,
duplicated, or
or posted
posted to
to a
a publicly
publicly accessible
accessible website,
website, in
in whole
whole or
or in
in part,
part, except
except for
for use
use as
as permitted
permitted in
in a
a license distributed with a
license distributed
with a certain
product
or otherwise on
a password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning

management
for classroom
use. ©
certain
product or service
or otherwise
onora service
password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management system
for classroom
use.system
© Larysa
Ray/Shutterstock
Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

5


Coordinating Conjunctions
 As a coordinating conjunction, the
word so should be used only in
informal writing or conversation.
Informal
The parking lot is full, so you may use the street.
Formal
The parking lot is full; therefore, you may use
the street.

Alternative
Although the parking lot is full, you may use the
street.
Alternative
Because the parking lot is full, you may use the
street.
©
© 2017
2017 Cengage
Cengage Learning®.
Learning®. May
May not
not be
be scanned,
scanned, copied
copied or
or duplicated,
duplicated, or
or posted
posted to
to a
a publicly
publicly accessible
accessible website,
website, in
in whole
whole or
or in
in part,
part, except

except for
for use
use as
as permitted
permitted in
in a
a license distributed with a
license distributed
with a certain
product
or otherwise on
a password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management
for classroom
use. ©
certain
product or service
or otherwise
onora service
password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management system
for classroom
use.system
© Larysa

Ray/Shutterstock
Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

6


Phrases and Clauses
 Phrase: a group of related words
WITHOUT a subject and a verb
Kim came to the interview in the
morning.

 Clause: a group of related words
WITH a subject and a verb
When she arrived, she
introduced herself.

©
© 2017
2017 Cengage
Cengage Learning®.
Learning®. May
May not
not be
be scanned,
scanned, copied
copied or
or duplicated,
duplicated, or
or posted

posted to
to a
a publicly
publicly accessible
accessible website,
website, in
in whole
whole or
or in
in part,
part, except
except for
for use
use as
as permitted
permitted in
in a
a license distributed with a
license distributed
with a certain
product
or otherwise on
a password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management
for classroom
use. ©
certain

product or service
or otherwise
onora service
password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management system
for classroom
use.system
© Larysa
Ray/Shutterstock
Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

7


Simple and Compound
Sentences
 Simple sentence: has one
independent clause―that is, one
clause that can stand alone
Each interviewee sent a résumé.

 Compound sentence: has two or
more independent clauses
Kim spent many hours preparing
her résumé, and she practiced her
answers to typical interview
questions.

©
© 2017
2017 Cengage
Cengage Learning®.
Learning®. May
May not
not be
be scanned,
scanned, copied
copied or
or duplicated,
duplicated, or
or posted
posted to
to a
a publicly
publicly accessible
accessible website,
website, in
in whole
whole or
or in
in part,
part, except
except for
for use
use as
as permitted
permitted in
in a

a license distributed with a
license distributed
with a certain
product
or otherwise on
a password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management
for classroom
use. ©
certain
product or service
or otherwise
onora service
password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management system
for classroom
use.system
© Larysa
Ray/Shutterstock
Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

8

Punctuating Compound
Sentences
 When a coordinating conjunction
joins clauses in a compound
sentence, place a comma before the
conjunction.
Kim dressed carefully for her
interview, and she brought extra
copies of her résumé to distribute.

▶ The comma may be omitted if the
entire sentence has fewer than 13
words.
©
© 2017
2017 Cengage
Cengage Learning®.
Learning®. May
May not
not be
be scanned,
scanned, copied
copied or
or duplicated,
duplicated, or
or posted
posted to
to a
a publicly
publicly accessible

accessible website,
website, in
in whole
whole or
or in
in part,
part, except
except for
for use
use as
as permitted
permitted in
in a
a license distributed with a
license distributed
with a certain
product
or otherwise on
a password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management
for classroom
use. ©
certain
product or service
or otherwise
onora service
password-protected

website
or school-approved
learning
management system
for classroom
use.system
© Larysa
Ray/Shutterstock
Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

9


Punctuating Compound
Sentences
 Do NOT use commas when a
coordinating conjunction joins
compound verbs, objects, or
phrases.

We can help you improve your
management skills and enhance your
career within months. (No comma is
needed because the coordinating
conjunction joins verbs.)
You may come to our downtown
headquarters or to one of our suburban
branch offices. (No comma is needed
because the coordinating conjunction
10

joins phrases.)

©
© 2017
2017 Cengage
Cengage Learning®.
Learning®. May
May not
not be
be scanned,
scanned, copied
copied or
or duplicated,
duplicated, or
or posted
posted to
to a
a publicly
publicly accessible
accessible website,
website, in
in whole
whole or
or in
in part,
part, except
except for
for use
use as
as permitted

permitted in
in a
a license distributed with a
license distributed
with a certain
product
or otherwise on
a password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management
for classroom
use. ©
certain
product or service
or otherwise
onora service
password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management system
for classroom
use.system
© Larysa
Ray/Shutterstock
Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

TRY YOUR
SKILL

Insert
commas, if
needed, in
these
sentences.

1. Our engineers are
working on ways to
improve our products
and to continue to save
you
and
money.
Notime
comma
needed
2. We appreciate
, your
interest in our company
and we encourage you
to visit our website for
11
more details.

© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use. ©

certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use. © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock
Larysa Ray/Shutterstock


TRY YOUR
SKILL

Insert
commas, if
needed, in
these
sentences.

3. Wrap your return
carefully and send it
immediately.
No comma needed
4. We can install a system
that meets your
immediate needs or
design a system that
willNogrow
with
your
comma
needed
company.

© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a

license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use. ©
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use. © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock
Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

12


TRY YOUR
SKILL

Which
sentence is
preferable in
formal
writing?

a. All e-mail is
monitored, so be
careful about
what you say.
b. Because all email is
monitored, be
careful about
what you say.

© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use. ©
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use. © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock
Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

13


Conjunctive Adverbs
 Conjunctive adverbs: may also
be used to join equal sentence
elements

also
consequen
tly
even so
for
example
for
instance

hence
however
in fact
likewise
moreov
er
namely

nevertheless
on the other
hand
otherwise

that is
then
therefore

©
© 2017
2017 Cengage
Cengage Learning®.
Learning®. May
May not
not be
be scanned,
scanned, copied
copied or
or duplicated,
duplicated, or
or posted
posted to
to a
a publicly
publicly accessible
accessible website,
website, in
in whole
whole or
or in
in part,
part, except
except for
for use

use as
as permitted
permitted in
in a
a license distributed with a
license distributed
with a certain
product
or otherwise on
a password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management
for classroom
use. ©
certain
product or service
or otherwise
onora service
password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management system
for classroom
use.system
© Larysa
Ray/Shutterstock
Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

14


Using Semicolons With
Conjunctive Adverbs
▶ Semicolons (not commas) are used
before conjunctive adverbs that join
independent clauses.
▶ Commas immediately follow
conjunctive adverbs of two or more
syllables.
Our supply of toner is quite low;
therefore, we must reorder immediately.
First, Debora Holmes was honored; then
Linda Holloway received an award.
©
© 2017
2017 Cengage
Cengage Learning®.
Learning®. May
May not
not be
be scanned,
scanned, copied
copied or
or duplicated,
duplicated, or
or posted
posted to

to a
a publicly
publicly accessible
accessible website,
website, in
in whole
whole or
or in
in part,
part, except
except for
for use
use as
as permitted
permitted in
in a
a license distributed with a
license distributed
with a certain
product
or otherwise on
a password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management
for classroom
use. ©
certain
product or service

or otherwise
onora service
password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management system
for classroom
use.system
© Larysa
Ray/Shutterstock
Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

15


Using Commas With
Parentheticals
▶ Many words that function as conjunctive
adverbs may also serve as
parenthetical (interrupting) adverbs.

▶ Use commas to set off parenthetical
adverbs that interrupt the flow of a
sentence.
We are, therefore, reexamining all print
advertising.
You may, on the contrary, prefer
shopping online.
©

© 2017
2017 Cengage
Cengage Learning®.
Learning®. May
May not
not be
be scanned,
scanned, copied
copied or
or duplicated,
duplicated, or
or posted
posted to
to a
a publicly
publicly accessible
accessible website,
website, in
in whole
whole or
or in
in part,
part, except
except for
for use
use as
as permitted
permitted in
in a
a license distributed with a

license distributed
with a certain
product
or otherwise on
a password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management
for classroom
use. ©
certain
product or service
or otherwise
onora service
password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management system
for classroom
use.system
© Larysa
Ray/Shutterstock
Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

16


Conjunctive Adverbs vs.

Parenthetical Adverbs
How can you tell
the difference
between
conjunctive
adverbs and
parenthetical
adverbs?

Conjunctive
adverbs: join two
clauses
Parenthetical
adverbs: appear
within one clause

©
© 2017
2017 Cengage
Cengage Learning®.
Learning®. May
May not
not be
be scanned,
scanned, copied
copied or
or duplicated,
duplicated, or
or posted
posted to

to a
a publicly
publicly accessible
accessible website,
website, in
in whole
whole or
or in
in part,
part, except
except for
for use
use as
as permitted
permitted in
in a
a license distributed with a
license distributed
with a certain
product
or otherwise on
a password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management
for classroom
use. ©
certain
product or service

or otherwise
onora service
password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management system
for classroom
use.system
© Larysa
Ray/Shutterstock
Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

17


TRY YOUR
SKILL

Insert commas
and
semicolons as
needed in
these
sentences.

1. Brandon made an
excellent ;suggestion
,
however the team did

not give its full
approval.

,

,

2. Team members however
did agree that Brandon
should try his idea in a
small trial.
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use. ©
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use. © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock
Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

18


TRY YOUR
SKILL

Insert commas
and
semicolons as
needed in
these
sentences.

3. Reducing prices can
increase customer
interest on the other
,
hand lower prices may
not increase profits.

;

4. We must produce
quality products
; first
then we must develop
customer awareness.

© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use. ©
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use. © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock
Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

19


TRY YOUR
SKILL

Insert commas
and
semicolons as

needed in
these
sentences.

5. Last winter was very ;
cold ,
in fact it was the coldest
winter on record.

,

6. We experienced as a
result extremely high
heating bills.

© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use. ©
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use. © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock
Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

,

20


LEARNING
OUTCOMES

Level 2

▶ Join unequal sentence
elements using subordinating
conjunctions such as
although, because, if, since,
and when.
▶ Punctuate introductory
dependent, terminal
dependent, parenthetical,
essential, and nonessential
clauses.

© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use. © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

21


Subordinating Conjunctions
 Subordinating conjunctions: join
unequal sentence elements, such as
dependent clauses joined to
independent clauses

after
although
as/as if
because
before

even

though
if
in order
that
since

until
when
where
whether
while

©
© 2017
2017 Cengage
Cengage Learning®.
Learning®. May
May not
not be
be scanned,
scanned, copied
copied or
or duplicated,
duplicated, or
or posted
posted to
to a
a publicly
publicly accessible
accessible website,

website, in
in whole
whole or
or in
in part,
part, except
except for
for use
use as
as permitted
permitted in
in a
a license distributed with a
license distributed
with a certain
product
or otherwise on
a password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management
for classroom
use. ©
certain
product or service
or otherwise
onora service
password-protected
website

or school-approved
learning
management system
for classroom
use.system
© Larysa
Ray/Shutterstock
Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

22


Clauses
Independent
Clauses

Dependent Clauses

Have subjects and
verbs
Make sense by
themselves

Have subjects and
verbs
Depend on other
clauses for the
completion of their
meaning
Can stand as simple Are often introduced by

sentences
subordinating
conjunctions
©
© 2017
2017 Cengage
Cengage Learning®.
Learning®. May
May not
not be
be scanned,
scanned, copied
copied or
or duplicated,
duplicated, or
or posted
posted to
to a
a publicly
publicly accessible
accessible website,
website, in
in whole
whole or
or in
in part,
part, except
except for
for use
use as

as permitted
permitted in
in a
a license distributed with a
license distributed
with a certain
product
or otherwise on
a password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management
for classroom
use. ©
certain
product or service
or otherwise
onora service
password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management system
for classroom
use.system
© Larysa
Ray/Shutterstock
Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

23


Independent and
Dependent Clauses
Unless we hear from you by today, no
materials can be sent.
If you agree to these terms, please sign
the contract.
When you sign the agreement, we can
begin the project.
Please send us your insurance
documents before you arrive for your
appointment.
©
© 2017
2017 Cengage
Cengage Learning®.
Learning®. May
May not
not be
be scanned,
scanned, copied
copied or
or duplicated,
duplicated, or
or posted
posted to
to a
a publicly

publicly accessible
accessible website,
website, in
in whole
whole or
or in
in part,
part, except
except for
for use
use as
as permitted
permitted in
in a
a license distributed with a
license distributed
with a certain
product
or otherwise on
a password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management
for classroom
use. ©
certain
product or service
or otherwise
onora service

password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management system
for classroom
use.system
© Larysa
Ray/Shutterstock
Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

24


Punctuating Sentences
With Dependent Clauses







Introductory
Dependent
Clauses

Terminal
Dependent
Clauses

Parenthetical
Clauses

©
© 2017
2017 Cengage
Cengage Learning®.
Learning®. May
May not
not be
be scanned,
scanned, copied
copied or
or duplicated,
duplicated, or
or posted
posted to
to a
a publicly
publicly accessible
accessible website,
website, in
in whole
whole or
or in
in part,
part, except
except for
for use

use as
as permitted
permitted in
in a
a license distributed with a
license distributed
with a certain
product
or otherwise on
a password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management
for classroom
use. ©
certain
product or service
or otherwise
onora service
password-protected
website
or school-approved
learning
management system
for classroom
use.system
© Larysa
Ray/Shutterstock
Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

25