Pratica design of ships and other floatingstructures volumei

Practical Design of Ships and
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Practical Design of Ships and
Other Floating Structures
Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on
Practical Design of Ships and Other Floating Structures

16 - 21 September 2001
Shanghai, China

Edited by

You-Sheng Wu
China Ship Scientific Research Center,
Wuxi, Jiangsu, China

Wei-Cheng Cui
School of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering,
Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, China

and

Guo-Jun Zhou
China Ship Scientific Research Center,
Wuxi, Jiangsu, China

Volume I

AMSTERDAM

2001
ELSEVIER
- LONDON - NEW YORK - OXFORD - PARIS - SHANNON - TOKYO


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PREFACE
During the last century the science and technology of ships and marine structures experienced
extremely great progress, and thus created the modem shipbuilding, shipping and ocean industries.
The relevant achievements were a part of the driving sources, which changed the whole world and the
society. Among the efforts towards these achievements was the creation of "The First International
Symposium on Practical Design in Shipbuilding" in 1977 in Tokyo. Later on it became a series of
symposia, PRADS as the abbreviation. Last century seven PRADS symposia were held in Tokyo ('77
and '83), Seoul ('83 and '95), Trondheim ('87), Varna ('89), Newcastle ('92) and The Hague ('98).
This proceedings contains the papers presented at "The 8th International Symposium on Practical
Design of Ships and Other Floating Structures" held at Shanghai Everbright Convention & Exhibition
Center, China on 16-21 September 2001. This is the first of the PRADS Symposia in the 21st century.
The overall aim of PRADS symposia is to advance the design of ships and other floating structures
as a professional discipline and science by exchanging knowledge and promoting discussion of

relevant topics in the fields of naval architecture and marine and offshore engineering. Inline with the
aim, in welcoming the new era this Symposium is particularly for an increase in international
cooperation and giving a momentum for the new development of design and production technology of
ships and other floating structures for efficiency, economy, safety, and environmental production.
The main themes of this Symposium are Design Synthesis, Production, Hydrodynamics,
Structures and Materials of Ships and Floating Systems. Proposals for over 270 papers from 26
countries and regions within the themes were received for PRADS '200 I, and about 170 papers were
accepted for presentation at the symposium. With the high quality of the proposed papers the Local
Organizing Committee had a difficult task to make a balanced selection and to control the total number
of papers for fitting into the allocated time schedule approved by the Standing Committee ofPRADS.
Volume I of the proceedings covers the subjects about design synthesis, production and part of
hydrodynamics.
Volume II contains the subjects for the rest of hydrodynamics,
structures and
materials.
On behalf of the Standing Committee of PRADS and the Local Organizing Committee of
PRADS'2001, we would like to thank all the participants for their great contributions to the successful
symposium. The full support from the sponsors, Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering Division of
Chinese Academy of Engineering, Chinese Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, and
Chinese Institute of Navigation are greatly acknowledged. Sincere gratitude is also extended to China
Ship Scientific Research Center, Shanghai liao Tong University and other institutes and shipyards in
China, who have helped the preparation of this Symposium.
You-Sheng Wu
Wei-Cheng Cui
Guo-lun Zhou


VII

These Proceedings of Volumes I and II contain papers presented at the 8th International

Symposium on Practical Design of Ships and Other Floating Structures. The Symposium was held at
the Shanghai Everbright Convention & Exhibition Center in Shanghai, China, on 16-21 September
2001, and organized by:
CAE
CSNAME
CIN

Chinese Academy of Engineering, Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering
Chinese Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers
China Institution of Navigation

These organizations

Division

are represented in the Local Organizing Committee.

The Local Organizing Committee organized the Symposium under supervision of the PRADS's
Standing Committee. The Symposium gained the generous support of many sponsors. They are listed
together with the membership of the committees in the following.
HONORARY ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Mr. Rong-Sheng Wang, President, Chinese Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers
Mr. Xiao-Jin Chen, President, China State Shipbuilding Corporation
Mr. Shan-Xiang Hong, Vice Minister, Ministry of Communications
Mr. Ping- Tao Huang, President, China Shipbuilding Industrial Corporation
Mr. Zai-Kuan Jin, Vice President, China State Shipbuilding Corporation
Mr. Ke-Jun Li, President, China Classification Society
Mr. Zu- Yi Lin, President, China Institute of Navigation
Prof. Dian-Zuo Wang, Vice President, Chinese Academy of Engineering
Mr. Hui Wang, Vice President, China Shipbuilding Industrial Corporation

Mr. Guang-Qin, Zhang, Vice President of Commission of Science,
Technology and Industry for National Defence
PRADS STANDING COMMITTEE
Prof. S. Motora (Honorary Chairman), Previously, Ship and Ocean Foundation, Japan
Prof. You-Sheng Wu (Chairman), China Ship Scientific Research Center, China
Prof. T. Borzecki, Technical University ofGdansk, Poland
Dr. L.L. Buxton, University of Newcastle, UK
Prof. O.M. Faltinsen, The Norwegian Institute of Technology, Norway
Dr. R. Porcari, Italian Ship Research Center, Italy
Prof. J. J. Jensen, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
Prof. H. Kim, Seoul National University, Korea
Dr. D. Liu, American Bureau of Shipping, US.A.
Prof. H. Ohtsubo, University of Tokyo, Japan
Dr. M.W.C. Osterveld (Ex-officio), MARIN, The Netherlands
Prof. H. Petershagen, University of Hamburg, Germany
Dr. S. G. Tan, MARIN, The Netherlands
Prof. Wei-Cheng, Cui (Secretary), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China


viii

PRADS LOCAL ORGANIZING

COMMITTEE

Prof. You-Sheng Wu (Chairman), China Ship Scientific Research Center
Prof. Jian-Xun Lu (Co-Chairman), China Ship Research and Development Academy
Prof. Ze-Liang Chang, Counselor s Office Shanghai Municipality
Mr. Tian-Zu Cheng, Chinese Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineering
Prof. Wei-Cheng Cui (Secretary), Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Prof. Shi- Tang Dong, China Ship Scientific Research Center
Prof. Xiao-Hong Gao, Wuhan University o{Technology
Prof. Ri-Xiu Guo, Naval Engineering University
Prof. You-Sheng He, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Prof. Bing-Han Hsu, China Ship Scientific Research Center
Mr. Ke-Yi Hu, Shanghai Jiang Nan Shipyard
Prof. Sheng Huang, Harbin Engineering University
Prof. Zhuo-Shang Ji, Dalian University of Science and Technology
Mr. Qi-Kang Liang, Marine Design and Research Institute of China
Mr. Zhi-Ping Lu, Shanghai Merchant Ship Design and Research Institute
Mr. Wen-Sun Shen, Dalian New Shipyard
Prof. Zi- Ying Sheng, Shanghai Academy of Science
Mr. Heng- Yuan Wang, Shanghai Hu Dong Shipyard
Prof. Xiu-Heng Wu, Wuhan University of Technology
Prof. Xue- Yan Xu, Marine Design and Research Institute of China
Mr. Heng- Yi Zeng, China Ocean Petroleum Co.
Prof. Bing- Yan Zhang, Marine Design and Research Institute of China
Prof. Sheng-Kun Zhang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Prof. Guo-Jun Zhou (Secretary), China Ship Scientific Research Center
Mr. Zhen-Bo Zhou, Shanghai Corporation of Shipbuilding Industry
Prof. Ying-Fu Zhu, Wuhan Ship Design Institute
PROGRAMME
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.

Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.

COMMITTEE

Ying-Qiu Chen, China Classification Society
Zhu-Shun Dong, Naval Engineering University
Yan-Liang Guo, Marine Design and Research Institute of China
Xiang-Lu Huang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Run-Pei Li, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Guo-Ping Miao, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Hong-Cui Shen, China Ship Scientific Research Center
Zhong-Kun Shi, Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology
Guo-Qiang Wang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Chang-Jian Weng, Wuhan University of Technology
Fei Xia, Wuhan Ship Design Institute
Zuo-Shui Xie, Hua Dong Shipbuilding Institute
Zao-Jian Zou, Wuhan University of Technology


SPONSORS
Chinese Academy of Engineering, Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering Division
Chinese Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers
China Institution of Navigation
Ship Mechanics Committee, CSNAME
China Ship Scientific Research Center
Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Marine Design and Research Institute of China
Wuhan University of Technology
STAFF MEMBERS OF THE SECRETARIAT
Prof. Guo-Jun Zhou, China Ship Scientific Research Center
Mr. Bo-Ling Kang, China Ship Scientific Research Center
Mr. Zhen-Ping Weng, China Ship Scientific Research Center
Mr. Ren-Han Li, Chinese Academy of Engineering
Ms. Wen-Ji Li, China Ship Scientific Research Center
Mr. Xue- Wen Yin, China Ship Scientific Research Center
Ms. Jie Xu, China Ship Scientific Research Center
Ms. Qi-Hua Li, China Ship Scientific Research Center
Ms. Jia- Yu Qian, China Ship Scientific Research Center
Mr. Zheng- Yu Song, China Ship Scientific Research Center


xi

CONTENTS

VOLUME I

Preface

v

PLENARY LECTURES
Maritime Safety Culture and Development of Ship and Offshore Installations Design Standards
in the 21 st Century
Ke-Jun Li

3

Structural Safety of Ships
D. Liu

13

Shipping Industry in the 21 st Century
Jia-Fu Wei

21

1. DESIGN SYNTHESIS FOR SHIPS AND FLOATING SYSTEMS
LIFE CYCLE COST AND SHIPPING SYSTEM
A Consideration of Life Cycle Cost of a Ship
Yasushi Kumakura and Hiroshi Sasajima

29

The Experiment of River-Sea-Going Ore Barge Fleet and Renovation of Existing Integrated Barge
Shun-Huai Chen, Wei Zhang, Jun-Ming Li and Cheng-Fang Wang

37

DESIGN OPTIMISATION
Optimization of a Wave Cancellation Multihull Ship Using CFD Tools
C. Yang, R. Lohner and 0. Sofa

43

A Module-Oriented
Ph. Riga

51

Optimization Tool

The Fine Optimization of Ship Hull Lines in Resistance Performance by Using CFD Approach
L. Xu and YY Wang

59

HULL FORM DESIGN
Parametric Hull Form Design - A Step Towards One Week Ship Design
C. Abf, S.D. Bade, L. Birk and S. Harries

67

Mission Based Hydrodynamic Design of a Hydrographic Survey Vessel
s.L. Toxopeus, PF van Terwisga and c.H. Thill

75

Hull Form Design of a Passenger Catamaran for Operation in the Yellow Sea Region
Seung-Hee Lee, Young-Gill Lee and Jae Wook Lee

83


xii

Hull Form Design of Cargo Ship in Shallow and Strong Current Waterways
Li-Zheng Wang and Long-Fei Xi

91

NOVEL SHIP CONCEPTS - HIGH SPEED VESSELS
The Impact Load of Wing-in-Ground-Effect Craft in Waves and Application of Hydro-Ski
Zu-Shun Dong, Xiao-Peng Gao and Wei Sun
Conceptual Design of Very Large-Size Super-High-Speed
Keh-Sik Min, Seon-Hyung Kang and Oi-Hyun Kim

97

Foil Catamaran Containership

105

A Practical Application of Air Lubrication on a Small High Speed Boat
Jinho Jang, II Jun Ahn, Jaesung Kim, Jung-Chun Suh, Hyochul Kim, Seung-Hee Lee and Museok Song

113

The Hybrid Hydrofoil Stepped Hull
B. Duffty and C.D Barry

119

NOVEL SHIP CONCEPTS - TRIMARAN
The Design of Trimaran Ships: General Review and Practical Structural Analysis

T Coppola and M Mandarino
Calm Water Experimental Research on Geosims of High Speed Trimaran: Hydrodynamic
and Model-Ship Correlation
E. Begovic, C. Bertorello and P Cassella

127

Characteristics
135

Trimaran Model Test Results and Comparison with Different High Speed Craft
C. Bertorello, D. Bruzzone, P Cassella and 1. Zotti

143

Hull Form Development and Powering Performance Characteristics for a 2,500 Ton Class Trimaran
Kuk-Jin Kang, Chun-Ju Lee and Do-Hyun Kim

151

FLOATING PRODUCTION
Design Recommendations
1. Lotsberg

SYSTEMS

from the FPSO - Fatigue Capacity liP

159

Design ofFPSOs Based on Maneuvering Stability
G.B. Matter, JS Sales Jr. and SH. Sphaier

167

Extreme Response and Fatigue Damage of Ship-Shaped FPSO
Chun-Tian Zhao, Yong Bai and Yung Shin

175

VERY LARGE FLOATING STRUCTURES

(I)

An Investigation into Wave Induced Drift Forces and Motions of Very Large Floating Structures
N. Ma, T Hirayama and K. Ishikawa

187

A Study on the Horizontally Dynamic Behavior of a VLFS Supported with Dolphins
Hao Liu, Hiroo Okada, Takashi Tsubogo and Ko}i Masaoka

197

Experimental Study on the Hydroelastic Response Characteristics of a Pontoon Type Floating Structure
TY Chung, JH. Chung, SY Hong and YJ Ji

205

VERY LARGE FLOATING STRUCTURES

(II)

Simulation Study on Coastal Ecosystem Around a Very Large Floating Structure in Tokyo Bay
- --.- .- - ~

213


xiii

Effects of a Draft on Hydroelastic Responses of a Pontoon Type Very Large Floating Structure
H Maeda, T [koma, C.K Rheem and M Arita

221

A Study on Deck Wetness and Slamming of Very Large Floating Structures
Hyunkyoung Shin, Ho-Young Lee, Choon-Gyu Lim, Jeom-Moon Kang, Oi-Hyun Kim and
Myung-Cheol Yoon

229

SAFETY ASSESSMENT
Probabilistic Analysis Tools for Surface Ships Under Seaway and Extreme Dynamic Loads
YJ Loo and PE. Hess

237

Comprehensive Fuzzy Approach in Hazard Identification of Formal Safety Assessment (FSA)
Ying-Qiu Chen and Shao-Fen Lin

245

Estimating the Risk of Cargo Shifting in Waves - Methodology and Results
A. Ryrfeldt and T Kdllstam

253

DESIGN PRINCIPLE AND CRITERIA
Ship Design Using Probabilistic Damage Stability Rules - A Sensitivity Study
P.H Lauridsen, JJ Jensen and J Baatrup
Integration of First-Principle Approaches to Design for Damage Survivability
D. Konovessis and D. Vassalos

261

269
",

Rational Design Criteria and Their Application to Hull Form Optimisation of Floating Systems in
Random Seas
I. Birk and G.F Clauss

275

DESIGN METHODS
The Application of a Decomposition
K. G. Tan and P. Sen
Evaluating Design for Upgradeability:
II. Buxton and G.H Stephenson

and Reuse Approach in Marine Design

285

A Simulation Based Approach for Ships and Marine Products

293

Model-Based Simulation for Container Loading / Unloading
Soon-Sup Lee, Jong-Kap Lee and Hong- Tae Kim

301

Research on 3D-Layout Design of Ship Compartment Based on CBR
Jun-Hua Li, Ying-Fu Zhu, Wen- Ye Ying and Jun Lu

309

Development of a Sophisticated Hull Form CAD System 'EzHULL' Based on a Non-Manifold
and 'X-topology'
Kyu-Yeul Lee, Joong-Hyun Rhim, Sang-Uk Lee, Doo-Yeoun Cho and Young-Bok Choi

MARINE STRUCTURAL

Model
315

DESIGN

A Design Modification of VLCC with Wide Web Frame Space
Jae-Hyung Park, Chang-Hwan Jang and Joo-Ho Heo

323

Optimization of the Design of Ship Structures Using Response Surface Methodology
M Arai and T Shimizu

331


xiv

APPLICATION

OF INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY

A Study on an Information System of Damages of Ship Structures
Y Kawamura, T Seki, T Sakuragi and Y Sumi

34]

Bayesian and Neural Networks for Preliminary Ship Design
HE. Clausen, M Lutzen, A. Friis-Hansen and N. Bjerneboe

349

2. PRODUCTION

DEVELOPMENT

IN PRODUCTION

TECHNOLOGY

Innovation in Ship Production: What Can We Expect?
H Wilckens

359

New Production System for Vessels of Composite Materials Using an Adjustable Mould
Jong Oh Kwon, Jaesung Kim, Jung Chun Suh, Hyochul Kim, Seung Hee Lee, Young Gill Lee,
Kisung Kim, Jae Wook Lee, Jae Moon Lew, Sanghong Lee, Jae Kyu Lee, Dae Sun Kang and
Duk Soo Chung

367

Mobile Agent Based Supply Chain Management in Shipbuilding Industry
Jing-Yun Cheng, Bei Lu and Sheng-Kun Zhang

373

Energy and Environment Dimension in Ship Manufacturing Processes
MA. Shama

381

FABRICATION MECHANICS
Study on Heat Transfer Between Gas Flame and Plate During Line-Heating Process

Y Tomita, N. Osawa, K. Hashimoto, N. Shinkai, J Sawamura and K. Matsuoka

389

Study on the Process Technology of Line Heat Forming of Hull Fabrication
Yujun Liu, Zhuoshang Ji, Dong Wang and Yanping Deng

397

Numerical Simulation of Welding Distortions in Large Steel Structures
L.F. Andersen

403

3. HYDROMECHANICS
COMPUTATIONAL

FLUID DYNAMICS - FLOW SIMULATION

Simulation of Viscous Flow of Modem Surface Ships Using the FINFLO RANS Solver
Ting-Qiu Li and J Matusiak

413

Viscous Flow Around Rotating Ships
C. Levi and JB. V Wanderley

421

Numerical Simulation of Flows over Underwater Axisymmetric Bodies with Full Appendages

Zhen- Yu Huang and Lian-Di Zhou

429

Viscous Flow Calculations Used for Dredger Design
M Hoekstra, A. de Jager and HH Valkhof

437

Fully Non-linear Wave Computations

445

for Arbitrary Floating Bodies Using the DELTA Method


xv

COMPUTATIONAL

FLUID DYNAMICS - ENVIRONMENT

Flow Behavior Around Tandem Oil Fences
Dong Gi Han, Choung M Lee and Sang J Lee

451

A CFD-Based Parametric Study on the Smoke Behaviour of a Typical Merchant Ship
Eunseok Jin, Jaedon Yoon and Yongsoo Kim

459

Application ofCFD to Assessment and Design of the Air-Ventilation
Holds of Container Carriers
Bong Jun Chang

System in the Reefer Container
467

RESISTANCE
Wash and Wave Resistance of Ships in Finite Water Depth
Qinzheng Yang, o.M Faltinsen and Rong Zhao
On Scale Effect of the Resistance Due to Stem Waves Including Forward-Oriented
Just Behind a Transom Stem
T Yamano, Y Kusunoki, F. Kuratani, T lkebuchi and I Funeno

475

Wave Breaking

Numerical and Experimental Evaluation of the Hull Characteristics of Two-Semi-Displacement
Fast Monohulls
CMP Sampaio, K. Nishimoto, CH Miyagi, K. Hirata and I Miwa

485

493

Empirical Prediction of Ship Resistance and Wetted Surface Area Using Artificial Neural Networks
K. Koushan

501

A New Method for Resistance and Propulsion Prediction of Ship Performance in Shallow Water
T Jiang

509

Lower Frictional Resistance Characteristics of Foul Release Systems
M Candries, M Atlar, A. Guerrero and CD. Anderson

517

PERFORMANCE
Evaluation and Computer Program on the Speed Trial Analysis Method of the Ongoing Work in ISO/TC8
Eun-Chan Kim, Hyun-Se Yoon, Sa-Young Hong and Yoon-Rak Choi

525

A Test Procedure and Evaluation Method for Seakeeping Trials with Address to Broaching-To
O. Lundbdck

533

Experimental Investigation of Bank Effects under Extreme Conditions
D.-Q. Li, M Leer-Andersen, P. Ottosson and P Trdgardh

541

SEAKEEPING

AND RINGING

Effects of Different Three Dimensional Formulations on the Seakeeping Computations of High Speed Hulls
D. Bruzzone, P Gualeni and L. Sebastiani

547

Measurement of Ship Motion During Model Tests and Full Scale Seakeeping Trials
Nan Xie, Guo-Liang Qian, Huan-Qiu Gao and Na-Xin Wei

555

Developing Seakeeping Performance Criteria for a Helicopter Pilot Training Vessel
P Crossland and MC Johnson

563


xvi

Dynamic Behaviour of Rigid Mono- and Multi-Hulled Vessels in Waves, Incorporating Non-Linear
Excitation
PA. Bailey, E.J Ballard and P Temarel

57]

Time-Domain
in Waves
K. Garme

579

Simulations and Measurements

of Loads and Motions of Planning High-Speed Craft

Analysis of Ringing by Continuous Wavelet Transform
SH. Kwon, HS. Lee, JS. Park, MK. Ha and YJ Kim

587

DECK WETNESS AND IMPACT
Green Sea and Water Impact on FPSO in Steep Random Waves
C.T Stansberg and S.f Karlsen

593

Long Term Prediction Method of Shipping Water Load for Assessment of the Bow Height
Y Ogawa, H Taguchi, f Watanabe and S. Ishida

603

A Practical Design Tool for Wave Impact on Bow and Deck Structures
0. Hellan, JR. HojJ and e. T Stansberg

6] I

SLAMMING AND SLOSHING
Wave Impact on Decks of Floating Platforms

R. Baarholm, OM Faltinsen and K. Herjjord

62]

Impact Pressure Analysis on High-Speed Craft in Waves, through FE-AnaJysis on Full-Scale and Model
Measurement Data
A. Rosen

629

Assessment of Sloshing Loads for Tankers
P.e. Sames and T£ Schellin

637

MANOEUVRABILITY

- COMPUTATION AND SIMULATION

Prediction of Hydrodynamic Forces Acting on Ship Hull in Oblique and Turning Motions by a Simple
Surface Panel Method
K. Nakatake, T Sekiguchi and J Ando

645

A Numerical Study on Viscous Flow About a Ship in Manoeuvring Motion
Xie-Dong Zhang and Xiu-Heng Wu

651

Simulation of the Propulsion System Behaviour During Ship Standard Manoeuvres
S. Brizzolara and M Figari

657

G. Benvenuto,

MANOEUVRABILITY
Experimental Study on the Maneuverability for a Wide Beam New Suezmax Class Tanker
Heung-Won Seo, Tae-II Lee and Seung-Myun Hwangbo

665

On Steady Horizontal Forces and Moment Due to Short Waves Acting on Ships in Manoeuvring Motion
M Ueno, T Nimura, H Miyazaki and K. Nonaka

67]

An Empirical Formula for Steering Gear Torque of Tankers with a Horn Rudder
D.l Son, JH Ahn and K.P Rhee

679


xvii

VOLUME

II

Preface

v

3. HYDROMECHANICS (continued)
PROPULSOR

AND PROPULSION

Propeller Design and Analysis System Using an Object-Oriented
Chang-Sup Lee and Chung-Ho Cho

Database in Windows Environment

A Propeller Design Method with New Blade Section for Improving Cavitation Inception Under
Unsteady Condition
Wei-Xin Zhou, You-Hua Wu and Shi-Tang Dong

685

693

An Optimisation Method Based on Hilbert Space Theory for Design of Marine Propellers and Hull Form
TS Jang, T Kinoshita and T Hino

699

Numerical Analysis of Cavitating Propellers Including Viscous Flow Effects
F Salvatore and PG. Esposito

705

Propeller Design Based on Surface Panel Method by Prescribed Pressure Distribution
Ting-Shou Tan

713

CFD-Based Optimization of Tanker Stern Form - Minimization of Delivered Horsepower Using
Self-Propulsion Simulator
Y Tahara, J Ando and Y Himeno
Numerical and Experimental
R. Zhao

Studies of Ducted Propeller

719

725

Design of Cavitating Propellers by Lifting Surface Theory
Guo-Qiang Wang and Chen-Jun Yang

733

Prediction of Transient Loading on a Propeller from an Approaching Ice Block
P Liu, B. Colbourne and Chin Shin

741

PODDED DRIVES

Investigations of Podded Drives in a Large Cavitation Tunnel
J Friesch

749

Triple Pod Propulsion in the World's Largest Ever Cruise Liner
R. Hdmdldinen and J van Heerd

757

Hydrodynamic
R. Lepeix

767

Trends in Hull Lines of Podded Driven Large Cruise Vessels

HULL-PROPULSOR-APPENDAGES

INTERACTION

Simulating the Self-Propulsion Test by a Coupled Viscous/Potential
SK. Chou, e.y Hsin, S W Chau and we. Chen

Flow Computation

Numerical Computation of Ship's Effective Wake and Its Validation in Large Cavitation Tunnel
J W Park, JJ Kim, D.S Kong and JM Lew

777

785


xviii

Wake Fields Prediction on the Propeller Plane by Neural Network
N./ Shin and SM Hwangbo

791

Effect of Vertical Pre-Swirl Stator Vanes on the Propulsion Performance of a 300K Class VLCC
Jiman Yang, Kihyun Park, Kwang Kim, Jungchun Suh, Hyochul Kim, Seunghee Lee, Jungjoong Kim and
Hyoungtae Kim

799

Development and Experimental Study of a Novel Submarine Guide Vane Propeller System
Hui-Zhi Yao and Hong-Cui Shen

807

EXPERIMENTAL

TECHNIQUES

Development and Application ofa High Speed Video System in HSVA's Large Cavitation Tunnel HYKAT
C Johannsen

815

Uncertainty Analysis of Towing Test
Mo-Qin He, Hong-Cui Shen and Shu-Long He

823

Transient Flooding in a Damaged Ferry
.1M Riola and.l Valle

831

4. STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS
WAVE INDUCED LOADS AND RESPONSES
Prediction of Wave-Induced Rolling Responses by a Time-domain Strip Theory
Zhao-Hui Wang, .1.1 Jensen and Jin-Zhu Xia
Methods to Reduce the Effects oflrregular Frequencies in Hydrodynamic Analysis of Vessels with
Forward Speed
S-X Du, D.A. Hudson, WG. Price and P Temarel

839

847

The Effects of Forward Speed on Hydrodynamic Pressure and Structural Response of Ships in Waves
Chih-Chung Fang, Hua-Tung Wu, Hoi-Sang Chan and Chung-Yung Lu

857

Ship Motions and Sea Loads by a 3D Rankin Panel Method
Li Xu, Wei-Xing Zhang, Chen-Bi Zhao, Fa-Yan Xu and You-Fang Chen

865

EXTREME WAVE LOADS
Experiment on Extreme Wave Loads of a Flexible Ship Model
Rui-Zhang Chen, Shuang-Xing Du, You-Sheng Wu, Ji-Ru Lin, Jia-Jun Hu and Ya-Lin Yue

871

Estimation of Nonlinear Long-Term Extremes of the Vertical Bending Moments in Ships
G.S Baarholm and T. Moan

879

A Direct Calculation Approach of Determining Extreme Combined Bending Moments for Fast Fine
Form Ships
Xue-Kang Gu and Jin-Wei Shen

887

HYDROELASTICITY
Flutter of Hydrofoil in Viscous Field
Can Sima, Xiao-Ci Zhang and You-Sheng Wu

895

Symmetric and Antisymmetric Hydroelastic Analysis of a Bulker in Waves
SE. Hirdaris, WG. Price and P Temarel

903

xix

Hydroelastic Model for Bottom Slamming
A. Bereznitski and V Postnov

911

Hydrodynamic
Gang Wang

Impulsive Loads Acting on Ship-Hull Plates

919

Risk Analysis Applied to Occurrence of Maximum Wave Bending Moment
EA. Dahle, D. Myrhaug and H T. Wist

925

Fuzzy Reliability Analysis of a Ship Longitudinal Strength
JM Yang and J Y Huang

931

Reliability-Based Requalification
T. Moan and o.r Vardal

939

RELIABILITY

of Existing Offshore Platforms

Deterministic and Probabilistic Assessment ofFPSO Hull Girder Strength
A. Incecik and Y Pu

947

Consistent Code Formulation for Ship Structural Design
A.E. Mansour, JS. Spencer, PH Wirsching, JE McGovney and D.D. Tarman

955

Reliability of Stiffened Ship Decks
K. Rajagopalan

965

ULTIMATE STRENGTH - SENSITIVITY
Total Analysis System for Ship Structural Strength
T Yoneya, H Kobayashi, M Abdul Rahim, Y Sasaki and M Irisawa
Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analyses in the Predicted Critical Buckling Strength of a Longitudinally
Stiffened Sub-Panel
Wei-Cheng Cui, Li-Juan Shi and Jin-Fei Zhang
Sensitivity Analysis on Ultimate Hull Bending Moment
Ph. Rigo, C. Toderan and T Yao

971

979

987

ULTIMATE STRENGTH - HULL GIRDER
Assessment of Ultimate Longitudinal Strength of Aged Tankers
A. Ikeda, r Yao, O. Kitamura, N. Yamamoto, M Yoneda and H Ohtsubo
Ultimate Strength and Reliability Assessment for the Ship Hull Girders Used in ISSC-2000
Benchmark Study
Hai-Hong Sun and Yong Bai
An Assessment of the Ultimate Plastic Strength of the Ship's Aged Hulls
G. V Egorov and V V Kozlyakov

997

1005

1013

ULTIMATE STRENGTH - STIFFENED PLATES AND SHELLS
A New Design Model for Ultimate and Buckling Strength Assessment of Stiffened Plates
E Steen, T.K. 0stvo!d and S. Valsgard

1021

Ultimate Strength of Longitudinally Stiffened Panels: Multi-Criteria Comparative Analysis
JY Pradillon, T Quesnel, C. Toderan and Ph. Rigo

1029

xx

Ultimate Strength of Submersible Structures
I.P Pasqualino and SF Estefen

FATIGUE ASSESSMENT

1037

AND DESIGN

A Report on Fatigue Failure of a Highly Skewed Fixed Pitch Propeller
Hochung Kim, Keunjae Kim, Sungpyo Kim and Moonchan Kim

1045

Fatigue Analysis of Aluminium Box-Stiffener Lap Joints by Nominal, Structural and Notch Stress
Range Approaches
Naiquan Ye, T Moan and B. W Tveiten

1053

Fatigue Strength Assessment of Cruciform Joints
W Fricke and R. Wernicke

106 I

Fatigue Strength Assessment of Hull Details for an FPSO

S Berge, A. Johansen and I.G. Bjorheim

107 I

Evaluation of Simplified Prediction Method of Stress Response Function From the Viewpoint of
Fatigue Strength Analysis ofa Ship
T Fukasawa, K. Hashimoto and Y Tomita

1081

Combination of Fatigue Damages Produced by Several Wave-Induced Loads Based on Correlatioo
Coefficient Method
H Kawabe and K. Shibazaki

1089

Fatigue Analysis of an Aged Jack-up Platfonn Structure Refitted to Cantilever-Beam
Wu Nie, Yu-Wu Sun and Li-Ping Sun

Type

1097

FATIGUE STRENGTH - VARIOUS FACTORS
Analysis of Three-Dimensional Cracks in Ship Structures Subjected to an Arbitrary Loading by
Numerical Weight Function Method
YSumi

1105

Effect of Mean Stress Changes on the Fatigue Strength of Spectrum Loaded Welds
G.B. Marquis and TPJ Mikkola

I I 13

A New Look at the Effect of Bandwidth and Non-Normality
Lei Yu, PK. Das and ND.P Barltrop

1121

on Fatigue Damage

FATIGUE TESTS
An Experimental Investigation on Fatigue Behavior of Inverted Angle and T-Type Side Lorogih.d;.....L.
in Tankers
Jinsoo Park, Kuk Bin Kim, Wha Soo Kim and Doe Hyun Kim

1129

Fatigue Behaviour of Different Bracket Connections
H Paetzold, 0. Doerk and H Kierkegaard

1137

Fatigue Tests on Large Scale Knuckle Specimens
D.D. Dijkstra, G. TM Janssen and J WI. Ludolphy

1145

FATIGUE CONTROL

The Pre-Fabricated
S V Petinov

Hull Details for Application in Design and Repair

1153


xxi

Fatigue Strength of Load-Carrying Box Fillet Weldment in Ship Structure
Wha Soo Kim, Doe Hyun Kim, Sang Gab Lee and Yoon Ki Lee

] 161

VIBRATION AND NOISE
A VBAR Model to Identify the Dynamic Characteristics
C.F Hung, YT Peng and WJ Ko

of Marine Structures

] 169

Vibration Analysis Method of Ship Structures in the Medium Frequency Domain
F. Besnier, G. Bechepay, Y Mavrakakis and M Ferry

] 177

A New Method for Determining Acoustic Added Mass and Damping Coefficients of Fluid-Structure
Interaction

Q. Zhou, W Zhang and FF Joseph

] ] 85

Vibration Prediction of Rectangular Tank Structures
Y. Takeda

1197

Influence of Journal Bearing Modelling Method on Shaft Line Alignment and Whirling Vibrations
1. Murawski

1205

VIBRATION CONTROL
Experimental Studies on Resistance Reduction and Vibration Reduction by Bubbly Layer
Wen-Cai Dong, Fan Wu, Yun-Xiang Zhu and Ri-Xiu Guo

1213

Application of Higher Order Balancer to Control the Superstructure Vibration of a Container Ship
Soo-Mok Lee, Won-Hyun Kim and Kyoon- Yang Chung

1221

NON-LINEAR

DYNAMICS

Nonlinear Dynamics of Towed Underwater Vehicles - Numerical Modelling and Experimental Validation

G.F Clauss and M Vannahme

]227

Vortex-Induced Vibration of Two Dimensional Wing-Spring Coupled System
Zhi-Xing Yu, Ying-Zhong Liu and Guo-Ping Miao

1237

FIRE AND BLAST
Fire Risk Analysis and Its Application to Ships
M Dogliani and A. Vergine
The Characteristic Analysis of Marine Fire Spread Phenomena with Multi-Equations
Safety Design
Nobuyoshi Fukuchi and Changhong Hu

1243

System for Fire
1253

Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics in the Fire Safety Design of Marine Systems
Changhong Hu and Nobuyoshi Fukuchi

]261

An Examination of Some Structural Limit States for Hydrocarbon Explosions
FA. Frieze, R.B. Corr, R.o.. Snell and VNY Tam

]269

COLLISION AND GROUNDING
Design Against Minor Impacts
M Liitzen and P. T. Pedersen

]277

Experimental Study on the Buffer Bow Structures
H. Endo, Y Yamada and 0. Kitamura

1285


xxii

Calculation of Collisions with the Aid of Linear FE Models
E. Lehmann, E.D. Egge, M Scharrer and 1. Zhang

1293

COLLISION AND EXPLOSION
A Simplified Internal and External Mechanics Model for Ships' Collision
K. Suzuki, H Ohtsubo and K.s. Sajit

1301

Numerical Simulation of Ship-Submarine
R. Donner, F Besnier and H Le Sourne

1309

Collisions

Fluid Mesh Modeling on Surface Ship Shock Response Under Underwater Explosion
Sang-Gab Lee, Jeong-II Kwon and Jung-Hoon Chung

APPLICATION

1315
•

OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Weight Reduction in Sandwich Structures by Use of Curved Panels
C. Berggreen and B. C. Simonsen

1323

Use of Large-Deflection Theories for Design of FRP Panels
B. Hayman, MJ Larsen, D. McGeorge and P. Noury

1331

Design of Tee Connections in FRP Ships Using an Analytical Approach
R.A. Shenoi and W Wang

1339

MISCELLANEOUS
History of PRADS

M Mano

1345

AUTHOR INDEX

II

KEYWORD INDEX

17


PLENARY LECTURES


Practical Design of Ships and Other Floating Structures
You-Sheng Wu, We i-Cheng Cui and Guo-Jun Zhou (Eds)
© 200] Elsevier Science Ltd. AU rights reserved

3

MARITIME SAFETY CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT
OF SHIP AND OFFSHORE INSTALLATIONS DESIGN STANDARDS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Ke-Jun Li
China Classification Society (CCS)
40 Dong Huang Cheng Gen Nan Jie, Beijing 100006, China

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the development of safety culture and ship & offshore installation design standards.
It is based on the demand of the development of ship, offshore engineering technology in 21st century
and introduces a new design concept - safety, environmental protection and economy. It also briefly
introduces what China Classification Society has achieved in this respect.

KEYWORDS
Maritime Safety Culture, Design Standards, Ship & Offshore installation

1

INTRODUCTION

Since mid seventeenth century when class came into existence, classification societies have been
making every effort to prevent safety at sea and marine environmental protection. With the
development of scientific technology and ship & offshore installations design standards, new
technologies have been woven into class rules.
For the past half century, conventional technology has been challenged by information technology.
Rule-making and survey which are carried out by class has changed radically. The challenges becomes
even greater with ships becoming bigger, transportation becoming specialized.
With all these developments, design technology has undergone great change. In order for shipbuilders
to obtain greater profit, systematic and standardized ship & equipment design has become increasingly


4

important. In addition to safety requirement, there are increasing demand from shipping companies for
operability and economy, which poses challenge to design technology.
The International Association of Classification Societies (lACS) has been working hard in this respect
and set up new standards regarding ro/ro ships, bulk carriers, tankers and materials application. lACS

is playing a significant role in reducing maritime disasters. Some of its technical standards have been
incorporated into the mandatory requirements of the International Maritime Organizations(IMO).
In 1999, IMO decided, as part of its safety objective for the new millenium (w. O'neil, 1999), to take
effective measures to identify at an early stage the factors affecting maritime safety, which is one of the
most far-reaching policies ever established since mid 90s in 20th century.
This means that Formal
Safety Assessment (FSA) will be adopted as a methodology to assess rule-making process in the areas
to which IMO attaches great importance. The key of FSA is to carry out risk assessment and
management to human element, ship type, especially passenger ships including high -speed crafts,
bulk carriers and tankers. IMO is endeavoring to increase the awareness of safety culture and
environmental protection, not to make new rules but improve the implementation of the existing rules.
IMO's endeavor has been firmly supported among shipping industries. An effective way towards
better implementation is to have dialogue with the experts from classification societies. The focus of
discussions is as follows:

-

-

How to define substandard ship
How to reduce maritime accidents arising from the fact that new construction of bulk carriers
engaged in unrestricted navigation areas is slowing down and existing bulk carriers that
cannot be alternated are in poor condition.
Shipbuilders adopt class rules as minimum construction standards to reduce costs while cost
will increase once ship owners raise the standards.
Absence of unified loading manual.
Upon delivery of vessels, the scope of application such as sea condition restrictions, corrosive
environment, is not in line with the requirements of ship owners
Absence of powerful computer software designed for loading/unloading operations
Whether and how can class be involved in the safety guarantee and conditions of delivered

vessels provided by shipbuilders.
How to solve the inconsistency between corrosion margin and reduction of structural
scantlings resulting from direct calculation.
How to solve the decrease of structural fatigue strength as a result of new design approach.
Ballast exchange and induced cracks

Insurers are also concerned when facing such serious situation (M. Marshell, 1999). The International
Underwriting Association (IUA) put forward its definition of substandard ships. "Substandard" cannot
be defined by degree of compliance with rules and regulations. "Substandard" is the status of the ship
that poses threat to safety. To be specific, it includes the following implications:

-

the events leading to accidents or vessels failing to survive harsh environment
seas.
the events deteriorating accidents if happens.

such as heavy


5

Substandard is a comprehensive

concept. Some even propose a four "M" definition:

Metal: improper design leading to poor working environment such as improper use of high
tensile steel, which result in vibration and noise.
Machinery: technical status of main engine and shafting
Men: technical competence, training and health (including mental health) of seafarers

Management: all parties involved in maritime safety, including shipping companies, ships.
Therefore, substandard is not only applicable to ships, but also to flags, port states, class, shipping
companies, seafarers and technical factors including ship type, age, and economic elements. Today, it
is not justifiable to blame one single party for an accident.
All the above-mentioned
organizations,
together with insurers,
P&I(Premium&Indemnity),
shipbuilders, cargo owners, charterers, maritime courts, maritime arbitration organizations, banks,
training institutes, link up the maritime safety chain. All the interrelating
partners must fulfil their
share in maritime safety.
Maritime safety culture replaces the traditional safety concept. Today maritime safety and
environmental protection are associated with ship's quality, shipping quality, the condition of waters,
maritime biology, resource recycling, risk (assessment) management and investment, and associated
with the responsibilities of everybody involved. The concept of safety culture has been incorporated
into design standards of ships and offshore installations.
This paper will further illustrate the interrelationships
between
development of ship and offshore installations design standards.

2 ACCIDENT AND CASUALTIES - THE DRIVING
ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION
STANDARDS

FORCE

maritime

safety

TO IMPROVE

culture

SAFETY

and

AND

In shipping history, people had not paid much attention to maritime safety for centuries until Titanic
disaster.
Today, great changes have taken place in maritime world. The international maritime industry does not
tolerate loss of vessels, offshore installations, loss of life and damage to the marine environment. In the
past ten years, a large number of international conventions, regulations have come into force after all
the accidents. There are too many conventions and IMO has decided to shift its focus from making
new rules to implementation of existing rules.
Lesson has been learnt from the loss of over 100 bulk carriers and 500 seafarers in 1990's. Improper
design, irregular loading, untimely maintenance and pursuit of nothing but commercial interests will
lead to accidents.
Lessons have been learnt trom the loss of Estonia in Baltic sea in 1995 that aside from improving bow
and stern door structure, great attention should be paid to the monitoring and management system of a


6

vessel.
Lessons have been learnt from the losses of Leader L and Erika in recent years that ships under poor

maintenance will pose great threat to safety at sea and marine environmental protection.
Statistics show that 80% of marine accidents are caused by human elements, which has been widely
accepted among the maritime world.
Maritime safety chain provides a sound base for prevention of marine accidents. To ensure chain is
working well, efforts must be make in all associated areas, such as ship and offshore installation design
standard, quality assurance audit, management
of maritime administrations
and recognized
organizations, training and examination of seafarers. Regional PSC MOD (Port State Control
Memorandum) has also played an active role in promoting maritime safety and environmental
protection.
Ship age is another key element leading to marine accidents. Therefore, safety control of ships within
her life span is put on the top of the agenda. There is detailed analysis of the age of the world fleet as
follows.
The youngest fleet is container fleet, 50% of which are under 5 years of age. Bulk carrier fleet is older,
30% of which are under 5 years and the average age is below that of the total world fleet. General
cargo ship fleet comes last, 7% of which are under 10 years of age and only 2% under 5 years. This
implies that general cargo fleet is shrinking and will be gradually replaced by containers including
semi-containerships
and multi-purpose vessels. The same thing happens to refrigerator ships. More
seriously, world passenger ships are aging rapidly, 44.3% of which are above 25 years. Although there
have been new constructions in the near decade, however the situation can not be changed quickly.
To solve the above problems, actions must be taken in two aspects. One is that new construction
standards should be reviewed and improved, such as requirements for tanker to have double hull, and
requirements regarding longitudinal strength, local strength including transverse bulkhead and double
bottom, bow/stern door of ro/ro ships. The other is to review the technical status of existing ships
including survey scheme and inspection method. Due to the implementation of IMO resolutions
concerning transverse bulkhead between No.1 and N02 holds and new strength requirements for
double bottom of No. 1 hold of bulk carriers, bulk carrier losses have been drastically reduced.
Requirements for longitudinal strength and fatigue strength of tankers are under review. Enhanced

Survey Program (ESP) of bulk carriers and tanker as well as Condition Assessment Scheme (CSA) to
tankers will come into force shortly. The revised 13G of MARPOL will lead to the fact that a large
number of tankers will be phased out.
It is true that any accidents will bring about the improvement of ship and offshore installation safety
standards, design standards and management. Accidents are the driving force of better safety and
environmental protection standards.