scientific research: Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 4
1.1. Rationale ........................................................................................................... 4
1.2. Aims of the study .............................................................................................. 4
1.3. Research question ............................................................................................. 5
1.4. Scope of the study ............................................................................................. 5
1.5. Methods of the study ......................................................................................... 5
1.6. Overview of the study ....................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................... 7
2.1. Previous studies and related documents ........................................................... 7
2.2. The theories and term of study.......................................................................... 8
2.3. Theory of study ................................................................................................. 9
CHAPTER III: THE STUDY ............................................................................. 11
3.1. Data description .............................................................................................. 11
3.1.1. Research topics ............................................................................................ 11
3.1.2. Methods in this study.................................................................................... 11
3.2. Analysis of the data ......................................................................................... 12
3.2.1. Introduction about connecting conjunction in English ............................... 12
3.2.1.1. Definition................................................................................................... 12
3.2.1.2. Two basic functions of conjunctions:........................................................ 13
3.2.1.3. Location of conjunctions in English ......................................................... 13
3.2.1.4. Types of conjunction ................................................................................. 14
3.2.1.5. The connecting conjunctions In Vietnamese ............................................. 17
3.2.1.6. The comparison about equivalent of connecting in English and
Vietnamese sentences ............................................................................................. 18
3.3. The result of study........................................................................................... 18
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Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

3.4. The conclusion of study .................................................................................. 18
CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................... 20
4.1. Conclusion....................................................................................................... 20
4.2. Recommendations and solutions..................................................................... 21
4.2.1. As for the teaching staff ............................................................................... 21
4.2.2. As for the students ........................................................................................ 21
4.2.3. As for the translation work .......................................................................... 21
4.3. Suggestions for further research ..................................................................... 22
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 23

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Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

ABSTRACT

Nowadays, English plays a key role in everyday life communication as well as in
exchange of ideas in terms of culture, society, economy, politics and business all
over the world. As a result, we need to enhance the mastering of principles in
English usage.
In learning English, grammar is an important factor and normally carefully
considered. Conjunction is one of the four main categories of adverbials and it plays

an important role in joining phrases, clauses, sentences in order to create coherence
in every text. In English, we see that there are a lot of conjunctions denoting the
same meaning but in the real communication, the use of conjuncts depends on
different situations due to semantic and pragmatic elements. Linguists have
repetitively declared a lot of treasured research papers on the topic of conjuncts and
their functions in different languages. One strong motivation for our choice is the
fact that conjuncts in English have been confirmed as a beneficial way of connecting
ideas and parts of utterances.
For these reasons, we think it is very important to do “A study of the English
sentence connectors in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese”. We would like
to conduct this research with the hope that our study can bring some theoretical and
practical value for both linguistic study and language teaching methodology.

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Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Rationale
English is widely spoken in the world and is considered an international language.
Thus English has become an indispensable need in modern human life. Especially
for a developing country like Vietnam, English was taught very early, because many
people were aware of its importance for simple reasons such as convenient
communication with many people in the world, get better job in the future, etc.
For the Vietnamese, to make a complete English sentence, tight, clear in
communication as well as text is not easy. Because they do not have many
opportunities to communicate with native speakers, their vocabulary is poor, many

mistakes in using grammar, their pronunciation is incorrect, etc.
One of the most important factors is the use of appropriate conjunctions in
communication as well as writing. If you do not use conjunctions, an article or a
conversation becomes fragmented, boring and time consuming to understand a
topic being commented on.
Through research, readers not only understand more about the use of conjunctions
in English, but more importantly, the learner can understand the similarities and
differences of the conjunctions between English and Vietnamese. From there,
some issues can be resolved with some suggestions.
1.2. Aims of the study
It is much hope that this subject will help students understand the sentence
connection, improve the ability to use sentence connection and understand the
relationship between English and Vietnamese more clearly.
To help students better understand the similarities and differences of conjunctions in
English and Vietnamese
Beside, it can provide English teachers with many teaching implications in using
spoken and written English and translating texts from English to Vietnamese and
vice versa.

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Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

1.3. Research question
To fully achieve these aims, the study should answer the following questions.
1) Semantic features, location characteristics, syntax characteristics ... how are they?
2) How is foreign language students at Pham Van Dong University understand

about the conjunctive ?
3) How frequent are sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese
equivalents ?
4) What are the similarities and differences in sentence connectors usages in English
and their Vietnamese equivalents ?
And some other related issues
1.4. Scope of the study
In this research topic, we randomly surveyed 15 foreign language students at Pham
Van Dong University for 2 years about their understanding of conjunctions. We then
collected documents related to the use of sentence links in English and Vietnamese
and related studies previously. From there, we draw conclusions about the
similarities and differences between conjunctions in English and Vietnamese, and
we focus on semantic features, location characteristics, syntactical characteristics
and their practicality.
1.5. Methods of the study
Together, we study together, using the method of analyzing, classifying and
summarizing the contents of the study on the method of connecting sentences.
Beside, describing the syntactic and semantic features of conjunctions in English
and Vietnamese marketing newsletters, then comparing and contrasting to point out
the similarities and differences between these two languages.
Together with this method, the writer also uses the quantitative method that is based
on data to examine conjunctions used in both English and Vietnamese. Supportive
techniques such as reference to the publication, consultation with the supervisor,
discussion with colleagues, and personal observations are also of great significance.
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Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

1.6. Overview of the study
The study is divided into four chapters.
The first chapter is the introduction which presents the rationales, the aims, the
research question, the scope, the method and the overview of the study.
Chapter two is the Literature Review.
Chapter three is the main part of the study.
The final chapter concludes, summarizing the topic with key issues in research and
orientation for future research topics.

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Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Previous studies and related documents
According to Greenbaum [11], conjuncts are sentence adverbials that indicate
logical relationships between sentences or between clauses. They are mainly
adverbs (e.g. therefore, however, nevertheless) or prepositional phrases (e.g. on the
other hand, in consequence, in conclusion).
In 1985 ( reprinted on 05.04.1999), the work of Tran Ngoc Them [76] on the
“systems text links and Vietnamese” was announced. This is a valuable project and
marks a new development in general grammar text, joins in particular.
Abroad in 1976, London publisher and New York had released the book “Cohesion
in English” link in English involution of MAK Halliday and Hassan Ruqaiya [108].
In 1992,Philadelphia, Amsterdam publisher launched to the readers the work of J.B.
Martin [120] on “English text – system and structure” (written in English –systems

and structure).
In 1998, the end edition of M.K. Halliday on “an introduction to function grammar”
– Introduction to functional grammar, (being reprinted 6 th) by Hoang Van Van
service [31].
This can be seen as quite technical studies on the links allow, including joins.
In 2000, the book “English Grammar- an introduction” by Peter Collins and
Carmella Hollo [93] is reprinted (and). The book consists of two part A.
Grammatical description (Description grammar) and at language in context B.
Looking (consider the language in context). In part 2, section cohesion –links and
analysis of cohesion in sample texts – analysis allows links in the typical text –
mentioned problem link and joins.
In 2001, the education publishing house has launched to readers the work of
Vietnam Nguyen Thi Thanh [74] on “system consistently the Vietnamese words”.
Subjects of the study is the language, referring deeply about issues related
generalization linking words, the authors divided into two words associated methods
I. “ In the language learning methods”.
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Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

Also, in 2005, works to “ required” and “ arbitrary” about two expressions meaning
in the language of Cao Xuan Hao [37] was suggestive of comparative
In 2008, the works of David Nunan English [64] “Introduction discourse analysis”“ Introduction discourse analysis” are two translators Lake and Truc Thanh Huyen
America translated into Vietnamese. After referring to the concept of discourse and
discursive distinguish concepts and text, Nunan’s link mentioned, including joins. In
addition to referring to the concept joins, the author also refers to four kinds of
semantic relations mainly in the joins.

In the scope of the country, also had several works mentioned text, links and
structure, semantics, pragmatics of joining. In 1980, the university publishing house
and Ha Noi secondary vocational school have to introduce you to read the work “
Vietnamese grammar” by Hoang Trong Phien[66]
In 2006, the book “ the text and links in Vietnamese: Text, coherent, links, text” of
Diep Quang Ban [6] is reprinted (third time ). In part two, the author mentioned
uplinking, which joins (from tr132-134).
In 2015 book "English explained-Introduction of (Thu Hien and Cam Van)
grammatical description of the interjection [232-241].
2.2. The theories and term of study
Sentences are a set of words linked together by a certain rule, expressing a relatively
complete idea used to perform a certain speaking purpose.
A sentence can include words meaningfully to express a statement, question,
request, command or suggestion.[1] A sentence is a set of words that in principle
tells a complete thought ( although it may make little sense taken in isolation out of
context); thus it may be a simple phrase, but it conveys enough meaning to imply a
clause, even if it is not explicit.
Research by Downing and Locke [9, p.63] stated that “conjuncts tell us how the
speaker or writer understands the semantic connection between two utterances, or
parts of utterances. They are not, therefore, elements of structure, but connectors of
structure between groups, clauses, sentences and paragraphs.”

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Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

A sentence is the largest independent unit of grammar: It begins with a capital letter

and ends with a period, question mark, or exclamation point. Adjective: Sentential.
Phrasal verbs are words that are used to join words, phrases, clauses or sentences.
Examples: but, and, or.
Sentence connectors are also referred to as linking language. These sentence
connectors can indicate opposition between ideas, cause and effect, contrasting
ideas and setting condition between ideas, cause and effect, contrasting ideas and
setting conditions. This page focuses on comparisons.
Type of connector connector(s) Examples
Coordinating conjunction and ..too High level positions are stressful, and can be
harmful to your health too.
Subordinating conjunction Just as Just as high level positions are stressful, they can
be harmful to your health.
Conjunctive adverbs similarly, in comparison High level positions are stressful at
time; similarly, they can be harmful to your health.
Prepositions like, similar to Similar to other important professions, high level
business positions are stressful at time.
According to Diep Quang Ban, “ the connection is understand that it is s relationship
between two (or more ) sentences, factors for way to know meaning of this factor
have to know that one, it means they have to connect together.”[6;146].
Example:
1. We thought that Emma should accept the offer. Nevertheless. She turned it down.
2. Emma was so angry that she couldn’t speak.
2.3. Theory of study
Based on previous studies, concepts were systematized to gain new insights into
sentence connections through the collection of differentiated sources structured
appropriately and using a theoretical system. New and new concepts related to the
topic. Apply the theory to deep study the linkage to see the importance and
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Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

methodology used with deep understanding to get accurate information, especially
to make learning effective.
Connections from research results summarize the characteristics of the semantic and
location functions of conjunctions in English and Vietnamese for comparison to find
similarities and differences.

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Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

CHAPTER III: THE STUDY
3.1. Data description
In the topic of this study, we randomly surveyed 15 foreign language students of
Pham Van Dong University for two years on the understanding of conjunctions. We
took a list with 10 questions for each student to answer and then fill in their answers
in each question. At the same time we seek, collect and aggregate information
through books, newspapers, media as well as other related research.
We have a list of survey questions:
Table: 1 - 1
Number Questions
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Do you know about connecting in English?
Do you often use English words in English sentences?
Do you know about connecting in Vietnamese?
Do you often use Vietnamese words in Vietnamese
sentences?
What do you use for connection?
Should I use the word connect?
Do you think connecting in English and Vietnamese is
the same?
Where are the English words in English sentences?
Do you think connecting in English and Vietnamese
sentences are equivalent?
What is your difficulty in using the connectors?

Answer
Yes
No

other

other

other

3.1.1. Research topics
First year student (15 students) in English major at Pham Van Dong University.
3.1.2. Methods in this study
We use the classification and systematization of theoretical methods to carry out our
topic research. In addition, we use qualitative research and quantitative research.
They are a rotating and useful combination.

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Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

3.2. Analysis of the data
We use 7 “yes” or “no” questions and 3 questions to write the answers, we collected
the following results:
Table: 1 - 2
Questions
Students
Students 1
Students 2
Students 3
Students 4
Students 5
Students 6
Students 7
Students 8

Students 9
Students 10
Students 11
Students 12
Students 13
Students 14
Students 15

Qs
1
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
A
A
A
B
B

Qs
2
A
B

A
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
A
A
B
A
B

Qs
3
A
A
B
A
A
A
B
B
A
A
B
B
A
B

A

Qs
4
A
B
A
A
A
A
B
B
A
A
A
A
B
A
A

Qs
5
Good
Good
Bad
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good

Bad
Bad
Good
Good
Good
Bad
Bad

Qs
6
A
B
A
A
B
B
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
B

Qs
7
A
B

B
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
B
B
A

Qs
8
Good
Good
Bad
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Bad
Bad
Good
Good
Good
Bad

Bad

Qs
9
A
A
A
A
B
A
B
B
A
A
B
A
A
B
A

Qs
10
Good
Good
Bad
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good

Bad
Bad
Good
Good
Good
Bad
Bad

The statistical results from the three questions to write answers, we preliminary
assessment that students are still confused, do not understand about the combination,
66 answers are "yes" accounted for 66% and 34 answers are "No", accounting for
33% . Inside, most "no" answers have similarities between English and Vietnamese.
3.2.1. Introduction about connecting conjunction in English
3.2.1.1. Definition
To communicate a clear, concise, clear, emphasized issue, we need to use the
sentence connectors appropriately. Conjunctions are used to connect the two parts,
the two clauses in a sentence Here are some examples of conjunctions: Contact the
class up: and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so conjunctional dependence: although, because,
since, unless.
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Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

3.2.1.2. Two basic functions of conjunctions:
Separate conjuctions: They are used to connect two parts of a sentence with an
independent grammatical function. It can be single words or phrases.
For example:

Jack and Jill went up the hill.
The water was warm, but I did not go swimming.
Dependent conjunct: Used to match dependent clauses with the main clause
of a sentence.
Example: I went swimming although it was cold.
3.2.1.3. Location of conjunctions in English
Separate conjunctions: Always stands between two words or two clauses that it
associates. If there are two independent clauses, there is a comma between the two
clauses and If the independent clauses are short and similar, commas are not really
necessary.
Example:
I like [tea] and [coffee].
[Ovas likes tea], but [Anthony loves coffee].
She is kind so she helps people.
Subordinating conjunctions : Often dependent clause head. Some common
conjunctions like: after, though, as, because, before, how, once, since, than, where,
though, till, when, where, while
Subordinate conjunctions with sub clauses with prime clause Let's look at the
following example:
Example: Hoang goes swimming although it rains
And depending on the "dependency" is the main clause. It can not stand alone as an
independent sentence. Imagine who told you, "Hello, despite the rain", how would
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Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

you know? Meaningless! But the main clause (or clause independent), can be set

alone. You will understand if someone says, "Hi Ram swimming!" Associate
subordinates always stand at the top of the sub clause. It "introduces" the sub clause.
However, the sub clause can sometimes stand behind or precede the main clause. So
in English there are two possible configurations: Hoang goes swimming although it
rains. Although it rained, Hoang went swimming.
3.2.1.4. Types of conjunction
There are three kinds of conjunctions: Coordinating, Subordinating and Correlative
Conjunctions.
 Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions are and/or/but/nor/as/for/so. When they are used to
connect two independent clauses together they should be accompanied by a comma,
which comes before the coordinating conjunction.
Here are some examples of coordinating conjunctions in English and what they do:
For – presents rationale ("They do not gamble or smoke, for they are ascetics.")
And – presents non-contrasting item(s) or idea(s) ("They gamble, and they smoke.")
Nor – presents a non-contrasting negative idea ("They do not gamble, nor do they
smoke.")
But – presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, but they don't smoke.")
Or – presents an alternative item or idea ("Every day they gamble, or they smoke.")
Yet – presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, yet they don't smoke.")
 Subordinating Conjunctions
A subordinating conjunction is a word that connects a main clause to a subordinate
clause. A main clause is an independent clause that can stand alone by itself as a
sentence. In other words, a main clause does not need any additional information to
operate as a sentence.
A subordinating conjunction is a word that connects a main clause to a subordinate
clause. A main clause is an independent clause that can stand alone by itself as a
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Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

sentence. In other words, a main clause does not need any additional information to
operate as a sentence.
For Examples:
Than, rather than, whether, as much as, whereas, that, whatever, which, whichever,
after, as soon as, as long as, before, by the time, now that, once, since, till, until,
when, whenever, while, though, although, even though, who, whoever, whom,
whomever, whose, where, wherever, if, only if, unless, provided that, assuming that,
even if, in case (that), lest, how, as though, as if, because, since, so that, in order
(that), that, as ...
How to use Subordinating conjunctions in Sentences:
In English, there are lots of subordinating conjunctions, but the most common ones,
along with a few examples of how subordinating conjunctions are used, are as
follows:


He is cleverer than I am.
 You must decide whether you will go by train or by plane.
 I eat as much as you.
 Elliot is tall and blond, whereas his brother is short and has dark hair.
 She went to the school that my father went to.
 I copied in my notebook whatever he wrote on the blackboard.
 The car which I drive is old.
 Bruce will wear his pink or green sweater, whichever is clean."
So – presents a consequence ("He gambled well last night, so he smoked a cigar to
celebrate.")
 Description the time:








While: she was eating while her husband was fixing his car
When: when you develop products, it is important to conduct a market research
Since: he has served this company since he graduated
Before: Before you leave the office, remember to turn off all the lights
After: After he returned to the office, he got a private phone call
As soon as: As soon as I come home, please let her know

 Description the reason:
Because: Because it was submitted late, the report was returned
Since: Since you left him, he is now addicted to wine
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Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

As: The economy added 10,000 jobs in the second quarter as ber domestic demands
encouraged companies to hire more workers
 Description of concessions:
Although/ though/even he is inexperienced, he is still appreciated by the whole staff.
 Description of Conditional:
 If/once: If you want to see him, call me any time

 Unless: Unless he calls, I will leave right away
 As long as (miễn là): he agrees to take the job as long as the salary is high
 Provided that/ providing: I will lend him money provided that he pays me on
time
 Describe the purpose:
She buys a lovely doll so that/in order that her daughter can play with it at home
 Describe the contrast:
While/whereas: she keeps spending much money while her parents try to earn one
single penny.
 Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal
weight in a sentence. There are many different pairs of correlative conjunctions:
















For Examples:
both…and,

either…or,
neither…nor,
whether…or,
not only…but also,
such…that,
scarcely…when,
no sooner…than
How to use Correlative conjunctions in Sentences:
She played both hockey and basketball when she was a student.
I will eat either carrots or peas for dinner.
Natale, likes neither milk nor cream cake.
Do you care whether we have noodles or rice for dinner?
Not only will they paint the outside of the house but also the inside.
He is such a bad-tempered person that no one can work with him for long.
Scarcely had she finished reading when she fell asleep.

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Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents


No sooner did he enter the room than he saw a snake.

3.2.1.5. The connecting conjunctions In Vietnamese
There are a lot of connecting conjunctions in Vietnamese. Then I will list some of
them:
They include 7 main relationships:


Serial relation:
First of all, after that, then,…(time).
The first is, the second is ... firstly, secondly,…(order).
One side, on the other side.

Cause and effective relation: as, because, because of, due to, since.

Equivalent relation Enlarge and additional relation: moreover, furthermore, In
addition, on the other hand...

Total relation: In general in a word, in summary Contrastive relation: on the
other hand, on the contrary, however...

Indispensable relation: of course, naturally...
Beside, Diep Quang Ban also brings out 6 relationships that we often see in
connecting of Vietnamese sentences:

Additional relation.

Time relation.

Cause relation.

Conditional relation.

Aim relation.

Contrastive relation.
Examples:

1. As a result of reviewer feedback, ten multiple choice questions have been added
to the end of each chapter. (RL:6)
2. While this material is written for your instructor, we invite you to review it as
well, that you learn more about a book and so make your experience using it as
rewarding and enjoyable as it can be. (RL)
3. Assets are probable future economic benefit is owned or controlled by an entity as
a result of past transaction. In other word, they are the resources the entity can use to
operate in the future. (RL51)
4. Because a promise has been exchanged for goods, a transaction has taken place.

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Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

3.2.1.6. The comparison about equivalent of connecting in English and
Vietnamese sentences
Connecting vehicles
Conjunction
Coordinated

Main - auxiliary

English

Vietnamese

And, but, while/whereas.

However, besides, furthermore,
moreover…
Athough, even though, even if,
if, despite, despite of, unless…

Và, hay, hoặc,…bên cạnh,
hơn nữa, vả lại, tuy thế/
nhưng/vậy, đồng thời…
Mặc dù, mặc dù, ngay cả
khi, mặc dù, mặc dù, trừ
khi, trừ khi ...
Và, hoặc, nhưng, là như
vậy, tuy nhiên, ..., sau đó,
trong khi ...
Nói cách khác, đồng thời,
vào thời điểm đó, cuối
cùng, một phần từ đó,
ngoại trừ điều đó ...

Simple

And, or, but, is, thus.hence,
though,…,then, while…

Complex

In other word, at the same
time, at the moment, in the
end, a part from that, except
for that…

3.3. The result of study
Through our study, we a part of showing the differences and similarities of
connecting in English and Vietnamese sentences such as: How to use conjunction is
a different thing. While in English there are some cases to be compulsory,
Vietnamese is no.
For example: on the contrary, at the same time. at the moment, in the end-this is
grammatical categories. Because independent in grammar so much, the capable of
appearing of conjunction in Vietnamese is more flexible than it.
Example: The same may be true if a company operate more than a single business.
(RL 121).
3.4. The conclusion of study
In general, the work means and oriented methodology for comparing a number of
similarities and differences of the two languages allows connection of two different
types. Along with this project, some research topic in linguistic reconciliation
between Vietnamese and English as:
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Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

Thai Minh Duc (101) on "A Systematic Interpretation of Vietnamese Functional
Grammar" (1998).
Nguyen Thi Thu Hien (40) on "structure Recommended theory" in a newsletter in
English and Vietnamese "(2008) have opened the doors of the match in two
languages allows this connection. On the basis of inheriting the theoretical work and
practical observations of specific articles, essays put himself on duty for Vietnamese
evidence, survey joins a systematic and comprehensive. Purpose and research and

study the Choose the subject, we aimed at the following issues:
Clarification of the structure and function of the joins in the text. Then see that the
role of the concatenation of problems creating and receiving text. Recommend some
wings out, dividing the new structure and semantics of the join, as well as making a
number of characteristics of the pragmatic conjunctions joins. Find and raised
features of joins in Vietnamese and English. Simultaneously with the match
between the two languages needed to make clear, highlighting the characteristics
mentioned. Then, a part of being helpful for language learning and teaching
Vietnamese own.

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Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1. Conclusion
In short, we find that connecting English sentences and their Vietnamese
equivalents is a very important topic. Because if we understand the
conjunctions, communication difficulties will be resolved quickly and the
language gap in communication with native speakers will be shortened. In this
research topic we focus on the semantic features, location characteristics and
syntax functions ... And we have achieved some results as follows:
To make the research better, we have consulted many documents as well as
other related studies, after presenting the theoretical preliminaries, we express
the first comments on some matters which relate directly to the semantic
features, positional characteristics and syntactic function of sentence as well as
proceed with comparing between English sentence connectors and their

Vietnamese equivalent.
After presenting general theory about sentence connectors, we research deep
into matters relating to subject of the study. Our research present definition,
semantic characteristics, positional characteristics, and syntactic function of
English sentence connectors and Vietnamese sentence connectors. This is the
necessary condition to research deep in the next part.
Then, we focus on the differences and similarities between sentence
connectors in English and Vietnamese in semantic and syntactic characteristics.
Generally, the semantic characteristic in English sentences is rather similar to
Vietnamese sentence, but each of authors has a different awareness, division,
and judge to analyze each kind of sentence connector. Besides, the syntax
function is different because English is a language having grammatical form
and Vietnamese is the language having lexical form and vocabulary of vietnam
is very complicated.
In our study, the most important content is presented in Chapter 3. We have
found out 4 similar characteristics of each kind of sentence connectors
compared to use in English sentence and their Vietnamese equivalents, the
difference of general structure and we also find out the difference in using each
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Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

kind of sentence connectors which express similar meaning, we supply the
specific characteristic of sentence connectors and comparing similarities and
differences to help student translate from English into Vietnamese and vice
versa. In addition, the plication of the study to the teaching of English sentence
connectors to Vietnamese students.

4.2. Recommendations and solutions
4.2.1. As for the teaching staff
The finding from this study can be applied to the teaching to help teachers gain
a better understanding of the importance of sentence connectors in English and
their Vietnamese equivalents. An accurate explanation of the subtle meanings
of these words is necessary and helpful for users to obtain greater precision in
using them and to avoid misunderstanding or embarrassment in
communicating.
Students should be provided more opportunities to practice English under the
teacher’s supervision and teachers need to provide many materials which are
helpful and usable in real-life situations.
4.2.2. As for the students
Materials and ways for learning to speak English are now diversified.
Moreover, students should not only learn to speak English but also understand
its culture. They should be aware of the existence of pragmatic competence and
the bad results of lacking it. Thanks to observation, description and classroom
or group discussion, students may recognize factors of pragmatic awareness
such as active listening, eye contact, facial expressions, gestures and body
position. This awareness then makes them more prepared to use the language
in natural situations.
4.2.3. As for the translation work
In the same way, when translating English conjuncts into Vietnamese, the
translator should select suitable Vietnamese translational equivalents since
there are many Vietnamese translational equivalents for only one English
conjunct. The selection of suitable Vietnamese translational equivalents
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Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

requires the translators to have a profound knowledge of the Vietnamese
language so that his translation sounds natural. It means that the way of using
them is in accordance with the way Vietnamese people speak or write.
4.3. Suggestions for further research
The research has been aimed at finding semantic and pragmatic features of
English sentence connectors and their equivalents in Vietnamese. However, it
has been in the early stage of the research and resulted in unavoidable
limitations. For further study, other factors such as gestures and body language
could be added to research. Besides, other English sentence connectors and
their equivalents in Vietnamese should be taken into consideration.

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Topic: English sentence connectors in English and their Vietnamese equivalents

REFERENCES
1. Diep Quang Ban (2002), “ Ngu phap truyen va mot vai bieu hien cua tinh mach
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2. Diep Quang Ban (2006a), “Ngu phap Tieng Viet” (part 1, 2), NXBGD.
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lac, lien ket, đoan van, NXBGD.
4. Nguyen Thi Thanh Binh (2005), “ Dau cham voi tu cach la hien tuong chinh ta
trong van ban tieng viet ”, Ngon ngu, (1), 9 -14.
5. Nguyn Thien Giap (2007), “Dung hoc Viet Nam”, NXB ĐHQN HN.
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ĐH QN HN.
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8. Cao Xuan Hao (2000), “Y nghia “hoan tat” trong tieng viet”, Ngon ngu (5), 915.
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10. Halliday, M.A.K and Hasan Ruquaya (1989), Language, context, and text: “
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12. Nunan, D. (1993), Introduction discourse analysis, London : Penguin.
13. Nguyen Thi Thu (1998), Exposity patterns in English and Vietnamese essays
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14. Some reference websites:
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