managerial accounting tools for business decision making 5th edition jerry j weygandt

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5th EDITION

Managerial Accounting
TOOLS FOR BUSINESS DECISION MAKING

team for success

Jerry J. Weygandt PhD, CPA
University of Wisconsin—Madison
Madison, Wisconsin

Paul D. Kimmel PhD, CPA
University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee
MiIwaukee, Wisconsin

Donald E. Kieso PhD, CPA
Northern Illinois University
DeKalb, Illinois

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


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Jerry J. Weygandt PhD, CPA; Paul D. Kimmel, PhD, CPA;
and Donald E. Kieso, PhD, CPA
Managerial Accounting, Edition 5
ISBN-13

978- 0-470-47714-4

Printed in the United States of America
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Team for Success
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Team for

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Author Commitment.

Collaboration. Innovation. Experience.
After decades of success as authors of textbooks like this one,
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Author
Commitment

Jerry Weygandt
Jerry J. Weygandt, PhD, CPA, is Arthur
Andersen Alumni Professor of Accounting
at the University of Wisconsin—Madison.
He holds a Ph.D. in accounting from the
University of Illinois. Articles by Professor
Weygandt have appeared in the Accounting
Review. Journal of Accounting Research,

Accounting Horizons, Journal of
Accountancy, and other academic and
professional journals. These articles have
examined such financial reporting issues
as accounting for price-level adjustments,
pensions, convertible securities, stock option
contracts, and interim reports. Professor
Weygandt is author of other accounting and
financial reporting books and is a member
of the American Accounting Association,
the American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants, and the Wisconsin Society of
Certified Public Accountants. He has seved
on numerous committees of the American
Accounting Association and as a member
of the editorial board of the Accounting
Review; he also has served as President
and Secretary-Treasurer of the American
Accounting Association. In addition, he has
been actively involved with the American
Institute of Certified Public Accountants
and has been a member of the Accounting
Standards Executive Committee (AcSEC) of
that organization. He has served on the FASB
task force that examined the reporting issues
related to accounting for income taxes
and served as a trustee of the Financial
Accounting Foundation. Professor Weygandt
has received the Chancellor’s Award for
Excellence in Teaching and the Beta Gamma

Sigma Dean’s Teaching Award. He is on the
board of directors of M & I Bank of Southern
Wisconsin. He is the recipient of the
Wisconsin Institute of CPA’s Outstanding
Educator’s Award and the Lifetime
Achievement Award. In 2001 he received
the American Accounting Association’s
Outstanding Educator Award.

Don
Paul

Kimmel

Paul D. Kimmel, PhD, CPA, received his
bachelor’s degree from the University of
Minnesota and his doctorate in accounting
from the University of Wisconsin. He is an
Associate Professor at the University of
Wisconsin—Milwaukee, and has
public accounting experience with Deloitte
& Touche (Minneapolis). He was the recipient
of the UWM School of Business Advisory
Council Teaching Award, the Reggie
Taite Excellence in Teaching Award and a
three-time winner of the Outstanding
Teaching Assistant Award at the University
of Wisconsin. He is also a recipient of the
Elijah Watts Sells Award for Honorary
Distinction for his results on the CPA exam.

He is a member of the American Accounting
Association and the Institute of Management
Accountants and has published articles in
Accounting Review, Accounting Horizons,
Advances in Management Accounting,
Managerial Finance, Issues in Accounting
Education, Journal of Accounting Education,
as well as other journals. His research
interests include accounting for financial
instruments and innovation in accounting
education. He has published papers and
given numerous talks on incorporating
critical thinking into accounting education,
and helped prepare a catalog of critical
thinking resources for the Federated Schools
of Accountancy.

Kieso

Donald E. Kieso, PhD, CPA, received his
bachelor’s degree from Aurora University
and his doctorate in accounting from the
University of Illinois. He has served as
chairman of the Department of Accountancy
and is currently the KPMG Emeritus Professor
of Accountancy at Northern Illinois University.
He has public accounting experience with
Price Waterhouse & Co. (San Francisco and
Chicago) and Arthur Andersen & Co.
(Chicago) and research experience with the

Research Division of the American Institute of
Certified Public Accountants (New York). He
has done post doctorate work as a Visiting
Scholar at the University of California at
Berkeley and is a recipient of NIU’s Teaching
Excellence Award and four Golden Apple
Teaching Awards. Professor Kieso is the
author of other accounting and business
books and is a member of the American
Accounting Association, the American
Institute of Certified Public Accountants, and
the Illinois CPA Society. He has served as a
member of the Board of Directors of the
Illinois CPA Society, then AACSB’s Accounting
Accreditation Committees, the State of
Illinois Comptroller’s Commission, as
Secretary- Treasurer of the Federation of
Schools of Accountancy, and as
Secretary-Treasurer of the American
Accounting Association. Professor Kieso is
currently serving on the Board of Trustees
and Executive Committee of Aurora
University, as a member of the Board of
Directors of Kishwaukee Community
Hospital, and as Treasurer and Director of
Valley West Community Hospital. From 1989
to 1993 he served as a charter member of
the national Accounting Education Change
Commission. He is the recipient of the
Outstanding Accounting Educator Award

from the Illinois CPA Society, the FSA’s
Joseph A. Silvoso Award of Merit, the NIU
Foundation’s Humanitarian Award for Service
to Higher Education, a Distinguished Service
Award from the Illinois CPA Society, and
in 2003 an honorary doctorate from
Aurora University.


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WileyPLUS

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The Wiley Faculty Network.
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The Wiley Faculty
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What's new?
With this Fifth Edition of Managerial Accounting: Tools for Business Decision Making, our
goals are straightforward: We want this book to present the fundamental concepts of managerial
accounting in an easy-to-understand fashion. This revision has maintained the successful features
of previous editions and has improved on them in the following ways:

Do it!, Comprehensive Do it!, and the New Do it! Review
Following the same model of the widely used Do it! mini-demonstration exercises, the new Do it!
Review problems are placed in the homework material after the Brief Exercises to provide another
opportunity for students to determine whether they have mastered the content in the chapter.
Comprehensive Do it! problems offer a review of the major concepts discussed in the chapter
before students begin assignment materials.

Enhanced Homework Material
In each chapter we have expanded the number of Self-Study Questions and have added additional
new Exercises. At the end of the Problem section, we have updated the Waterways Corporation
continuing problem set. This problem applies the topics covered in each chapter and aims to
capture student interest in a realistic entrepreneurial situation. Finally, the Problem Set B has been
updated to provide additional practice opportunities.

Improved Pedagogical Features
New Accounting Across the Organization boxes, to demonstrate the use of accounting
information by people in non-accounting functions (e.g., marketing, finance, management).
Important analytical tools have also been updated and are integrated throughout the

book, such as the updated Broadening Your Perspective homework activities. Updates to the
Decision Toolkit, Decision Toolkit Summary, and Using the Decision Toolkit features have been
made to further engage students in using business information and the decision tools presented
in the chapter to solve problems.

New and Updated Real-World Examples
Since students are most often willing to commit time and energy to a topic that they believe
is relevant to their future careers, we believe there is no better way to demonstrate relevance
than to reference real-world companies. By using high-profile companies like Starbucks,
Microsoft, Ben & Jerry’s, Ford Motor Company, Kellogg, Amazon.com, and Time Warner to
frame our discussion of accounting issues, we demonstrate the relevance of accounting
while exposing students to familiar companies.
Due to the economic shift toward service industries, many of the companies used
as examples are service-based. This shift is further highlighted with new Service Company
Insight boxes, which are intended to generate student interest in the course and consequently
increase the likelihood of student success. For additional information on our service company
coverage, see page xvi. Other updated Insight boxes focus on management, international, and
ethical issues.
This edition was also subject to an overall, comprehensive revision to ensure that it is
technically accurate, relevant, and up-to-date. A chapter-by-chapter summary of content
changes is provided in the chart on the next page.

xiv


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Chapter 1 Managerial Accounting
• New Feature Story
• Completely revised “Cost Concepts” section
• New section, “Product Costing for
Service Industries”
• New Service Company Insight box
• 3 New Do it! boxes and Review Exercises
• 5 New Self-Study Questions

Chapter 2 Job Order Costing
• 2 New sections, “Job Order costing for Service
Companies” and “Advantages and
Disadvantages of Job Order Costing”
• New Service Company Insight box
• 3 New Do it! boxes and Review Exercises
• 7 New Self-Study Questions
Chapter 3 Process Costing
• New Ethics note on equivalent units
• New section, “Product Costing for
Service Industries”
• 3 New Do it! boxes and Review Exercises
• 3 New Self-Study Questions
Chapter 4 Activity-Based Costing
• Expanded coverage of “The Origins of ABC”
• New Service Company and International
Insight boxes
• 3 New Do it! boxes and Review Exercises

• 4 New Self-Study Questions
Chapter 5 Cost-Volume-Profit
• New Feature Story
• Updated All About You section
• New Management Insight box
• 3 New Do it! boxes and Review Exercises
• 4 New Self-Study Questions
• Updated Problem Set A and Set B
Chapter 6 Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis:
Additional Issues
• 2 New Do it! boxes and Review Exercises
• 4 New Self-Study Questions
• Updated Problem Set A and Set B

Chapter 8 Pricing
• 2 New Do it! boxes and Review Exercises
• New Service Company and Management
Insight boxes
• 5 New Self-Study Questions

Chapter 9 Budgetary Planning
• New Feature Story
• New Service Company Insight box
• 3 New Do it! boxes and Review Exercises
• 5 New Self-Study Questions

Chapter 10 : Budgetary Control and
Responsibility Accounting
• 3 New Do it! boxes and Review Exercises
• New Management Insight box

• 5 New Self-Study Questions

Chapter 11 Standard Costs and
Balanced Scorecard
• 3 New Do it! boxes and Review Exercises
• 4 New Self-Study Questions

Chapter 12 Planning for Capital Investments
• 4 New Do it! boxes and Review Exercises
• 5 New Self-Study Questions

Chapter 13
• 5 New
• 2 New
• 5 New

Statement of Cash Flows
Do it! boxes and Review Exercises
Comprehensive Do it!s
Self-Study Questions

Chapter 14 Financial Statement Analysis
• New Feature Story
• New Comprehensive Do it!
• 4 New Do it! boxes and Review Exercises
• 5 New Self-Study Questions
• Updated Problem Set B and
Financial Reporting Problem

Chapter 7 Incremental Analysis

• 4 New Do it! boxes and Review Exercises
• New Service Company Insight box
• 5 New Self-Study Questions

xv


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Service
Company
Coverage in the
Fifth Edition
The U.S. economy is increasingly comprised
of service companies. As we note in the text,
even large, well-known manufacturers such as
General Electric and Hewlett Packard believe
that a significant portion of their future
growth will involve providing services rather
than manufacturing goods. As a consequence,
many students will eventually work in a
service environment. In light of this, we
have expanded our emphasis on service
companies in this edition, in an effort to

demonstrate that managerial accounting is
equally relevant to both service companies
and manufacturers.
We have done this in a number of ways,
integrated throughout the textbook and its
features. In some instances, we have added
sections that specifically address the
similarities and differences of applying
managerial accounting techniques in a
service company environment rather than a
manufacturing environment. We have also
expanded our use of service company
examples, where the use of a service
company is just as instructionally valid as a
manufacturer. In previous editions, we had
already added many end-of-chapter exercises
that were based on service companies. In
this Fifth Edition, we built on that by adding
additional service company end-of-chapter
materials. Throughout the text, an icon
highlights our coverage of service
company examples and problems.
In addition, we have provided a listing
by chapter here:

Chapter 1: section on Product Costing for
Service Industries; Service Company Insight box;
E1-6, E1-7, and E1-13
Chapter 2: section on Job Order Costing for
Service Companies; Service Company Insight

box; E2-11, E2-12, and E2-13
Chapter 3: section on Process Costing for
Service Companies; E3-14, E3-15, and E3-16
Chapter 4: section on Activity-Based Costing
in Service Companies; 3 Service Company
Insight boxes; BE4-1, BE4-9, BE4-10, Do it!
Review 4-3, E4-5, E4-7, E4-16, P4-5A, P4-5B,
and BYP4-1 (Decision Making Across the
Organization)
Chapter 5: Feature Story, service company
examples in Cost Behavior Analysis and Mixed
Costs sections; 2 Service Company Insight
boxes; E5-8 through E5-11; and P5-1A and
P5-1B
Chapter 6: 2 Service Company Insight boxes;
Using the Decision Toolkit; E6-1, E6-2, E6-4,
E6-7, E6-8, and E6-15; P6-4A and P6-4B;
BYP6-4 (Exploring the Web); and BYP6-7
(All About You activity)
Chapter 7: Service Company Insight box;
E7-13; and P7-4A and P7-4B
Chapter 8: Service Company Insight box; E8-6,
E8-8, E8-9, E8-10, and E8-15; P8-3A, P8-4A,
P8-3B, and P8-4B; BYP8-2 (Managerial
Analysis); BYP8-5 (Communication Activity); and
BYP8-6 (Ethics Case)
Chapter 9: section on Budgeting in Nonmanufacturing Companies; Service Company
Insight box; Self-Study Question 15; E9-3, E918, E9-19, and E9-20; and BYP9-5
(Communication Activity)
Chapter 10: Service Company Insight box;

E10-8, E10-11, E10-18, and E10-19; and
BYP10-1 (Decision Making Across the
Organization)
Chapter 11: Service Company Insight box;
All About You; E11-4, E11-14, and E11-22;
P11-5A and P11-5B; BYP11-1 (Decision
Making Across the Organization); and
BYP11-4 (Exploring the Web)
Chapter 12: E12-8 and E12-9; and P12-2A,
P12-3A, P12-4A, P12-5A, P12-2B, P12-3B,
P12-4B, and P12-5B

xvi


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Brief Contents
Cost Concepts for Decision Makers
1 Managerial Accounting 2
2 Job Order Costing 54
3 Process Costing 98
4 Activity-Based Costing 150
Decision-Making Concepts

5 Cost-Volume-Profit 202
6 Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis: Additional Issues 242
7 Incremental Analysis 296
8 Pricing 336
Planning and Control Concepts
9 Budgetary Planning 386
10 Budgetary Control and Responsibility Accounting 434
11 Standard Costs and Balanced Scorecard 492
12 Planning for Capital Investments 542
Performance Evaluation Concepts
13 Statement of Cash Flows 582
14 Financial Statement Analysis 644

APPENDICES
A Time Value of Money A-1
B Standards of Ethical Conduct for Management Accountants B-1
Cases for Managerial Decision Making CA-1
(The full text of these Cases is available online at
www.wiley.com/college/weygandt.)

COMPANY INDEX I-1
SUBJECT INDEX I-3

xviii


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Contents
1 Managerial Accounting 2

3 Process Costing 98

Feature Story: THINK FAST 3

Feature Story: BEN & JERRY’S TRACKS ITS MIX-UPS 99

Managerial Accounting Basics 4
Comparing Managerial and Financial Accounting 5
Management Functions 6
Organizational Structure 7
Business Ethics 8
Managerial Cost Concepts 10
Manufacturing Costs 10
Product versus Period Costs 12
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements 13
Income Statement 13
Balance Sheet 16
Cost Concepts—A Review 17
Product Costing for Service Industries 19
Managerial Accounting Today 20
The Value Chain 20
Technological Change 21
Just-in-Time Inventory Methods 21

Quality 22
Activity-Based Costing 22
Theory of Constraints 22
Balanced Scorecard 23
All About You: OUTSOURCING AND JOBS 24
APPENDIX: Accounting Cycle for a Manufacturing
Company 27
Worksheet 28
Closing Entries 29

The Nature of Process Cost Systems 100
Uses of Process Cost Systems 100
Process Costing for Service Industries 101
Similarities and Differences Between Job Order
Cost and Process Cost Systems 101
Process Cost Flow 103
Assigning Manufacturing Costs—Journal
Entries 104
Equivalent Units 107
Weighted-Average Method 107
Refinements on the Weighted-Average
Method 108
Production Cost Report 110
Comprehensive Example of Process
Costing 110
Compute the Physical Unit Flow (Step 1) 110
Compute Equivalent Units of Production
(Step 2) 111
Compute Unit Production Costs (Step 3) 112
Prepare a Cost Reconciliation Schedule

(Step 4) 113
Preparing the Production Cost Report 113
Costing Systems—Final Comments 115
APPENDIX: FIFO Method 119
Equivalent Units Under FIFO 119
Comprehensive Example 120
FIFO and Weighted-Average 124

2 Job Order Costing 54

4 Activity-Based Costing 150

Feature Story: “. . . AND WE’D LIKE IT IN RED” 55

Feature Story: THE ABCs OF DOUGHNUT
MAKING—VIRTUAL-REALITY STYLE 151
Traditional Costing and Activity-Based
Costing 152
Traditional Costing Systems 152
The Need for a New Approach 153
Activity-Based Costing 153
Example of Traditional Costing versus ABC 155
Identify and Classify Activities and
Allocate Overhead to Cost Pools (Step 1) 156
Identify Cost Drivers (Step 2) 156
Compute Overhead Rates (Step 3) 157
Assign Overhead Costs to Products (Step 4) 157
Comparing Units Costs 158
Activity-Based Costing: A Closer Look 161
Benefits of ABC 161

Limitations of ABC 161
When to Use ABC 162

Cost Accounting Systems 56
Job Order Cost System 56
Process Cost System 57
Job Order Cost Flow 58
Accumulating Manufacturing Costs 59
Assigning Manufacturing Costs to Work
in Process 61
Assigning Costs to Finished Goods 67
Assigning Costs to Cost of Goods Sold 68
Job Order Costing for Service Companies 68
Summary of Job Order Cost Flows 70
Advantages and Disadvantages of Job Order
Costing 71
Reporting Job Cost Data 72
Under- or Overapplied Manufacturing
Overhead 73
All About You: MINDING YOUR OWN BUSINESS 75

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Value-Added versus Non–Value-Added
Activities 163
Classification of Activity Levels 165
Activity-Based Costing in Service Industries 167
Traditional Costing Example 167
Activity-Based Costing Example 168
All About You: WHERE DOES THE TIME GO? 171
APPENDIX: Just-in-Time Processing 174
Objective of JIT Processing 174
Elements of JIT Processing 174
Benefits of JIT Processing 175

5 Cost-Volume-Profit 202
Feature Story: UNDERSTANDING MEDICAL COSTS
MIGHT LEAD TO BETTER HEALTH CARE 203

Cost Behavior Analysis 204
Variable Costs 204
Fixed Costs 205
Relevant Range 206
Mixed Costs 208
Importance of Identifying Variable and
Fixed Costs 211
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis 211
Basic Components 212
CVP Income Statement 212
Break-Even Analysis 215
Target Net Income 218

Margin of Safety 220
All About You: A HYBRID DILEMMA 222

6 Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis:
Additional Issues 242

xx

Feature Story: WHAT GOES UP (FAST),
MUST COME DOWN (FAST) 243
Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Review 244
Basic Concepts 244
Basic Computations 246
CVP and Changes in the Business Environment 247
Sales Mix 250
Break-even Sales in Units 250
Break-even Sales in Dollars 251
Determining Sales Mix with Limited
Resources 254
Cost Structure and Operating Leverage 256
Effect on Contribution Margin Ratio 257
Effect on Break-even Point 257
Effect on Margin of Safety Ratio 258
Operating Leverage 258
All About You: BIG DECISIONS FOR
YOUR ENERGY FUTURE 260
APPENDIX: Absorption Costing versus
Variable Costing 263
Example Comparing Absorption Costing with
Variable Costing 263

An Extended Example 266
Decision-Making Concerns 270
Potential Advantages of Variable Costing 271

7 Incremental Analysis 296
Feature Story: MAKE IT OR BUY IT? 297
Management’s Decision-Making
Process 298
Incremental Analysis Approach 299
How Incremental Analysis Works 299
Types of Incremental Analysis 301
Accept an Order at a Special Price 301
Make or Buy 302
Sell or Process Further 305
Retain or Replace Equipment 308
Eliminate an Unprofitable Segment 308
Other Considerations in Decision Making 310
Qualitative Factors 310
Relationship of Incremental Analysis and
Activity-Based Costing 311
All About You: WHAT IS A DEGREE WORTH? 312

8 Pricing 336
Feature Story: “I’LL CALL YOUR BLUFF,
AND RAISE YOU 46%” 337
SECTION 1 External Sales 338
Target Costing 339
Cost-Plus Pricing 341
Limitations of Cost-Plus Pricing 342

Variable-Cost Pricing 343
Time-and-Material Pricing 345
SECTION 2 Internal Sales 348
Negotiated Transfer Prices 349
No Excess Capacity 350
Excess Capacity 350
Variable Costs 351
Summary of Negotiated Transfer Pricing 352
Cost-Based Transfer Prices 352
Market-Based Transfer Prices 354
Effect of Outsourcing on Transfer Pricing 354
Transfers Between Divisions in Different
Countries 354
APPENDIX: Other Cost Approaches to Pricing 359
Absorption-Cost Pricing 359
Variable-Cost Pricing 361

9 Budgetary Planning 386
Feature Story: THE NEXT AMAZON.COM?
NOT QUITE 387
Budgeting Basics 388
Budgeting and Accounting 388
The Benefits of Budgeting 389


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Essentials of Effective Budgeting 389
Length of the Budget Period 389
The Budgeting Process 390
Budgeting and Human Behavior 390
Budgeting and Long-Range Planning 392
The Master Budget 392
Preparing the Operating Budgets 394
Sales Budget 394
Production Budget 395
Direct Materials Budget 396
Direct Labor Budget 398
Manufacturing Overhead Budget 399
Selling and Administrative Expense Budget 400
Budgeted Income Statement 400
Preparing the Financial Budgets 402
Cash Budget 402
Budgeted Balance Sheet 405
Budgeting in Nonmanufacturing
Companies 407
Merchandisers 407
Service Enterprises 408
Not-for-Profit Organizations 408
All About You: AVOIDING PERSONAL
FINANCIAL DISASTER 410

10 Budgetary Control and
Responsibility Accounting 434

Feature Story: TURNING TRASH INTO
TREASURE 435
The Concept of Budgetary Control 436
Static Budget Reports 437
Examples 437
Uses and Limitations 438
Flexible Budgets 439
Why Flexible Budgets? 439
Developing the Flexible Budget 441
Flexible Budget—A Case Study 442
Flexible Budget Reports 444
Management by Exception 446
The Concept of Responsibility
Accounting 447
Controllable versus Noncontrollable Revenues
and Costs 449
Responsibility Reporting System 449
Types of Responsibility Centers 452
Responsibility Accounting for Cost Centers 452
Responsibility Accounting for Profit
Centers 453
Responsibility Accounting for Investment
Centers 455
Principles of Performance Evaluation 458
APPENDIX: Residual Income—Another
Performance Measurement 464
Residual Income Compared to ROI 464
Residual Income Weakness 465

11 Standard Costs and Balanced

Scorecard 492
Feature Story: HIGHLIGHTING PERFORMANCE
EFFICIENCY 493
The Need for Standards 494
Distinguishing between Standards and
Budgets 494
Why Standard Costs? 495
Setting Standard Costs—A Difficult Task 495
Ideal versus Normal Standards 496
A Case Study 496
Analyzing and Reporting Variances from
Standards 500
Direct Materials Variances 501
Direct Labor Variances 503
Manufacturing Overhead Variances 506
Reporting Variances 507
Statement Presentation of Variances 508
Balanced Scorecard 509
All About You: BALANCING COSTS AND QUALITY
IN HEALTH CARE 513
APPENDIX 11A: Standard Cost Accounting
System 516
Journal Entries 517
Ledger Accounts 518
APPENDIX 11B: A Closer Look at
Overhead Variances 519
Overhead Controllable Variance 519
Overhead Volume Variance 520

12 Planning for Capital

Investments 542
Feature Story: SOUP IS GOOD FOOD 543
The Capital Budgeting Evaluation Process 544
Cash Flow Information 545
Illustrative Data 546
Cash Payback 547
Net Present Value Method 548
Equal Annual Cash Flows 549
Unequal Annual Cash Flows 550
Choosing a Discount Rate 551
Simplifying Assumptions 551
Comprehensive Example 552
Additional Considerations 553
Intangible Benefits 553
Profitability Index for Mutually Exclusive
Projects 555
Risk Analysis 557
Post-Audit of Investment Projects 557
Other Capital Budgeting Techniques 558
Internal Rate of Return Method 558
Comparing Discounted Cash Flow Methods 561
Annual Rate of Return Method 561

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13 Statement of Cash Flows 582
Feature Story: “GOT CASH?” 583
The Statement of Cash Flows: Usefulness
and Format 584
Usefulness of the Statement of Cash Flows 584
Classification of Cash Flows 585
Significant Noncash Activities 586
Format of the Statement of Cash Flows 587
Preparing the Statement of Cash Flows 588
Indirect and Direct Methods 589
Preparing the Statement of Cash Flows—Indirect
Method 590
Step 1: Operating Activities 591
Summary of Conversion to Net Cash Provided by
Operating Activities—Indirect Method 595
Step 2: Investing and Financing Activities 597
Step 3: Net Change in Cash 598
Using Cash Flows to Evaluate a Company 600
Free Cash Flow 600
APPENDIX 13A: Using a Worksheet to Prepare
the Statement of Cash Flows—Indirect
Method 605
Preparing the Worksheet 606
APPENDIX 13B: Statement of Cash Flows—
Direct Method 611
Step 1: Operating Activities 612

Step 2: Investing and Financing Activities 616
Step 3: Net Change in Cash 617
Preparing the Statement of Cash Flows—
Direct Method 588

14 Financial Statement Analysis 644
Feature Story: IT PAYS TO BE PATIENT 645
Basics of Financial Statement Analysis 646
Need for Comparative Analysis 646
Tools of Analysis 647
Horizontal Analysis 647
Balance Sheet 648
Income Statement 649
Retained Earnings Statement 650
Vertical Analysis 651
Balance Sheet 651
Income Statement 652
Ratio Analysis 654
Liquidity Ratios 655
Profitability Ratios 658
Solvency Ratios 663
Summary of Ratios 664
Earning Power and Irregular Items 667
Discontinued Operations 667
Extraordinary Items 668
Changes in Accounting Principle 670
Comprehensive Income 670

xxii

Quality of Earnings 671
Alternative Accounting Methods 671
Pro Forma Income 672
Improper Recognition 672

APPENDIX A: Time Value
of Money A-1
Nature of Interest A-1
Simple Interest A-1
Compound Interest A-2
SECTION 1: Future Value Concepts A-2
Future Value of a Single Amount A-2
Future Value of an Annuity A-4
SECTION 2: Present Value Concepts A-7
Present Value Variables A-7
Present Value of a Single Amount A-7
Present Value of an Annuity A-9
Time Periods and Discounting A-11
Computing the Present Values in a Capital
Budgeting Decision A-11
SECTION 3: Using Financial Calculators A-13
Present Value of a Single Sum A-13
Plus and Minus A-14
Compounding Periods A-14
Rounding A-14
Present Value of an Annuity A-15
Useful Applications of the Financial
Calculator A-15
Auto Loan A-15
Mortgage Loan Amount A-15

APPENDIX B: Standards of

Ethical Conduct for Management
Accountants B-1
IMA Statement of Ethical Professional Practice B-1
Principles B-1
Standards B-1
Resolution of Ethical Conflict B-2

Cases for Management
Decision Making CA-1
(The full text of these Cases is available online at
www.wiley.com/college/weygandt.)

Photo Credits PC-1
Company Index I-1
Subject Index I-3


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chapter

1

Managerial Accounting

✓

● the navigator
●

Scan Study Objectives

study objectives

●

Read Feature Story

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

●

Read Preview

1 Explain the distinguishing features of managerial accounting.

●

Read Text and answer Do it!
p. 9
p. 13

p. 15

2 Identify the three broad functions of management.

p. 23

3 Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.

●

Work Using the Decision Toolkit

●

Review Summary of Study Objectives

●

Work Comprehensive Do it! p. 31

5 Explain the difference between a merchandising and a
manufacturing income statement.

●

Answer Self-Study Questions

6 Indicate how cost of goods manufactured is determined.

●

Complete Assignments

7 Explain the difference between a merchandising
and a manufacturing balance sheet.

The Navigator is a learning system designed to
prompt you to use the learning aids in the chapter
and to help you set priorities as you study.

4 Distinguish between product and period costs.

8 Identify trends in managerial accounting.
Study Objectives give you a framework for learning the specific
concepts covered in the chapter.

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feature story

Think Fast

The business world changes rapidly.

share in the PC market to Dell

as compared to Dell’s online sales

To survive you must make well-

because its cost structure made it

approach.

informed, quick decisions. Consider

hard to compete with Dell on price.

Perhaps most importantly, HP

this. In January of 1998, Compaq

To make matters worse for HP, Dell

has expanded its consulting and data

Computer was the largest seller of

then began selling computer printers,

storage services. You can only sell a

personal computers and Forbes

a business that HP had always

piece of equipment once. But

magazine’s “company of the year.”

dominated. Many people predicted

consulting services provide ongoing,

During the next two years, it lost $2

that Dell would soon reign supreme

high-margin revenue that frequently

billion and its CEO was out of a job.

over the printer business as well.

results in additional hardware sales.

Compaq fell victim to Dell

Just when it appeared that Dell

To further expand its service revenue

Computer. Dell pioneered a new way

could not be beat, HP regained its

opportunities, in 2008 HP acquired

of making and selling computers. It

footing and Dell stumbled. By June

Electronic Data Services (EDS) for

reengineered its supply chain so that

2008, HP had accomplished a

$13.9 billion. Although many industry

it could produce computers with the

remarkable three-year turnaround. With

analysts questioned the decision, HP

exact features that customers ordered,

more than $100 billion in sales, HP

says the move was based on a

ship them within 24 hours of taking

had become the biggest technology

sound strategy. Now management

the order, and invest almost no money

company in the world. How did it do

must prove that it was the correct

in inventory. Compaq was not able to

it? HP adopted “lean” manufacturing

decision for the

respond quickly enough. Ultimately, it

practices so it could compete with

future.

merged with Hewlett-Packard (HP).

Dell on price. In addition, it developed

After the merger of HP and
Compaq, HP lost significant market

exciting design innovations that it
marketed successfully in retail stores,

The Feature Story helps you picture how
the chapter topic relates to the real world
of business and accounting. You
will find references to the story
throughout the chapter.

Inside Chapter 1
Even the Best Have to Get Better (p. 6)
How Many Labor Hours to Build a Car? (p. 11)
Low Fares but Decent Profits (p. 20)
All About You: Outsourcing and Jobs (p. 24)

3

“Inside Chapter” lists boxes in the
chapter that should be of special interest
to you.


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preview of chapter 1
This chapter focuses on issues illustrated in the Feature Story about Compaq Computer, Hewlett-Packard, and
Dell. These include determining and controlling the costs of material, labor, and overhead and the relationship
between costs and profits. In a financial accounting course, you learned about the form and content of financial statements for external users of financial information, such as stockholders and creditors. These financial statements represent the principal product of financial accounting. Managerial accounting focuses primarily on the preparation of reports for internal users of financial information, such as the managers and officers
of a company. In today’s rapidly changing global environment, managers often make decisions that determine
their company’s fate—and their own. Managers are evaluated on the results of their decisions. Managerial
accounting provides tools for assisting management in making decisions and for evaluating the effectiveness of
those decisions.
The Preview describes the purpose
of the chapter and outlines the
The content and organization of this chapter are as follows.

Managerial Accounting

Managerial Accounting
Basics
• Comparing managerial and
financial accounting
• Management functions
• Organizational structure
• Business ethics

Manufacturing Costs in
Financial Statements

Managerial Cost Concepts
• Manufacturing costs
• Product vs. period costs

major topics and subtopics you
will find in it.

•
•
•
•
•

Income statement
Cost of goods manufactured
Balance sheet
Cost concepts—A review
Product costing for service
industries

Managerial Accounting
Today
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Value chain
Technological change
JIT
Quality

Activity-based costing
Theory of constraints
Balanced scorecard

Managerial Accounting Basics
Essential terms and
concepts are printed in blue
where they first appear
and are defined in the
end-of-chapter Glossary.

Managerial accounting, also called management accounting, is a field of accounting that provides economic and financial information for managers and
other internal users. The activities that are part of managerial accounting (and
the chapters in which they are discussed in this textbook) are as follows.
1. Explaining manufacturing and nonmanufacturing costs and how they are
reported in the financial statements (Chapter 1).
2. Computing the cost of providing a service or manufacturing a product
(Chapters 2, 3, and 4).
3. Determining the behavior of costs and expenses as activity levels change and
analyzing cost–volume–profit relationships within a company (Chapters 5
and 6).
4. Accumulating and presenting data for management decision making
(Chapter 7).
5. Determining prices for external and internal transactions (Chapter 8).
6. Assisting management in profit planning and formalizing these plans in the
form of budgets (Chapter 9).
7. Providing a basis for controlling costs and expenses by comparing actual results with planned objectives and standard costs (Chapters 10 and 11).
8. Accumulating and presenting data for capital expenditure decisions
(Chapter 12).

4


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5

Managerial Accounting Basics

Managerial accounting applies to all types of businesses—service, merchandising, and manufacturing. It also applies to all forms of business organizations—
proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. Not-for-profit entities as well as
profit-oriented enterprises need managerial accounting.
In the past, managerial accountants were primarily engaged in cost accounting—
collecting and reporting costs to management. Recently that role has changed
significantly. First, as the business environment has become more automated,
methods to determine the amount and type of cost in a product have changed.
Second, managerial accountants are now held responsible for strategic cost management; that is, they assist in evaluating how well the company is employing
its resources. As a result, managerial accountants now serve as team members
alongside personnel from production, marketing, and engineering when the company makes critical strategic decisions.
Opportunities for managerial accountants to advance within the company
are considerable. Financial executives must have a background that includes an
understanding of managerial accounting concepts. Whatever your position in
the company—marketing, sales, or production, knowledge of managerial accounting greatly improves your opportunities for advancement. As the CEO of
Microsoft noted: “If you’re supposed to be making money in business and supposed to be satisfying customers and building market share, there are numbers

that characterize those things. And if somebody can’t sort of speak to me quantitatively about it, then I’m nervous.”
COMPARING MANAGERIAL
AND FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
There are both similarities and differences between managerial and financial accounting. First, each field of accounting deals with the economic events of a
business. Thus, their interests overlap. For example, determining the unit cost of
manufacturing a product is part of managerial accounting. Reporting the total
cost of goods manufactured and sold is part of financial accounting. In addition, both managerial and financial accounting require that a company’s economic events be quantified and communicated to interested parties.
Illustration 1-1 summarizes the principal differences between financial accounting and managerial accounting. The need for various types of economic
data is responsible for many of the differences.

External users: stockholders,
creditors, and regulators.
Financial statements.
Quarterly and annually.

A
Re nnu
po al
rt

Illustration 1-1
Differences between
financial and managerial
accounting

Managerial Accounting
Primary Users
of Reports
Types and Frequency
of Reports

1

Explain the distinguishing
features of managerial
accounting.

Internal users: officers and
managers.
Internal reports.
As frequently as needed.

General-purpose.

Purpose of Reports

Special-purpose for
specific decisions.

Pertains to business as a whole.
Highly aggregated (condensed).
Limited to double-entry
accounting and cost data.
Generally accepted
accounting principles.

Content of Reports

Pertains to subunits of the business.
Very detailed.

Extends beyond double-entry
accounting to any relevant data.
Standard is relevance
to decisions.

Audit by CPA.

Verification Process

No independent audits.

Manager

Pro
d
Rep uction
ort

Financial Accounting

study objective


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chapter 1 Managerial Accounting

study objective

2

Identify the three broad
functions of management.

MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
Managers’ activities and responsibilities can be classified into three broad
functions:
1. Planning.
2. Directing.
3. Controlling.
In performing these functions, managers make decisions that have a significant
impact on the organization.
Planning requires managers to look ahead and to establish objectives. These
objectives are often diverse: maximizing short-term profits and market share,
maintaining a commitment to environmental protection, and contributing to social programs. For example, Hewlett-Packard, in an attempt to gain a stronger
foothold in the computer industry, has greatly reduced its prices to compete with
Dell. A key objective of management is to add value to the business under its
control. Value is usually measured by the trading price of the company’s stock
and by the potential selling price of the company.
Directing involves coordinating a company’s diverse activities and human
resources to produce a smooth-running operation. This function relates to implementing planned objectives and providing necessary incentives to motivate employees. For example, manufacturers such as Campbell Soup Company, General
Motors, and Dell must coordinate purchasing, manufacturing, warehousing, and

selling. Service corporations such as American Airlines, Federal Express, and
AT&T must coordinate scheduling, sales, service, and acquisitions of equipment
and supplies. Directing also involves selecting executives, appointing managers
and supervisors, and hiring and training employees.
The third management function, controlling, is the process of keeping the
company’s activities on track. In controlling operations, managers determine

Management Insight
Even the Best Have to Get Better

Insight boxes illustrate
interesting situations in real
companies and show how
managers make decisions
using accounting
information. Guideline
answers to the critical
thinking questions appear on
the last page of the chapter.

Louis Vuitton is a French manufacturer of high-end handbags, wallets, and
suitcases. Its reputation for quality and style allows it to charge extremely high prices—
for example, $700 for a tote bag. But often in the past, when demand was hot, supply
was nonexistent—shelves were empty, and would-be buyers left empty-handed.
Luxury-goods manufacturers used to consider stock-outs to be a good thing, but
recently Louis Vuitton changed its attitude. The company adopted “lean” processes used
by car manufacturers and electronics companies to speed up production of “hot” products. Work is done by flexible teams, with jobs organized based on how long a task
takes. By reducing wasted time and eliminating bottlenecks, what used to take 20 to
30 workers eight days to do now takes 6 to 12 workers one day. Also, production employees who used to specialize on a single task on a single product are now multiskilled.
This allows them to quickly switch products to meet demand.

To make sure that the factory is making the right products, within a week of a product launch, Louis Vuitton stores around the world feed sales information to the headquarters in France, and production is adjusted accordingly. Finally, the new production
processes have also improved quality. Returns of some products are down by two-thirds,
which makes quite a difference to the bottom line when the products are pricey.
Source: Christina Passariello, “Louis Vuitton Tries Modern Methods on Factory Lines,” Wall Street Journal,
October 9, 2006.

?

What are some of the steps that this company has taken in order to ensure that
production meets demand?


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Managerial Accounting Basics

whether planned goals are being met. When there are deviations from targeted
objectives, managers must decide what changes are needed to get back on track.
Recent scandals at companies like Enron, Lucent, and Xerox attest to the fact
that companies must have adequate controls to ensure that the company develops and distributes accurate information.
How do managers achieve control? A smart manager in a small operation
can make personal observations, ask good questions, and know how to evaluate
the answers. But using this approach in a large organization would result in
chaos. Imagine the president of Dell attempting to determine whether the company is meeting its planned objectives, without some record of what has happened

and what is expected to occur. Thus, large businesses typically use a formal system of evaluation. These systems include such features as budgets, responsibility
centers, and performance evaluation reports—all of which are features of managerial accounting.
Decision making is not a separate management function. Rather, it is the outcome of the exercise of good judgment in planning, directing, and controlling.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
In order to assist in carrying out management functions, most companies prepare organization charts to show the interrelationships of activities and the delegation of authority and responsibility within the company. Illustration 1-2 shows
a typical organization chart, which outlines the delegation of responsibility.
Stockholders own the corporation, but they manage it indirectly through a
board of directors they elect. Even not-for-profit organizations have boards of
directors. The board formulates the operating policies for the company or
organization. The board also selects officers, such as a president and one or more
vice presidents, to execute policy and to perform daily management functions.
The chief executive officer (CEO) has overall responsibility for managing the
business. Obviously, even in a small business, in order to accomplish organizational
Illustration 1-2
Corporation’s organization
chart

Stockholders

Board of
Directors

Chief Executive
Officer and
President

General
Counsel/and
Secretary

Vice President
Marketing

Vice President
Finance/Chief
Financial Officer

Treasurer

Vice President
Operations

Controller

Vice President
Human
Resources

7