Texts and materials on international human rights 3rd ed

TEXTS AND
MATERIALS
ON INTERNATIONAL
HUMAN RIGHTS
THIRD EDITION

RHONA K. M. SMITH


Texts and Materials on International
Human Rights
THIRD EDITION

Texts and Materials on International Human Rights offers a carefully tailored overview of the subject that
covers sources and theories, institutions and structures, and substantive rights. The third edition is
fully updated to include all key developments in the law, in particular issues around reform in the
UN and the topical application of human rights around the world.
This collection of materials offers a comprehensive overview of the institutional structures
relevant to international human rights law, crucial to the understanding of how law works in this
challenging area. Designed to guide students through the fundamental texts for this subject, the
author’s commentary contextualises each extract to explain its relevance, while highlighted further
reading makes links to cutting edge academic commentary to provide next steps for student
research.
Offering a clear text design that distinguishes between materials and author commentary, and
including reflective questions throughout to aid understanding, this book is ideal for students
seeking to engage with the key issues in the study of International Human Rights.
Rhona K.M. Smith is Professor of International Human Rights at Northumbria University.


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Texts and Materials on
International Human
Rights
THIRD EDITION

Rhona K.M. Smith


Third edition published 2013
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2013 Rhona K.M. Smith
The right of Rhona K.M. Smith to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by
her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Every effort has been made to request permission to reproduce material under copyright.
If any material has been inadvertently overlooked, the publishers will endeavour to make
the necessary arrangements.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Previous editions published by Routledge

First edition
2007
Second edition
2010
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested.
ISBN 13: 978–0–415–62190–8 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978–0–415–54068–1 (pbk)
ISBN 13: 978–0–203–41005–9 (ebk)
Typeset in Joanna MT
by Refinecatch Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk


Outline Contents

Preface
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
Table of Treaties and Instruments

x
xiii
xix
xxiii

1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

1
28
59
92
141
182
227
258
300
341
376
429
475
518

Index

Sources of International Human Rights

Key Concepts: Universality, Interdependence and Categories of Rights
States and Treaty Obligations
Human Rights Organisations and Key Institutions
Monitoring and Enforcing Human Rights: Extra-Conventional Mechanisms
Implementing Human Rights Treaties: Committees and Courts
National Institutions for Protecting and Promoting Human Rights
Extending the Duties to Protect and Respect Human Rights: Non-State Actors
Reforming the International and Regional Human Rights Systems
Protecting Children
Detainees, Prisoners and Convicts
Indigenous Peoples and their Rights
The Protection of Refugees, Stateless Persons and Internally Displaced People
Protecting and Promoting the Rights of Women

566


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Detailed Contents

Preface
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
Table of Treaties and Instruments

x
xiii
xix

xxiii

1

Sources of International Human Rights
1.1 Treaties
1.2 Customary International Law
1.3 Other International and Regional Instruments
1.4 A Practical Guide to Sources

1
3
12
16
22

2

Key Concepts: Universality, Interdependence and Categories of Rights
2.1 Universality
2.2 Cultural Sensitivity
2.3 Positive Obligations on States to Conform to Human Rights
2.4 Indivisibility and Interdependence, or A Hierarchy of Rights?
2.5 Interdependence and Indivisibility
2.6 Evolving and Developing Rights

28
29
39
51

55
56
58

3

States and Treaty Obligations
3.1 “Universal Human Rights” and Ratification
3.2 Limitations on State Compliance: Reservations, Declarations,
Derogations and Denunciations
3.3 Reservations
3.4 Declarations
3.5 Derogations
3.6 Denunciations

59
60

4

Human Rights Organisations and Key Institutions
4.1 International Organisations
4.2 The United Nations
4.3 International Courts
4.4 The International Labour Organisation
4.5 Regional Organisations
4.6 Europe
4.7 The Americas
4.8 Africa
4.9 Others

64
64
75
78
87
92
93
93
108
113
116
117
135
136
136


viii |

5

DETAILED CONTENTS

Monitoring and Enforcing Human Rights: Extra-Conventional Mechanisms
5.1 Human Rights Council
5.2 The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organisation (UNESCO)
5.3 United Nations Security Council, Responsibility to Protect,
and Sanctions

5.4 International Criminal Courts, Tribunals and Processes
5.5 Organisation of American States Inter-American Commission
on Human Rights

141
143

6

Implementing Human Rights Treaties: Committees and Courts
6.1 United Nations Treaty Monitoring Bodies: Conventional Mechanisms
6.2 Regional Systems: Creating Judicial Mechanisms
6.3 Remedies for Individuals

182
183
211
219

7

National Institutions for Protecting and Promoting Human Rights
7.1 States and International (Human Rights) Law
7.2 The International Approach to National Institutions
7.3 The Regional Position on National Institutions
7.4 Nature of National Institutions
7.5 Examples of National Institutions
7.6 Children’s Commissioners – A Special Case?

227

229
236
245
246
246
250

8

Extending the Duties to Protect and Respect Human Rights:
Non-State Actors
8.1 Human Rights Education and Training
8.2 Non-Governmental Organisations
8.3 Business and Multinational Corporations
8.4 Educators, Lawyers and Individuals

258
259
261
269
292

9

Reforming the International and Regional Human Rights Systems
9.1 The Bigger Picture – Human Rights and United Nations Reform
9.2 The Human Rights Council – Review Process
9.3 Towards Universal Ratification of Key Instruments
9.4 Dissemination and Technology
9.5 Regional Reforms

300
302
332
334
334
337

10

Protecting Children
10.1 Children as Humans
10.2 Tabulating Children’s Rights
10.3 The United Nations Convention on The Rights of The Child
10.4 Governing Principles
10.5 Regional Instruments

341
342
349
353
355
373

11

Detainees, Prisoners and Convicts
11.1 Equality Before the Law
11.2 Arrest
11.3 Disappearances

11.4 Detention Pending Trial
11.5 Torture and the Use of Force

376
377
380
382
394
398

158
163
168
177


DETAILED CONTENTS

11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9

Fair Trial
Detention After Conviction
Juveniles in Detention and Court
Capital Punishment

12

Indigenous Peoples and their Rights
12.1 Towards Recognition of Indigenous Rights
12.2 Invoking Minority Rights
12.3 The Scope of ‘Indigenous People’
12.4 Rights Claimed by Indigenous People
12.5 The Right to Self-Determination
12.6 Land Rights
12.7 Cultural Rights

13

The Protection of Refugees, Stateless Persons and Internally
Displaced People
13.1 Who is a Refugee?
13.2 Procedures for Determining Refugee Status
13.3 Termination of Refugee Status
13.4 Regional Instruments and Criteria for Determining
Refugee Status and Addressing Refugee Rights
13.5 Rights of Refugees
13.6 Granting Asylum to Refugees and Others
13.7 Internally Displaced Persons
13.8 High Commissioner for Refugees
13.9 Stateless Persons

14

Index

Protecting and Promoting the Rights of Women
14.1 Leading the Way: The International Labour Organisation

14.2 Equality
14.3 Tabulating Women’s Rights
14.4 Protection from Persecution: Trafficking, Exploitation
14.5 Violence Against Women
14.6 Family Rights: Marriage and Children
14.7 Regional Instruments and Approaches to Women’s Rights

| ix

401
413
418
423
429
430
433
448
450
450
458
472

475
477
483
488
493
497
505
506

507
509
518
519
521
536
538
543
557
562
566


Preface

This book seeks to provide an introduction to international human rights law, particularly those
primary sources (treaties, other instruments and jurisprudence) which elaborate the fundamental
rights and freedoms to which we are all entitled.
The promotion of international human rights has benefited remarkably from the World Wide
Web. Indeed, it is possible to access almost all the primary materials through the official
websites of the key organisations: the United Nations, Council of Europe, International Labour
Organisation, Organisation of American States and the African Union. A wealth of non-governmental
organisations, charities, governments and individuals add their own views, guidelines and
materials. Never before in history, wherever we are in the world, have we so freely and easily
been able to access as much information on our ‘common birthright’ of human rights as
we can today. Although a remarkable resource, the sheer volume of information available can
appear daunting. Thus this text provides an entry into the maze of material, introducing the key
topics and the key materials. It is neither a substitute for reading the primary resources, nor is it
intended to compare with the esteemed monographs, other books and commentaries already on
the market. In the space available, it cannot cover the entire range of rights and freedoms. Rather it

takes a thematic approach, attempting to draw together the main areas of activity under umbrella
headings, demonstrating the interdependence and indivisibility of international human rights.
Inevitably there are repetitions and omissions, as well as different approaches to the materials
selected.
The chapters cover the fundamentals of international human rights (i.e. what they are,
where to find them, how to enforce them), then the rights accorded to key vulnerable groups,
reflecting those areas which appear to be of most interest to students. As the book is targeted at
undergraduates and those new to the area, the principal problem in selecting materials remains
anticipating what will be taught in introductory courses and be of most interest to intending
students.
With a focus on primary materials, almost all the extracts are in the public domain, and freely
available. However, I sought the consent of the relevant bodies for reproduction of extracted
materials. I have, for reasons of copyright, limited the use of secondary source material. In its place,
I have provided indicative further reading lists at the conclusion of each chapter to assist with
further research.
As far as possible, the text and materials were accurate as at the time of going to press.
In accordance with the old Scottish saying, ‘the best laid schemes o’ Mice an’ Men gang aft
agley’, external circumstances seemed to thwart the compilation of this text at every turn, and
inevitably friends and family deserve acknowledgement and heartfelt gratitude for their support
and understanding as yet again I retreated from normality and resorted to working almost every
evening and weekend. Zoe Botterill (who left just before the initial manuscript was submitted) and
Madeleine Langford proved most helpful when this project was eventually reallocated to them by
Cavendish after Ruth Massey’s departure for pastures new. Fiona Kinnear and Holly Davis have
proved very helpful and professional for the second edition and Melanie Fortmann-Brown and
Emma Nugent for this the third edition. Finally, my International Human Rights students have, over


PREFACE

| xi

the years, enlightened me as to what students find most useful and interesting. With the World
Programme for Human Rights Education in its second phase focussing an higher-education, the
global spotlight is once again picking out international human rights students and classes. Much of
the future success of the human rights movement lies with those studying it today.
RKMS


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Table of Cases

A
A and others v UK Application 3455/05,
Judgment of the Grand Chamber 19 February
2009 … 398
A v Australia Communication No 560/1993, UN
Doc CCPR/C/59/D/560/1993, HRC …
486–7
A v United Kingdom Application 25599/94
(1999) 27 EHRR 611; [1998] ECHR 85 …
19–20, 21, 54, 214
Abdulaziz, Cabales & Balkandali v United
Kingdom Applications 9214/80; 9473/81;
9474/81, Series A No 94 (1985) 7 EHRR
471; [1985] ECHR 7 … 527
Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or
Use of Nuclear Weapons [1996] ICJ Reps 257
… 16

Airey v Ireland Application 6289/73, Series A,
No 32 (1979) 2 EHRR 305; [1979] ECHR 3
… 407
Aksoy v Turkey Application 21987/93 (1997) 23
EHHR 533; [1996] ECHR 68 … 85–7
Aliev v Ukraine Communication No 781/1997,
UN Doc CCPR/C/78/D/781/1997, HRC …
407
Artico v Italy Application 6694/74, Series A No
37 (1981) 3 EHRR 1; [1980] ECHR 4 … 407
A-T v Hungary Communication No 2/2003, UN
Doc CEDAW/C/32/D/2/2003, CEDAW …
524, 547–9
Ato del Avellanal v Peru Communication No
202/1986, UN Docs CCPR/
C/34/D/202/1986; Supp No 40 A/44/40,
HRC … 379, 525–6
Attorney-General v DeKeyser’s Royal Hotel Ltd
[1920] AC 508, HL … 469
Aumeeruddy-Cziffra & Ors v Mauritius
Communication No 35/1978, UN Doc
CCPR/C/12/D/35/1978, HRC … 526–7

Australian Conservation Foundation (ACF) Inc v
Commonwealth (1980) 146 CLR 493; 28 ALR
257 … 468

B
Bahamonde v Equatorial Guinea Communication
No 468/1991, UN Doc

CCPR/C/49/D/468/1991, HRC … 409–10
Bakhtiyari v Australia Communication No
1069/2002, UN Doc
CCPR/C/79/D/1069/2002, HRC … 480–2
Barcelona Traction Light & Power Co case see
Belgium v Spain
Belgian Linguistics v Belgium (No 2)
Applications 1474/62; 1691/62; 1769/63;
1994/63; 2126/64; 1677/62, Series A No 6
(1968) 1 EHRR 252; [1968] ECHR 3; [1967]
ECHR 1 … 44
Belgium v Spain [1970] ICJ Reps 32 (Barcelona
Traction Light & Power Co case) … 15–16
B-J v Germany Communication No 1/2003 …
524
Borisenco v Hungary Communication No
852/1999, UN Doc
CCPR/C/76/D/852/1999, HRC … 381,
406–7
Brannigan & McBride v United Kingdom
Applications 14553/89; 14554/89, Series A
No 258-B (1993) 17 EHRR 539; [1993]
ECHR 21 … 80–1, 86, 397
Broeks v Netherlands Communication No
172/1984, UN Doc
CCPR/C/29/D/172/1984, HRC … 379, 527
Brogan & Ors v United Kingdom Applications
11209/84; 11234/84; 11266/84, Series A
No 145-B (1988) 11 EHRR 117; [1988]
ECHR 24 … 80, 81, 86, 397

Brown v Rentokil C-394/96 [1998] ECR I-4185;
ICR 790; IRLR 445 … 528


xiv |

TABLE OF CASES

Burgos v Uruguay Communication No 52/1979,
UN Doc CCPR/C/13/D/52/1979, HRC …
221–2
Burmah Oil Co (Burmah Trading) Ltd v Lord
Advocate [1965] AC 75; (1965) 2 All ER 248;
1964 SC (HL) 117 … 468

C
C (a minor) v Director of Public Prosecutions
(DPP) [1996] AC 1; 2 All ER 43; [1995] Crim
LR 801, HL … 421
Calder v Attorney-General of British Columbia
[1973] 34 DLR (3d) 145; SCR 313; 4 WWR 1
… 465, 468–9
Campbell and Cosans v United Kingdom (1982)
… 214
Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the
Law v Canada [2004] 1 SCR 76 … 20–1
Case concerning East Timor see Portugal v
Australia
Cherokee Nation v State of Georgia 30 US (5 Pet)
1; 8 L Ed 25 (1831) … 468

Chumbipuma Aguirre & Ors v Peru Ser C, No 75,
Inter-AmCHR (2001) (‘Barrios Altos case’) …
217
City of Montreal v Montreal Harbour Com’rs
[1926] AC 299; (1926) 1 DLR 840; 47 Que
KB 163 … 468
Commission v France C-312/86 [1988] ECR
6315; (1989) 1 CMLR 408 … 532
Cyprus v Turkey Application 25781/94 (1997)
23 EHRR 244; [2001] ECHR 331 … 392–4

D
D v United Kingdom Application 30240/96
(1997) 24 EHRR 423; [1997] ECHR 25 …
53, 54
Dann & Dann v United States Case 11.140,
Report No 75/02, Inter-AmCtHR (2002) …
135, 180
De Wilde, Ooms & Versyp (‘vagrancy’) v Belgium
(merits) Applications 2832/66; 2835/66;
2899/66, Series A No 12 (1971) 1 EHRR
373; [1970] ECHR 2; [1971] ECHR 1; [1972]
ECHR 1 … 45
Dekker v Stichting Vormingscentrum voor Jong
Volwassenen (VJV-Centrum) Plus C-177/88

[1990] ECR I-3941; [1992] ICR 325, 329 …
528
Diergaardt v Namibia Communication No
760/1997, UN Doc

CCPR/C/69/D/760/1996, HRC … 440–2
Doe & Ors v Unocal Corp 963 F Supp 880 (CD
Cal 1997); dismissed 110 F Supp 2d 1294
(CD Cal 2000); remanded 395 F 3d 932 (9th
Cir Cal 2002); vacated, rehearing, en banc,
granted 395 F 3d 978 (9th Cir 2003);
affirmed 248 F 3d 915 (9th Cir Cal 2001) …
289–90

E
Engel & Ors v Netherlands Applications 5100/71;
5101/71; 5102/71, Series A No 22 [1976]
ECHR 3 & 4 … 45

F
F v Switzerland Application 11329/85, Series A
No 128 (1987) 10 EHRR 411; [1987] ECHR
32 … 560
Fernández v Spain Communication No
1396/2005, UN Doc
CCPR/C/85/D/1396/2005, HRC …
320–2
Filartiga v Pena-Irala 630 F 2d 876 (2nd Cir
1980) … 288

G
Georgia v Russian Federation (Case Concerning
Application of the International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination) 15 October General List No.

140 … 110–11
Gerhardy v Brown (1985) 59 Australian Law
Reports 311 … 444
Golder v United Kingdom Application 4451/70,
Series A No 18 (1975) 1 EHRR 524; [1975]
ECHR 1 … 404–6
Goodwin and I v United Kingdom Application
28957/95 (2002) 35 EHHR; [2002] ECHR
588 … 557
Guedson v France Communication No
219/1986, UN Doc
CCPR/C/39/D/219/1986, HRC … 77–8,
442


TABLE OF CASES

Guerin v The Queen (1984) 13 DLR (4th) 321
… 467

H
Habermann-Beltermann v Arbeiterwohlfahrt
Bezirksverband C-421/92 [1994] ECR
I-1657; IRLR 364 … 528
Hamlet of Baker Lake v Minister of Indian Affairs
and Northern Development [1980] 1 FC 518;
5 WWR 193; 107 DLR (3d) 513 … 472
Handan v Rumsfeld US Supreme Court 29 June
2006 … 87, 397
Handyside v United Kingdom Application

5493/72 (1979–80) 1 EHRR 737; [1976]
ECHR 5 … 44–6
HLR v France Application 24573/94 (1997) 26
EHRR 29; [1997] ECHR 23 … 20, 54

I
Idewu Inasa v Oshodi (1934) AC 99 … 467
Ireland v United Kingdom Application 5310/71,
Series A No 25 (1978) 2 EHRR 25; [1978]
ECHR 1 … 52, 81, 86
Irschik v Austria Communication No 990/2001,
UN Doc CCPR/C/80/D/990/2001, HRC …
322

J
Johnson v McIntosh 21 US (8 Wheat) 543; 5 L
Ed 681 (1823); 1823 US LEXIS 293 … 467
Johnston v Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster
Constabulary C-222/84 [1986] ECR 1651;
[1987] QB 129; [1986] 3 WLR 1038; [1987]
ICR 83; (1986) 3 All ER 135 … 532
Johnston v Ireland Application 9697/82, Series A
No 112 (1986) 9 EHRR 203; [1986] ECHR
17 … 560
Joint Tribal Council of the Passamaquoddy Tribe v
Morton 528 Fed 2d 370 (1st Cir 1975) … 468

K
Kalanke v Freie Hansestadt Bremen C-450/93
[1995] ECR I-3051; [1996] ICR 314 …

531–4
Karker v France Communication No 833/1998,
UN Doc CCPR/C/70/D/833/1998, HRC …
492–3

Kitok v Sweden Communication No 197/1985,
UN Doc CCPR/C/33/D/197/1985, HRC …
438–9
Kjeldsen, Busk, Madsen & Pedersen v Denmark
Applications 5095/71; 5920/72; 5926/72,
Series A No 23 (1976) 1 EHRR 711; [1976]
ECHR 6 … 52

L
Lawless v Ireland (No 3) Application 332/57,
Series A No 3 (1961) 1 EHRR 15; [1961]
ECHR 2 … 86
Loayza-Tamayo v Peru Ser C, No 33, InterAmCHR (1997) … 217
Lovelace v Canada Communication No 24/1977
(1) and (2), UN Docs CCPR/
C/13/D/24/1977; Supp No 40 A/36/40
(1981), HRC … 319–20, 434–6, 439
Lubicon Lake Band (Ominayak) v Canada
Communication No 167/1984, UN Doc
CCPR/C/38/D/167/1984, HRC … 436–8,
439

M
Mabo & Ors v State of Queensland (No 2)
(1992) 175 CLR 1; 107 ALR 1 … 464–8, 472

Maclaine Watson & Co Ltd v Department of Trade
& Industry (1989) 3 All ER 523; (1990) 2 AC
418, HL … 231
Madoui (Zohra) v Algeria UN Doc.
CCPR/C/94/D/1495/2006 … 385
Mahuika v New Zealand Communication No
547/1993, UN Doc
CCPR/C/70/D/547/1993, HRC … 438,
439–40
Manitoba Language Rights Reference [1985] 1
SCR 721 … 455
Matznetter v Austria Application 2178/64, Series
A No 10 (1969) 1 EHRR 198; [1969] ECHR
1 … 46
Mbenge v Republic of Congo Communication
No 16/1977, UN Doc
CCPR/C/18/D/16/1977 (1983), HRC …
412–13
Morales de Sierra v Guatemala Case 11.625,
Report No 4/01, Inter-AmCtHR (2001) …
557

| xv


xvi |

TABLE OF CASES

Moreno Ramos v United States Case 12.430,

Report No 1/05, Inter-AmCtHR (2005) …
180
Mortensen v Peters (1906) 8 F(J) 93 (Scotland)
… 230–1
Mutombo v Switzerland Communication No
13/1993, UN Docs CAT/C/12/D/13/1993;
A/49/44 at 45 (1994), CAT … 54, 490–1

N
N v United Kingdom Application 26565/05,
Grand Chamber Judgment of 27 May 2008 …
53
Neumeister v Austria Application 1936/63, Series
A No 8 (1968) 1 EHRR 191; [1968] ECHR 2
… 46
Newcastle Breweries Ltd v The King (1920) 1 KB
854 … 468
Nortier v Netherlands Application 13924/88,
Series A No 267 (1993) 17 EHRR 273;
[1993] ECHR 34 … 422

O
Ominayak v Canada … 440 see Lubicon Lake
Band v Canada
Onus & Anor v Alcoa of Australia Ltd (1981) 149
CLR 27 … 468

P
Paton v United Kingdom Application 8416/78,
[1981] 3 EHRR 408 … 561

Portugal v Australia [1995] ICJ Reps 102 (‘Case
concerning East Timor’) … 16
Pratt & Morgan v Jamaica Communication Nos
210/1986; 225/1987, UN Doc CCPR/
C/35/D/210/1986, HRC … 425–6

Q
Quebec Secession Reference [1998] 2 SCR 217
… 455–7

R
R (Bancoult) v Secretary of State for Foreign and
Commonwealth Affairs [2008] UKHL 61 …
459
R v A [2002] AC 45 … 233–4
R v Secretary of State for Education and

Employment & Ors, ex p Williamson [2005]
UKHL 15 … 20
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department,
ex p Brind sub nom Brind v Secretary of State
for the Home Department (1991) 1 AC 696; 2
WLR 588; 1 All ER 720; 135 Sol Jo 250, HL
… 233
R v Symonds (1847) NZPCC 387, SC … 467,
472
Ringeisen v Austria (merits) Application
2614/65, Series A No 13 (1971) 1 EHRR
455; [1971] ECHR 2 … 46

S
S v Daniels (1991) 2 SA Criminal Law Reports
403 … 18
S v Staggie (1990) 1 SA Criminal Law Reports
669 … 18
S v Williams et al (1995) 3 SA 362
(Constitutional Court) … 20
St Catherine’s Milling & Lumber Co v R (1887)
13 SCR 577; 4 Cart BNA 127; affirmed
(1888) 14 AC 46, PC … 467
Sanders v Netherlands Communication No
1193/2003, UN Doc
CCPR/C/84/D/1193/2003, HRC … 322
Selmouni v France Application 25803/94
(1999) 29 EHRR 403; [1999] ECHR 66 …
224–5
Sharma (Yasoda ) v Nepal UN Doc. CCPR/
C/94/D/1469/2006 … 385
Singh Bhinder v Canada, Communication
208/1986 UN Doc
CCPR/C/37/D/208/1986 … 443–4
Soering v United Kingdom Application
14038/88 (1989) II EHRR 439; [1989]
ECHR 14 … 51–3, 425
Southern Rhodesia, In re [1919] AC 211, PC …
465
Stanford v Kentucky 492 US 361 (1989) …
422
Stogmuller v Austria Application 1602/62, Series
A No 9 (1969) 1 EHRR 155; [1969] ECHR 2

… 46
Stubbings & Ors v United Kingdom Applications
22083/93; 22095/93 (1996) 23 EHRR 213;
[1996] ECHR 44 … 20, 54


TABLE OF CASES

T
T & V v United Kingdom Applications 24724/94;
24888/94 Series A No 9 (1999) 30 EHRR
121; [1999] ECHR 170–1 … 368, 421–3
Tanistry, Case of (1608) Davis 28; 80 ER 516; 4th
ed Dublin (1762) … 466
Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v United States 348 US
272; 75 S Ct 313; 99 L Ed 314 (1955)
… 468
Ternovsky v Hungary Application 67545/09
[2010] ECHR 208 … 562
Thomas v United States Case 12.240, Report No
100/03, Inter-AmCtHR (2003) … 180
Tyrer v United Kingdom Application 5856/72,
Series A No 26 (1978) 2 EHRR 1; [1978]
ECHR 2 … 18, 214

Inter-AmCtHR (1990) … 55, 222–4, 388,
390–2
Vo v France (2004) (Application 53924/00) …
561
Vos v Netherlands Communication No

218/1986, UN Docs CCPR/
C/35/D/218/1986; Supp No 40 A/44/40,
HRC … 527

W

U

Webb v EMO Air Cargo C-32/93 [1994] ECR
I-3567; ICR 770; IRLR 482 … 528
Wemhoff v Germany Application 2122/64, Series
A No 7 (1968) 1 EHRR 55; [1968] ECHR 2
… 46, 406
Wilson v Philippines Communication No
868/1999, UN Doc
CCPR/C/79/D/868/1999, HRC … 395–6

United States v Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co 314
US 339 (1941) … 468

X

V
Velásquez Rodríguez & Ors v Honduras Ser C, No
4, Inter-AmCtHR (1988); Ser C, No 7,

X v Netherlands Communication No 36/1995,
UN Doc C/16/D (1995), CAT … 54
X & Y v Netherlands Series A No 91 (1985) 8
EHRR 235 … 20, 54

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Table of Legislation

Australia
Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act
1976
s 21 … 454
s 40 … 454
Migration Act
s 417 … 482
Migration Amendment Act 1992 … 487
Native Title Act 1993 … 468
Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 … 454
Queensland Coast Islands Act 1879 … 464
Race Discrimination Act … 454

Bangladesh
Act No. 53 of 2009 An Act to establish National
Human Rights Commission … 249–50

Canada
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
s 7 … 21
s 12 … 21

s 15 … 21
Constitution Act 1982 (‘Constitution of Canada’)
… 455
Criminal Code
s 43 … 20, 21
Indian Act … 319, 434, 435

European Union
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European
Union 2000 … 132
Art 21 … 11

Art 21(1) … 33
Directive 76/207/EEC (the Equal Treatment
Directive) … 532
Art 1(1) … 532
Art 2(1) … 532, 533
Art 2(3) … 528
Art 2(4) … 532, 533, 534
Directive 89/391/EEC (the Health and
Safety Framework
Directive)
Art 16(1) … 528
Directive 92/85/EEC (the Health and
Safety of Pregnant Workers
Directive)
Art 10 … 528
EC Treaty 1957 (Treaty of Rome) … 131
Art 141 … 277, 512
Art 234 … 516, 520

European Union Constitution 2004 … 132
Regulation 168/2007 establishing European
Union Agency for Fundamental
Rights
Art 2-Art 3 … 133
Art 4 … 133–4
Art 6 … 134
Art 9 … 134
Art 10 … 135
Regulation 343/2003 on asylum applications
2003 … 485
Art 3 … 484
Art 4 … 484–5

France
Constitution of the French Republic 1958
Art 2 … 77
Declaration of the Rights of Man 1789 … 55,
378


xx |

TABLE OF LEGISLATION

Namibia

South Africa

Rehoboth Self-Government Act No 56 of 1976

… 441

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa
1996
s 7-s 11 … 31
s 12-s 28 … 32
s 28(2) … 356
s 29-s 35 … 32

Netherlands
Civil Code
Art 84-Art 85 … 379
Unemployment Benefits Act (WWV)
s 13(1) … 379

New Zealand
Treaty of Waitangi 1840 … 462–3
Art 1-Art 2 … 463, 464
Art 3 … 463–4
Preamble … 463
Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975 … 464
Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claims)
Settlement Act 1992 …
439

Norway
Act No 5 of March 6 1981 Relating to the
Ombudsman for Children
s 1-s 2 … 253
s 3 … 253–4

s 4-s 6 … 254
Instructions for the Ombudsman for Children
1981
s 2 … 254–5
s 3-s 6 … 255
s 7 … 256

Peru
Civil Code
Art 168 … 525
Constitution … 525

Turkey
Criminal Code
Art 135(a) … 86
Art 243 … 86

United Kingdom
Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 …
21
Children and Young Persons Act 1933
s 50 … 421
Children and Young Persons Act 1963
s 16(1) … 421
Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act
1978 … 528
Human Rights Act 1998 … 231
s 2 … 231–2
s 3 … 232, 233, 234
s 4 … 232

Human Rights Act 1998 (Amendment) Order
2005 SI 2005/1071 … 82
Human Rights Act 1998 (Designated Derogation)
Order 2001 SI 2001/3644 … 81–2
Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act
1978 … 233
Northern Ireland Act 1998
s 68 … 247
s 69 … 247–8
Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions)
Act 1974 … 82
Art 7 … 397
Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions)
Act 1984 … 233


TABLE OF LEGISLATION

Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 … 397
s 5 … 397–8
Terrorism Act 2005 … 82
Terrorism Act 2006
s 23 … 398
Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act
s 41 … 233

United States of America
Alaska Native Settlement Claim Act 1971
s 1601 … 470–1
s 1602 … 471

s 1605 … 471–2
Alien Tort Claims Act 1789 … 291
s 1350 … 288
Bill of Rights … 55
Civil Rights Act 1957 … 248
Declaration of Independence 1776 … 55

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Table of Treaties and Instruments

A
African Charter on Human and People’s Rights 1981 (Banjul Charter) ........... 4, 10, 31, 47, 177, 524
Art 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 10, 291
Art 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 10
Art 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 10, 291
Art 5 .............................................................................................................................................. 10
Art 7 ..................................................................................................................................... 10, 408
Art 8-Art 13 .................................................................................................................................. 11
Art 14 ................................................................................................................................... 11, 291
Art 15 ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Art 16 ................................................................................................................................... 11, 291
Art 17 ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Art 18 ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Art 18(1) .................................................................................................................................... 291
Art 19-Art 20 ................................................................................................................................ 47

Art 21 ..................................................................................................................... 47, 291, 469–70
Art 22 ........................................................................................................................................ 47–8
Art 23 ..................................................................................................................................... 11, 48
Art 24 .......................................................................................................................................... 291
Art 27-Art 29 ................................................................................................................................ 48
Art 30 .......................................................................................................................................... 217
Art 45 ................................................................................................................................... 217–18
Art 45(1)(a) ........................................................................................................................... 204–5
Art 46 .......................................................................................................................................... 205
Art 60-Art 61 .............................................................................................................................. 290
Preamble ....................................................................................................................................... 46
Protocol on establishing an African Court of Human Rights 1998 ................................. 9, 339, 524
Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa 2000 ........................................................................ 562
Art 3 ........................................................................................................................................ 563
Art 5 ........................................................................................................................................ 563
Art 6 ................................................................................................................................... 558–9
Art 7 ........................................................................................................................................ 560
Art 10 ................................................................................................................................. 563–4
Art 13 ...................................................................................................................................... 564
Art 14 ...................................................................................................................................... 561
Art 14(c) ............................................................................................................................ 561–2
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child 1990 ....................... 282, 358, 364, 366, 374
Art 2 ................................................................................................................................... 355, 360
Art 4 ................................................................................................................................... 356, 374


xxiv |

TABLE OF TREATIES AND INSTRUMENTS

Art 4(2) ....................................................................................................................................... 374
Art 15 .......................................................................................................................................... 370
Art 19 .......................................................................................................................................... 365
Art 20 .......................................................................................................................................... 360
Art 21 ................................................................................................................................. 356, 364
Art 21(2) .................................................................................................................................... 369
Art 22 .......................................................................................................................................... 364
Art 25-Art 26 .............................................................................................................................. 365
Art 27 ................................................................................................................................. 365, 369
Art 31 ................................................................................................................................. 359, 374
Art 37 ..................................................................................................................................... 365–6
Preamble ................................................................................................................................ 345–6
American Convention on Human Rights 1969 ................................... 10, 30, 52, 180, 200, 389, 390
Art 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 524
Art 1(1) .............................................................................................................................. 391, 392
Art 3 ............................................................................................................................... 10, 49, 374
Art 4 ................................................................................................ 10, 49–50, 360, 374, 391, 392
Art 4(1) ......................................................................................................................................... 50
Art 4(2) .................................................................................................................................. 423–4
Art 4(3)–(6) ............................................................................................................................... 424
Art 5 ....................................................................................................................... 10, 49, 391, 392
Art 5(1)–(2) ............................................................................................................................... 392
Art 6 ....................................................................................................................................... 10, 49
Art 7 ............................................................................................................................... 10, 49, 391
Art 7(7) ....................................................................................................................................... 413
Art 8 ............................................................................................................................... 10, 49, 408
Art 9 ....................................................................................................................................... 10, 49
Art 10 ............................................................................................................................................ 49
Art 11-Art 13 ......................................................................................................................... 11, 49
Art 14 ............................................................................................................................................ 49

Art 15-Art 17 ......................................................................................................................... 11, 49
Art 18 ............................................................................................................................................ 49
Art 19 ................................................................................................................................... 49, 351
Art 20 ............................................................................................................................................ 49
Art 21-Art 23 ......................................................................................................................... 11, 49
Art 24 ............................................................................................................................. 10, 49, 524
Art 25 ..................................................................................................................................... 10, 49
Art 27 ............................................................................................................................................ 80
Art 35 .......................................................................................................................................... 178
Art 41 .......................................................................................................................................... 178
Art 42 .......................................................................................................................................... 179
Art 44 .......................................................................................................................................... 214
Art 45 .......................................................................................................................................... 215
Art 57 .......................................................................................................................................... 215
Art 61-Art 62 .............................................................................................................................. 215
Art 63 ........................................................................................................................... 203, 215–16
Art 63(1) .................................................................................................................................... 222