International interviewing and counseling 9th ivey chapter 02

Intentional Interviewing and
Counseling:
Facilitating Client Development in a
Multicultural Society
9th Edition

Allen E. Ivey

Mary Bradford Ivey

Carlos P. Zalaquett

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Chapter 2

Ethics, Multicultural Competence,
Neuroscience, and Positive
Psychology/Resilience

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Chapter Goals and Competency
Objectives
Awareness and Knowledge
▲  Develop an understanding of the basics of ethical counseling and
therapy practice.
▲ Examine your identity as a multicultural being, how dimensions of
diversity and privilege may affect the session, and the central

importance of multicultural competence.
▲ Identify multicultural strengths in clients as a path toward wellness
and resilience.
▲ Identify wellness as an ethical practice.

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Chapter Goals and Competency
Objectives (cont.)
Skills and Action
▲ Use the RESPECTFUL model for encountering multicultural
difference.
▲ Understand the meaning and depth of microaggressions and have
beginning skills in working with clients who experience this
treatment.
▲ Define and apply positive psychology and wellness as a basis for
fostering and building client resilience.
▲ Use therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC) as positive wellness
strategies in the session for physical and mental health.

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Introduction: Ethics and the Counseling and
Psychotherapy Process

▲ Ethics are thoughtful professional lists of dos and don’ts
for our profession.
▲ Ethical codes can be summarized as “Do no harm to

your clients; treat them responsibly with full awareness
of the social responsibility of helping.”
▲ Morals are individual principles by which we live that
define our beliefs about right and wrong.

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Introduction: Ethics and the Counseling and
Psychotherapy Process (cont.)
The anticipated client response to professional
ethics is:
▲Greater trust
▲Acknowledgment that personal actions count
▲Examination of his or her own moral and ethical
decisions

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Ethics and Responsibility: A Summary
▲ Maintain confidentiality.
▲ Recognize your limitations.
▲ Remain in consultation with your professor, workshop
leader, or mentor.
▲ Be aware of individual and cultural differences.
▲ Remember the golden and platinum rules.
▲ Give special attention to the ethical treatment of children
and their rights.
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Multicultural Competence
▲ Multicultural competence is imperative.
▲ Awareness of our clients’ multicultural backgrounds enables us to
understand their uniqueness more fully.
▲ Without awareness, we fail to establish good client relationships.
▲ Interviewing and counseling are global phenomena.
▲ Our field is a global force in “Psychological Liberation.”

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RESPECTFUL Interviewing and Counseling
▲ RESPECTFUL interviewing and counseling enable us to discover
the multiple voices our clients bring to us.
▲ The model enables us to identify the past and present voices that
affect our own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
▲ Identify what is meaningful in the way you think about yourself.
▲ Look at the list as a source of information about your own and your
clients’ resilience.
▲ Watch for the possibility of cultural and historical trauma in each of
the RESPECTFUL dimensions.


The RESPECTFUL Model
▲ Religion/Spirituality
▲ Economic/Class Background
▲ Sexual Identity
▲ Personal Style and Education

▲ Ethnic/Racial Identity
▲ Chronological/Lifespan Status
▲ Trauma/Crisis
▲ Family Background/History
▲ Unique Physical Characteristics
▲ Location of Residence/Language Models
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The Soul Wound
▲ The intergeneration transmission of trauma was first identified by Israeli
researchers examining the lives of second- and third-generation
descendants of survivors of the Nazi Holocaust.
▲ The trauma of severe abusive treatment can persist over generations.
▲ Traumatic wounds do not disappear over time but remain “in the soul.”
▲ Survivors exhibit increased depression and psychiatric issues and may
attempt or commit suicide.
▲ We empower clients by building resilience and focusing on existing personal
and family strengths.
▲ A critical part of empowering clients is facilitating understanding of cultural
pride, cultural health, and cultural identity.

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Privilege
▲ Privilege is power given to people through cultural assumptions
and stereotypes.
▲ Being in some RESPECTFUL categories offers immediate
privilege.

▲ Income inequality is now recognized as a central multicultural
issue.
▲ An active teaching, consulting, coaching role is needed on the
part of the counselor.
▲ We need to avoid stereotyping one group’s cultural identity.
▲ Increasing awareness of societal privilege is needed.
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Political Correctness
▲Political correctness is controversial.
▲Respect for others is essential.
▲Interviewers and counselors are encouraged to
use empathic language and terminology their
clients prefer.
▲Knowledge of the language of nationalism and
regional characteristics is helpful.
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Awareness
▲ Awareness of yourself as a cultural being is a vital
beginning to authenticity.
▲ Be aware of your own assumptions, values, and biases.
▲ Have you experienced cultural trauma and
microaggressions? How has this affected your sense of
trust in others–both individuals and groups?
▲ Refer to the RESPECTFUL model.

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Knowledge: Worldview
▲ Understand the worldview of the culturally different client.
▲ Worldview is the way you and your client understand the
world.
▲ People from different backgrounds have vastly different
philosophical views.
▲ Traditional approaches to counseling theory and skills
may be inappropriate and/or ineffective with some
clients.

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Positive Psychology and TLCs: Building Client
Resilience
▲Helping clients recognize their strengths and
resources provides a basis for solving their
issues.
▲Searching for the positive does not deny clients’
concerns and challenges.
▲Strengths will eventually be part of the solution.

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Positive Psychology and TLCs: Resilience and
Optimism
▲Positive psychology aims to increase both

resilience and optimism.
▲Optimism: hope, confidence, and cheerfulness;
trust in oneself, personal power, and belief in the
future.
▲Resilience: the ability to bounce back from
setbacks, temporary failure, and early or late
trauma.
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Building Resilience through Strengths and
Resources
▲ In recent years the field of counseling has developed an extensive
body of research and knowledge supporting the importance of
positive psychology.
▲ We need stories of strength and success.
▲ Find something the client is doing right and discover his or her
resources and supports.
▲ Engagement is more important than happiness in terms of life
satisfaction.

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TLCs for Stress Management: Important Areas
to Consider
▲ Physical exercise
▲ Nutrition, weight, and supplements
▲ Social relations
▲ Cognitive challenge

▲ Sleep
▲ Meditation and relaxation
▲ Multicultural pride and cultural identity

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TLCs for Stress Management: Additional Important
Areas to Consider
▲ Drugs and alcohol
▲ Medication and supplements
▲ Positive thinking/optimism, happiness
▲ Beliefs, values, and spirituality
▲ Nature breaks
▲ No smoking

▲ Control screen time
▲ Art, music, dance, literature

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Key Points
▲ Ethics and the Counseling and Psychotherapy Process
▲ Multicultural Competence
▲ The RESPECTFUL Model
▲ The Soul Wound and Historical Trauma
▲ Privilege as a Multicultural Interviewing Issue
▲ Microaggressions
▲ Awareness, Knowledge, Skills, and Action for Multicultural Competence

▲ Political Correctness
▲ Bias and Prejudice Wound Clients’ Soul and Affect Their Brain
▲ Positive Psychology: Building Client Resilience
▲ Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes: Specifics on Which to Build Wellness for Lifetime Resilience

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