International interviewing and counseling 9th ivey chapter 08

Intentional Interviewing and
Counseling:
Facilitating Client Development in a
Multicultural Society
9th Edition

Allen E. Ivey

Mary Bradford Ivey

Carlos P. Zalaquett

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Chapter 8

How to Conduct a
Five-Stage Counseling Session
Using Only Listening Skills

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Chapter Goals and Competency
Objectives (slide 1 of 2)
Awareness and Knowledge
▲ Understand and become competent in the five stages of the
well-formed session: empathic relationship—story and
strengths—goals—restory—action.
▲ Learn the basics of decision counseling and how it relates to

other theories of helping.
▲ Have a good start on Rogerian person-centered counseling,
as well as the empathic relationship basics of most other
theories of counseling and therapy, through your awareness,
knowledge, and skills with the basic listening sequence and
the five stages.
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Chapter Goals and Competency
Objectives (slide 2 of 2)
Skills and Action
▲ Develop further competence with the basic listening sequence—the
foundation of effective interviewing, counseling, and psychotherapy.
▲ Conduct a complete decision counseling session using only
listening skills and the five stages.
▲ Evaluate your interviewing style and competence.
▲ Become skilled in completing a full five-stage interview using only
the listening skills and be able to take these skills to other theories
of helping, such as client-centered therapy, cognitive behavioral
therapy, and crisis counseling.

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Introduction: The Basic Listening Sequence:
Foundation for Empathic Listening in Many Settings
(slide 1 of 5)
▲ Empathic understanding and careful listening are
valuable in all areas of human communication.

▲ Teaching the social skills of listening has become a
standard and common part of individual counseling and
psychotherapy.
▲ When you use the BLS, you can anticipate how others
are likely to respond.
▲ The BLS rests on a foundation of ethics, multicultural
competence, positive psychology/wellness, therapeutic
lifestyle changes, and neuroscience.

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Introduction: The Basic Listening Sequence:
Foundation for Empathic Listening in Many Settings
(slide 2 of 5)
Basic Listening Sequence: The Anticipated Client Response:
BLS, based on attending and
Clients will discuss their stories,
observing, consists of these
issues, or concerns, including
microskills: using open and
key facts, thoughts, feelings, and
closed questions,
behaviors. Clients will feel that
encouraging, paraphrasing,
their stories have been heard. In
reflecting feelings, and
addition, these same skills will
summarizing.
help friends, family members,

and others to be clearer with you
and facilitate better interpersonal
relationships.

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Introduction: The Basic Listening Sequence:
Foundation for Empathic Listening in Many Settings
(slide 3 of 5)
▲ BLS skills would not be effective or meaningful without
skilled attending and observation skills.
 Questioning—open questions followed by closed questions bring
out client stories and concerns.
 Encouraging—used throughout the session to support clients and
help them provide specifics around their thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors.
 Paraphrasing—captures the cognitive essence of stories and
facilitates executive functioning.
 Reflection of feelings—provides a foundation for emotional
regulation, enabling examination of the complexity of emotions.
 Summarizing—brings order and makes sense of client
conversation, facilitating executive functioning and emotional
regulation.
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Introduction: The Basic Listening Sequence:
Foundation for Empathic Listening in Many Settings
(slide 4 of 5)

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Introduction: The Basic Listening Sequence:
Foundation for Empathic Listening in Many Settings
(slide 5 of 5)
▲ BLS skills need not be used in a specific order.
▲ Ensure that all BLS skills are used in listening to client
stories.
▲ Adapt the skills to meet client needs.
▲ Observe and be flexible in use of skills to support the client.
▲ Use client observation skills to note client reactions and
effectively support the client.
▲ Include skills of questioning, encouraging, paraphrasing,
reflection of feeling, and summarizing.
▲ BLS skills are used in many settings to define problems
and outcomes (see Table 8.1).
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Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills: The Five-Stage
Model for Structuring the Session (slide 1 of 3)
▲ The five stages of the well-formed session (empathic
relationship—story and strengths—goals—restory—
action) provide an organizing framework for using the
microskills with multiple theories of counseling and
psychotherapy.
▲ The structure will also serve as a way to organize your
work with theories as varied as client-centered therapy,

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic
therapy, and more.
▲ Following the stages in a specific order is not essential.
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Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills: The Five-Stage
Model for Structuring the Session (slide 2 of 3)

The Five-Stage Interview
Structure: Empathic
Relationship—Story and
Strengths—Goals—
Restory—Action

Anticipated Client Response:
The client will establish a
positive relationship with the
interviewer, tell his or her
story, set realistic goals,
develop a new story or way
of viewing issues, and
transfer new learning to daily
life.

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Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills: The Five-Stage
Model for Structuring the Session (slide 3 of 3)

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Decision Counseling and the
Five Stages (slide 1 of 2)
▲The five stages also serve as a structure for
decision making.
▲Many see Benjamin Franklin as the creator of
the systematic decision-making model.
 Three stages:
1.

Identify the problem clearly (draw out the story and strengths,
along with goal setting).

2.

Generate alternative answers (restory).

3.

Decide what action to take (action).
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Decision Counseling and the
Five Stages (slide 2 of 2)
▲ Virtually all interviewing, counseling, and psychotherapy
sessions involve deciding what actions to take in cases

of intrapersonal or interpersonal conflict.
▲ Neuroscience foundations of decisions are under study.
▲ Problem-solving therapy (PST) builds on the Franklin
framework.
 However, PST focuses on the problematic word “problem”
and thus may ignore a more positive wellness approach
and multicultural issues.

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Observe: Using the Five Stages of Interviewing
in Decision Counseling
Example of Five-Stage Decision Counseling
Session
I Can’t Get Along with My Boss has been edited to show
portions that demonstrate skill use and levels of
empathy.
Reflection Questions
 Was the use of questions effective?
 How would you increase the rating of some of the
empathic responses observed in this interview?
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Multiple Applications: Integrating Microskills
with Stress Management and Social Justice
(slide 1 of 3)

▲ A fully aware ethical base suggests the need for

awareness of social justice and stress management.
▲ Toxic and long-term stress is damaging and can
shrink the brain, enlarge the amygdala, and shrink
the hippocampus (Hanson et al., 2015).
▲ Environmental issues, ranging from poverty to toxic
environments to a dangerous community, all work
against neurogenesis and the development of full
potential.
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Multiple Applications: Integrating Microskills with
Stress Management and Social Justice (slide 2 of 3)

▲Think of the various positive and negative
environments from which clients come.
▲Clients need to be informed about how social
systems affect personal growth and individual
development.
▲A social justice approach includes helping clients
find outlets to prevent oppression and working
with schools, community action groups, and
others for change.
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Multiple Applications: Integrating Microskills with
Stress Management and Social Justice (slide 3 of 3)

▲ Neuroscience research provides a biological

foundation for understanding the impact of our work.
▲ Brain research helps us pinpoint types of
interventions that are most helpful to each client.
▲ We advocate the integration of counseling,
psychotherapy, neuroscience, molecular biology,
and neuroimaging and the infusion of knowledge
from such integrated fields of study to practice,
training, and research.
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Taking Notes in the Session
▲ If you are relaxed about note taking, it will seldom
become an issue in the interview.
▲ Obtain permission from a new client.
▲ The same guidelines should be followed for audio or
video recording of the session.
▲ Too much attention to note taking detracts from rapport
building and active listening.
▲ Write session summaries shortly after the session ends.
▲ Performance accountability and HIPAA are important.

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Action: Key Points and Practice
▲ The Basic Listening Sequence
▲ The Five Stages Model
▲ Decision Counseling
▲ Social Justice and Stress Management

▲ Note Taking

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