Lecture crisis ch 9

 Defining Rape
 Multiple definitions
 May be a discrepancy between the legal definition
and common definition
 Definition used by this textbook-an unwanted act of
oral, vaginal, or anal penetration committed though
the use of force, threat of force, or when
incapacitated
 Benchmark Study: National Violence

Against Women Survey (National Institute
of Justice and Centers for Disease
Control, 1998)
1

in 6 (17%) women and 1 in 33 (3%) men have
experienced an attempted or completed rape (in the
United States)


 Underreporting
 Other studies report 15-33% of women and 10-15%
of men experienced an attempted or completed rape
(in the United States)
 3 out of 5 sexual assault victims stated the offender
was an intimate, relative, friend, or acquaintance
which leads to underreporting
 Sexual abuse of children under the age of 12 is
rarely reported
 The Unique Situation of Sexual

Abuse/Rape Survivors
 Crises

resulting from sexual abuse and rape differ in
nature, intensity, and extent from other forms of crisis


 Social/Cultural
 Four

Factors

different factors:

Gender inequality
Pornography
Social disorganization
Legitimization of violence
 Historically,

the crime of rape has been seen as:

A crime against the woman’s father or her husband
Psychosocial means by which the victors in wars
reward themselves and humiliate their opponents


 Personal and Psychological Factors of Rapists
 Acts hostile but often feels weak

 Lacks interpersonal skills
 May need to exercise power
 May show sadistic patterns
 Sees women as sexual objects
 Holds stereotypical and rigid views of males and females
 Harbors chronic feelings of anger toward women and seeks to
control them
 Rape as an exercise in power and control
 Four categories of rapists:
 Anger
 Power exploitative
 Power reassurance
 Sadistic


 Rape

is just rough sex.

 Equating

rape and sex is perhaps the most
destructive myth of all.

 Women

“cry rape” to gain revenge.

 People

do not want to believe that rape really occurs
 Serves to focus the blame for sexual violence on
victims rather than perpetrators
 Easier to believe than knowing rape can happen to
anyone

 Rape is motivated by lust.
 Rapists are psychotic or weird.
 Survivors of rape provoked the
 Only bad women are raped.

rape.


 Rape

happens only in bad parts of town, at night, or by
strangers with weapons.
 If the woman does not resist, she must have wanted it.
 Males cannot be victims.
 Homosexuals are usually the perpetrators of sexual
abuse of boys.
 Boys are less traumatized than girls.
 Boys abused by males will later become homosexual or
rapists.
 If a person experiences sexual arousal, this means it is
not rape.
 A female can not rape a male.

 Date

Rape Risk

 Child

sexual abuse is a risk factor for both
heightened sexual activity and sexual victimization in
dating.
 Alcohol and drug use (by both the survivor and the
perpetrator) is a risk factor for acquaintance rape.
 Preventing

Date, Acquaintance, and Other
Forms of Rape
 Educational

programs, especially at the secondary
school level, have been recommended as preventive
measures in reducing acquaintance rape.
 Results show changes are only short-term.


 Empathy
 Build

a Working Alliance
 Use Support Systems
 Stop Secondary Victimization
 Police,

medical professionals, significant others

 Responses
 May exhibit no emotions
 May feel humiliated
 May suffer immediate and long-term trauma
 May blame themselves
 May be reluctant to go to the police or rape crisis center


 Critical Needs
 Continuing medical treatment
 Support system (family, friends, work, etc.)
 Understanding without pressure regarding further sexual
contact
 Critical Supports
 Understanding mood swings
 Ensuring safety without overprotection
 Allowing the victim to make decisions regarding reporting
the rape
 Allowing the victim to talk about the trauma without
disclosing the information to others
 Recognize that loved ones also exhibit issues




 Assessment
 Can be difficult to assess and diagnose due to multiple ways it may

manifest
 Treatment of Adults
 Treat in a similar way to PTSD
 Grounding
 Have the client focus on the therapist and the “here and now”
 Ask the client to describe current INTERNAL experiences
 Orient the client to the current environment
 Use relaxation techniques
 Validation
 Validate that the trauma did occur even if it is denied by the client’s
family
 Advocate for the client
 Reinforce the resourcefulness of the client
 Be a role model to help the client with childhood developmental tasks


 Extinguishing

Trauma

 The

reduction or termination of a conditioned response as a result
of the absence of the reinforcement

 Prolonged

Exposure/Cognitive Restructuring

 Reframing

 Grief

and relearning feelings

Resolution

 Confrontation
 Changing

 Support

behavior through skill building and reconnecting

Groups for Adult Survivors


 Dynamics

of Sexual Abuse in Childhood
 Dynamics of Sexual Abuse in Families
 Intergenerational
 Female

 Phases

transmission of sexual abuse

abusers

of Child Sexual Abuse

 Engagement

Phase
 Sexual Interaction Phase
 Secrecy Phase
 Disclosure Phase
 Suppression Phase
 Survival Phase


 Assessment
 Therapeutic Options
 Play Therapy
 Cognitive-behavioral Therapy
 Trauma Systems approach
 Affirmation and Safety
 Regaining

a Sense of Control

 Education
 Assertiveness

Training


 Interviewing

the Child

 Ensure

safety
 Collect appropriate evidence
 Carl Perkins model
 Preparing

the Child for Testimony

 Education

on the process
 Role play possible situations
 Orientation of the courtroom
 Aftermath
 Counseling
 Placement

of the child


 Group

Counseling
 Boundary Issues
 Group Support Work With Non-offending Parents
 Preventing Re-victimization
 Individual Counseling

 Session

1: Establishing safe ground
 Session 2: Introducing traumatic material
 Crisis session
 Last sessions: Transcending