John wiley sons contemporary clinical psychology

Contemporary
Clinical
Psychology



CONTEMPORARY
CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY
Second Edition

Thomas G. Plante
Santa Clara University and
Stanford University

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.


➇

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Plante, Thomas G.
Contemporary clinical psychology / Thomas G. Plante — 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and indexes.
ISBN 0-471-47276-X (cloth)
1. Clinical psychology. 2. Psychotherapy. I. Title.
RC467.P56 2005
616.89—dc22
2004042232
Printed in the United States of America.
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1


For Lori and Zachary,
who make everything worthwhile



T

he goals, activities, and contributions of contemporary clinical
psychology are very appealing to many who are fascinated by
human behavior and relationships. The enormous popularity of psychology as an undergraduate major; of clinical psychology as a career option; and of popular press psychology books, movies, and
television shows is a testament to the inherent interest of clinical
psychology. The goal of clinical psychology is noble: to use the principles of psychology and our understanding of human behavior to
promote health, happiness, and quality of life.
Contemporary clinical psychology is changing and growing at a
rapid pace. The advent of managed health care, the changing needs
of a multicultural society, changes in training models, the shift from
primarily a male to a female profession, technological and other scientific advances, complex problems in today’s culture, all have
greatly impacted both the science and practice of contemporary clinical psychology. Some of these changes are very positive; some are
negative. Despite the challenges confronting clinical psychology, the
field remains a fascinating and exciting endeavor with tremendous
potential to help individuals, groups, and society.
As more research evidence emerges concerning the interplay of biological, psychological, and social influences on behavior, contemporary clinical psychologists must incorporate new knowledge to
develop better applications in their efforts to understand and help
others. Biopsychosocial integration in many ways best reflects contemporary clinical psychology, expanding the range and usefulness of
its efforts.
This book provides students an overview of contemporary clinical

psychology from an integrative biopsychosocial perspective. The book
highlights the various activities, roles, and responsibilities of the contemporary clinical psychologist as well as provides a foundation of the
discipline through a detailed review of its history, scientific underpinnings, and theoretical orientations. An overview of contemporary issues in clinical psychology serves as a road map for those interested in
pursuing clinical psychology as a career option.
Each chapter includes a highlight of a contemporary clinical psychologist who provides a frank reflection on the pros and cons of
contemporary clinical psychology as well as their view of the future of
the field. A typical schedule is also provided so that you get a sense of
what a day in the life of a contemporary clinical psychologist might be
like. The psychologists were chosen to reflect the broad range of people who are clinical psychologists. Some of the psychologists are well
known; others are not. Several work in colleges and universities conducting research and teaching. Several work in solo or group private
practice. Some work in hospitals, government agencies, or university

PREFACE TO
THE SECOND
EDITION

vii


viii

Preface

counseling clinics. One works in the U.S.
Senate. Some combine work in several diverse settings. Some work part-time while
raising a family. Psychologists from all over
the United States, from diverse training programs, from both genders, a variety of ethnic
groups, and with disabilities are represented.
The range of activities, roles, and responsibilities of these psychologists reflects the diversity of careers open to the contemporary
clinical psychologist.

Each chapter includes a detailed list of key
points and terms to help enhance understanding. Each chapter also includes a section
entitled The Big Picture, which provides a
“bottom line” or “take home message” summary of the chapter as well as a look toward
the future of the topic covered in that particular chapter. Each chapter also provides several questions readers have had after reading
each chapter. Each chapter also includes one
or more Spotlights on a contemporary issue
in clinical psychology.
A great deal of clinical case material is presented throughout the book as well. Several
cases such as Mary, a 60-year-old woman
with a long history of panic attacks, are discussed in several chapters for the reader to
trace the theoretical conceptualization, assessment, and treatment of one case in some detail. All of the patients presented are based on
actual clinical cases. All of the examples from
testing, therapy, consultation, and ethics are
also based on actual cases. However, the details have been altered to protect patient and
psychologist confidentiality.
This book uses an integrative biopsychosocial approach throughout. This approach best
reflects the perspective of most contemporary clinical psychologists. Less emphasis is
placed on traditional theoretical models such
as behavioral, psychodynamic, and humanistic approaches since most contemporary clinical psychologists integrate these and other

approaches and orientations rather than
using only one. An emphasis is placed on the
real world of clinical psychology to provide a
window into how the science and practice of
clinical psychology is actually conducted. I
have attempted to provide the reader with a
realistic, practical, and current portrayal of
the contemporary clinical psychology field in
many different settings. Finally, this book

provides a separate chapter on ethics and a
separate chapter on the consultation, administration, and teaching responsibilities of
clinical psychologists. One chapter deals with
10 common questions asked about psychotherapy. Finally, emphasis is placed on
contemporary issues in clinical psychology
such as diversity, empirically supported
treatments, managed health care, and other
hot topics.
The instructor’s guide that accompanies this
book provides faculty with a detailed book
outline, multiple choice and essay examination questions, transparencies for class use, a
list of references, web sites, popular and educational films, class activities, and a sample
course syllabus. The instructor’s guide is available online.
The book assumes that students have already completed undergraduate courses in
introductory and abnormal psychology. The
book is appropriate for upper division college
students who are likely to be psychology majors or first-year graduate students in clinical
psychology. The book might also be a helpful
reference for those who provide career guidance for students potentially interested in a
career in psychology or related fields.
I welcome comments about the book from
both students and faculty. These comments
will be used to create improved future editions. You can contact me at
or check my web site at www.SCU.edu
/tplante. Thank you for reading this book and
welcome to the exciting, fascinating, and


Preface
ever-changing world of contemporary clinical

psychology.

Acknowledgments
Numerous people other than the author assist
in the development and completion of a book.
Some provide help in a direct and concrete
manner while others provide help in less direct and more supportive ways. I would like to
acknowledge the assistance of the many people who have helped in both ways and have
contributed to the development of the book
and of me.
First, I would like to thank the many wonderful people at John Wiley & Sons who have
enthusiastically worked to publish this book.
I’d like to thank my editor for her strong interest in the project as well as her high level
of professionalism and vision. I would also
like to thank the production staff led by Deborah Schindlar.
I thank the anonymous patients referred to
in this book for allowing their life experiences
and concerns to be an instrument of learning
for others.
I would like to thank the reviewers for
offering their helpful suggestions and perspectives on earlier drafts of the book. These
include:

ix

Alan Whitlock
University of Idaho
Brent Walden
University of Minnesota
Marsha Runtz

University of Victoria
Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
I would like to thank my many students
for helping me better understand what is
useful, interesting, and helpful for them to
learn and for providing me with inspiration.
I’d like to especially thank students who provided the student questions at the end of
each chapter.
Finally, I would like to thank friends, colleagues, mentors, and family who have been
supportive and instructive in a variety of diverse ways over the years. These include Eli
and Marilyn Goldfarb, Fr. Sonny Manuel,
Peter Merenda, John Sousa, Gary Schwartz,
Judith Rodin, Peter Walker, Carl Thoreson,
Anthony Davids, Chris Hayward, Marcia
Plante, Mary Beauchemin, Lee Sperduti,
Henry and Anna McCormick, and Margaret
Condon. Most especially, I would like to
thank my wife, Lori, and son, Zachary, for
their love, support, and for making everything worthwhile.



CONTENTS
About the Author

xxix

PART ONE
Foundations and Fundamentals

1

Chapter 1
What Is Contemporary Clinical Psychology?

3

Highlight of a Contemporary Clinical Psychologist:
Patrick H. DeLeon, PhD, ABPP
CASE STUDY: Carlos
Definition and Inherent Intrigue
Perspective and Philosophy
Education and Training
Activities

3
5
6
7
9
11

Research
11
Assessment
12
Treatment
12
Teaching
15

Consultation
15
Administration
16

Employment Settings

16

Private or Group Practices
16
Colleges and Universities
17
Hospitals
17
Medical Schools
17
Outpatient Clinics
18
Business and Industry
18
Military
18
Other Locations
18

Subspecialties
Child Clinical Psychology
Clinical Health Psychology
Clinical Neuropsychology

Forensic Psychology
21
Geropsychology
21

18
19
20
20

Organizations

21

American Psychological Association
21
American Psychological Society
22

xi


xii

Contents
State and County Psychological Associations
American Board of Professional Psychology
Other Organizations
23

22
22

How Does Clinical Psychology Differ from Related Fields?

23

Counseling Psychologists (PhD)
23
School Psychologists (MA or PhD)
24
Psychiatry (MD)
25
Social Work (MSW)
26
Psychiatric Nursing (RN)
27
Marriage and Family Therapists (MFT)
27
Other Counselors
27
Other Psychologists
28

The Big Picture
Key Points
Key Terms
For Reflection
Real Students, Real Questions
Web Resources

28
29
30
30
30
31

Chapter 2
Foundations and Early History of Clinical Psychology

33

Highlight of a Contemporary Clinical Psychologist:
Rev. Gerdenio “Sonny” Manuel, SJ, PhD
Early Conceptions of Mental Illness: Mind and Body Paradigms

33
36

The
The
The
The
The

Greeks
36
Middle Ages
38

Renaissance
39
Nineteenth Century
Birth of Psychology

39
41

The Founding of Clinical Psychology
The Influence of Binet’s Intelligence Test
The Influence of the Mental Health and Child Guidance Movement
The Influence of Sigmund Freud in America
The American Psychological Association and Early Clinical Psychology
The Influence of World War I
Clinical Psychology between World Wars I and II
Psychological Testing
Psychotherapy
46

46

42
43
43
44
44
45
46

Contents
Training
47
Organizational Split and New Publications

xiii

47

The Big Picture
Key Points
Key Terms
For Reflection
Real Students, Real Questions
Web Resources

47
48
49
49
50
50

Chapter 3
Recent History of Clinical Psychology

51

Highlight of a Contemporary Clinical Psychologist:
Amy Bassell Crowe, PhD

The Influence of World War II
Clinical Psychology Immediately after World War II

51
53
53

Training
56
The Boulder Conference
56
Post-Boulder Conference Events

60

The Rise of Alternatives to the Psychodynamic Approach

60

The Behavioral Approach
61
The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach
62
The Humanistic Approach
62
The Family Systems Approaches
63
Psychotropic Medication
65
Community Mental Health Movement

66
The Integrative Approaches
66
The Biopsychosocial Approach
68

A New Training Model Emerges
The Vail Conference
69
Salt Lake City Conference
70
Additional Conferences
70
Michigan Conference on Postdoctoral Training

Present Status
The Big Picture
Key Points
Key Terms
For Reflection

69

70

70
72
72
73
73

xiv

Contents

Real Students, Real Questions
Web Resources

74
74

Chapter 4
Research: Design and Outcome

75

Highlight of a Contemporary Clinical Psychologist:
Alan E. Kazdin, PhD, ABPP
Research Methods and Designs

75
77

Experiments
79
Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables
Minimizing Experimental Error
79
Maximizing Internal and External Validity

80
Experimental Designs
82
True Experimental Designs
82
Quasi-Experimental Designs
83
Between Group Designs
84
Within Group Designs
84
Mixed Group Designs
85
Analogue Designs
86
Case Studies
86
Single Subject Designs
87
Multiple Baseline Designs
88
Correlational Methods
90
Epidemiological Methods
92

79

Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Designs
Treatment Outcome Research

92
93

Treatment Package Strategy
94
Dismantling Treatment Strategies
95
Constructive Treatment Strategies
95
Parametric Treatment Strategy
95
Comparative Treatment Strategy
96
Client-Therapist Variation Strategy
96
Process Research Strategy
96

Questions and Challenges in Conducting Treatment Outcome Research
Is a Research Program’s Treatment Similar to the Treatment in
Actual Practice?
96
Are the Patients and Therapists Used in a Research Study Typical of
Those in Actual Practice?

96

97

Contents

xv

What Are Some of the Ethical Problems with Treatment
Outcome Research?
97
How and When Is Treatment Outcome Measured?
98
Statistical versus Clinical Significance
99
How Can Treatment Outcome Decisions Be Made When Studies
Reach Different Conclusions?
100
What Is a Program of Research and How Is It Conducted?
101

Contemporary Issues in Clinical Psychology Treatment Outcome Research
Biopsychosocial Approaches to Psychopathology Research
102
Meta-Analysis
103
Empirically Supported Treatments
103
Comprehensive and Collaborative Multisite Clinical Trial Research Projects
Community-Wide Interventions
106
Cross Cultural Research
107

How and Where Is Research Conducted in Clinical Psychology and
How Is It Funded?
107
How Are Research Results Communicated and Incorporated
into Practice?
108

101

106

The Big Picture
Key Points
Key Terms
For Reflection
Real Students, Real Questions
Web Resources

109
110
112
112
113
113

Chapter 5
The Major Theoretical Models: Paving the Way toward Integration

115

Highlight of a Contemporary Clinical Psychologist: Marcia J. Wood, PhD
The Four Major Theoretical Models in Clinical Psychology

115
117

The Psychodynamic Approach

117

CASE STUDY: Mary
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective
118
The Revisionist or Neo-Freudian Perspective
121
The Object Relations Perspective
121
The Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches
The Classical Conditioning Perspective
124
The Operant Perspective
125

118

122


xvi

Contents
The Social Learning Perspective
125
The Cognitive Perspective: Beliefs, Appraisals, and Attributions
The Humanistic Approach
128
The Client-Centered Perspective
129
Maslow’s Humanistic Perspective
129
The Gestalt Perspective
130
The Family Systems Approach
130
The Communication Approach
131
The Structural Approach
132
The Milan Approach
132
The Strategic Approach
134
The Narrative Approach
134

126

Understanding Mary from Different Theoretical Orientations

135

Psychodynamic Formulation and Plan
135
Cognitive-Behavioral Formulation and Plan
135
Humanistic Formulation and Plan
136
Family Systems Formulation and Plan
136
Conclusion
136

The Big Picture
Key Points
Key Terms
For Reflection
Real Students, Real Questions
Web Resources

137
137
138
139
139
139

Chapter 6
Integrative and Biopsychosocial Approaches in Contemporary
Clinical Psychology

141

Highlight of a Contemporary Clinical Psychologist: Paul L. Wachtel, PhD
The Call to Integration

141
143

Commonalities among Approaches
144
Efforts toward Integration
145
Eclectism
146
Beyond Psychological Models
147

Biopsychosocial Integration
Biological Factors
148
Social Factors
153

148


Contents
CASE STUDY: Mary—Integrating Biological Factors
Synthesizing Biological, Psychological, and Social Factors in
Contemporary Integration

The Diathesis-Stress Perspective

xvii
153
155

155

CASE STUDY: Mary—Integrating Social Factors
The Reciprocal-Gene-Environment Perspective
Psychosocial Influences on Biology
158
Development of the Biopsychosocial Perspective

157
157
158

Application of the Biopsychosocial Perspective to Contemporary Clinical
Psychology Problems

159

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
159
Panic Disorder and Anxiety
161

CASE STUDY: Hector Experiences Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder (Biopsychosocial)

CASE STUDY: Nicole Experiences School Phobia (Biopsychosocial)
Cardiovascular Disease

166

CASE STUDY: Taylor Experiences Cardiovascular Disease, Job and
Family Stress, and Type A Personality (Biopsychosocial)
Cancer

167

168

CASE STUDY: Marilyn—Biopsychosocial with Cancer
CASE STUDY: Mary—Biopsychosocial Synthesis
Conclusion

162
165

169
171

172

The Big Picture
Key Points
Key Terms
For Reflection
Real Students, Real Questions

Web Resources

172
172
173
173
173
174

PART TWO
Roles and Responsibilities

175

Chapter 7
Contemporary Psychological Assessment I: Interviewing and
Observing Behavior

177

Highlight of a Contemporary Clinical Psychologist: Stanley Sue, PhD
Goals, Purposes, and Types of Assessment

177
179


xviii

Contents

Reliability and Validity
Interviewing

180
182

Rapport
183
Effective Listening Skills
184
Effective Communication
185
Observation of Behavior
186
Asking the Right Questions
186

Types of Interviews

186

Initial Intake or Admissions Interview

186

CASE STUDY: Joe Experiences Depression

187

Mental Status Interview
188
Crisis Interview
190
Diagnostic Interview
190
Structured Interviews
193
Computer-Assisted Interviews
195
Exit or Termination Interview
195

Potential Threats to Effective Interviewing
Bias
197
Reliability and Validity

197

197

Behavioral Observations
Naturalistic Observation
Self-Monitoring
201
Controlled Observations

199
199

202

Checklists and Inventories

203

Beck Inventories
203
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)
205
The Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R)

205

CASE STUDY: Jose and the BDI, CBCL, and SCL-90-R
Other Checklists and Inventories

Physiological Testing
The Big Picture
Key Points
Key Terms
For Reflection
Real Students, Real Questions
Web Resources

206

207

208

209
209
210
210
211
211


Contents

xix

Chapter 8
Contemporary Psychological Assessment II: Cognitive and
Personality Assessment

213

Highlight of a Contemporary Clinical Psychologist:
Lori Goldfarb Plante, PhD
Cognitive Testing

213
214

Intelligence Testing
214
What Is Intelligence?
215
How Do Clinical Psychologists Measure Intelligence?

Wechsler Scales
218

217

CASE STUDY: Gabriel—WAIS-III (Intellectual Assessment)
Stanford-Binet Scales
222
Other Tests of Intellectual Ability

221

222

CASE STUDY: Donald—WISC-IV (Intellectual Assessment)
Other Tests of Cognitive Ability
226
Neuropsychological Testing
229
Questions and Controversies Concerning IQ and Cognitive Testing

224

231

Case Study: Robert Experiences a Head Injury and Resulting
Antisocial Behaviors (Neuropsychological)
Conclusion

232

233

Personality Testing
What Are Personality and Psychological Functioning?
Is Personality Really Enduring?
236
How Do Clinical Psychologists Measure Personality and
Psychological Functioning?
236
Objective Testing
237
Projective Testing
242

234
234

Case Study: Martha Experiences Severe Depression and Borderline
Personality (Rorschach)
CASE STUDY: Xavier Experiences Bipolar Disorder (Rorschach)

243
244

Questions and Controversies Concerning Personality and
Psychological Testing
248

CASE STUDY: Debbie Experiences Alcoholism, Depression, and

Phobic Anxiety (TAT)
CASE STUDY: Xavier (Sentence Completion)
Case Study: Elias Experiences Anxiety and Depression
(Sentence Completion)

248
249
249


xx

Contents

Clinical Inference and Judgment
Communicating Assessment Results
CASE STUDY: Thomas Experiences Aggressive Behavior Associated
with Asperger’s Syndrome (Psychological Assessment Report)
Integrated Psychological Assessment Report

251
254
255

257

The Big Picture
Key Points
Key Terms
For Reflection

Real Students, Real Questions
Web Resources

258
258
260
260
260
260

Chapter 9
Psychotherapeutic Interventions

263

Highlight of a Contemporary Clinical Psychologist:
John C. Norcross, PhD
Contemporary Integration in Psychotherapy
Goals of Psychotherapy
Similarities or Common Denominators in Psychotherapy

263
266
267
268

Professional Person
268
Professional Manner
269

Professional Setting
269
Fees
269
Duration of Sessions
270
Frequency of Sessions
270

Stages of Psychotherapy

270

Initial Consultation
270
Assessment
272
Development of Treatment Goals
273
Implementation of Treatment
273
Evaluation of Treatment
273
Termination
273
Follow-Up
273

Modes of Psychotherapy

273

Individual Psychotherapy

275

CASE STUDY: Shawna Experiences Enuresis (Individual Child Therapy)
Group Psychotherapy

277

275


Contents
CASE STUDY: James Experiences Bipolar Disorder
(Individual Psychotherapy)
Couples Psychotherapy
Family Therapy
280

278

279

Nonpsychotherapy Approaches to Treatment: Biological and
Social Interventions
CASE STUDY: Inpatient Group Psychotherapy
CASE STUDY: Hans and Marta Experience Severe Marital Discord
(Couples Therapy)

Biological Interventions

xxi

280
282
285

286

CASE STUDY: The Kaplans Experience a Family Death and a
Suicide Attempt in the Family (Family Therapy)
Social Interventions
289
Contemporary Case, Contemporary Treatment

287

291

The Big Picture
CASE STUDY: Mako Experiences Anorexia Nervosa—Integration of
Theories, Techniques, Modalities, and Biopsychosocial Factors
(Contemporary Psychotherapy)
Key Points
Key Terms
For Reflection
Real Students, Real Questions
Web Resources

291

294
296
296
296
297
297

Chapter 10
Ten Essential Questions about Psychotherapy

299

Highlight of a Contemporary Clinical Psychologist: Allen Sherman, PhD
Does Psychotherapy Work?
Is Long-Term Therapy Better than Short-Term Treatment?
Who Stays In and Who Drops Out of Psychotherapy?
Is One Type of Therapy Better than Another?
Do the Effects of Psychotherapy Last after Therapy Ends?
What Common Factors Are Associated with Positive
Psychotherapy Outcome?
Why Is Change Difficult?
Must Someone Be a Professional to Be an Effective Therapist?

299
301
304
305
306

308
309
311
313


xxii

Contents

Does Psychotherapy Help to Reduce Medical Costs?
Can Psychotherapy Be Harmful?
The Big Picture
Key Points
Key Terms
For Reflection
Real Students, Real Questions
Web Resources

314
315
317
317
318
319
319
319

Chapter 11
Areas of Specialization

321

Highlight of a Contemporary Clinical Psychologist: Micheline Beam, PhD
Clinical Health Psychology

321
324

Smoking
325
Obesity
328
Alcohol Abuse
329
Stress Management
330
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Chronic Pain Control
332

330

CASE STUDY: Celeste Experiences Type A Personality and Irritable
Bowel Syndrome
Conclusion

332

333

Child Clinical Psychology
CASE STUDY: Weight Loss Treatment Program
CASE STUDY: Joe Experiences Alcoholism
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Learning Disorders
338
Child Abuse and Neglect
339
Anorexia Nervosa
341
Conclusions
342

335

Clinical Neuropsychology
CASE STUDY: Sam Experiences Autism
CASE STUDY: Zoe Experiences Acting Out Behaviors
CASE STUDY: Sally Experiences Anorexia Nervosa
Epilepsy
345
Brain Injuries
346
Degenerative Diseases

346

333
333

334

342
342
343
344


Contents
CASE STUDY: Joseph Experiences Dementia and Depression
Conclusions

xxiii
347

347

Geropsychology

348

Degenerative Diseases
348
Psychiatric Issues in Older Adults
Anxiety
349
Depression
351
Substance Abuse
351

349

Forensic Psychology

352

Involuntary Commitment

352

CASE STUDY: Austin Experiences Substance Abuse and a Severe
Head Injury
CASE STUDY: Margaret Experiences Problems Associated with a Stroke
Insanity Defense
354
Child Custody
354
Violence against Women
Jury Selection
355
Conclusions
355

352
353

355

Other Subspecialties

CASE STUDY: The Lee Family Experiences Stress Associated with
Divorce and Child Custody
CASE STUDY: Marie Experiences Suicidal Behaviors and Depression
CASE STUDY: Betty Experiences Job Stress
The Big Picture
Key Points
Key Terms
For Reflection
Real Students, Real Questions
Web Resources

356
357
357
358
358
359
360
360
360
360

Chapter 12
Consultative, Teaching, and Administrative Roles

361

Highlight of a Contemporary Clinical Psychologist:
Julie B. (Sincoff) Jampel, PhD
Consultation

361
363

Consultation Defined
364
Consultation Roles
364


xxiv

Contents

Types of Consultation
367
Mental Health Consultation
367
Organizational Consultation
367
Executive Coaching
368
Stages of Consultation
368
Understanding the Question
368
Assessment
369
Intervention
370

Termination
370
Follow-Up
370
To Whom Do Clinical Psychologists Offer Consultation?
371
Consultation with Nonmental Health Professionals
372

CASE STUDIES: Consultation with Mental Health Colleagues
Effective Consultation

373

374

CASE STUDIES: Consultation with Nonmental Health Professionals
Challenges in Consultation

375

376

Teaching

377

Teaching in Academic Settings
377
Psychology Departments

377
Other Academic Departments
379
Medical Schools and Hospitals
379

CASE STUDIES: Teaching in Academic Settings
Teaching in Nonacademic Settings
Clinics
381

381

CASE STUDIES: Teaching in Nonacademic Locations
Workshops
382
Business and Industry
General Public
382

379

381

382

Administration
CASE STUDIES: Administrators in Clinical Psychology
The Big Picture
Key Points

Key Terms
For Reflection
Real Students, Real Questions
Web Resources

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