5 1 dir drilling and surveying

Network of Excellence in Training

Introduction to
Directional Drilling

© COPYRIGHT 2001, NExT.

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Introduction to Directional
Drilling
• Lecture Contents
– Lecture Objectives,
– Definition,
– Well Types,
– Terminology,
– Applications,
– Basic Survey Calculation Methods,
– Directional Drilling Tools.
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Introduction to Directional
Drilling

• Lecture Objectives
At the end of this lecture YOU will be able to:
– Define directional drilling techniques
– Identify well types,
– Describe the related terminologies,
– Understand the applications of directional drilling,
– List surveying and calculation methods,
– Describe Various BHAs and Downhole Tools.
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Introduction to Directional
Drilling
• Definition
– Directional Drilling is the practice of deviating a well
bore along a planned course to a subsurface target whose
location is a given lateral distance and direction from the
vertical.

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Introduction to Directional
Drilling
• Historical Background
- the late 1920’s
1st application of oil well surveying using the acid
bottle inclinometer
- 1929
Directional inclinometer with magnetic needle.
- the 1930’s
1st controlled directional well drilled
(initially for unethical proposes, to cross property lines)
- 1934
Controlled DD was used to kill a wild well.
Beginning of controlled DD
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Introduction to Directional
Drilling
• Significant Events

< 1950 Magnetic Single Shot
(survey after drilling)

1970’s Steering Tool

1960’s Mud Motor
(versatile kick off tool)

(survey while drilling)

1980 MWD
(mud pulse telemetry - no wireline)

1980’s LWD

1980’s Steerable Motor

(log quality Data)

1988 Horizontal
Drilling

1990’s GeoSteering

(drilling for drainage)

(geologic vs geometric steering)

1999 Steerable Rotary
Drilling

200? Better Measurements/Data Rates, Multi-Laterals?……….?
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Introduction to Directional
Drilling
• Well Types
Vertical Type

“S” Type

Slant (J) Type

Horizontal Type

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Introduction to Directional
Drilling
• Applications
Sidetracking

Salt Dome Drilling

Inaccessible Locations

Fault Controlling

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Introduction to Directional
Drilling
• Applications
Multiple Exploration

Relief well

Multilateral Offshore

Short, Medium, & Long Radius

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Introduction to Directional
Drilling
• Terminology
UP

MN
Azimuth Angle

W

E
Horizontal Projection of
Borehole

S

Inclination Angle

DOWN

BOREHOLE

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Introduction to Directional
Drilling
• Terminology
Dir

N

0

AZ

KOP
Inc
EOB

TVD

MD

HD

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Introduction to Directional
Drilling
• Terminology;
– TVD; Vertical distance to a position on the well trajectory,
– MD; Distance to a position on the well trajectory
measured along the hole (AHD),
– KOP; Kick-off Point
– EOB; End of Build Up Section,
– Dir; Angle measured from the north,
– HD; Horizontal displacement to target.
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Network of Excellence in Training

Surveying

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Introduction to Directional
Drilling
• Wellbore Survey
– Background

• Recently, technology have advanced in such away that the
former directional drilling tools were replaced with an
advanced ones such as:
– Steerable mud motors,
– MWD,
– Andergauge Stabilizers,
– LWD.

• These tools, in combination, could provide a 3D well profiles
without changing BHA and have enabled the drilling of
horizontal and multi lateral wells.
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Introduction to Directional
Drilling
• Wellbore Survey
– Why are Surveys Required?
• Satisfy local regulatory agencies,
• Stay within lease boundaries,
• Construct accurate subsurface maps,
• Determine wellbore shape,
• Reach a target by steering.

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Introduction to Directional
Drilling
• Wellbore Surveys
– Basic Measurements
• Inclination
– Angle between the borehole and vertical.

• Azimuth
– Angle between north and the horizontal projection of
the borehole.

• Distance
– Course length between survey stations, measured by
length of pipe added at the surface.

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Introduction to Directional
Drilling
• Wellbore Surveys
– Type of Tools
• Single Shots,
• Multishots,
• Gyro,
• MWD.

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Introduction to Directional
Drilling
• Wellbore Surveys
• Single Shot Survey
– Simple Design
• Compass Card
Aligns with North,
• Pendulum Assembly
Displays Inclination,
• Camera Captures
the image on Film,
• Timer Turns-on the
Light.
– Inexpensive and
Dependable
– Time Consuming
– Temperature Sensitive

Battery Housing

Timer / Sensor

Camera Housing

Compass Unit

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Introduction to Directional
Drilling
• Wellbore Surveys
– Gyro Survey Tool
• Balanced spinning mass,
• Free to rotate on one or more axis,
• Is resistant to external forces ,
• Gyro is accurately aligned to reference before use,
• Maintains this heading throughout survey interval,
• No interference due to magnetism,
• Is used when compass heading not dependable,
• Corrections for change in heading can be applied later.
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Introduction to Directional
Drilling
• Wellbore Surveys
– Gyro Survey Tool

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Introduction to Directional
Drilling
• Wellbore Surveys
– Multi-Shot Survey Tools
• Magnetic Multishot
– Similar to singleshot,
– Taken at timed intervals,
– Survey record is stored on film.

• Gyro Multishot
– Surveys taken in magnetic environment,
– Survey record is stored on film.

• Electronic Multishot
– Requires non-magnetic environment,

– Tool memory is dumped at the surface.
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Introduction to Directional
Drilling
• Wellbore Surveys
– MWD Tool
• Tool Functionality
– MWD system measure downhole information and transmit
data back to surface without interrupting normal drilling
operations,
– Downhole sensors are located in the MWD which made-up
inside a non magnetic DC,
– Data from the sensor is transmitted through the mud
column in the drillstring and the signal is decoded at the
surface,
– This procedure is known as mud pulse telemetry,
– The whole procedure does not require wireline operations.
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Introduction to Directional
Drilling
• Wellbore Surveys
– MWD Tool

• Surface System

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Introduction to Directional
Drilling
• Wellbore Surveys
– MWD Tool

• Graphic Presentation

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Introduction to Directional
Drilling
• Magnetic Declination Angle
MAGNETIC
NORTH
LAT 75.5N
LONG 100.5W

TRUE NORTH

X

X

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