Week 01 general anatomy

ANATOMY LECTURE
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PURPOSE
The aim of the lecture is provide the knowledge about Anatomy science and
general body structures of the domestic mammals.
The lessons will be taught on systematic aspect in comperatively between the
animal species.
After this course, the students have basic knowledge about the animal body
for the other veterinary courses such as histology, physiology, pathology, surgery
and clinics.

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REFERENCE BOOKS FOR THIS COURSE
KÖNİG, H.G., LİEBİCH, H.E (2009) Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals
PASQUINI, C., SPURGEON, T. (1997) Anatomy of Domestic Animals
DYCE, K.M., SACK, W.O (2010) Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy

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LECTURE PLAN
FOR THE SEMESTER ONE
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Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Week 7
Week 8
Week 9
Week 10
Week 11
Week 12
Week 13
Week 14

: General Anatomy
: Osteologia (Bones) - Vertebral Column + Thorax
: Osteologia (Bones) - Fore Limb
: Osteologia (Bones) - Hind Limb
: Osteologia (Bones) - Cranium
: Arthrologia (Joints) - General Terms + Classification

: Arthrologia (Joints) - Joints of the body
: Myologia (Muscles) - General Terms+Head + Neck
: Myologia (Muscles) - Abdomen + Limbs
: Body Cavities
: Digestive System - Digestive Canal
: Digestive System - Digestive Canal
: Digestive System - Digestive Glands
: Respiratory System

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Term of Anatomy
Anatomy: Gr. ;

Ana
(The whole - from head to end)

+
+

Tome (Temnein)
(to cut and break into pieces)

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Anatomists use the scientific language «Latin and Greek»

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An internationally agreed-on vocabulary : Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria

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Anatomy
- Anatomy is one of the basic essential sciences of medicine
- Anatomy is the branch of biology.
- Anatomy is concerned with the form, disposition and structure of organisms and their
parts.
- Anatomy prospects the NORMAL shape, color, size and position of the tissues and
organs and their relationship with the other parts

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ANATOMIA VETERINARIA COMPARATIVA

Anatomy
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Macroscobic Anatomy - Gross Anatomy

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Microscobic Anatomy (Histology)

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Developmental Anatomy (Embriyology)

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Functional Anatomy (Physiology)

The discipline of anatomy is divided into macroscopic and microscopic anatomy.
Gross anatomy (Macroscopic anatomy) is the examination of an animal's
body parts using unaided eyesight. Gross anatomy also includes the branch
of superficial anatomy.
Histology (Microscopic anatomy) involves the use of optical instruments
(microscope) in the study of the tissues of various structures, known as
histology, and also in the study of cells.
Physiology’s focus is in how organisms, systems, organs and cells carry out the
chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system.

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Taxonomy
Chordata
Notochorda

Taxonomia (Yun.) = Taxis; order, organisation / Nomos; rules

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Taxonomic Abbreviations
Ungulata

-

(Un)

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Ungulates (hoof)

Artiodactyla
Ruminantia

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(Ru)

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Ruminants

Bos taurus

-

(bo)

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Cattle

Ovis aries

-

(ov)

-

Domestic sheep

Capra hircus

-

(cap)

-

Domestic goat

(su)

-

Domestic pig

(eq)

-

Odd-toed mammals

Carnivora

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(Car)

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Canis lupus familiaris -

(ca)

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Domestic dog

Felis silvestris catus

(fe)

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Domestic cat

Suina
Sus scrofa domestica Perissodactyla
Equidae

-

-

Carnivors

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS and PLANES
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The first step in Veterinary Anatomy education, the terms that indicate position and
direction must be learned in quadruped animal

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An anatomical planes are the hypothetical planes used to transect the body, in order to
describe the location of structures or the direction of movements.

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In anatomy, four principal planes are used:

1-)

Planum medianum (median plane)

2-)

Planum sagittale (sagittal plane)

3-)

Planum transversum (transversal plane)

4-)

Planum horizontale (horizontal plane)

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS and PLANES
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The essential (touchstone) points in the animal body

-

Cranium: Head or skull

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Rostrum: Beak (in birds), Muzzle (in mammals)

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Cauda: Tail

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Dorsum: Back of the trunk or limb

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Venter: Abdomen or stomach

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Palma: Palm of the hand (forelimb)

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Planta: Sole of the foot (hindlimb)

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Medianus: Middle of the body

-

Latus: Side (or flank) of the body

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Planum Medianum (Median-Midsagittal Plane)
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In quadruped animals, the median plane is a plane perpendicular to the

ground in head-tail direction

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It divides the body into symmetrical left and right halves.

- Median : In the middle, Center point or direction in the body
- Dexter: Right side
- Sinister: Left side

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Planum Sagittale (Sagittal Planes)
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The sagittal plane is numerous planes parallel to median plane in head-tail
direction.

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The term originates from in latin term «sagitta» (arrow). The position of the
archer is parallel the median plane.

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The planes divides the body into insight - outside according to the median
plane.

- Medial: Near the medianus

- Lateral: Near the flank (side)

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Planum Transversum (Transverse Plane)
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In quadruped animals, the transverse plane is a plane perpendicular to the median
plane and the long axis of the body (and limbs).

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The plane divides the body into anterior-posterior to the tail from the head

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The plane divides the head into anterior-posterior to base of skull from the muzzle

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The plane also divides the limbs into up-down to the long axis of the limbs

- Cranial: the structures lie toward the head
- Caudal: the structures lie toward the tail
- Rostral:the structures are close to muzzle
- Proximal: the structures are near the body
- Distal: the structures are stand away from the body

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Planum Horizontale (Horizontal-Dorsal-Frontal Planes)
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In quadruped animals, the horizontal plane is a plane perpendicular to the median
plane but parallel the long axis of the body or the ground (horizon).

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The plane divides the body into superior-inferior to the abdomen from the back

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The plane divides the heat into superior-anterior to the sinciput from the jaw

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The plane also divides the limbs anterior-posterior parallel the long axis of the limb

- Dorsal: the structures lie toward the back
- Ventral: the structures lie toward the abdomen
- Frontal: the structures lie toward the forehead
- Mandibular: the structures lie toward the jaw
- Palmar: near the palm in forelimb
- Plantar: near the sole in hindlimb

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Planum Horizontale (Horizontal-Dorsal-Frontal Planes)


In quadruped animals, the horizontal plane is a plane perpendicular to the median
plane but parallel the long axis of the body or the ground (horizon).

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The plane divides the body into superior-inferior to the abdomen from the back

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The plane divides the heat into superior-anterior to the sinciput from the jaw

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The plane also divides the limbs anterior-posterior parallel the long axis of the limb

- Dorsal: the structures lie toward the back
- Ventral: the structures lie toward the abdomen
- Frontal: the structures lie toward the forehead
- Mandibular: the structures lie toward the jaw
- Palmar: near the palm in forelimb
- Plantar: near the sole in hindlimb

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General Terms in Anatomy

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Dorsal – Ventral

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Cranial – Caudal

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Lateral – Medial

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External – Internal

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Superficial – Profund

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Dexter – Sinister

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Anterior – Posterior

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Superior – Inferior

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SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
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SYSTEMA LOCOMOTORIUM (Locomotor system)
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Osteologia (Bones)

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Arthrologia (Joints)

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Myologia (Muscles)

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SYSTEMA DIGESTORIUM (Digestive system)

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SYSTEMA RESPIRATORIUM (Respiratory system)

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SYSTEMA UROGENITALE (Urogenital system)

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SYSTEMA VASORUM (Circular system)

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SYSTEMA NERVOSUM (Nervous system)

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AESTHESIOLOGY (Special Sense Organs)