Fairweather et al (eds ) credit, consumers and the law; after the global storm (2017)

Credit, Consumers and the Law

Consumer law, particularly consumer credit law, is characterised by increasingly
complex regulation in Western economies. Reacting to the Global Financial Crisis,
governments in the UK, the EU, Australia, New Zealand and the United States have
adopted new laws dealing with consumer credit, responsible lending, consumer
guarantees and unfair contracts. Drawing together authors from all of these jurisdictions, this book analyses and evaluates these initiatives, and makes predictions as to
their likely success and possible flaws.
Karen Fairweather is an Associate Lecturer at the TC Beirne School of Law, the University of Queensland. Prior to this she was a lecturer at Durham University in the
UK. She has taught contract law, trusts, legal history and civil remedies. She has a
particular interest in the history of consumer credit law and has published widely on
historical aspects of consumer credit as well as on contemporary developments in
the field.
Paul O’Shea was a Senior Lecturer at the TC Beirne School of Law at the University
of Queensland and is now principal solicitor and director of O’Shea Lawyers. He is
one of Australia’s leading researchers in consumer law, particularly consumer credit
law. He has taught consumer and commercial law at universities in Australia and
throughout Asia and has published extensively in this field. His research has been
cited in superior court decisions and by the Australian Commonwealth Treasury in
support of legislation regulating consumer credit.
Ross Grantham is a Professor of Commercial Law at the TC Beirne School of Law,
the University of Queensland, and the Director of the Australian Centre for Private
Law. He is the author of a number of monographs, casebooks and numerous scholarly journal articles, and has co-­edited four collections of essays. He is a member of
the editorial boards of The Company Lawyer and the Journal of Corporate Law Studies
and is the Australian editor of the Journal of Business Law. He was Dean of Law and
Head of School at the TC Beirne School of Law between 2007 and 2012, having
been Deputy Head of School 2005–2006, and Director of Research 2004–2005.


Markets and the Law

Edited by Geraint Howells
City University of Hong Kong

Series Advisory Board:
Stefan Grundmann – Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany,  and European
University Institute, Italy
Hans Micklitz – Bamberg University, Germany
James P. Nehf – Indiana University, USA
Iain Ramsay – Kent Law School, UK
Charles Rickett – Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
Reiner Schulze – Münster University, Germany
Jules Stuyck – Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Stephen Weatherill – University of Oxford, UK
Thomas Wilhelmsson – University of Helsinki, Finland
Markets and the Law is concerned with the way the law interacts with the market
through regulation, self-­regulation and the impact of private law regimes. It looks at
the impact of regional and international organisations (e.g. EC and WTO) and
many of the works adopt a comparative approach and/or appeal to an international
audience. Examples of subjects covered include trade laws, intellectual property,
sales law, insurance, consumer law, banking, financial markets, labour law, environmental law and social regulation affecting the market as well as competition law.
The series includes texts covering a broad area, monographs on focused issues and
collections of essays dealing with particular themes.
Other titles in the series:
Consumer Protection and Online Auction Platforms
Towards a Safer Legal Framework
Christine Riefa
ISBN 978-0-7546-7710-9
Consumer Debt and Social Exclusion in Europe
Edited by Hans-­W. Micklitz and Irina Domurath
ISBN 978-1-4724-4903-0

Codifying Contract Law
International and Consumer Law Perspectives
Edited by Mary Keyes and Therese Wilson
ISBN 978-1-4724-1561-5
For more information on this series, visit www.routledge.com


Credit, Consumers and the Law
After the global storm

Edited by Karen Fairweather, Paul O’Shea
and Ross Grantham


First published 2017
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2017 selection and editorial matter, Karen Fairweather, Paul O’Shea and Ross
Grantham; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Karen Fairweather, Paul O’Shea and Ross Grantham to be
identified as the authors of the editorial matter, and of the authors for their
individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of
the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the

publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent
to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Names: Consumers, credit and the law symposium (2013 : University of
Queensland) | O’Shea, Paul (Australian lawyer and law teacher), editor. |
Fairweather, Karen, editor. | Grantham, Ross, editor. | Australian Centre
for Private Law, sponsoring body.
Title: Credit, consumers and the law : after the global storm / edited by
Paul O’Shea, Karen Fairweather, Ross Grantham.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2016. | Series: Markets
and the law | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016016771 (print) | LCCN 2016018095 (ebook) | ISBN
9781472452344 (hbk) | ISBN 9781315574752 (e-book) | ISBN 9781317158080
(Web PDF) | ISBN 9781317158073 ( ePub) | ISBN 9781317158066 (Mobipocket)
Subjects: LCSH: Consumer credit–Law and legislation–English-speaking
countries–Congresses.
Classification: LCC K1096.A6 C655 2016 (print) | LCC K1096.A6 (ebook) | DDC
346.07/3–dc23
LC record available at />ISBN: 978-1-4724-5234-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-57475-2 (ebk)
Typeset in Baskerville
by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear


Contents

List of contributors
Acknowledgements
Table of cases
Table of legislation

vii
viii
ix
xiii

Part I

Issues and themes

1

  1 Consumer law: paternalism, fragmentation and centralised
enforcement

3

K aren  F airweather , P aul  O ’ S hea and R oss  G rantham

Part II

Functional perspectives

17

  2 It’s for your own good: legal paternalism and New Zealand
consumer credit laws

19

K ate T okeley

  3 Credit: suitable for one or safe for everyone?

42

G ail P earson

  4 Responsible lending: consumer protection and prudential
regulation perspectives

62

O nyeka K .   O suji

  5 Can consumer law solve the problem of complexity in US
consumer credit products?
K athleen C .   E ngel

86

vi   Contents
Part III

Responsible lending and financial exclusion

103

  6 Making payday loans safer: the Australian approach to
regulating small and medium sized loans

105

N icola J . H owell

  7 High-­cost credit in the UK: a philosophical justification for
government intervention

132

J odi G ardner

  8 Apples and oranges? Responsible mortgage lending in the UK
and Australia

153

K aren F airweather

  9 Sorting the sheep from the wolves in sheep’s clothing: defining

Community Development Finance Institutions as distinct from
fringe lenders in efforts to address financial exclusion

183

T herese W ilson

Part IV

Unfair contract terms

201

10 Unfair contract terms legislation: is it good consumer law?

203

P aul O ’ S hea

11The fragility of unfair terms law on bank charges: towards a
complex re-­litigation in the UK?

223

M el  K enny and J ames  D e v enney

12The regulation of unfair terms in non-­professional suretyship
agreements: lessons for the wider European Union
harmonisation agenda

239

J ames  D e v enney and M el  K enny



Index

258


Contributors

James Devenney is McCann FitzGerald Chair in International Law and Business,
University College Dublin, Ireland.
Kathleen C. Engel is a Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Intellectual Life at
Suffolk University, Boston, USA.
Karen Fairweather is an Associate Lecturer at the TC Beirne School of Law at the
University of Queensland and a fellow of the Australian Centre for Private Law.
Jodi Gardner is a Lecturer in Law and DPhil Candidate at Corpus Christi College,
University of Oxford and Research Fellow at the Centre for Household Assets
and Savings Management, University of Birmingham, UK.
Ross Grantham is a Professor of Commercial Law at the TC Beirne School of Law, the
University of Queensland, and Director of the Australian Centre for Private Law.
Nicola J. Howell is a Senior Lecturer in Law at the Queensland University of
Technology.
Mel Kenny is Rector, Riga Graduate School of Law, Latvia.
Paul O’Shea was a Senior Lecturer at the TC Beirne School of Law at the University
of Queensland and is a fellow of the Australian Centre for Private Law. He is now
a principal at O’Shea Lawyers.

Onyeka K. Osuji is a Senior Lecturer in Law at the University of Exeter, UK.
Gail Pearson is a Professor of Business Law at the University of Sydney and a
member of the Fair Trading Advisory Council and a member of the consultative
committee to the Consumer Trader and Tenancy Tribunal.
Kate Tokeley is a Senior Lecturer in Law at the Victoria University of Wellington,
New Zealand.
Therese Wilson is an Associate Professor in Law at Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia, and is admitted as a solicitor of the Supreme Court of Queensland.


Acknowledgements

This book came about as the result of a symposium entitled ‘Consumers, Credit and
the Law’ that was held in Brisbane, Australia, in July 2013. The aim of the symposium was to analyse the regulatory responses to the Global Financial Crisis and other
developments in consumer law in a number of different jurisdictions.
We would like to express our gratitude to all those who inspired and participated
in the very lively and productive day of discussion in Brisbane. For their assistance in
staging the event, we would like to say a special thank you to Melissa Reynolds and
Beth Williams. We would also like to thank Alison Kirk of Routledge for her enthusiasm for the project and to acknowledge the financial support accorded to the Australian Centre for Private Law by the University of Queensland, which made the
event – and hence the book – possible.
Karen Fairweather, Paul O’Shea and Ross Grantham


Table of cases

Australia
ACCC v Bytecard Ltd [2013] FCA 38............................................................................ 218
ACCC v Oceana Commercial Pty Ltd [2004] 25 Queensland Lawyer 2......................... 138
Attorney-General (NSW) v World Best Holdings Ltd [2005] 63 NSWLR 557, 566.......... 206
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) v Berbatis [2003] 214
CLR 51..................................................................................................................... 208

Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) v Cash Store Pty Ltd (in liq)
[2014] FCA 926............................................................................... 159, 166, 174, 182
Beneficial Finance Ltd v Adams [1989] 217 ALR 60...................................................... 209
Carter v Fast Access Finance (Beaudesert Pty Ltd) [2011] QCA....................................... 125
Causer v Browne [1952] VLR 1..................................................................................... 206
Commercial Bank of Australia v Amadio [1983] 151 CLR 447 (HCA).................. 142, 206
Council of the City of Sydney v West [1965] 114 CLR 481.............................................. 206
Curtis v Chemical Cleaning & Dyeing Co Ltd [1951] 1 KB 805..................................... 206
Custom Credit Corporation v Gray [1991] ASC 56-096................................................... 209
Custom Credit Corporation Ltd v Lupi [1991] ASC 56-02.............................................. 209
Darlington Futures Ltd v Delco Australia Pty Ltd [1986] 161 CLR 500.......................... 206
Dillon v Baltic Shipping Co [1989] 21 NSWLR 614...................................................... 206
Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Craig Langley Pty Ltd & Matrix Pilates
and Yoga Pty Ltd (Civil Claims) [2008] VCAT 482.................................................. 214
Hammon v Alliance Acceptance Co Ltd [1989] ASC 55-517........................................... 209
Hunt & Hunt Lawyers v Mitchell Morgan Nominees Pty Ltd [2013] HCA 10.................. 74
Hurley v MacDonalds Australia Ltd [1999] FCA 1728.................................................. 208
Jetstar Airways Pty Ltd v Free [2008] VSC 539............................................... 212, 217–218
Kenny & Good Pty Ltd v MGICA (1992) Ltd [1999] 199 CLR 413................................ 73
McKenzie v Smith [1998] ASC 155-025......................................................................... 209
Moreland Finance Corp (Vic) Pty Ltd v Westendorp [1993] 2 VR 284............................. 209
Paciocco v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [2014] FC 35...................... 224
Permanent Mortgages v Cook [2006] ASC 155-082........................................................ 209
Rafiqi v Wacal Investments [1998] ASC 155-024........................................................... 209
Re Laurence Sullivan and Same Day Money Pty Ltd and ASIC [2013] AATA 591.......... 123
St George Bank Ltd v Quinerts Pty Ltd [2009] 25 VR 666................................................ 73
Stateside Credit Corp Pty Ltd v Hudson [1989] VR 519.................................................. 209
Tirant v LNS Autos Pty Ltd [1986] ASC 55-470............................................................ 209
West v AGC (Advances) Ltd [1986] 5 NSWLR 610............................................... 208–209

x   Table of cases

European Union
Asturcom Telecomunicaciones SL v Cristina Rodríguez Nogueira (C-40/08) [2009]
ECR I-9579............................................................................................................... 233
Bayerische Hypotheken und Wechselbank v Dietzinger (C-45/96) [1998]
ECR I-1199....................................................................................................... 250, 253
Berliner Kindl Brauerei AG v Andreas Siepert (C-208/98) [2000] ECR I-1741...... 251, 254
Caja de Ahorros y Monte de Piedad de Madrid v Asociación de Usuarios de Servicios
Bancarios (Ausbanc) (C-484/08) [2010] ECR I-4785.............................. 233, 234, 235
CILFIT v Ministero della Sanità (C-283/81) [1982] ECR 3415................................... 231
Cofidis v Fredout (C-473/00) [2002] ECR I-10875....................................................... 232
Commission v Italy (C-372/99) [2002] ECR I-819....................................................... 232
Commission v Netherlands (C-144/99) [2001] ECR I-3541.......................................... 232
Commission v Sweden (C-478/99) [2002] ECR I-4147................................................. 232
Elisa María Mostaza Claro v Centro Móvil Milenium SL (C-168/05) [2006]
ECR I-10421..................................................................................................... 225, 233
Freiburger Kommunalbauten GmbH Baugesellschaft & Co KG v Ludger Hofstetter
and Ulrike Hofstetter (C-237/02) [2004] ECR I-3403...................................... 225, 256
Gut Springenheide and Rudolf Tusky v Oberkreisdirektor des Kreises Steinfurt
(C-210/96) [1998] ECR I-4657.............................................................................. 225
Kásler v OTP Jelzálogbank Zrt (C-26/13) [2014] WLR (D) 180..................................... 70
Köbler v Austria (C-224/01) [2003] ECR I-10239........................................................ 231
Marleasing v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentacion SA (C-106/89) [1990]
ECR I-4135............................................................................................................... 229
Nemzeti Fogyasztóvédelmi Hatóság v Invitel Távkưzlési Zrt (C-472/10) [2012]
3 CMLR 1................................................................................................. 233, 234, 236
Océano Grupo Editorial SA v Rocío Murciano Quintero and Salvat Editores
SA v José M. Sanchez Alcón Prades and others (C-240/98) [2000] ECR I-4941........ 232

Pannon GSM Zrt. v Erzsébet Sustikné Gyo´´rfi (C-243/08) [2009] ECR I-4713............... 232
Perenicova v SOS Financ Spol sro (C-453/10) [2002] 2 All ER (Comm) 907................ 70
SAT Fluggesellschaft v Eurocontrol (C-364/92) [1994] ECR I-43.................................. 225
Traghetti del Mediteranneo SpA v Italy (C-173/03) [2006] ECR I-5177........................ 231
Von Colson and Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen (C-14/83) [1984]
ECR 1891................................................................................................................. 229
Zentrale zur Bekämpfung unlauteren Wettbewerbs eV v Plus Warenhandelsgesellschaft
mbH (C‑304/08) [2010] ECR I-217......................................................................... 70

United Kingdom
Abbey National Plc and Others v The Office of Fair Trading [2009]
EWCA 116................................................................................................. 215, 229
Alfred McAlpine Capital Projects Ltd v Tilebox Ltd [2005] EWHC 281.......................... 228
Allcard v Skinner [1887] 36 Ch D 145.................................................................. 247, 249
Ariston SRL v Charly Records (Court of Appeal 13 March 1990)................................ 228
Avon Finance v Bridger [1985] 2 All ER 281................................................................. 249
Bainbridge v Browne [1881] Ch D 188.......................................................................... 249
Bank of Scotland v Bennett [1997] 3 FCR 193............................................................... 247
Bank of Scotland v Singh (QBD, unreported, 17 June 2005).............................. 230, 252


Table of cases   xi
Barclays Bank plc v Goff [2001] EWCA Civ 635............................................................ 247
Barclays Bank plc v Kufner [2008] EWHC 2319 (Comm)................................... 230, 252
Barclays Bank plc v O’Brien [1994] AC 180.......................................................... 248–249
Bassano v Toft [2014] EWHC 377 (QB)........................................................................ 78
Boustany v Pigott [1993] 69 P & CR 298 (PC)..................................................... 142–143
Bridge v Campbell Discount Co Ltd [1962] AC 600........................................................ 228
Commissioner of Public Works v Hills [1906] AC 368..................................................... 228
Coutts & Co v Browne-Lecky [1947] KB 104.................................................................. 245

Credit Lyonnais Bank Nederland NV v Burch [1997] 1 All ER 144........................ 247, 249
Cresswell v Potter [1978] 1 WLR 255 (Ch D)................................................................ 142
Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank plc [2001] UKHL 52,
[2002] 1 AC 481...................................................... 66, 70–71, 74, 215, 219, 229, 255
Dunbar Bank plc v Nadeem [1998] 3 All ER 376........................................................... 247
Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge & Co Ltd [1915] AC 79 (HL)..................... 228
Evans v Cherry Tree Finance Ltd [2008] EWCA Civ 331............................................... 252
Foley v Hill [1848] 2 HL Case 28, 9 ER 1002............................................................... 138
Forthright Finance Ltd v Ingate (Carlyle Finance Ltd, Third Party) [1997]
4 All ER 99................................................................................................................. 78
George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd (1983) 2 QB 284,
[1982] 3 WLR 1036......................................................................................... 203, 225
Green v Royal Bank of Scotland plc (Financial Conduct Authority intervening)
[2013] EWCA Civ 1197............................................................................................. 79
Grosvenor v Sherratt [1860] 28 Beav 659....................................................................... 249
Hammond v Osborn [2002] EWCA Civ 885.......................................................... 247–248
Harrison v Black Horse [2010] EWHC 3152............................................................. 77–78
Harrison v Link Financial Ltd [2011] EWHC B3 (Mercantile)..................................... 79
Heifer International Inc v Christiansen [2007] EWHC 3015.......................................... 252
Hewett v First Plus Financial Group plc [2010] EWCA Civ 312....................................... 66
In Re London Scottish Finance Ltd, Jack v Craig [2013] EWHC 4047 (Ch),
[2013] WLR (D) 498................................................................................................. 68
Interfoto Picture Library Ltd v Stiletto Visual Programmes Ltd [1989] QB 433................ 206
Irvani v Irvani [2000] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 412.................................................................... 247
J. Pereira Fernandes SA v Mehta [2006] EWHC 813...................................................... 247
Jennings v Cairns [2003] EWCA 1935.......................................................................... 248
JP Morgan Chase Bank NA v Northern Rock (Asset Management) plc [2014]
EWHC 291 (Ch)........................................................................................................ 78
Kapoor v National Westminster Bank plc [2011] EWHC 2986....................................... 250
London Borough of Newham v Khatun [2004] EWCA Civ 55................................ 230, 251

Macaulay v Schroeder Publishing Co Ltd [1976] 1 WLR 1308....................................... 203
Manches LLP v Carl Freer [2006] EWHC 991....................................................... 252, 254
MBNA Europe Bank Ltd v Thorius [2010] ECC 8........................................................... 70
Moschi v Lep Air Services Ltd [1973] AC 331, 349........................................................ 245
National Commercial Bank (Jamaica) Ltd v Hew’s Executors [2003] UKPC 51............... 248
National Westminster Bank plc v Morgan [1985] AC 686...................................... 206, 248
Niersmans v Pesticcio [2004] EWCA Civ 372................................................................. 249
OFT v Abbey National plc [2008] EWHC 875 (Comm)........................................ 228–229
Office of Fair Trading (OFT) v Abbey National plc (Abbey National) [2009]
UKSC 6, [2010] 1 AC 696................... 16, 70, 211, 223, 229, 230, 231, 236, 237, 238


xii   Table of cases
OFT v Ashbourne Management Services [2011] EWHC 1237 (Ch), [2011]
ECC 31............................................................................................. 211, 234, 235, 236
OFT v Foxtons [2009] EWCA Civ 288................................................................... 229, 237
OFT v Lloyds TSB Bank plc [2007] UKHL 48, [2008] 1 AC 316................................... 70
Olley v Marlborough Court Ltd [1949] 1 KB 532........................................................... 206
Plevin v Paragon Personal Finance Ltd, Conlon v Black Horse Ltd [2013]
EWCA Civ 1658, [2013] WLR (D) 500............................................................... 77–78
Portman Building Society v Dusangh [2000] 2 All ER (Comm) 221............................. 247
Printing and Numerical Registering Co v Sampson (1875) LR 19 Eq 462 (CA)............... 24
R (on the application of Heather Moor & Edgecomb Ltd) v Financial Ombudsman
Service [2008] EWCA Civ 642............................................................................ 79, 179
R (on the application of IFG Financial Services) v Financial Ombudsman Service
[2005] EWHC 1153................................................................................................. 179
R (on the application of the BBA) v FSA and FOS [2011] EWHC 999 (Admin).............. 79
R v Attorney-General for England and Wales [2003] UKPC 22....................................... 248
Royal Bank of Scotland plc v Chandra [2010] EWHC 105, [2011] EWCA Civ 192...... 252
Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge (No 2) [2001] UKHL 44............... 66, 144, 246–250, 255

Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge (No 2) [2002] 2 AC 773............................................. 249
Rubenstein v HSBC Bank plc [2012] EWCA Civ 1184.................................................. 179
Scotland v British Credit Trust Ltd [2014] EWCA Civ 790, [2014] WLR (D) 252......... 78
Skipton Building Ltd v Stott [2001] QB 261.................................................................. 253
Standard Bank Ltd v Apostolakis [2003] ILPr 766........................................................ 252
Swift v Robertson [2014] UKSC 50.................................................................................. 67
Thakker v Northern Rock (Asset Management) plc [2014] EWHC 2107.......................... 179
Thompson v LMS Railway [1930] 1 KB 41.................................................................... 236
Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd [1971] 2 QB 163..................................................... 206
Turkey v Awadh [2005] EWCA Civ 382........................................................................ 248
Vossloh AG v Alpha Trains (UK) Ltd [2010] EWHC 2443 (Ch)................................... 245
Williamson v Governor of the Bank of Scotland [2006] EWHC 1289.............................. 252
Workers Trust and Merchant Bank Ltd v Dojap Investments Ltd [1993] AC 573............ 228

United States of America
Denlinger, Inc v Dendler, 415 Pa Super 164, 608 A 2d 1061 (1992).............................. 89
International Harvester Co, 104 FTC 949 (1984)............................................................ 93
Selmer Co v Blakeslee-Midwest Co 704 F 2d 924 (7th Cir 1983) 928.............................. 143
Williams v Walker-Thomas Furniture Co 350 F2d 445 DC Cir (1965)............................. 89


Table of legislation

Australia
Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 (Cth)................ 159, 213
12BF......................................................................................................................... 129
Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) sch 2, Australian Consumer
Law (ACL)............................................................................................................... 203
3.3............................................................................................................................... 43
3.5............................................................................................................................... 43

23(2)........................................................................................................................ 215
23(3)........................................................................................................................ 213
24(1)........................................................................................................................ 216
24(2)........................................................................................................................ 216
26.............................................................................................................................. 215
26(2)........................................................................................................................ 215
27(1)........................................................................................................................ 214
27(2)........................................................................................................................ 214
39................................................................................................................................ 52
54................................................................................................................................ 43
51–62........................................................................................................................ 205
131.............................................................................................................................. 43
132.............................................................................................................................. 43
Consumer Credit (Queensland) Act 1994 (Qld).................................................. 5, 107
Appendix, s 70(2)(b).............................................................................................. 209
Consumer Credit (Australian Capital Territory) Act 1995........................................... 5
Consumer Credit (New South Wales) Act 1995............................................................. 5
Consumer Credit (Northern Territory) Act 1995......................................................... 5
Consumer Credit (South Australia) Act 1995................................................................ 5
Consumer Credit (Victoria) Act 1995.................................................................... 5, 107
Consumer Credit (Western Australia) Act 1995............................................................ 5
Consumer Credit (Tasmania) Act.................................................................................. 5
Consumer Credit Legislation Amendment (Enhancements)
Act 2012 (Cth)............................................................................................. 47, 48, 108
Contracts Review Act 1980 (NSW).............................................................................. 208
4................................................................................................................................ 207
Credit Act 1984 (NSW)
145(1)...................................................................................................................... 208

xiv   Table of legislation
Credit Act 1984 (Vic)................................................................................................... 208
Credit Act 1984 (WA).................................................................................................. 208
Credit Act 1985 (ACT)................................................................................................ 208
Credit Act 1987 (Qld)
148(1)...................................................................................................................... 208
Energy Legislation (Hardship, Metering and Other Matters) Act 2006 (Vic)........ 151
Fair Trading (Amendment) Act 2003 (Vic)....................................................... 203, 211
Fair Trading Act 1999 (Vic)........................................................................................ 211
32U................................................................................................................... 213–214
32X........................................................................................................................... 214
Fair Trading and Other Acts Amendment Act 2009 (Vic)
5................................................................................................................................ 212
6................................................................................................................................ 212
National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009 (Cth)........................ 8, 107, 115, 122,

154, 181, 193, 199
ch 3............................................................................................................................. 21
5(1)........................................................................................................ 47, 49, 52, 109
8........................................................................................................................ 159, 161
39C........................................................................................................................... 111
45.............................................................................................................................. 177
46.............................................................................................................................. 177
47................................................................................................................................ 11
55.............................................................................................................................. 177
56.............................................................................................................................. 177
79–85........................................................................................................................ 177
115................................................................................................................ 46, 59, 177
116.............................................................................................................................. 59
117(1)(a)................................................................................................................... 44

118(1)...................................................................................................................... 177
118(2).............................................................................................................. 165, 167
118(2)(a)................................................................................................................... 45
118(3).............................................................................................................. 167, 173
118(3A).............................................................................................. 60, 110–111, 192
118(3A)(a)(b)........................................................................................................... 60
119(2).............................................................................................................. 165, 167
119(2)(a)................................................................................................................... 45
119(3)...................................................................................................................... 167
123(1)...................................................................................................................... 176
123(1)(a)................................................................................................................. 159
123(1)(b)................................................................................................................. 160
123(2).............................................................................................................. 165, 167
123(2)(a)................................................................................................................... 59
123(3)...................................................................................................................... 167
123(3A).................................................................................................................... 111
123(6)...................................................................................................................... 176
124(1)...................................................................................................... 110, 160, 176
124(2).............................................................................................................. 165, 167
124(3)...................................................................................................................... 167


Table of legislation   xv
124(6)...................................................................................................................... 176
124(7)...................................................................................................................... 160
124(A)........................................................................................................................ 49
124A........................................................................................................................... 47
124B................................................................................................................... 59, 111
124B(1).................................................................................................................... 111
124B(2).................................................................................................................... 111

124BA....................................................................................................................... 111
124CA....................................................................................................................... 129
128.......................................................................................................... 46, 48, 59, 192
129................................................................................................................ 59, 62, 192
130...................................................................................................................... 62, 192
130(1)(a)................................................................................................................... 44
130(1A)................................................................................................................ 47, 60
131...................................................................................................................... 62, 192
131(1)...................................................................................................................... 177
131(2).............................................................................................................. 165, 167
131(2)(a)................................................................................................................... 45
131(3).............................................................................................................. 167, 173
131(3A)...................................................................................................................... 47
132(2)(a)................................................................................................................... 59
133............................................................................................................................ 110
133(1)...................................................................................................................... 176
133(1)(a)................................................................................................................. 159
133(1)(b)................................................................................................................. 160
133(2).............................................................................................................. 165, 167
133(3)...................................................................................................................... 167
133(3A)...................................................................................................................... 47
133(6)...................................................................................................................... 176
133AC................................................................................................................... 46, 58
133AD.................................................................................................................. 46, 58
133BC................................................................................................................... 46, 58
133BD................................................................................................................... 46, 58
133BE......................................................................................................................... 46
133BH.................................................................................................................. 46, 53
133BI.................................................................................................................... 46, 53
133BO........................................................................................................................ 46

133BP................................................................................................................... 46, 53
133BQ.................................................................................................................. 46, 53
133BR......................................................................................................................... 53
133CA........................................................................................... 47, 49, 110, 129, 191
133CB........................................................................................................... 47, 59, 111
133CB(1)................................................................................................................. 111
133CB(2)................................................................................................................. 111
133CBA.................................................................................................................... 111
133CC........................................................................................................... 47, 52, 111
133DB................................................................................................................... 48, 60
133DB(1)(a)(ii)........................................................................................................ 60


xvi   Table of legislation
133DB(1)(b).............................................................................................................. 60
133DC.................................................................................................................. 48, 58
133DD.................................................................................................................. 48, 58
133DE................................................................................................................... 48, 59
141(2).............................................................................................................. 165, 167
141(3)...................................................................................................................... 167
142(2).............................................................................................................. 165, 167
142(3)...................................................................................................................... 167
146(2).............................................................................................................. 165, 167
147(2).............................................................................................................. 165, 167
147(3)...................................................................................................................... 167
149............................................................................................................................ 177
154(2).............................................................................................................. 165, 167
154(3)...................................................................................................................... 167
156(2).............................................................................................................. 165, 167
156(3)...................................................................................................................... 167

160(1)...................................................................................................................... 127
160B..................................................................................................................... 48, 58
160B(2)...................................................................................................................... 59
160C..................................................................................................................... 48, 58
160C(2)...................................................................................................................... 59
177............................................................................................................................ 177
178(2)(a)................................................................................................................. 177
179(3)(a)................................................................................................................. 177
180A........................................................................................................................... 48
180A(1)(a)(b)........................................................................................................... 55
180A(3)...................................................................................................................... 55
180A(4)(a)................................................................................................................. 56
180A(4)(b)................................................................................................................ 55
180A(4)(c)................................................................................................................. 56
180A(4)(d)................................................................................................................ 56
180A(4)(e), (f ) and (g)............................................................................................ 56
180A(8)...................................................................................................................... 55
181............................................................................................................................ 176
189A(1)(c)................................................................................................................. 55
331...................................................................................................................... 11, 177
335A........................................................................................................................... 47
335A(1).................................................................................................................... 106
335A(1)(b).............................................................................................................. 124
National Consumer Credit Protection Amendment (Home Loans and
Credit Cards) Act 2011 (Cth)................................................................................... 46
National Consumer Credit Protection Amendment (Enhancements)
Act 2012 (Cth)........................................................................................................... 21
National Credit Code (National Consumer Credit Protection
Act 2009 (Cth), sch 1)............................................................................. 106, 115, 193
5(1).......................................................................................................................... 108

6(7).......................................................................................................................... 125
13A............................................................................................................................. 54


Table of legislation   xvii
16(1)(a)................................................................................................................... 127
16(4)........................................................................................................................ 127
17(1)(4)................................................................................................................... 127
17(4)........................................................................................................................ 127
17(5)........................................................................................................................ 127
17(6)........................................................................................................................ 127
17(15A)........................................................................................................ 48, 54, 129
18A....................................................................................................................... 48, 54
18B....................................................................................................................... 48, 54
23.............................................................................................................................. 110
23A........................................................................................................................... 110
23A(1)(a)................................................................................................................. 109
24A........................................................................................................................... 110
24(1A)...................................................................................................................... 110
26(6).................................................................................................................... 48, 55
27(1)........................................................................................................................ 127
31A............................................................................................................. 57, 126, 191
31A(1)................................................................................................................ 57, 109
31A(1)(d)................................................................................................................ 109
31A(2)................................................................................................................ 57, 109
31A(3)................................................................................................................ 57, 109
32A........................................................................................................................... 191
32A(4)...................................................................................................................... 109
31B............................................................................................................. 57, 109, 126
32AA................................................................................................................... 57, 125

32B..................................................................................................................... 56, 110
32B(1).................................................................................................................. 47, 56
32B(2)...................................................................................................................... 110
39A............................................................................................................................. 57
39A(2)........................................................................................................................ 57
39A(2)(ba)................................................................................................................. 57
39B..................................................................................................................... 57, 109
39B(1)........................................................................................................................ 57
39B(2)........................................................................................................................ 57
66................................................................................................................................ 46
72.................................................................................................. 46, 48, 121, 151, 160
72(1).......................................................................................................................... 61
72(2).......................................................................................................................... 61
72(4).......................................................................................................................... 61
72(4)(b)(ii), (iii), (iv)............................................................................................... 61
74................................................................................................................................ 61
76........................................................................................................................ 45, 207
78.............................................................................................................................. 105
86A............................................................................................................... 48, 55, 129
86B............................................................................................................... 48, 55, 129
86C..................................................................................................................... 55, 129
86D............................................................................................................... 48, 55, 129
86E..................................................................................................................... 55, 129


xviii   Table of legislation
86F............................................................................................................................ 129
89A............................................................................................................................. 61
94.............................................................................................................................. 160
150(3)...................................................................................................................... 127

157(1)...................................................................................................................... 126
204(1).................................................................................................... 47, 54, 57, 109
Retail Shop Leases Act 1994 (Qld)............................................................................. 219
Social Security Act 1991 (Cth).................................................................................... 111
Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth)..................................................................................... 43
51AA......................................................................................................................... 208
51AB................................................................................................................. 207, 208
51AC......................................................................................................................... 208
63A............................................................................................................................. 52
69–71........................................................................................................................ 205
Trade Practices Amendment (Australian Consumer Law)
Act (No 1) 2010 (Cth).................................................................................... 203, 212
Trade Practices (Fair Trading) Amendment Act 1998 (Cth)................................... 219
Treasury Legislation Amendment (Small Business and Unfair Contract Terms)
Act 2015 (Cth)................................................................................................. 213, 219
Uniform Consumer Credit Code 1996................................................. 7, 8, 45, 107, 156
40, 44, 45 and 55..................................................................................................... 128
70(2).................................................................................................................... 7, 209
Secondary legislation
Australian Securities and Investments Commission Class Order
[CO 13/818]........................................................................................................... 109
National Consumer Credit Protection Regulations 2010 (Cth)
4D............................................................................................................................. 109
20(5).......................................................................................................................... 59
28LB..................................................................................................................... 46, 58
28LJ(1)................................................................................................................. 46, 50
28S................................................................................................................ 47, 52, 111
28XXA........................................................................................................................ 59
28XXB........................................................................................................................ 59
28XXF...................................................................................................................... 125

28XXF(2)................................................................................................................. 125
50A........................................................................................................................... 126
51.............................................................................................................................. 126
72(1)........................................................................................................................ 127
72(5)........................................................................................................................ 127
79A......................................................................................................... 46, 50, 53, 129
79A(2)........................................................................................................................ 53
79A(3)........................................................................................................................ 54
79AC......................................................................................................................... 125
79AE......................................................................................................................... 126
79B....................................................................................................................... 46, 51
79C........................................................................................................................... 111


Table of legislation   xix
100............................................................................................................................ 126
124BA....................................................................................................................... 111
133CBA.................................................................................................................... 111
sch 5..................................................................................................................... 46, 58
sch 6, 28LFA........................................................................................................ 46, 58
sch 7......................................................................................................................... 111
sch 9......................................................................................................................... 111
Trade Practices (Consumer Product Safety Standards) (Children’s Nightwear
and Paper Patterns for Children’s Nightwear) Regulations 2007 (Cth)............... 43

European Union
Charter of Fundamental Human Rights of the European Union 2010/C83/02
Art 36........................................................................................................................ 189
Directive 85/577/EEC to protect the consumer in respect of contracts
negotiated away from business premises (Doorstep Sales) ([1985]

OJ L372/31).................................................................... 224, 226, 241, 250, 253–254
Directive 87/102/EEC for the approximation of the laws, regulations
and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning
consumer credit ([1987] OJ L42/48)...................................................... 73, 251, 254
Directive 90/314/EEC on package travel, package holidays and package
tours ([1990] OJ L158/59).................................................................................... 224
Directive 93/13/EEC on unfair terms in consumer contracts ([1993]
OJ L95/29)................................ 70, 207, 210, 223–224, 227, 239, 241, 251, 255–256
Art 3(1).................................................................................................................... 228
Art 3(2).................................................................................................................... 228
Art 3(3).................................................................................................................... 237
Art 4(2)............................................................................................................ 229, 233
Art 5.................................................................................................................. 229, 255
Art 8.................................................................................................................. 225, 233
Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of individuals with regard to the
processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data ([1995]
OJ L281/31).............................................................................................................. 75
Directive 97/7/EC on the protection of consumers in respect of distance
contracts ([1997] OJ L144/19).............................................................. 224, 226, 241
Directive 1999/44/EC on certain aspects of the sale of consumer goods
and associated guarantees ([1999] OJ L171/12).......................... 224, 226–227, 241
Directive 2000/31/EC on certain legal aspects of information society services,
in particular electronic commerce, in the internal market ([2000]
OJ L178/1).............................................................................................................. 224
Directive 2002/65/EC on the distance marketing of consumer financial
services ([2002] OJ L271/16)........................................................................ 224, 226
Directive 2005/29/EC on unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices
in the internal market ([2005] OJ L149/22).................................... 65, 70, 224, 226
Art 8............................................................................................................................ 79
Art 9...................................................................................................................... 65, 79

Directive 2006/114/EC on misleading and comparative advertising ([2006]
OJ L376/21)............................................................................................................ 224


xx   Table of legislation
Directive 2007/64/EC on payment services in the internal market ([2007]
OJ L319/1).............................................................................................................. 224
Directive 2008/48/EC on credit agreements for consumers ([2008]
OJ L133/66) ....................................................................................... 9, 154, 224, 226
Art 4...................................................................................................................... 67, 76
Art 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21 and 23................................................................. 67
Art 8...................................................................................................................... 67, 73
Art 9(4)...................................................................................................................... 74
Directive 2008/122/EC on the protection of consumers in respect of
certain aspects of timeshares, long-term holiday product, resale and
exchange contracts ([2009] OJ L33/10)............................................................... 224
Directive 2009/22/EC on injunctions for the protection of consumers’
interests ([2009] OJ L110/30)............................................................................... 227
Directive 2011/83/EU on consumer rights ([2011]
OJ L304/64)...................................................................................... 70, 224, 226, 241
Art 2(d)...................................................................................................................... 70
Art 3(1)...................................................................................................................... 70
Art 19........................................................................................................................ 238
Art 22........................................................................................................................ 238
Directive 2014/17/EU on credit agreements for consumers relating to
residential immovable property OJ L60/34 ([2014] OJ L60/34)........... 9, 154, 176

New Zealand
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993................................................................................... 23
Credit Contracts and Consumer Finance Act 2003......................................... 19, 20, 21

Credit Contracts and Consumer Finance Amendment
Act 2014..................................................................................... 19, 20, 21, 23, 33, 154
2(5)............................................................................................................................ 20
11................................................................................................................................ 20
9C(2)(a)..................................................................................................................... 21
9C(3)(a)............................................................................................................... 21, 33
9C(3)(b).................................................................................................................... 21
9C(3)(c)..................................................................................................................... 21
9E......................................................................................................................... 21, 33
9F.......................................................................................................................... 21, 33
9I................................................................................................................................ 33
10................................................................................................................................ 36
41–44.......................................................................................................................... 21
55–59.......................................................................................................................... 21
117–131...................................................................................................................... 21
sch 1........................................................................................................................... 21

South Africa
National Credit Act 2005............................................................................................. 154


Table of legislation   xxi

United Kingdom
Administration of Justice Act 1970
36.............................................................................................................................. 179
Administration of Justice Act 1973
8................................................................................................................................ 179
Bills of Sale Act (1878) Amendment Act 1882............................................................... 7
Consumer Credit Act 1974...................................................... 5, 9, 74–75, 138, 155–156

61................................................................................................................................ 78
138............................................................................................................................ 207
140A......................................................................................................................... 178
140B......................................................................................................................... 178
Consumer Credit Act 2006........................................................................ 74–75, 78, 154
59................................................................................................................................ 79
Consumer Rights Act 2015............................................................ 16, 223, 227, 236–237
2................................................................................................................................ 251
62.............................................................................................................................. 227
63.............................................................................................................................. 227
64.............................................................................................................................. 227
68.............................................................................................................................. 227
sch 2......................................................................................................................... 227
Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013............................................................. 225
Financial Services and Markets Act 2000...................................................... 62, 154–156
1A............................................................................................................................... 81
1B................................................................................................................... 81, 82–83
1C....................................................................................................... 69, 71, 75, 79, 82
1D............................................................................................................................... 82
1E................................................................................................................... 72, 75, 82
2A............................................................................................................................... 81
2B............................................................................................................................... 81
2E............................................................................................................................... 81
2H......................................................................................................................... 82–83
2I................................................................................................................................ 82
2J................................................................................................................................. 81
3B............................................................................................................................... 83
3D......................................................................................................................... 83–84
3E............................................................................................................................... 84
3G............................................................................................................................... 83

3H............................................................................................................................... 83
3I................................................................................................................................ 82
3J................................................................................................................................. 82
3Q............................................................................................................................... 82
3S.......................................................................................................................... 75–76
6............................................................................................................................ 77, 81
19................................................................................................................................ 76
20................................................................................................................................ 76
22................................................................................................................................ 76
23................................................................................................................................ 76


xxii   Table of legislation
26A............................................................................................................................. 76
27................................................................................................................................ 76
28................................................................................................................................ 76
28A............................................................................................................................. 76
55A........................................................................................................................... 164
55J............................................................................................................................. 177
56................................................................................................................................ 77
56(7)–(7C)................................................................................................................. 82
60(7).......................................................................................................................... 82
63................................................................................................................................ 77
64A............................................................................................................................. 82
64C............................................................................................................................. 77
138............................................................................................................................ 159
138D(2)............................................................................................................ 178–179
138E(2)............................................................................................................ 178–179
140A......................................................................................................................... 178
140B......................................................................................................................... 178

150...................................................................................................................... 79, 179
205............................................................................................................................ 177
206............................................................................................................................ 177
206A......................................................................................................................... 177
226A........................................................................................................................... 79
234C......................................................................................................................... 177
234D......................................................................................................................... 177
234E......................................................................................................................... 177
380............................................................................................................................ 177
382............................................................................................................................ 177
383............................................................................................................................ 177
384............................................................................................................................ 177
404............................................................................................................................ 177
Financial Services Act 2012............................................................................... 62, 72, 80
58 and 59................................................................................................................... 82
Financial Services (Banking Reform) Act 2013......................................................... 147
Protection from Harassment Act 1997......................................................................... 79
Sale of Goods Act 1979........................................................................................ 224, 227
Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994............................................................................ 227
Saving Gateway Accounts Act 2009............................................................................. 151
Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act 1973.............................................................. 227
2................................................................................................................................ 210
4................................................................................................................................ 210
10.............................................................................................................................. 210
27(2)........................................................................................................................ 210
Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982.............................................................. 224, 227
Merchandise Marks Act 1887........................................................................................ 42
Moneylenders Act 1900............................................................................................... 207
Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977................................................. 203, 210, 224–225, 227
3................................................................................................................................ 236

Table of legislation   xxiii
Secondary legislation
Consumer Credit (Information Requirements and Duration of Licences and
Charges) Regulations 2007 . .................................................................................... 78
Consumer Credit (Total Charge for Credit) Regulations 2010 . ......................... 74–75
Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 .................... 65, 70, 224
reg 7, sch 1, items 24–31........................................................................................... 79
reg 19......................................................................................................................... 78
Mortgage Credit Directive Order 2015 ..................................................................... 155
Art 10(1).................................................................................................................. 176
Art 10(3).................................................................................................................. 176
Art 12(1).................................................................................................................. 176
Sale and Supply of Goods and Services to Consumers Regulations 2002................ 227
Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999
(UTCCR) ...................................................... 70, 80–81, 203, 210, 223–224, 227, 234
reg 3(3).................................................................................................... 213, 237, 252
reg 4......................................................................................................................... 251
reg 5......................................................................................................................... 211
reg 5(1).................................................................................................... 210, 216, 251
reg 5(2).................................................................................................................... 251
reg 5(3).................................................................................................................... 213
reg 6......................................................................................................................... 211
reg 6(2).................................................................................................... 215, 229, 238
reg 8......................................................................................................................... 251
reg 8(1).................................................................................................................... 211
reg 8(2).................................................................................................................... 211
reg 10....................................................................................................................... 211
reg 12....................................................................................................................... 211

sch 1......................................................................................................................... 211
sch 2......................................................................................................................... 251

United States of America
Class Action Fairness Act 2005...................................................................................... 91
Constitution
Art 6, 2.......................................................................................................................... 7
Consumer Credit Protection Act 1968 .......................................................................... 5
Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act 2009.................... 96–97
Depository Institutions Deregulatory and Monetary Control Act 1980..................... 96
Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection
Act 2010................................................................................. 8, 11, 90–92, 94–99, 154
Title X.......................................................................................................................... 8
1025.............................................................................................................................. 8
1042.............................................................................................................................. 8
1044.............................................................................................................................. 8
1046.............................................................................................................................. 8
Federal Trade Commission Act 1914..................................................................... 91–94
45(a)(1)..................................................................................................................... 90


xxiv   Table of legislation
Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act 1994..................................................... 97
Truth in Lending Act 1968..................................................................................... 74, 97
Uniform Commercial Code
2-302 (2001)............................................................................................................. 207