TestBank psychology around us 2nd edition comer ch15

Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders

Multiple Choice
1. In a given year, approximately ____ percent of adults in the U.S. display serious psychological
disturbance requiring treatment .
a) 10
b) 20
c) 25
d) 30
Ans: d
Feedback A: The correct figure is 30%
Feedback B: The correct figure is 30%
Feedback C: The correct figure is 30%
Feedback D: Correct
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: Identify the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning, and
describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Medium
2. Clara, a self-assured, well-liked, and otherwise average woman in 16 th Century England wanted to
pursue an education at the university level. By what definitional criterion may her behavior be considered
abnormal?
a) Danger
b) Dysfunction
c) Distress
d) Deviance
Ans: d
Feedback A: She is well-liked so danger is not an issue.
Feedback B: She is self-assured, so dysfunction is not an issue.
Feedback C: She is not distressed.
Feedback D: Correct!
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality

Learning Objective: Identify the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning, and
describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Medium

True/False

3. There is no universally accepted definition of abnormal behavior.
Ans: True


Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe
how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Easy
3. Most eccentric people suffer from psychological disorders.
Ans: False
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe
how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Medium

Fill-in-the-blank
5. A person who deviates from common behavior patterns or displays odd or whimsical behavior is called
an ______.
Ans: eccentric
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe
how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Easy
6. The ultimate degree of psychological dysfunction occurs when behavior becomes __________ to

oneself or to others.
Ans: dangerous
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe
how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Medium

Short Answer

7. In the United States, what classification system is used to categorize individuals with mental illnesses?
Ans: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4 th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe
how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Medium


8. In most countries throughout the world, what classification system is used to categorize individuals
with mental illnesses?
Ans: International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe
how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Medium
9. Describe how dysfunction is used to define abnormal behavior.
Ans: When it interferes with daily functioning
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe
how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Medium

Essay

10. Define the four Ds common to most definitions of abnormality.
Ans: (1) Deviance- Behavior, thoughts, and emotions are considered abnormal when they differ
from a society’s ideas about proper functioning. (2) Distress- According to many clinical
theorists, behaviors, ideas, or emotions usually must also cause distress or unhappiness before
they can be considered abnormal. (3) Dysfunction - Abnormal behavior also tends to interfere
with daily functioning. It upsets people so that they cannot take proper care of themselves,
interact well with others, or work effectively. (4) Danger - Some people with psychological
dysfunctioning become dangerous
to themselves or others.
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe
how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple Choice
11. Approximately _____ of children and adolescents in the United States experience serious
psychological disturbances.
a) 2%
b) 10%
c) 19%
d) 25%


e) 30%
Ans: c
Feedback A: Approximately 19% of children and adolescents in the United States experience serious
psychological disturbances.
Feedback B: Approximately 19% of children and adolescents in the United States experience serious
psychological disturbances.

Feedback C: Correct!
Feedback D: Approximately 19% of children and adolescents in the United States experience serious
psychological disturbances.
Feedback E: Approximately 19% of children and adolescents in the United States experience serious
psychological disturbances.
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe
how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Medium
12. Seamus was a hermit who lived with 200 dogs, cats, and sheep on a farm in Scotland. Although this
behavior deviates from societal norms, some may apply a specific label to describe the marked
individuality of this person. What is this label?
a) Dysfunctional
b) Dangerous
c) Eccentric
d) Antisocial
Ans: c
Feedback A: Does not interfere with function
Feedback B: No indication of this in the description
Feedback C: Correct!
Feedback D: Personality characteristic
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe
how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Medium

True/False

13. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4 th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)
provides symptoms for approximately 400 mental disorders.

Ans: True
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe
how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Medium


14. People are particularly likely to experience at least some of the distress found in psychological
disorders during times of tension and stress.
Ans: True
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe
how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Easy
The rates of psychological disorders in most other countries are lower than those in the United States.
Ans: False
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe
how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Medium

Fill-in-the-blank

15. When clinicians conclude that a person’s symptoms fit a particular category of disorder, they can
make a __________.
Ans: diagnosis
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe
how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Medium

Multiple Choice
16. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is published by the _____.
a) American Psychological Association
b) American Psychiatric Society
c) World Health Organization
d) United Nations
Ans: c
Feedback A: Correct!
Feedback B:
Feedback C:
Feedback D:
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe


how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Medium
17. Currently the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is in its _____ edition, while the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is in its _____ edition.
a) first / second
b) second / first
c) fourth / tenth
d) tenth / fourth
Ans: d
Feedback A: Currently the ICD is in its tenth edition and the DSM is in its fourth edition.
Feedback B: Currently the ICD is in its tenth edition and the DSM is in its fourth edition.
Feedback C: Currently the ICD is in its tenth edition and the DSM is in its fourth edition.
Feedback D: Correct!
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality

Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe
how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Hard
18. What term is used to describe an individual who has been diagnosed with two or more psychological
disorders?
a) Comorbidity
b) Coaxial illnesses
c) Delusional
d) Fixated
Ans: a
Feedback A: Correct!
Feedback B: The term comorbility is used to describe an individual who has been diagnosed with two or
more psychological disorders.
Feedback C: The term comorbility is used to describe an individual who has been diagnosed with two or
more psychological disorders.
Feedback D: The term comorbility is used to describe an individual who has been diagnosed with two or
more psychological disorders.
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe
how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Medium
19. Assigning a diagnosis suggests that the client’s pattern of dysfunction

a) is basically the same as patterns displayed by many other people
b) has been researched in numerous studies
c) has responded to certain kinds of treatment.


d) all of the above
Ans: d

Feedback A: Assigning a diagnosis suggests that the client’s pattern of dysfunction is basically
the same as patterns displayed by many other people, has been researched in numerous studies,
and has responded to certain kinds of treatment.
Feedback B: Assigning a diagnosis suggests that the client’s pattern of dysfunction is basically
the same as patterns displayed by many other people, has been researched in numerous studies,
and has responded to certain kinds of treatment.
Feedback C: Assigning a diagnosis suggests that the client’s pattern of dysfunction is basically
the same as patterns displayed by many other people, has been researched in numerous studies,
and has responded to certain kinds of treatment.
Feedback D: Correct!
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe
how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Hard
True/False

20. An observation is a face-to-face question and answer session with a clinician.
Ans: False
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe
how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Easy

Fill-in-the-blank

21. Clinicians ask prepared questions in a __________ interview.
Ans: structured
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe
how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.

Difficulty: Medium

Short Answer


22. Where does a naturalistic observation occur?
Ans: In the individual’s everyday environment
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe
how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Easy

Multiple Choice

23. Which of the following is one of the four “Ds” of psychological dysfunction?
a) delusions
b) danger
c) dissociation
d) dynamic
Ans: b
Feedback A: The four Ds are deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger.
Feedback B: Correct
Feedback C: The four Ds are deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger.
Feedback D: The four Ds are deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger.
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality.
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and
describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Easy

24. Mary has difficulty understanding how to interact well with other people. She is socially awkward and

withdrawn. Which of the criteria of mental illness best describes Mary?
a) deviance
b) distress
c) dysfunction
d) danger
Ans: c
Feedback A: Mary is having difficulty functioning (dysfunction).
Feedback B: Mary is having difficulty functioning (dysfunction).
Feedback C: Correct
Feedback D: Mary is having difficulty functioning (dysfunction).
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality.
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and
describe how psychological disorders are classified and dignosed.
Difficulty: Medium


25. Which of the following measures of psychological dysfunction is most likely to be affected by time,
culture, and history?
a) deviance
b) distress
c) dysfunction
d) danger
Ans: a
Feedback A: Correct
Feedback B: The perception of deviance varies across time and culture.
Feedback C: The perception of deviance varies across time and culture.
Feedback D: The perception of deviance varies across time and culture.
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality.
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and
describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.

Difficulty: Hard

26. The leading classification system for mental disorders in the United States is the
a) Clinical Guidebook to Psychological Disorders.
b) Dysfunction and Symptomology Manual.
c) Psychiatric Assessment and Treatment Compendium.
d) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Ans: d
Feedback A: The most frequently used source is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders.
Feedback B: The most frequently used source is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders.
Feedback C: The most frequently used source is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders.
Feedback D: Correct
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and
describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Easy

27. The DSM describes approximately ____ disorders.
a) 200
b) 300
c) 400
d) 500
Ans: c
Feedback A: The DSM describes approximately 400 disorders.
Feedback B: The DSM describes approximately 400 disorders.

Feedback C: Correct
Feedback D: The DSM describes approximately 400 disorders.
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and
describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Medium
28. Which of the following is NOT one of the somatoform disorders?
a) conversion disorder
b) bipolar disorder
c) somatization disorder
d) hypochondriasis
Ans: b
Feedback A: This is a somatoform disorder.
Feedback B: Correct
Feedback C: This is a somatoform disorder.
Feedback D: This is a somatoform disorder.
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and
describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Medium

29. Huntington’s disease is considered a ______ disorder.
a) somatoforom
b) dissociative
c) cognitive
d) psychotic
Ans: c
Feedback A: Factious disorders are the result of people faking symptoms.
Feedback B: Dissociative disorders are marked my changes in consciousness and identity, without a
biological cause.

Feedback C: Correct
Feedback D: Huntington’s disease is a degenerative, cognitive disorder (not a general disorder)
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and
describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Hard
30. Which of the following groups of disorders is characterized by a loss of contact with reality?
a) schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
b) somatoform disorders
c) anxiety disorders
d) personality disorders
Ans: a
Feedback A: Correct


Feedback B: These disorders are marked by physical symptoms.
Feedback C: These disorders are marked by changes in consciousness, memory, and perception.
Feedback D: These disorders are marled by intense anxiety.
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and
describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Medium

31. If a person qualifies for two or more diagnoses, this is called
a) correlation.
b) comorbidity.
c) multiple personality disorder.
d) multiphasic dysfunction.
Ans: b
Feedback A: A correlation is a statistical technique.

Feedback B: Correct
Feedback C: Multiple personality is ONE diagnosis.
Feedback D: This is not a term from your book.
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and
describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Easy

32. Comorbidity means that
a) the disorder is a secondary complication of some other disorder.
b) the disorder has potential consequences for morbidity and mortality.
c) the person qualifies for diagnoses of two or more disorders.
d) the person has a long-term psychological disability that has resulted in at least two hospitalizations.
Ans: c
Feedback A: Comorbidity means that the person qualifies for diagnoses of two or more disorders.
Feedback B: Comorbidity means that the person qualifies for diagnoses of two or more disorders.
Feedback C: Correct
Feedback D: Comorbidity means that the person qualifies for diagnoses of two or more disorders.
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and
describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Easy

33. Joe is visiting a therapist for the first time. The therapist says to Joe “tell me more about yourself and
why you’re here.” This is an example of
a) a response inventory.
b) a humanistic therapy session.
c) a structured clinical interview.

d) an unstructured clinical interview.
Ans: d
Feedback A: A response inventory measures one specific area of functioning.
Feedback B: This is an interview question, not a therapeutic perspective.
Feedback C: During structured interviews, therapists as a series of prepared questions.
Feedback D: Correct
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and
describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Medium

34. Which of the following is discussed in your text as a drawback of a clinical interview?
a) Clients may be unwilling to share information unless asked direct questions.
b) Clients may avoid discussing uncomfortable or embarrassing issues.
c) Clients may not understand what the clinician is looking for.
d) Clients may change their behavior if they know they are being watched.
Ans: b
Feedback A: This is not discussed in your text.
Feedback B: Correct
Feedback C: This is not discussed in your text.
Feedback D: This is a disadvantage of clinical observations, not interviews.
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and
describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Medium

35. Dr Jamu has a 10 year old client who is having difficulty interacting with other children and is being
bullied. Which type of diagnostic method would be most useful in gaining insight into the problem?
a) naturalistic observation
b) clinical interview

c) analog observation
d) self-monitoring
Ans: a
Feedback A: Correct
Feedback B: In the clinical interview, the client is asked questions.
Feedback C: In analog observation, people are observed in an artificial setting.
Feedback D: In self monitoring, clients are asked to observe themselves.
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and
describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Hard
36. Dr Wilson wants to observe his schizophrenic patient interact with others in a controlled, protected


setting. Dr. Wilson is using
a) naturalistic observation.
b) analog observation.
c) self-monitoring.
d) a response inventory.
Ans: b
Feedback A: Naturalistic observation occurs in everyday environments.
Feedback B: Correct
Feedback C: In self monitoring, clients are asked to observe themselves.
Feedback D: A response inventory measures one specific area of functioning.
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and
describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Hard
37. The Beck Depression Inventory is an example of a
a) self-monitoring test.

b) psychodynamic inventory.
c) personality inventory.
d) response inventory.
Ans: d
Feedback A: The BDI is a response inventory, where clients answer questions about a specific area of
functioning.
Feedback B: The BDI is a response inventory, where clients answer questions about a specific area of
functioning.
Feedback C: The BDI is a response inventory, where clients answer questions about a specific area of
functioning.
Feedback D: Correct
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and
describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Easy
38. Sandy has learned that depressive thoughts can be tracked and corrected. Every time Sandy has a
negative thought, he writes it down and then substitutes a more adaptive thought. Which therapeutic
technique is Sandy using?
a) response inventory
b) analog observation
c) self-monitoring
d) participant observer
Ans: c
Feedback A: A response inventory is a type of questionnaire.
Feedback B: In analogue observation, a person is observed in an artificial setting.
Feedback C: Correct
Feedback D: In participant observation, key people in the person’s environment report what they have
observed.
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality

Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and
describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Medium
Short Answer
39. How does analog observation differ from naturalistic observation?
Ans: Analog observation occurs in artificial or controlled settings, such as an office or laboratory.
Naturalistic observation occurs in the client’s natural environment (e.g., at home, school, or in the
workplace).
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and
describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Medium
Essay
40. Describe the drawbacks and limitations of the clinical interview technique.
Ans: Although interviews often yield valuable information, this assessment technique has key
limitations. For example, clients may intentionally mislead interviewers, presenting
themselves as less impaired or more impaired than they actually are (in the hope of gaining
faster clinical attention). They may also void discussing particularly unflattering or flattering
events. Finally, often people may be unable to give an accurate report in their interview
simply because of their problems.
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and
describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Hard

41. Describe the three types of clinical observation techniques.
Ans: In one technique, analog observation, clinicians observe clients in an artificial setting,
such as a therapy office or laboratory. In another technique, called naturalistic observation,
practitioners observe the clients in their everyday environments., such as home, school, or the

workplace. In a third observation technique, self-monitoring, people observe themselves and
record the frequency of certain behaviors, feelings, or thoughts as they are occurring
Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality
Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and
describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.
Difficulty: Hard
42. Neuroscientists have linked some mental disorders to deficient or excessive activity of
different neurotransmitters. What causes these problems with brain anatomy and chemical
functioning?


Ans: Two factors have received particular attention from clinical theorists in recent years:
genetics and viral infections.
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal functioning.
Difficulty: Medium

True/False

43. Low levels of dopamine are linked to depression.
Ans: False
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal functioning.
Difficulty: Easy

Multiple Choice
44. Depression is related to the insufficient activity of which of the following neurotransmitters?
a) GABA and dopamine
b) norepinephrine and serotonin
c) acetylcholine and epinephrine

d) glutamate and GABA
Ans: b
Feedback A: Depression is related to the insufficient activity of norepinephrine and serotonin.
Feedback B: Correct
Feedback C: Depression is related to the insufficient activity of norepinephrine and serotonin.
Feedback D: Depression is related to the insufficient activity of norepinephrine and serotonin.
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal
functioning.
Difficulty: Hard
45. Loss of cells in the striatum is associated with violent outbursts, memory loss and decreasing control
of voluntary movement. This is a description of
a) Parkinson’s disease.
b) Huntington’s disease.
c) Alzheimer’s disease.
d) schizophrenia.
Ans: b


Feedback A: This is the description for Huntington’s disease.
Feedback B: Correct
Feedback C: This is the description for Huntington’s disease.
Feedback D: This is the description for Huntington’s disease.
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal
functioning.
Difficulty: Medium
46. Which of the following phrases reflects the psychodynamic approach to defining abnormal behavior?
a) Abnormal behavior is learned through the observation of societal norms.
b) Abnormal behavior results from unconscious attempts to solve conflicts.

c) Abnormal behavior is observed in other individuals we identify with.
d) Abnormal behavior is a conscious choice to resolve internal conflicts.
Ans: b
Feedback A: Cognitive and/or behavioral interpretation
Feedback B: Correct!
Feedback C: Cognitive and/or behavioral interpretation
Feedback D: Cognitive interpretation
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal functioning.
Difficulty: Medium

True/False

47. According to Freud, abnormal behavior results when a child becomes fixated at an early stage of
development.
Ans: True
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal functioning.
Difficulty: Easy

Short Answer

48. What stage of fixation may help explain obsessively neat behavior?
Ans: Anal
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality


Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal functioning.
Difficulty: Medium
49. Object relations theorists propose that severe ______ may result in abnormal development

and psychological problems during adulthood.

a) problems in early relationships
b) neurotransmitter imbalances
c) brain damage
d) malnutrition

Ans: a

Feedback A: Correct!
Feedback B: Object relations theorists propose that severe problems in early relationships may result in
abnormal behavior.
Feedback C: Object relations theorists propose that severe problems in early relationships may result in
abnormal behavior.
Feedback D: Object relations theorists propose that severe problems in early relationships may result in
abnormal behavior.
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal functioning.
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
50. Theorists who believe that individuals are motivated by a need to establish relationships with others
are referred to as __________ theorists.
Ans: object relations
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal functioning.
Difficulty: Hard
Short Answer
51. What does a child’s very early relationship with his/her primary caregivers represent to object
relations theorists?
Ans: A template for life-long patterns of relatedness

Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal functioning.


Difficulty: Hard
52. Object relations theory states that people are motivated by
a) a need to establish relationships with others.
b) a need to achieve a sense of security through the accumulations of objects.
c) a desire to satisfy basic needs before being able to satisfy higher needs.
d) relationships between people and objects are interchangeable.
Ans: a
Feedback A: Correct
Feedback B: An object in this sense refers to people, not things.
Feedback C: This is Maslow’s theory.
Feedback D: An object in this sense refers to people, not things.
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal
functioning.
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple Choice
53. Albert Ellis believed that abnormal patterns of functioning are caused by
a) faulty conditioning.
b) imitating maladaptive models.
c) irrational assumptions.
d) learned helplessness.
Ans: c
Feedback A: This is operant and classical conditioning.
Feedback B: This is Bandura’s theory of modeling.
Feedback C: Correct
Feedback D: This theory was proposed by Seligman.

Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal
functioning.
Difficulty: Easy
54. ______ theorists propose that psychological disorders result largely from a combination of
problematic learned behaviors and dysfunctional thought processes.
a) Psychodynamic
b) Cognitive-behavioral
c) Humanistic
d) Sociocultural
Ans: b
Feedback A: Cognitive-behavioral theorists propose that psychological disorders result largely from a
combination of problematic learned behaviors and dysfunctional thought processes.
Feedback B: Correct
Feedback C: Cognitive-behavioral theorists propose that psychological disorders result largely from a
combination of problematic learned behaviors and dysfunctional thought processes.


Feedback D: Cognitive-behavioral theorists propose that psychological disorders result largely from a
combination of problematic learned behaviors and dysfunctional thought processes.
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal functioning.
Difficulty: Medium
55. The behavioral perspective suggests that abnormal behavior is learned through _____.
a) classical conditioning
b) operant conditioning
c) modeling
d) all of the above
Ans: d
Feedback A: The behavioral perspective suggests that abnormal behavior is learned through classical

conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling.
Feedback B: Correct
Feedback C: The behavioral perspective suggests that abnormal behavior is learned through classical
conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling.
Feedback D: The behavioral perspective suggests that abnormal behavior is learned through classical
conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling.
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal functioning.
Difficulty: Easy
56. According to the ______ perspective maladaptive beliefs and illogical thinking processes are at the
heart of abnormal functioning.
a) psychodynamic
b) behavioral
c) cognitive
d) sociocultural
Ans: c
Feedback A: According to the cognitive perspective maladaptive beliefs and illogical thinking
processes are at the heart of abnormal functioning.
Feedback B: According to the cognitive perspective maladaptive beliefs and illogical thinking
processes are at the heart of abnormal functioning.
Feedback C: Correct
Feedback D: According to the cognitive perspective maladaptive beliefs and illogical thinking
processes are at the heart of abnormal functioning.
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal
functioning.
Difficulty: Easy
57. Liana just moved to a new town. Instead of focusing on the benefits of her move, she only sees the
negatives. Liana is experiencing _____.
a) selective perception

b) magnification


c) overgeneralization
d) cognitive dissonance
Ans: a
Feedback A: Correct
Feedback B: Liana is experiencing selective perception because she can only focus on the negatives
aspects of her situation.
Feedback C: Liana is experiencing selective perception because she can only focus on the negatives
aspects of her situation.
Feedback D: Liana is experiencing selective perception because she can only focus on the negatives
aspects of her situation.
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal functioning.
Difficulty: Medium
58. ______ involves drawing broad negative conclusions on the basis of a single insignificant event.
a) Selective perception
b) Magnification
c) Overgeneralization
d) Cognitive dissonance
Ans: c
Feedback A: Overgeneralization involves drawing broad negative conclusions on the basis of a single
insignificant event.
Feedback B: Overgeneralization involves drawing broad negative conclusions on the basis of a single
insignificant event.
Feedback C: Correct
Feedback D: Overgeneralization involves drawing broad negative conclusions on the basis of a single
insignificant event.
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality

Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal functioning.
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
59. Negative conclusions based on little evidence are known as ________.
Ans: arbitrary influences
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal functioning.
Difficulty: Easy
True/False
60. Cognitive-behavioral theorists view emotions and biological events as unimportant to understanding
the development of abnormal functioning.


Ans: False
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal functioning.
Difficulty: Medium
81. According to the behavioral perspective, abnormal behaviors are acquired by the same principles of
learning as adaptive behaviors.
Ans: True
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal functioning.
Difficulty: Easy
Fill-in-the-blank
82. According to Carl Rogers, all people have a need to receive __________.
Ans: unconditional positive regard
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal functioning.
Difficulty: Medium
83. Societies undergoing the process of __________ usually show a rise in mental disorders due to

overcrowding and migration.
Ans: urbanization
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal functioning.
Difficulty: Medium
Essay
84. How does socioeconomic status (SES) influence psychological abnormality?
Ans: Members of low SES groups are more likely to develop severe psychological disorders due in part to
the stressors of poverty (e.g., high crime rates, unemployment, crowding, limited educational
opportunities).
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal functioning.
Difficulty: Medium
85. Describe the relationship between religion and mental health.
Ans: People who believe in a warm and caring God are less lonely, less pessimistic, and less prone to
depression and anxiety than non-religious individuals. Believers in a loving God also seem better able to


cope with life stressors.
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal functioning.
Difficulty: Medium
True-False
86. Gender and racial prejudice and discrimination may contribute to certain forms of abnormal
functioning.
Ans: True
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal functioning.
Difficulty: Easy
87. Janice is depressed. She goes to pour herself a glass of juice and spills it. She says to herself “I can’t

even pour a glass of juice properly.” This is an example of what Beck would call
a) selective perception.
b) magnification.
c) overgeneralization.
d) personalization.
Ans: c
Feedback A: Selective perception refers to seeing only the negative aspects of an event.
Feedback B: Magnification involves exaggerating the importance of undesirable events.
Feedback C: Correct
Feedback D: This is not a term from your text.
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal
functioning.
Difficulty: Hard
88. Jason failed a ten point pop quiz in his chemistry class. Although there are 500 points possible in the
course, he says “I’m not going to pass this course because of this.” This is an example of what Beck
would call
a) selective perception.
b) magnification.
c) overgeneralization.
d) personalization.
Ans: b
Feedback A: Selective perception refers to seeing only the negative aspects of an event.
Feedback B: Correct
Feedback C: Overgeneralization refers to drawing broad general conclusions on the basis of an
insignificant event.
Feedback D: This is not a term from your text.
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal
functioning.

Difficulty: Hard
89. Marge just had a party where ten of her guests showed up and two didn’t. Marge spends the next day
wondering why two of her friends let her down. This is an example of what Beck would call
a) selective perception.
b) magnification.
c) overgeneralization.
d) personalization.
Ans: a
Feedback A: Correct
Feedback B: Magnification involves exaggerating the importance of undesirable events.
Feedback C: Overgeneralization refers to drawing broad general conclusions on the basis of an
insignificant event.
Feedback D: This is not a term from your text.
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal
functioning.
Difficulty: Hard
90. According to the concept of ______ individuals can start out from very different places and
yet, as a result of life experiences, eventually function (or dysfunction) in similar ways.

a) multifinality
b) equifinality
c) selective perception
d) overgeneralization

Ans: b
Feedback A: Correct
Feedback B: According to the concept of equifinality individuals can start out from very different

places and yet, as a result of life experiences, eventually function (or dysfunction) in similar
ways.
Feedback C: According to the concept of equifinality individuals can start out from very different
places and yet, as a result of life experiences, eventually function (or dysfunction) in similar
ways.
Feedback D: According to the concept of equifinality individuals can start out from very different
places and yet, as a result of life experiences, eventually function (or dysfunction) in similar
ways.


Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal
functioning.
Difficulty: Hard

91. According to the concept of ______ children can start from the same point and eventually
function in very different ways.

a) multifinality
b) equifinality
c) selective perception
d) overgeneralization
Ans: a
Feedback A: Correct
Feedback B: According to the concept of multifinality children can start from the same point and
eventually function in very different ways.
Feedback C: According to the concept of multifinality children can start from the same point and
eventually function in very different ways.
Feedback D: According to the concept of multifinality children can start from the same point and
eventually function in very different ways.

Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal
functioning.
Difficulty: Hard

92. Brandon and his brother Trent grew up in a poverty stricken neighborhood with a single
mother who was working three jobs to pay the bills. While growing up the boys were often left at
home alone and thus were exposed to drugs and crime. Although Brandon grew up to be a
successful doctor who is happily married with two children, Trent has been in jail most of his
adult life. He is often depressed and has been unable to hold a job and maintain his social


relationships. The principle of ______ explains how Brandon and Trent started from the same
point but eventually functioned in very different ways.

a) selective perception
b) equifinality
c) multifinality
d) comorbidity
Ans: c

Feedback A: The principle of multifinality explains how Brandon and Trent started from the same
point but eventually functioned in very different ways.
Feedback B: The principle of multifinality explains how Brandon and Trent started from the same
point but eventually functioned in very different ways.
Feedback C: Correct
Feedback D: The principle of multifinality explains how Brandon and Trent started from the same
point but eventually functioned in very different ways.
Section Ref: Models of Abnormality
Learning Objective: Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal

functioning.
Difficulty: Hard

93. The ability to recover from or avoid the serious effects of negative circumstances is called
______.

a) magnification
b) comorbidity
c) overgeneralization
d) resilience

Ans: c
Feedback A: The ability to recover from or avoid the serious effects of negative circumstances is
called resilience.