Bulletins of American paleontology (Bull. Am. paleontol.) Vol 542421968

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BULLETINS^
OF

AMERICAN
PALEONTOLOGY
(Founded 1895)

54

Vol.

242

No.

NOTES ON SIPHOCYPRAEA

By

Axel

A.

Olsson

and

Richard

E.

Petit

1968

Paleontological Research Institution
Ithaca,

New

York, 14850, U.S.A.

- -•
i


PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION
1967-1968
President
Vice-President

Kenneth

E.

William

B.

Heroy

S.

Harris

Rebecca

Secretary-Treasurer

Caster

Katherine V. W. Palmer

Director

Armand L. Adams
Kenneth E. Caster

Counsel
Representative

AAAS Council
Trustees

Katherine V. W. Palmer (Life)

William B. Heroy (1963-1968)
Harris (Life)
Axel A. Olsson (Life)
Hans G. Kugler (1963-1969)
Sass (1965-1971)
W. Storrs Cole (1964-1970)

Kenneth E. Caster (1966-1972)
Donald W. Fisher (1967-1973)
Rebecca S.
Daniel B.

BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY
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Advisory Board

Hans Kugler
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Jay

Axel A. Olsson
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BULLETINS

OF

AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY
(Founded 1895)

54

Vol.

No.

242

NOTES ON SIPHOCYPRAEA
By

Axel

A.

Olsson

and

Richard

E.

Petit

June 25, 1968

Paleontological Research
Ithaca,

New York

Institution

14850, U.S.A.


Library of Congress Catalog Card

Number: GS 68-133

Printed in the United States of America


NOTES ON SIPHOCYPRAEA
Axel

A.

Olsson and Richard
1

Petit 2

E.

INTRODUCTION
In 1932, Schilder referred the so-called

Linne)

Many

1887.

Mouse Cypraea (Cypraea mus

of the southern Caribbean to the genus Siphocypraea Heilprin,

like the senior author,

G. B. Sowerby

I

3
,

a

who have

collected Cypraea henekeni

near relative of C. inns from the Miocene beds of Santo

Domingo and many

other places in the Caribbean region, even as far

south as Ecuador, the reason for this startling generic assignment was not
at

The

apparent.

first

type

of Siphocypraea,

species

S.

problematica

Heilprin, 1887, of the Caloosahatchee marls of south Florida, was generally

regarded as the only species of the genus, an aberrant form

fauna with

many

In the Bulla stage,

5".

problematica was

known

crater-like pit or depression over the apex,

the spire

is

in a special

other singular, endemic genera and species of mollusks.

elevated and pointed.

important and from

it

have a deep, circular or

to

whereas

in

most other Cypraea-.

Dall, 1890, considered this feature very

he derived the comma-shaped or

spiral apical sulcus

so characteristic of S. problematica as the result of rotation of the posterior

end of the outer

lip

around

Soon afterwards, the Bulla stage of Cypraea

it.

carolinensis Conrad, 1841, of the

Duplin Marl became known,

also with a

low, sunken apical area but which with growth did not produce a spiral
or curved posterior canal.

Meanwhile, Julia Gardner (1948), not under-

standing the significance of the depressed apex of the juvenile Cypraea
" Akleistostoma"

proposed the generic term

carolinensis,

species as type; a wholly unnecessary term as

A

few years ago,

as the richly fossiliferous

marls were penetrated along

molluscan fauna came

many

to light,

and

with the Duplin

in previous articles.

beds below the Caloosahatchee

canals and
a

shown
in

bewildering

pits,

a

somewhat older

series of

specimens of

Siphocypraea in countless numbers could be collected on the canal banks.

Those individuals showed complete intergrading forms between C.
ensis with a simple notch to others with a

ing

S.

problematica.

It

was evident

at

carolin-

curved or spiral one approach-

once that C. carolinensis and

S.

problematica are species of the same direct evolutionary lineage.

Following the formation of the inrolled
ceases,
1

2
3

and

is

lip,

growth

in size

by coiling

replaced by a general enamelling of the surface by the mantle

Research Associate,
Research Associate, Smithsonian Institution;

Paleontological Research Institution and of the Academy of Natural Science of
Philadephia.
Research Associate, Paleontological Resarch Institution.
Originally inadvertently spelled henikeri, named for Colonel Heneken.

Honorary


Bulletin 242

280

show extreme

Several species of Cypraea

Jobes.

common

This

small to large.

Cypraea could go into retirement, reabsorb
stage,

and

growing again.

start

or wholly disproved.

There

variation in size

its

lip reverting

to

the Bulla

This legend has neither been confirmed
of fossil Cypraeas in the

a great scarcity

is

Bulla stage, perhaps to be explained in that the immature shell

and hence would be destroyed during

growth forms of

These specimens,

as

well

Colombia, give incentive

as

S.

when

mus from

others

is

thin

fossilization.

This study began a short while back
a fine series of

from

condition led to the belief that a small

a

the junior author received

correspondent 4 in Venezuela.

collected

by

the

senior author

in

review of both Muracypraea and

to a general

Siphocypraea lineages, the two most important groups of Cypraeas in the

American

Tertiary.

AND

LINEAGE OF SIPHOCYPRAEA HENEKENI

MURACYPRAEA WOODRING,

MUS.

S.

This lineage

the older, appeared at least as early as the lower Mio-

is

cene (Woodring, 1959,

194), and has continued through to the Recent,

p.

represented in the southern Caribbean by

Miocene

species

S.

is

where

it

displays

different localities

Ingram."'

The

and synonymy

and

region

Ecuador and possibly

also

to Peru.

in

It is

considerable

to

the

most

I,

1850),

principal

described

be widely distributed throughout
eastern

Pacific

common

variation

have been described

The
first

nuts (Linne).

in

of which

as separate

region

south

to

middle Miocene beds

many forms from
especially by

species,

henekeni complex has been reviewed by Woodring, 1959,

S.

In the eastern Pacific region, the last representative

listed.

of Muracypraea

S.

henekeni (G. B. Sowerby

from Santo Domingo but now known
the Caribbean

1957

known

is

S.

cayapa (Pilsbry and Olsson, 1941) from the

Jama Formation, Ecuador of Pliocene

age.

As

also noted

by Woodring,

1957, Muracypraea reached the western Pacific, and Martin (1891-1922),
in his large

his

monograph of

the

Miocene of

Java, illustrated specimens of

Cypraea murisimilis (plates 26,27) so similar

could be considered

as the

4

Mrs. Jesse B. Jackson,

5

Between 1939-47,

same

species.

It

seems

to S.

benekeni that they

likely that

Muracypraea

Jr.

W. M.

Ingram worked on Cypraea,

visited

many musuems, and

indiscriminately described a large number of fossil forms without knowledge of
variation or geologic occurrence.
Often no acknowledgment was made to the
geologist who may have laboriously collected the specimens.
Such naming is a
habit which adds nothing but a clutter of useless names.


Siphocypraea: Olsson and Petit

281

arose in Oligocene time, probably in the Tethyan Pacific, and
trated into the Caribbean in early Miocene,

managed

where

it

pene-

first

greatly flourished

and

to survive to the present time in a limited area.

Siphocypraea (Muracypraea) mus (Linne)
Cypraea mus Linne, 1758, Systema Naturae, Ed.

Plate 18,
10.

p.

figs.

3-3e

721 (Carthagena, Gulf

of Maracaibo).
Siphocypraea (Akleistostoma) mus (Linne), Coomans, 1963, Studies on Fauna
of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, vol. XV, No. 68, pp. 52-63. pi. I a-b.

A

series of

growth forms of

S.

mus from

adult was received by the junior author

and some are

illustrated

on Plate

from

A

18.

the small Bulla stage to the

a correspondent in Venezuela,

minor paper on the growth forms

mus based on Colombian specimens was published by Ingram, 1945

of S.

An

but adds nothing of significance and treats mainly of changes in color.

important paper on
presents
ture

mus

S.

is

that of

much new information

ern coast of South America

eastern

A

Colombia on the west
specimen of

is

The record
The town of Turbo is
Museum.
the

A

Gulf of Atrato,

gulf

the

1963 and

thorough review of the

as well as a

litera-

and

the

is

The protoconch

general

is

brown

to

about

in the

of this species along the north-

from about Rio Hacha

in

north-

Margarita in eastern Venezuela.

Isla

collection of

the United States National

considered dubious, and

a large river

emptying

adjacent shores

top side of a Nat/ca,

The nucleus

limited

we have

not accepted

situated on the banks of the Rio Atrato

more unlikely place

pimples occur which

The range

is

mus, collected by E. Daniel (Dec. 1932) supposedly

S.

Turbo, Colombia,

:>f

in

and the many names and generic combinations which authors have

applied to this unusual species.

at

Coomans which appeared

are

a

at the

it.

head

heavy load of sediment into

lined

with

mangrove

swamps.

for a Cypraea could hardly be imagined.

or nucleus of S.
its

may

mus

is

large,

resembling that of the

surface glazed over with callus but faint trace of
indicate an original, sinusigeroid embryonic shell.

encircled by a faint line

marking

its

termination although a

color continues for another turn then changes to the lighter

shade of the final whorl.
Cordon, a locality referred to by Ingram and again by Coomans is situated on
northwest coast of the La Goajira Peninsula in northeastern Colombia.
Coomans showed this locality on his map as being on the Paraguana Peninsula
in Venezuela.
The shells from El Cordon were collected by J. A. Nomland, a
geologist for the Richmond Petroleum Company which carried on large scale
This locality is shown on
exploration in coastal Colombia during the 1920 ths.
the American Geographical Society map, Barranquilla sheet, 1,000, 000, as Cardon
The
de los Remedios and is situated about 80 kilometers east of Rio Hacha.
region is arid, covered with tall cactus (several large species of cactus commonly
known as Cardon).

6 El

the

Bulletin 242

282

Specimen B
is

mm,

31

3d)

(fig.

is still

over the apex,

is

it

in the Bulla stage; the length of its shell

elevated and rounded, rising from

C

specimen

inner edge
stripes

1

The

to 2

mm

end of the

posterior

above the apical

In
its

sharp and the cross ribs on the base show mainly as color

is still

side, there are

no

mm.

30

In specimen

height along the apical axis

is

formation of the outer

well advanced,

lip is

its

its

mm,

32.4

is

D

(fig.

is

apical depression

a continuous line of
is

reduced to a smal-

ler size covered with callus concealing the spire; length of shell

over the apex,

is

it

mm.

35.6

The

its

3b), the

inner edge inrolled and

thickened, and strongly cross-ribbed, while there

small denticles on the body side;

few

denticles, except for a

small ones over the columellar section; length of shell

mm, and

lip is

crater.

3e), the formation of the inrolled lip has begun, but

(fig.

on the inner or body

;

mm.

30

is

38.9

deposition of a surface callus

has hardly begun and the juvenile pattern of zigzags remains.

These observations indicate

that the principal

growth

in size

is

com-

pleted in the Bulla stage by secretions along the edge of the simple lip

and

size

and

in coiling;

of size

is

adhered

and weight

is

as far as these

As

to.

sides.

a fairly

uniform pattern

achieved by secondary deposits of enamel, along with a

change of color pattern.

dorsum and

specimens go,

the shell grows to maturity, further growth in

It is

The mantle secretion is thinly spread over
much heavier over the posterior end leading to

formation of the posterior

lip

the

the

protuberances and the formation of the

canal notch.
S.

mus shows

considerable variations in

pattern and in the adult, no
nile

form the pattern

between lighter

a

and

sides,

of zigzags

marked change

whole

and
is

alike.

and

In the juve-

brown

design maintained through the Bulla stage and

for a time after the lip has fully formed.

overlays the

intensity of color

consists of narrow, close-set, zigzag stripes of

areas,

gerontic stage, a

the

two specimens are exactly

In the mature adult and into the

takes place and a general glaze or

surface, thinnest over the

enamel

dorsum, heavier on the base

as a filling in of the apical depression.

The

juvenile pattern

covered over, and one of irregular spots and flecks appear.

In general the adult marking

fawn brown between

is a

confused blending of large spots of pale

lighter areas, the spots

sometimes joining into radial

The dorsum mantle line is white or light in color,
usually with an irregular blotch of dark brown at its end over the apical
depression. The surface of the dorsum may be evenly rounded or domed,
rows along the

flanks.


SlPHOCYPRAEA

smooth, or

it

may

OLSSON AND PETIT

:

283

bear two conspicuous nodes or humps, one on each side

of the mantle line

These dorsal humps have been

the posterior end.

at

considered deformities or abnormalities by some writers, but they represent
significant

morphological features and indicate relationship with the

henekeni forms of the Miocene.

was

S.

is

the

member

surviving

last,

S.

of

Muracypraea.

LINEAGE OF SlPHOCYPRAEA PROBLEMATICA HEILPRIN,
SlPHOCYPRAEA SENSU STR1CTO
This lineage appears to be younger than Muracypraea, the best
species (S. problematica Heilprin)

distributed

is

formations from the Carolinas to Florida.
S.

The

in

known

earliest

known

Neogene

the upper

species

is

chilona (Dall) 1900, from the lower Miocene Chipola beds of Florida,

Dut

juvenile stage with depressed apex

its

(Olsson and

a longitudinal section

genus attained

is

full

series of intergrading

became

development

extinct at the close of Caloosahatchee time,

been found in the overlying Unit

A

basis of

The

6)

in a

former paper.

in our

on the

pi. 83, fig.

upper Neogene

in the

forms discussed

inferred only

is

1964,

Petit,

sub-

bewildering

The subgenus

and no specimens have

to date.

In the typical and most advanced species (S. problematica Heilprin

and

and

tran si toria Olsson

S.

sulcus

developed

is

Petit,

1964), the comma-shaped, posterior

The formation

to the extreme.

for this curious feature

:an be seen in Plate 18, figure 2 which represents a partial longitudinal

The

cut through the aperture to the dorsum.
shell is seen inside the heavily

wall of the dorsum.
as

due to two

through

all

as in S.

mus

The formation

factors.

First,

stages of the

or

S.

thin-walled Bulla

of the spiral sulcus can be clearly seen

the retention of a deep, apical depression

group which does not become

filled

with callus

henekeni; secondly, followed by the elevation and thick-

ening of the posterior end of the outer

comes

to

sulcus

on the body whorl

(fig. 2a,

small,

thickened wall of the base and the thinner

overhang the apical hollow;

lip

at

side thickens

forcing

it

to rotate so its

end

the same time, the edge of the

and

raises into

2b) to conform in height with the outer

a calloused wall

lip.

FLUORESCENT PATTERN
A
from

a

beautiful fluorescent pattern can often be produced on Siphocypraea

few

localities,

and a

series

is

illustrated in figure

1.

The

juvenile


Bulletin 242

284

pattern

is

formed by zigzag bands, replaced or overlain

Long-wave

one of small spots.

and the fluorescent pattern can be photographed

units give the best results

using a very fast film and a special yellow

W

must be used

ratten)

camera.

by

in the adult

lamps of 3200-4000 angstrom

ultraviolet

filter

over the lense (No.

to eliminate all ultraviolet light

done

Preferably, the photography should be

8,

K.

2.

from entering the

in a

darkened room.

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
Siphocypraea sens//

and Muracypraea are members of the same

str'icto

generic group and represent two lineages which arose probably in Oligocene

time and became fully differentiated in the Miocene.
the widest
the
as

known

distribution

and

in

its

Miocene of the Caribbean region and

Ecuador and Peru

indistinguishable

it

;

is

from the

form

typical

Muracypraea has

is

found throughout

in the Eastern Pacific as far south

known from the Miocene of Java in forms
Caribbean.

It may well be of Tethyan origin

also

with a distribution which encircled the earth.
oblong, squatty shape and in

its

typical

Muracypraea has usually an

form

humps

carries two, dorsal

bordering a shallow depression over the concealed apex resembling the
enlarged eyebrows of a mouse, hence the name.

Siphocypraea
is

s.

probably endemic

Pinecrest beds

s.

is

a special development

to the

from the same stock and

Miocene of southeastern United

In the

States.

(Duplin) of south Florida, the group proliferated

to

an

astonishing degree and gave rise to a maze of variable, intergrading forms,

but the subgenus became fully stablized
S. problen/atica, its
at

most advanced

species.

in

the Caloosahatchee marls in

The subgenus became

extinct

the close of Caloosahatchee time.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Coomans, H.

E.

Systematics and distribution of Siphocypraea mus and Propustularia
wrinamensis. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands,
vol. XV, No. 68, pp. 51-71, pi. 1.

1963.

Conrad, T. A.
1841.
Appendix

to:

Observations on the Secondary and Tertiary formations

of the southern Atlantic States by
ser., vol. 41, pp. 344-348, pi. 2.

James T. Hodge.

Amer. Jour.

Sci..

1st


Siphocypraea: Olsson and Petit

Dall,

W.

285

H.

1890-1903.

Tertiary fauna of Florida
delphia. Trans., vol. 3, 6 pts. (1890, pt.

.

.

1,

Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Philapp. 1-200, pis. 1-12; 1900, pt.

pp. 949-1217, pis. 37-47)

5,

Gardner,

.

J.

1948.
Mollusca from the Miocene and lower Pliocene of Virginia and North
Carolina.
Part 2.
Scaphopoda and Gastropoda. U. S. Geol. Sur., Prof.
Paper 199-B, pp. 177-310, pis. 24-38.

Heilprin, Angelo
Explorations on the west coast of Florida and in the Okeechobee
1887.
Wilderness.
Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Philadelphia, Trans., vol. 1, vi, 134
pp., 19 pis.; reprinted 1966, Palaeont. Amer., vol. IV. No. 33, pp. 359-506,

pis. 54-74.

Ingram, W. M.
1946.
A contribution on the development of the Cypraea
Nautilus, vol. 59, pp. 113-115.

1947.

Fossil

Amer.

Bull.

and Recent Cypraeidae
Paleont., vol. 31, No.

mus Linnaeus.

of the Western regions of the Americas.
120, pp. 1-82, pis. 1, 2.

Martin, K.
1891-1922.
Die Fossilien von Java.
Bd. 1, pp. 1-538, 63 pis.

Geol. Reich- Mus. Leiden Samml.,

n.s.,

Olsson, A. A.
1964.

Neogene mollusks from northwestern Ecuador.

Institution,

256

Paleont.

Research

pp., 38 pis.

Olsson, A. A., and Petit, R. E.
1964.

Some Neogene mollusks from Florida and

Paleont., vol. 47,

Pilsbry, H. A.,

No. 217, pp. 556-561,

pi.

Bull.

Amer.

and Olsson, A. A.

A

Pliocene fauna from ivestern Ecuador.
phia, Proc, vol. 93, pp. 1-79, pis. 1-19.

1941.

the Carolinas.

83.

Acad. Nat.

Sci.,

Philadel-

Schilder, F. A.
1932.

Woodring, W.

Fossilium Catalogus.

I,

Animalia.

Pars 55.

Cypraeacea, 276 pp.

P.

Aluracypraea,
1957.
88-90.

a

new subgenus

of Cypraea.

Nautilus, vol. 70,

pp.

Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of
Panama. U. S. Geol. Sur., Prof. Paper 306-B, pp. 143-239, pis. 24-38.

1959.

PLATES


Bulletin 242

288

Explanation of Plate

18

Page

Figure

1-lc.

Siphocypraea (Siphocypraea) transitoria Olsson and Petit

281

Fluorescent patterns.
1.

2-2b.

Siphocypraea (Siphocypraea) transitoria Olsson and Petit
2.

2c-2d.

la.
Adult, dorsal pattern, length 59 mm; No. 27619 PRI.
lb Juvenile pattern, length
Juvenile pattern, length 48.5 mm.
lc. Adult, ventral pattern, length
51.3 mm; No. 27620 PRI.
Kissimmee, Osceola County, Fla.; No. 27621 PRI.
48.3 mm.

Longitudinal section through aperture showing apical sulcus and
Brighton, Highlands County,
inner Bulla stage, length 49 mm.
Fla.; No. 27622 PRI.
2a. Showing elevated callus on body side
2b. Apical view of
of canal, length 38 mm; No. 27623 PRI.
same specimen. Kissimmee, Fla.

Siphocypraea (Siphocypraea) problematica Heilprin
2c.

281

with newly inrolled lip, length 45mm.
end of lip high, length 40.7 mm.
aker rock pit, west of La Belle, Hendry County, Fla.

Young

stage,

3-3e.

281

shell

thin, posterior

2d. Bulla

Whit-

Siphocypraea (Muracypraea) mus (Linne)
3.

279

Adult, dorsal and basal view, length 49.4 mm; No. 27624
PRI.
Young adult still retaining juvenile pattern, length
3b.
38.9 mm; No. 27625 PRI.
3c, 3d. Bulla stage, apical and ventral aspects,
length 30.8 mm; No. 27626 PRI.
3e. Juvenile

3a.

form with newly inrolled lip, no denticles on body side of apertur, length 32.4 mm; No. 27627 PRI.
Ski Beach, Judibana,
Venezuela.

4.

Siphocypraea (Muracypraea) henekeni (Sowerby)
show nodes on dorsum, length 57.3 mm. Middle Miocene,
Gurabo Formation, Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Adentro, Santo Dom-

Adult

to

ingo.

278


Bull. Amer. Paleont., Vol. 54

Plate

18



INDEX
Note: Light face figures refer to page number.
refer to the plate

number.

279, 281

Akleistostoma

Caloosahatchee marls

I)

Dall,

W.

H.

Ecuador
El

Cordon

Bold face figures



XL.

(No. 184).

996

pp., 1 pis

Type and Figured Specimens
XLI.

XLII.
XLIII.

(Nos. 185-192).
381 pp., 35 pis
Australian Carpoid Echinoderms, Yap forams, Shell Bluff,
Ga. forams. Newcomb mollusks, Wisconsin mollusk faunas,
Camerina, Va. forams, Corry Sandstone.

16.00

673 pp., 48 pis
Venezuelan Cenozoic gastropods.
(Nos. 194-198).
427 pp., 29 pis
Ordovician stromatoporoids, Indo-Pacific camerinids, Missis-

16.00

(No. 193).

sippian forams,

XLIV.

XLV.
XLVI.

XLVII.

16.00
P.R.I.

Cuban

16.00

rudists.

(Nos. 199-203).
365 pp., 68 pis
Puerto Rican, Antarctic, New Zealand forams, Lepidocyclina,
Eumalacostraca.

16.00

(No. 204).

16.00

(Nos. 205-211).
419 pp., 70 pis
Large Foraminifera, Texas Cretaceous crustacean, Antarctic

Devonian terebratuloid, Osgood and Paleocene Foraminifera, Recent molluscan types.

16.00

584 pp., 83 pis
Eocene and Devonian Foraminifera, Venezuelan fossil
scaphopods and polychaetes, Alaskan Jurassic ammonites,

16.00

564 pp., 63 pis
Venezuela Cenozoic pelecypods

(Nos. 212-217).

Neogene mollusks.
XLVIII.

XLIX.

(No. 218).

1058 pp., 5 pis
Catalogue of the Paleocene and Eocene Mollusca of the
Southern and Eastern United States.
(Nos. 219-224).
671 pp., 83 pis
Peneroplid and Australian forams, North American carpoids,
South Dakota palynology, Venezuelan Miocene mollusks,

18.00

16.00

Voluta.

518 pp., 42 pis
Venezuela and Florida cirripeds, Antarctic forams, Linnaean
Olives, Camerina, Ordovician conodonts, Niagaran forams.

16.00

420 pp., 10 pis
Antarctic bivalves, Bivalvia catalogue.

16.00

L.

(Nos. 225-230).

LI.

(Nos. 231-232).

LII.

(Nos. 233, 236).

387 pp., 43 pis

Zealand forams, Stromatoporoidea, Indo-Pacific,
cene-Pliocene California forams.

New

16.00

Mio-

LIIL

(Nos. 237-238).
488 pp., 45 pis
Venezuela Bryozoa, Kinderhookian Brachiopods

16.00

LIV.

(Nos. 239-243). 327 pp., 24 pis

11.25

Dominican

ostracodes,

Texan pelecypods, Wisconsin mollusks,

Siphocypraea, Lepidocyclina.

Palaeontographica Americana
Volume

I.

See Johnson Reprint Corporation, 111 Fifth Ave.,

N Y.

Monographs of Areas,
II.

New

York,

10003

(Nos. 6-12).

Lutetia, rudistids

and venerids.
21.00

531 pp., 37 pis

Tertiary turrids, Neocene Spondyli, Paleozic cephalopods, Tertiary Fasciolarias and Paleozoic and
Recent Hexactinellida.

Heliophyllum

halli,

III.

(Nos. 13-25)
513 pp., 61 pis
Paleozoic cephalopod structure and phylogeny, Paleozoic
siphonophores, Busycon, Devonian fish studies, gastropod
studies, Carboniferous crinoids, Cretaceous jellyfish, Platystrophia, and Venericardia.

25.00

IV.

492 pp., 72 pis.
(Nos. 26-33).
Rudist studies, Busycon, Dalmanellidae, Byssonychia, Devonian lycopods, Ordovican eurypterids, Pliocene mol-

25.00

lusks.

V.

VI.

(Nos. 34-37).

445 pp., 101 pis.
Tertiary Arcacea, Mississippian pelecypods,
Cretaceous Gulf Coastal forams.

(Nos. 38) 49 pp., 19 pis
Lycopsids and sphenopsids of Freeport Coal.

32.00

Ambonychiidae,
3.75


BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY
Vols. I-XXIII.

XXIV.

XXV.

XXVI.

See Kraus Reprint Corp., 16 East 46th
N. Y. 10017, U.S.A.

....
306 pp., 30 pis
Paleozoic fossils of Ontario, Oklahoma and Colombia, Mesozoic ehinoids, California Pleistocene and Maryland Miocene mollusks.

12.00

... ,..
420 pp., 58 pis
(Nos. 95-100).
Florida Recent marine shells, Texas Cretaceous fossils, Cuban
and Peruvian Cretaceous, Peruvian Eogene corals, and
geology and paleontology of Ecuador.

14.00

XXVm.

(Nos. 109-114).

XXXI.

12.00

(Nos. 88-94B).

(Nos. 101-108).

XXX.

New York,

334 pp., 27 pis
(Nos. 80-87).
Mainly Paleozoic faunas and Tertiary Mollusca.

XXVH.

XXIX.

St.,

376

pp.,

36 pis

.i

14.00

Tertiary Mollusca, Paleozoic cephalopods, Devonian fish and
Paleozoic geology and fossils of Venezuela.

412

pp.,

14.06

34 pis

Paleozoic cephalopods, Devonian of Idaho, Cretaceous and
Eocene mollusks, Cuban and Venezuelan forams.

(NOS. 115-116). 738 pp., 52 pis
Bowden forams and Ordovician cephalopods.

18.00

563 pp., 65 pis
(No. 117).
Jackson Eocene mollusks.

16.00

458 pp., 27 pis
(Nos. 118-128).
Venezuelan and California mollusks, Chemung and Pennsylvanian crinoids, Cypraeidae, Cretaceous, Miocene and Recent corals, Cuban and Floridian forams, and Cuban fossil

16.00

localities.

XXXD.

(Nos. 129-133).

294

Silurian cephalopods,
Mytilarca.

XXXHI.

,

16.00

pp., 39 pis

crinoid studies,

(Nos. 134-139). 448 pp., 51
Devonian annelids, Tertiary
graphy paleontology.

Tertiary forams,

and
16.00

pis

mollusks,

Ecuadoran

strati-

XXXIV.

400 pp., 19 pis
(Nos. 140-145).
Trinidad Globigerinidae, Ordovician Enopleura, Tasmanian

Ordovician cephalopods and Tennessee Ordovician ostracods and conularid bibliography.

16.00

XXXV.

(Nos. 146-154).
386 pp., 31 pis
G. D. Harris memorial, camerinid and Georgia Paleocene
Foraminifera, South America Paleozoics, Australian Ordovician cephalopods, California Pleistocene Eulimidae, Volutidae, and Devonian ostracods from Iowa.

16.00

412 pp., 53 pis
Globotruncana in Colombia, Eocene fish, Canadian Chazyan
Antillean Cretaceous rudists, Canal Zone Foraminifera,

16.00

XXXVI.

(Nos. 155160).

fossils,

XXXVII.

XXXVIII.

foraminiferal studies.

486 pp., 37 pis
(Nos. 161164).
Antillean Cretaceous Rudists, Canal
Stromatoporoidea.

16.00

Zone

Foraminifera,

447 pp., 53 pis
Venezuela geology, Oligocene Lepidocyclina, Miocene ostracods, and Mississippian of Kentucky, turritellid from Venezuela, larger forams, new mollusks, geology of Carriacou,

(Nos. 165-176).

16.00

Pennsylvanian plants.

XXXIX.

448 pp., 36 pis
„
(Nos. 177-183).
Panama Caribbean mollusks, Venezuelan Tertiary formations
and forams, Trinidad Cretaceous forams, American-European species, Puerto Rico forams.

16.00

^3