Itinera Geobotanica V15-2 2002

ITINERA GEOBOTANICA

VOLUMEN 15 (1)
Fecha: 11 de Septiembre de 2002
ASOCIACION ESPAÑOLA DE FITOSOCIOLOGIA (AEFA)
FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DE PHYTOSOCIOLOGIE (FIP)


ITINERA GEOBOTANICA es una publicación periódica de la Asociación Española de Fitosociología
(AEFA), adherida a la Federación Internacional de Fitosociología (FIP), en la que se darán a conocer
monografías fitosociológicas itinerantes, pródromos biogeográficos y bioclimáticos y otros temas
geobotánicos de interés regional o global. Su difusión se asegurará a través del Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de León.
ITINERA GEOBOTANICA is a journal of the Spanish Phytosociological Association (AEFA), which
is adhered to the International Federation of Phytosociology (FIP), which will publish monographic
works of phytosociological itineraries, biogeographic and bioclimatical prodromi, and other geobotanical works of regional or global interest. Its difussion is guarateed by the University of León
publishing service.
Editors (Editores)
S. Rivas-Martínez, Madrid, E
T.E. Díaz, Oviedo, E

A. Penas, León, E
F. Fernández, Madrid, E

Editorial Board (Comisión editorial)
F. Alcaraz, Murcia, E
A. Asensi, Málaga, E
A. Benabid, Rabat, M
O. de Bolòs, Barcelona, E
M. Costa, Valencia, E
J. A. F. Prieto, Oviedo, E

G. Grabherr, Viena, A
J. Loidi, Bilbao, E
E.M. Carretero, Mendoza, A
F. Pedrotti, Camerino, I
R. Pott, Hannover, D
P. Sánchez, Murcia, E
J.P. Theurillat, Ginebra, CH
W. Wildpret, La Laguna, E

J. Amigo, Santiago de C., E.
M. G. Barbour, Davis, US
E. Biondi, Ancona, I
E. Box, Atlanta, US
M. Chytrý, Brno, Cz
K. Fujiwara, Yokohama, J
J. Izco, S. Compostela, E
M. Lousa, Lisboa, P
J. Molero, Granada, E
M. Peinado, A. Henares, E
P. Quézel, Marsella, F
D. Sánchez-Mata, Madrid, E
C. Valle, Salamanca, E

M. del Arco, La Laguna, E
J. C. Báscones, Pamplona, E
C. Blasi, Roma, I
J.C. Costa, Lisboa, P
S. Dafis, Tesalónica, GR
J. M. Géhu, Bailleul, F
M. Ladero, Salamanca, E

L. Llorens, P. de Mallorca, E
G. Navarro, Cochabamba, Bo
P.L. Pérez de Paz, La Laguna, E
F. Roig, Mendoza, A
G. Sturbilino, Venezia, I
F. Valle, Granada, E

Technicals Editors (Responsables de la edición)
L. Herrero, León, E

S. del Río, León, E

J.L. Hernansanz, León, E

Subscription & Exchange information: Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica). Facultad de
Biología. Campus Vegazana s/n. Universidad de León. 24071 - LEON (ESPAÑA).
Email:
ISSN: 0213-8530
Depósito Legal: LE - 729 - 1987
Impreso en Gráficas CELARAYN S.A.
Editado por el Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de León
Publicado el 11 de Septiembre de 2002


VASCULAR PLANT COMMUNITIES OF SPAIN
AND PORTUGAL
ADDENDA TO THE SYNTAXONOMICAL CHECKLIST OF 2001

Salvador Rivas-Martínez, Federico Fernández-González, Javier Loidi,
Mario Lousã & Angel Penas

Itinera Geobotanica 15(2): 433-922 (2002)

VASCULAR PLANT COMMUNITIES OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL
ADDENDA TO THE SYNTAXONOMICAL CHECKLIST OF 2001

Part II
SALVADOR RIVAS-MARTÍNEZ (1), TOMAS E. DÍAZ (2), FEDERICO FERNÁNDEZ-GONZÁLEZ (3),
JESÚS IZCO (4), JAVIER LOIDI (5), MARIO LOUSÃ (6) & ANGEL PENAS (7)

(1)

PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH CENTER (CIF). J.M. Usandizaga 46. E-28409 Los Negrales,
Madrid. España. Tel.: +34 91 8511529. Fax: +34 91 8511873. Email:
DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA VEGETAL II. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense. E28040 Madrid. España. Tel: +34 91 3941769. Fax: +34 91 3941774.
(2)
DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLGÍA DE ORGANISMOS Y SISTEMAS. Universidad de Oviedo. E-33071 Oviedo
España. Tel.: +34 985 104782. Fax: +34 985 104865. E-mail:
(3)
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. E-45071
Toledo. España. Tel.: +34 925 265704. Fax: +34 925 268840. E-mail:
(4)
DEPARTAMENTO DE BOTÁNICA. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela.
E-15706. Santiagode Compostela. España. E-mail: Tel. +34 981 563100. Fax:
+34 981 594912
(5)
DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA VEGETAL (Botánica). UPV/EHU. Apartado 644. E-40080. Bilbao.
España. Tel.: 34 94 6012451. Fax.: 34 94 4648500. E-mail:

(6)
DEPARTAMENTO DE PROTECÇAO DE PLANTAS E DE FITOECOLOGIA Instituto Superior de Agronomia,
Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Tapada da Ajuda 1349-017 Lisboa. Portugal. Tel: + 351 21 36 53
166. Fax: + 351 21 363 50 31. E-mail:
(7)
DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA VEGETAL (Botánica). Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y
Ambientales, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana. E-24071 León. España. Tel: +34 987
291558. Fax: +34 987 291563. E-mail:


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Itinera Geobotanica 15 (2002)

G. HIGH SYNTAXA OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL AND THEIR CHARACTERISTIC SPECIES
(S. RIVAS-MARTÍNEZ)

The 76 classes, 4 subclasses, 141 orders, 413 alliances and 88 Suballiances
recognized in Spain and Portugal (insular territories included) have been concisely
described and alphabetically grouped into nine major and twenty secondary categories,
according to the classic progression of Braun-Blanquet’s criteria. Physiognomical,
structural, synecological and syndynamic features are indicated as well. More than 6000
characteristic species of syntaxa, from association to class, are also listed. All names used
for syntaxa, including synonymous or altered names, are in accordance to the International
Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature (Weber, Moravec & Theurillat 2000). Other
common synonyms can be found in Itinera Geobot. 14: 5-341. 2001 (Syntaxonomical
checklist of vascular plant communities of Spain and Portugal to association level), to
which the present paper is subsequent.

1. Syntaxonomical system
The classes of Spain and Portugal (Madeiran, Azorean, Canarian and Balearic insular territories included) are listed below in alphabetical order.
Adiantetea ..................................................... 26
Alnetea glutinosae ........................................ 68
Ammophiletea ............................................... 16
Anomodonto-Polypodietea ........................... 30
Artemisietea vulgaris .................................... 34
Asplenietea trichomanis................................ 27
Betulo carpaticae-Alnetea viridis ................. 69
Bidentetea tripartitae ...................................... 8
Cakiletea maritimae ..................................... 17
Calluno-Ulicetea .......................................... 61
Cardamino hirsutae-Geranietea purpurei .... 41
Caricetea curvulae ....................................... 46
Carici rupestris-Kobresietea myosuroidis .... 44
Chamaecytiso-Pinetea canariensis ............... 78
Charetea fragilis ............................................. 1
Cisto-Lavanduletea....................................... 62
Crithmo-Limonietea...................................... 19
Cytisetea scopario-striati.............................. 65
Epilobietea angustifolii................................. 35
Festucetea indigestae ................................... 49
Festuco hystricis-Ononidetea striatae .......... 52
Festuco-Brometea......................................... 51
Galio-Urticetea............................................. 40
Greenovio-Aeonietea .................................... 31
Halodulo wrightii-Thalassietea testudinum .... 4

Isoeto-Littorelletea ....................................... 10
Isoeto-Nanojuncetea ....................................... 9

Juncetea maritimi ......................................... 20
Junipero sabinae-Pinetea sylvestris.............. 74
Kleinio-Euphorbietea canariensis ................ 79
Kobresio myosuroidis-Seslerietea ................ 45
Koelerio-Corynephoretea ............................. 53
Lauro azoricae-Juniperetea brevifoliae........ 73
Lemnetea......................................................... 2
Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea ................................ 47
Lygeo-Stipetea .............................................. 56
Molinio-Arrhenatheretea .............................. 59
Montio-Cardaminetea................................... 11
Mulgedio-Aconitetea..................................... 42
Nardetea strictae .......................................... 60
Nerio-Tamaricetea........................................ 70
Oryzetea sativae ........................................... 36
Oxycocco-Sphagnetea................................... 13
Parietarietea ................................................. 28
Pegano-Salsoletea ........................................ 37
Petrocoptido-Sarcocapnetea enneaphyllae .. 29
Phagnalo-Rumicetea indurati ....................... 32
Phragmito-Magnocaricetea .......................... 12
Poetea bulbosae............................................ 54
Polycarpaeo niveae-Traganetea moquini ..... 81


Vascular plant communities of Spain and Portugal

Polygono-Poetea annuae .............................. 38
Posidonietea ................................................... 5
Potametea ....................................................... 3

Pruno hixae-Lauretea novocanariensis ........ 82
Quercetea ilicis ............................................. 75
Querco-Fagetea ............................................ 76
Rhamno crenulatae-Oleetea cerasiformis .... 80
Rhamno-Prunetea ......................................... 66
Rosmarinetea officinalis ............................... 64
Ruppietea ........................................................ 6
Saginetea maritimae ..................................... 22
Salicetea herbaceae ...................................... 48
Salici purpureae-Populetea nigrae ............... 71

435

Sarcocornietea fruticosae ............................. 23
Scheuchzerio-Caricetea nigrae..................... 14
Sedo-Scleranthetea ....................................... 55
Spartinetea maritimae .................................. 24
Stellarietea mediae ....................................... 39
Stipo giganteae-Agrostietea castellanae ....... 57
Thero-Salicornietea ...................................... 25
Thlaspietea rotundifolii ................................ 33
Trifolio-Geranietea ....................................... 43
Tuberarietea guttatae ................................... 50
Utricularietea intermedio-minoris ................ 15
Vaccinio-Piceetea ......................................... 77
Zosteretea marinae ......................................... 7

I. FLOATING OR ROOTED SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION
Ia. FRESH-WATER VEGETATION
1. CHARETEA FRAGILIS Fukarek ex Krausch 1964

Charophyte pioneer communities growing on subaquatic barren soils of pools,
lakes and shallow water courses. Basophilous to saline fresh-water mainly colonized
by Chara communities (Charetalia hispidae) [mesotrophic calciphile long-term
(Charion fragilis), pioneer ephemere (Charion vulgaris), brackish to saline
(Charion canescentis)]; acidophilous to neutrophilous fresh-water richer in temperate Nitella communities (Nitelletalia flexilis) [acidophilous oceanic (Nitellion flexilis), neutrophilous semicontinental temperate (Nitellion syncarpotenuissimae)]. Cosmopolitan.
Characteristic species: Chara baltica, Chara fragilis, Chara vulgaris var. contraria.
1a. Charetalia hispidae Sauer ex Krausch 1964
Characteristic species: Chara braunii, Chara globularis, Chara hispida var.
major, Chara muscosa.
1.1. Charion fragilis Krausch 1964
Characteristic species: Chara aspera, Chara connivens, Chara hispida var.
hispida.
1.2. Charion vulgaris (Krause ex Krause & Lang 1977) Krause 1981
Characteristic species: Chara imperfecta, Chara major, Chara vulgaris var.
vulgaris, Tolypella glomerata.
1.3. Charion canescentis Krausch 1964
Characteristic species: Chara canescens, Chara desmacantha, Chara galioides, Chara tomentosa, Lamprothamnium papulosum, Tolypella hispanica, Tolypella salina.


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1b. Nitelletalia flexilis Krause 1969
Characteristic species: Nitella batrachosperma, Nitella capillaris, Nitella opaca,
Nitella translucens.
1.4. Nitellion flexilis Dambska 1966
Characteristic species: Nitella confervacea, Nitella flexilis, Nitella gracilis,

Nitella hyalina.
1.5. Nitellion syncarpo-tenuissimae Krause 1969
Characteristic species: Nitella syncarpa, Nitella tenuissima, Tolypella prolifera.
2. LEMNETEA Tüxen ex O. Bolòs & Masclans 1955
Bryo-cormophyte fresh-water floating communities (Lemnetalia) [small to medium acropleustophytes (Lemnion minoris), mesopleustophytes of lemnids and
riccielids (Lemnion trisulcae) or hydrocharids (Lemno-Hydrocharition
morsus-ranae)]. Cosmopolitan.
Characteristic species: Azolla filiculoides, Lemna minor, Lemna minuta, Salvinia
natans, Spirodela polyrhiza, Wolfia arrhiza.
2a. Lemnetalia minoris Tüxen ex O. Bolòs & Masclans 1955
Characteristic species: Azolla filiculoides, Lemna minor, Lemna minuta, Salvinia natans, Spirodela polyrhiza, Wolfia arrhiza.
2.1. Lemnion minoris Tüxen ex O. Bolòs & Masclans 1955
Characteristic species: Lemna gibba, Spirodela polyrhiza.
2.2. Lemnion trisulcae Den Hartog & Segal ex Tüxen & Schwabe in Tüxen 1974
Characteristic species: Lemna trisulca, Riccia fluitans, Ricciocarpos natans.
2.3. Lemno minoris-Hydrocharition morsus-ranae Rivas-Martínez, FernándezGonzález & Loidi 1999
Characteristic species: Hydrocharis morsus-ranae.
3. POTAMETEA Klika in Klika & V. Novák 1941
Aquatic fresh water macrophyte communities. Rooted hydrophytes (Potametalia) [fresh water elodeids (Potamion), brackish water elodeids (Zannichellion
pedicellatae), batrachids of running water (Ranunculion fluitantis), batrachids
of standing water (Ranunculion aquatilis) and nymphaeids (Nymphaeion albae)]; non rooted nutrient-rich hydrophytes (Utricularietalia) [floating utricularids (Utricularion) and ceratophyllids (Ceratophyllion demersi)]. Cosmopolitan.
Characteristic species: Callitriche brutia, Callitriche lusitanica, Callitriche platycarpa, Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton berchtoldii, Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton densus, Potamogeton pectinatus, Stratiotes aloides (*).


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3a. Potametalia Koch 1926
Characteristic species: Callitriche palustris, Elodea canadensis, Hippuris vulgaris, Hottonia palustris, Potamogeton coloratus, Potamogeton filiformis var. alpinus,

Potamogeton lucens, Potamogeton panormitanus, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Zannichellia palustris, Zannichellia peltata.
3.1. Potamion (Koch 1926) Libbert 1931
Characteristic species: Potamogeton alpinus, Potamogeton gramineus, Potamogeton praelongus, Potamogeton trichoides.
3.2. Nymphaeion albae Oberdorfer 1957
Characteristic species: Myriophyllum verticillatum, Nuphar lutea, Nuphar
pumila, Nymphaea alba, Nymphoides peltata, Polygonum amphibium, Potamogeton natans, Trapa natans.
3.3. Ranunculion aquatilis Passarge 1964
Characteristic species: Callitriche cribosa, Callitriche regis-jubae, Callitriche stagnalis, Ranunculus aquatilis, Ranunculus baudotii, Ranunculus peltatus, Ranunculus saniculifolius, Ranunculus trichopyllus, Ranunculus tripartitus.
3.4. Ranunculion fluitantis Neuhäusl 1959
Characteristic species: Callitriche hamulata, Callitriche obtusangula, Potamogeton filiformis var. filiformis, Potamogeton nodosus, Ranunculus fluitans,
Ranunculus penicillatus, Ranunculus pseudofluitans.
3.5. Zannichellion pedicellatae Schaminée, Lanjouw & Schipper 1990
Characteristic species: Najas gracillima, Najas marina, Najas minor, Zannichellia obtusifolia, Zannichellia pedunculata.
3b. Utricularietalia Den Hartog & Segal 1964
Characteristic species: Utricularia australis, Utricularia gibba, Utricularia
vulgaris.
3.6. Utricularion Den Hartog & Segal 1964
Characteristic species: Utricularia australis, Utricularia gibba, Utricularia
vulgaris.
3.7. Ceratophyllion demersi Den Hartog & Segal ex Passarge 1996
Characteristic species: Ceratophyllum demersum, Ceratophyllum submersum.
Ib. MARINE, COASTAL MUD-FLATS AND SALT-WATER VEGETATION
4. HALODULO WRIGHTII-THALASSIETEA TESTUDINUM Den Hartog ex Rivas-Martínez,
Fernández-González & Loidi 1999
Infralittoral benthic cormophyte and related straight macrothallophyte communities of tropical, subtropical and low tide temperate oceans (Thalassio-Syringo-


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Itinera Geobotanica 15 (2002)

dietalia filiformis: Syringodio-Thalassion). Pantropical and Mediterranean
territories.
Characteristic species: Cymodocea nodosa, Halophila decipiens.
4a. Thalassio-Syringodietalia filiformis Borhidi, Muñiz & Del Risco in Borhidi 1996
Characteristic species: Cymodocea nodosa, Halophila d
4.1. Syringodio-Thalassion testudinum Borhidi 1996
Characteristic species: Cymodocea nodosa, Halophila d.
5. POSIDONIETEA Den Hartog 1976
Infralittoral up 35 m deep benthic cormophyte and related thallophyte potential
communities mostly on sandy substrates of temperate seas organized by Posidonia
oceanica (Posidonietalia: Posidonion). Mediterranean and spread in Cantabrian-Atlantic.
Characteristic species: Posidonia oceanica.
5a. Posidonietalia Den Hartog 1976
Characteristic species Posidonia oceanica.
5.1. Posidonion Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952
Characteristic species: Posidonia oceanica.
6. RUPPIETEA J. Tüxen 1960
Aquatic halophilous cormophyte and bryophyte communities growing on temporary or permanent littoral or continental salts-water pools and lagoons (Ruppietalia) [flexible filiform leaf elodeids with spring development (Ruppion maritimae), ephemeral riellids (Riellion helicophyllae), or short and slender rhizomatous juncoids (Eleocharition parvulae)]. Holarctic.
Characteristic species: Althenia orientalis subsp. betpakdalensis, Althenia
orientalis subsp. orientalis, Ruppia cirrhosa, Ruppia drepanensis, Ruppia maritima.
6a. Ruppietalia maritimae J. Tüxen 1960
Characteristic species: Althenia orientalis subsp. betpakdalensis, Althenia orientalis subsp. orientalis, Ruppia cirrhosa, Ruppia drepanensis, Ruppia maritima.
6.1. Ruppion maritimae Br.-Bl. ex Westhoff in Bennema, Sissingh & Westhoff 1943
Characteristic species: Althenia orientalis subsp. betpakdalensis, Althenia
orientalis subsp. orientalis, Ruppia cirrhosa, Ruppia drepanensis, Ruppia maritima.
6.2. Eleocharition parvulae Segal 1968 nom. mut. propos.
[Scirpion parvuli]

Characteristic species: Eleocharis parvula.
6.3. Riellion helicophyllae Cirujano, Velayos & P. García ex Rivas-Martínez,
Fernández-González & Loidi 1999
Characteristic species: Riella cossoniana, Riella helicophylla.


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7. ZOSTERETEA MARINAE Pignatti 1954
Eulittoral and infralittoral up 5 m deep benthic cormophyte communities of zosterids (marine elodeids with thick linear leaves) on muddy and sandy substrates of lagoons, estuaries and calm coast shelves of temperate seas (Zosteretalia: Zosterion). Holarctic.
Characteristic species: Nanozostera noltii, Zostera marina.
7a. Zosteretalia Béguinot 1941
Characteristic species Nanozostera noltii, Zostera marina.
7.1. Zosterion Christiansen 1934
Characteristic species: Nanozostera noltii, Zostera marina.
II. AMPHIBIOUS VEGETATION OF FRESH-WATERS, SPRINGS AND FENS
IIa. PIONEER EPHEMERAL VEGETATION
8. BIDENTETEA TRIPARTITAE Tüxen, Lohmeyer & Preising ex von Rochow 1951
Pioneer annual on periodically flooded nutrient rich pools, lake margins and riparian nitrophilous communities (Bidentetalia tripartitae) [damp high disturbed
(Bidention tripartitae), desiccate riparian clayey (Chenopodion rubri)]. Holarctic.
Characteristic species: Pulicaria vulgaris.
8a. Bidentetalia tripartitae Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Klika & Hadač 1944
Characteristic species: Bidens tripartita, Polygonum hydropiper, Polygonum lapathifolium, Potentilla supina, Ranunculus sardous, Ranunculus sceleratus, Rorippa islandica, Rorippa palustris, Xanthium cavanillesii, Xanthium italicum.
8.1. Bidention tripartitae Nordhagen 1940
Characteristic species: Alopecurus aequalis, Bidens aurea, Bidens cernua,
Bidens frondosa, Polygonum minus, Polygonum mite, Xanthium brasilicum.
8.2. Chenopodion rubri (Tüxen ex Poli & J. Tüxen 1960) Kopecký 1969

Characteristic species: Chenopodium chenopodioides, Chenopodium glaucum, Chenopodium pumilum, Chenopodium rubrum, Corrigiola litoralis, Rumex
maritimus, Rumex palustris.
9. ISOETO-NANOJUNCETEA Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Westhoff, Dijk & Passchier 1946
Pioneer annual and dwarf perennial ephemeral isoetid communities on periodically flooded bare soils. Spring and early summer bloom sometimes with isoetids
(Isoetetalia) [ephemeral graminoid slightly inundated (Agrostion pourretii),
dwarf pioneer Mediterranean drainage basin (Isoetion), dwarf pioneer Mediterranean-Atlantic (Cicendion), long flooded tall therophytes (Menthion cervinae)];
late summer and autumn bloom without isoetids (Nanocyperetalia) [dwarf


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graminoid acidophilous to neutrophilous fresh water (Nanocyperion), brackish to
oligohaline water (Verbenion supinae), calcareous or loamy nutrient-rich water
(Lythrion tribracteati)]. Holarctic.
Characteristic species: Cardamine parviflora, Centaurium pulchellum, Centunculus minimus, Damasonium alisma, Damasonium polyspermum, Elatine macropoda, Hypericum humifusum, Juncus ambiguus, Juncus bufonius, Juncus sphaerocarpus, Juncus tenageia subsp. tenageia, Lythrum hyssopifolia, Lythrum portula, Lythrum thymifolia, Mentha pulegium, Montia fontana subsp. chondrosperma, Myosurus minimus, Ranunculus muricatus, Veronica acinifolia, Veronica anagalloides.
9a. Isoetetalia Br.-Bl. 1936
Characteristic species: Antinoria agrostidea subsp. annua, Crassula vaillantii,
Juncus capitatus, Juncus hybridus, Juncus pygmaeus, Marsilea strigosa, Ophioglossum lusitanicum.
9.1. Isoetion Br.-Bl. 1935
[Cicendio filiformis-Solenopsion laurentiae]

Characteristic species: Centaurium bianoris, Centaurium maritimum, Isoetes
duriaei, Isoetes histrix, Lotus angustissimus, Lythrum borystenicum, Myosurus
sessilis, Phaeoceros bulbiculosus, Pilularia minuta, Riccia beyrichiana, Riccia
bifurca, Riccia ciliifera, Solenopsis laurentia.
9.2. Menthion cervinae Br.-Bl. ex Moor 1937 nom. mut. propos.

[Preslion cervinae]

Characteristic species: Damasonium bourgaei, Eryngium corniculatum,
Isoetes setaceum, Isoetes velatum subsp. velatum, Juncus tenageia subsp. perpusillus, Marsilea batardae, Mentha cervina, Ranunculus lateriflorus, Ranunculus
nodiflorus, Sisymbrella aspera.
9.2.3. Juncetum perpusilli Rivas-Martínez 1964 nom. mut. propos.
[Juncetum nanae Rivas-Martínez 1964 (art. 45)]

9.3. Agrostion pourretii Rivas Goday 1958 nom. mut. propos.
[Agrostion salmanticae]

Characteristic species: Agrostis pourretii, Allium scorzonerifolium, Carlina
racemosa, Chaetopogon fasciculatus, Eryngium galioides, Lotus parviflorus,
Pulicaria paludosa.
9.4. Cicendion (Rivas Goday in Rivas Goday & Borja 1961) Br.-Bl. 1967
Characteristic species: Cicendia filiformis, Exaculum pusillum, Illecebrum
verticillatum, Isolepis pseudosetacea, Juncus tingitanus, Kickxia cirrhosa, Radiola linoides, Ranunculus batrachioides subsp. brachypodus, Ranunculus longipes, Sedum lagascae, Trifolium ornithopodioides.
9b. Nanocyperetalia Klika 1935
Characteristic species: Cyperus michelianus, Elatine triandra, Gnaphalium uliginosum, Physcomitrium pyriforme, Pseudognaphalium luteo-album, Pycreus flavescens, Riccia crystallina.


Vascular plant communities of Spain and Portugal

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9.5. Nanocyperion Koch ex Libbert 1933
Characteristic species: Centaurium chloodes, Cyperus fuscus, Elatine alsinastrum, Fimbristylis annua, Isolepis cernua, Isolepis setacea, Ludwigia palustris, Pycreus flavidus.
9.6. Verbenion supinae Slavnic 1951
Characteristic species: Crypsis aculeata, Crypsis alopecuroides, Crypsis
schoenoides, Fimbristylis bisumbellata, Glinus lotoides, Heliotropium supinum,

Verbena supina.
9.7. Lythrion tribracteati Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez ex Rivas Goday 1970
Characteristic species: Coronopus navasii, Lythrum baeticum, Lythrum
flexuosum, Lythrum tribracteatum.
IIb. VEGETATION OF LAKES, SPRINGS, FENS AND BOGS
10. ISOETO-LITTORELLETEA Br.-Bl. & Vlieger in Vlieger 1937
Dwarf helophyte amphibious oligotrophic communities on shore dystrophic
lakes, nutrient-poor standing or slow-flowing waters (Littorelletalia) [amphibious
nutrient-poor deep standing water (Littorellion uniflorae), Atlantic and Mediterranean West Iberian shallow meso-oligotrophic waters (Hyperico elodis-Sparganion), continental fluctuating water on loamy soils (Eleocharition acicularis)]. Holarctic.
Characteristic species: Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Juncus bulbosus, Littorella uniflora,
Luronium natans, Marsilea azorica, Marsilea quadrifolia, Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Sparganium angustifolium, Veronica scutellata.
10a. Littorelletalia Koch 1926
Characteristic species: Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Juncus bulbosus, Littorella uniflora, Luronium natans, Marsilea azorica, Marsilea quadrifolia, Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Sparganium angustifolium, Veronica scutellata.
10.1. Littorellion uniflorae Koch 1926
Characteristic species: Antinoria agrostidea subsp. natans, Isoetes echinosporum, Isoetes lacustre, Isoetes velatum subsp. asturicense, Ranunculus ololeucos, Subularia aquatica.
10.2. Hyperico elodis-Sparganion Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Oberdorfer 1957
Characteristic species: Anagallis crassifolia, Apium inundatum, Baldellia
ranunculoides, Eleocharis multicaulis, Hypericum elodes, Isoetes azorica,
Isolepis fluitans, Juncus heterophyllus, Myosotis lusitanica, Pilularia globulifera, Rhynchospora rugosa.
10.3. Eleocharition acicularis Pietsch 1967
Characteristic species: Elatine hexandra, Eleocharis acicularis.


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11. MONTIO-CARDAMINETEA Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Br.-Bl. 1948

Cold spring communities dominated by bryophytes and evergreen soft helophyte
phanerogams (Montio-Cardaminetalia) [oro- and cryorotemperate cold springs
of base-poor water (Cardamino-Montion), meso- and supratemperate mostly
phanerogams in soft running water (Caricion remotae), calcareous springs dominated by bryophytes (Palustriellion commutatae), Oroiberian CarpetanLeonese and Western Orocantabric oligotrophic cold springs (Myosotidion stoloniferae), muddy slow flowing cold springs dominated by rooted stoloniferous helophyte ranunculids (Ranunculion omiophyllo-hederacei)]. Holarctic.
Characteristic species: Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. alpestris, Poa trivialis subsp.
feratiana.
11a. Montio-Cardaminetalia Pawłowski in Pawłowski, Sokołowski & Wallisch 1928
Characteristic species: Alchemilla coriacea, Brachythecium rivulare, Bryum
wergelii, Cinclidotus fontinaloides, Dicranella palustris, Epilobium alsinifolium,
Epilobium obscurum, Hygrohypnum luridum, Jungermannia obovata, Marsupella
emarginata, Montia fontana subsp. amporitana, Nardia compressa, Pellia epiphylla, Philonotis fontana, Pholia wahlenbergii, Scapania paludosa, Scapania undulata, Stellaria alsine, Trichocolea tomentella.
11.1. Cardamino-Montion Br.-Bl. 1926
Characteristic species: Brachythecium glaciale, Bryum schleicheri, Caltha
palustris subsp. minor, Cardamine amara, Catoscopium nigritum, Epilobium
nutans, Hygrohypnum smithii, Montia fontana subsp. fontana, Myosotis scorpioides subsp. tuxeniana, Philonotis seriata, Philonotis tomentella, Pholia ludwigii, Saxifraga aquatica, Saxifraga stellaris, Sedum villosum.
11.2. Palustriellion commutatae Koch 1928 nom. mut. propos.
[Cratoneurion commutati]

Characteristic species: Arabis soyeri, Cochlearia pyrenaica, Palustriella
commutata, Palustriella decipiens, Palustriella falcata, Philonotis calcarea, Saxifraga aizoides.
11.3. Caricion remotae Kästner 1941
Characteristic species: Cardamine flexuosa, Cardamine gallaecica, Cardamine raphanifolia, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Saxifraga clusii, Saxifraga
lepismigena, Sibthorpia europaea, Soldanella villosa.
11.4. Myosotidion stoloniferae Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas
1984
Characteristic species: Cerastium alpinum subsp. aquaticum, Epilobium
atlanticum, Myosotis stolonifera, Saxifraga gredensis, Sedum campanulatum,
Veronica langei.
11.5. Ranunculion omiophyllo-hederacei Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González, Pizarro, Sánchez-Mata & Sardinero all. nova
Characteristic species: Ranunculus hederaceus, Ranunculus omiophyllus.

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12. PHRAGMITO-MAGNOCARICETEA Klika in Klika & V. Novák 1941
Swampy, fenny, lacustrine and riverine helophyte communities (helostadion)
dominated by perennial graminoids, sedges, forbs and herbs of fresh and brackish
waters. Tall fresh water graminoids (Phragmitetalia) [only one alliance
(Phragmition australis: Phragmitenion australis  tall graminoid fragile to
drainer periods, Bolboschoenenion maritimi  medium tall graminoid resistent
to desiccation characterized by Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. maritimus and Scirpus triqueter)]; tall fresh water sedges (Magnocaricetalia) [swamps, lakes and
riversides, Eurosiberian and Mediterranean (Magnocaricion elatae), riverine
Mediterranean West Iberian (Caricion reuterianae), Madeiran (Deschampsion argenteae)]; pioneer short rhizomatous herbs and graminoids of fresh water
streams and pools with changeable water level (Nasturtio-Glycerietalia) [tall
stiff graminoid (Glycerio-Sparganion: Glycerio-Sparganienion  deep water level, with only occasional desiccation, Glycerienion fluitantis  pools and
slow flowing shallow waters with desiccation periods, Phalaridenion arundina
ceae  streams with long drainer periods characterized by Phalaris arundinacea
mostly in rich soils and Oenanthe croccata in poor soils), limp prostrate in nutrientrich waters (Rorippion nasturtii-aquatici)]; sedges and graminoids in brackish
water (Bolboschoenetalia compacti: Bolboschoenion compacti). Cosmopolitan, but absent in polar and related very cold bioclimates.
Characteristic species: Alisma plantago-aquatica, Butomus umbellatus, Carex
pseudocyperus, Cicuta virosa, Eleocharis palustris subsp. vulgaris, Glyceria fluitans,
Lycopus europaeus, Lythrum salicaria, Phragmites australis, Rorippa amphibia,
Rumex hydrolapathum, Schoenoplectus pungens, Sparganium erectum subsp. erectum, Veronica anagallis-aquatica.
12a. Phragmitetalia Koch 1926
Characteristic species: Iris pseudacorus, Mentha aquatica, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, Sium latifolium,
Typha domingensis.
12.1. Phragmition australis Koch 1926 nom. mut. propos.
[Phragmition communis]

(Phragmitenion australis Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E.
Valdés 1980 (12.1a). Bolboschoenenion maritimi Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez,
Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980 nom. mut. propos. (12.1b))

Characteristic species: Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. maritimus (12.1b),
Equisetum fluviatile, Ranunculus lingua, Sparganium emersum, Typha angustifolia, Typha latifolia.
12.1b. Bolboschoenenion maritimi Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980 nom. mut. propos.
[Scirpenion maritimi Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés
1980 (art. 45)]

12b. Nasturtio-Glycerietalia Pignatti 1954
Characteristic species: Alisma lanceolatum, Glyceria notata.


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12.2. Glycerio-Sparganion Br.-Bl. & Sissingh in Boer 1942
(Glycerio-Sparganienion J.A. Molina 1996 (12.2a). Glycerienion fluitantis (Géhu &
Géhu-Franck 1987) J.A. Molina 1996 (12.2b). Phalaridenion arundinaceae (Kopecký
1961) J.A. Molina 1996 (12.2c))

Characteristic species: Antinoria agrostidea subsp. agrostidea, Eleocharis
palustris subsp. palustris, Glyceria declinata (12.2b), Glyceria spicata (12.2b),
Myosotis caespitosa, Oenanthe crocata (12.2c), Oenanthe fistulosa, Oenanthe
globulosa, Phalaris arundinacea (12.2c), Ranunculus ophioglossifolius, Sparganium erectum subsp. microcarpum (12.2a), Sparganium erectum subsp. neglectum.
12.3. Rorippion nasturtii-aquatici Géhu & Géhu-Franck 1987 nom. mut. propos.

[Nasturtion officinalis]

Characteristic species: Apium nodiflorum, Apium repens, Berula erecta, Catabrosa aquatica, Myosotis scorpioides subsp. scorpioides, Rorippa microphylla,
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, Rorippa valdes-bermejoi, Rorippa xsterilis, Veronica beccabunga, Veronica catenata.
12c. Magnocaricetalia Pignatti 1954
Characteristic species: Carex acutiformis, Cladium mariscus, Galium elongatum, Galium palustre, Scutellaria galericulata.
12.4. Magnocaricion elatae Koch 1926
Characteristic species: Althaea officinalis, Carex acuta, Carex calderae, Carex camposii, Carex disticha, Carex elata, Carex hispida, Carex paniculata
subsp. paniculata, Carex riparia, Carex rostrata, Carex vesicaria, Cyperus longus subsp. longus, Eleocharis uniglumis, Euphorbia palustris, Gratiola officinalis, Kosteletzkya pentacarpos, Polygonum salicifolium.
12.5. Caricion reuterianae (Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Sánchez-Mata
1986) J.A. Molina 1996 nom. mut. propos.
[Caricion broterianae]

Characteristic species: Carex paniculata subsp. lusitanica, Carex reuteriana
subsp. reuteriana, Carex reuteriana subsp. tartesiana, Galium broterianum,
Holcus reuteri.
12d. Bolboschoenetalia compacti Dahl & Hadač 1941 corr. Rivas-Martínez, Costa,
Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980 nom. mut. propos.
[Scirpetalia compacti]

Characteristic species: Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. compactus.
12.7. Bolboschoenion compacti Dahl & Hadač 1941 corr. Rivas-Martínez, Costa,
Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980 nom. mut. propos.
[Scirpion compacti]

Characteristic species: Schoenoplectus litoralis.


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13. OXYCOCCO-SPHAGNETEA Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Westhoff, Dijk & Passchier 1946
Blanket bogs and peaty ombrogenous or aquatic Sphagnum and heath communities (Erico tetralicis-Sphagnetalia papillosi) [hyperoceanic mostly ombrotrophic Cantabrian-Atlantic (Erico mackaianae-Sphagnion papillosi), cold
oceanic and drying resistent wet peat heaths wide Atlantic (Ericion tetralicis)].
Cosmopolitan.
Characteristic species: Drosera rotundifolia, Eriophorum vaginatum, Sphagnum
viride.
13a. Erico tetralicis-Sphagnetalia papillosi Schwickerath 1940
Characteristic species: Aulacomnium palustre, Cephalozia connivens, Dicranum bergeri,Gymnocolea inflata,Mylia anomala, Sphagnum angustifolium, Sphagnum fuscum,Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum nemoreum, Sphagnum rubellum,
Sphagnum russowii, Sphagnum subnitens, Sphagnum subsecundum, Sphagnum tenellum.
13.1. Ericion tetralicis Schwickerath 1933
(Ericenion tetralicis Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas 1984 (13.1a).
Trichophorenion germanici Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas 1984
(13.1b))

Characteristic species: Erica tetralix (13.1a), Narthecium ossifragum (13.1b),
Sphagnum capillifolium (13.1a), Trichophorum caespitosum subsp. germanicum
(13.1b).
14. SCHEUCHZERIO PALUSTRIS-CARICETEA NIGRAE Tüxen 1937 nom. mut. propos.
[Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae]

Mire, fen and bog communities of small sedges and bryophytes of Holarctic cold
territories. Pioneer in oligo-dystrophic peat moss (Scheuchzerietalia palustris:
Rhynchosporion albae), oligotrophic peats and mineral peaty soils (Caricetalia nigrae) [supra and orotemperate and related mountain climates (Caricion nigrae), oro and cryoromediterranean Nevadensian (Festucion frigidae), Atlantic
thermo and mesotemperate and related oceanic climates (Anagallido-Juncion
bulbosi)]; fens, calcareous oligo-mesotrophic peats and peaty flushed soils (Caricetalia davallianae) [Eurosiberian and Mediterranean mostly at high altitudes
(Caricion davallianae), pioneer basophilous Arctic and Alpine (Caricion
maritimae)]. Holarctic.
Characteristic species: Calliergon stramineum, Carex flava subsp. flava, Carex

lepidocarpa subsp. nevadensis, Carex nigra, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Juncus alpinoarticulatus subsp. alpestris, Leontodon duboissi, Menyanthes trifoliata, Parnassia
palustris, Pedicularis palustris, Pedicularis verticillata, Pinguicula vulgaris, Poten-


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tilla palustris, Salix repens, Scorpidium revolvens, Sphagnum contortum, Sphagnum
fallax, Sphagnum inundatum, Sphagnum platyphyllum, Tomentypnum nitens,
Trichophorum caespitosum subsp. caespitosum, Triglochin palustre, Warnstorfia
exannulata.
14a. Scheuchzerietalia palustris Nordhagen 1936
Characteristic species: Carex diandra, Carex lasiocarpa, Sphagnum brevifolium, Sphagnum majus subsp. norvegicum.
14.1. Rhynchosporion albae Koch 1926
Characteristic species: Carex limosa, Drosera intermedia, Drosera longifolia, Lycopodiella inundata, Rhynchospora alba, Rhynchospora fusca, Sphagnum
cuspidatum.
14b. Caricetalia nigrae Koch 1926 nom. mut. propos.
[Caricetalia fuscae]

Characteristic species: Agrostis canina subsp. canina, Carex echinata, Epilobium palustre, Eriophorum angustifolium, Sphagnum flexuosum, Viola palustris
subsp. palustris.
14.2. Caricion nigrae Koch 1926 nom. mut. propos.
[Caricion fuscae]

Characteristic species: Calycocorsus stipitatus, Cardamine crassifolia, Carex
canescens, Carex demissa, Eriophorum scheuchzeri, Juncus filiformis, Phleum
alpinum subsp. alpinum, Salix lapponum subsp. ceretana, Sphagnum teres,

Sphagnum warnstorfii, Viola palustris subsp. juressi.
14.3. Anagallido tenellae-Juncion bulbosi Br.-Bl. 1967
Characteristic species: Agrostis hesperica, Anagallis tenella, Arnica montana
subsp. atlantica, Carex trinervis, Pinguicula lusitanica, Wahlenbergia hederacea.
14.6. Festucion frigidae Rivas-Martínez, Díez-Garretas, Asensi, Molero & F. Valle
all. nova
Characteristic species: Agrostis canina subsp. granatensis, Festuca frigida,
Leontodon microcephalus, Pinguicula nevadensis, Ranunculus angustifolius
subsp. alismoides, Veronica turbicola.
14c. Caricetalia davallianae Br.-Bl. 1949
Characteristic species: Campylium stellatum, Carex flava subsp. alpina, Carex
frigida, Carex hostiana, Carex vaginata, Equisetum variegatum, Fissidens adianthoides, Juncus pyrenaeus, Pinguicula alpina, Potentilla fruticosa, Primula farinosa, Selaginella selaginoides, Spiranthes aestivalis, Thalictrum alpinum, Tofieldia
calyculata, Veronica ponae.


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14.4. Caricion davallianae Klika 1934
Characteristic species: Carex davalliana, Carex lepidocarpa subsp. lepidocarpa, Carex pulicaris, Dactylorhiza incarnata, Epipactis palustris, Eriophorum
latifolium, Pedicularis mixta, Pinguicula grandiflora subsp. grandiflora, Swertia
perennis.
14.5. Caricion maritimae Br.-Bl. in Volk 1940 nom. mut. propos.
[Caricion juncifoliae]

Characteristic species: Carex bicolor, Juncus arcticus, Juncus triglumis, Kobresia simpliciuscula, Salix hastatella subsp. hastatella, Salix hastatella subsp.
picoeuropeana.
15. UTRICULARIETEA INTERMEDIO-MINORIS Pietsch 1965
Dystrophic and oligotrophic floating Utricularia communities growing on small

boggy pools in meso- to orotemperate oceanic bioclimates (Utricularietalia intermedio-minoris: Sphagno-Utricularion). Holarctic.
Characteristic species: Sparganium minimum (*), Utricularia intermedia (*),
Utricularia minor.
15a. Utricularietalia intermedio-minoris Pietsch 1965
Characteristic species: Sparganium minimum (*), Utricularia intermedia (*),
Utricularia minor.
15.1. Sphagno-Utricularion Müller & Görs 1960
Characteristic species: Sparganium minimum (*), Utricularia intermedia (*),
Utricularia minor.
III. COASTAL AND CONTINENTAL HALOPHILOUS AND SAND DUNE VEGETATION
IIIa. VEGETATION OF COASTAL SAND DUNES
16. AMMOPHILETEA Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Westhoff, Dijk & Passchier 1946
Pioneer perennial rhizomatous grasses and chamaephyte coastal sand dune communities of Mediterranean and Atlantic littoral distribution. Mobile fore-dunes
(Ammophiletalia) [external flat coastal dunes (Honckenyo-Elytrigion: Elytrigienion boreoatlanticae  Atlantic, Coastal Lusitan-Andalusian and Tingitanian, Elytrigienion junceae  Mediterranean excepting Tingitanian and Coastal
Lusitan-Andalusian), internal high coastal dunes (Ammophilion australis: Ammophilenion australis  Mediterranean and Cantabrian-Atlantic until Basque
Country coasts), Mediterranean salt flat coastal dunes (Sporobolion arenarii)];
grey hind-dunes (Crucianelletalia maritimae) [Mediterranean drainage basin
(Crucianellion maritimae), franco-atlantic coasts (Euphorbio-Helichrysion
maritimae), ibero-atlantic coasts (Helichrysion picardii)]. Mediterranean and
Atlantic-Central European.


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Characteristic species: Anthemis maritima, Cyperus capitatus, Euphorbia paralias, Lotus creticus, Medicago marina, Pancratium maritimum, Polygonum maritimum.
16a. Ammophiletalia Br.-Bl. 1933

Characteristic species: Calystegia soldanella, Eryngium maritimum, Festuca
juncifolia, Otanthus maritimus.
16.1. Ammophilion australis Br.-Bl. 1921 corr. Rivas-Martínez, Costa & Izco in Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C. Costa 1990
[Ammophilion arundinaceae]
(Ammophilenion australis Rivas-Martínez & Géhu in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980 corr. F. Prieto & T. E. Díaz 1991 (16.1a))

Characteristic species: Ammophila arenaria subsp. australis (16.1a), Echinophora spinosa (16.1a).
16.2. Honckenyo peploidis-Elytrigion boreoatlanticae Tüxen in Br.-Bl. & Tüxen
1952 nom. mut. & inv. propos.
[Agropyro-Minuartion peploidis]
(Elytrigienion boreoatlanticae Rivas-Martínez & Géhu in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980 nom. mut. propos. (16.2a). Elytrigienion junceae Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980 nom. mut. propos. (16.2b))

Characteristic species: Elytrigia juncea subsp. boreoatlantica (16.2a), Elytrigia juncea subsp. juncea (16.2b), Honckenya peploides var. peploides (16.2a).
16.3. Sporobolion arenarii (Géhu & Géhu-Franck ex Géhu & Biondi 1994) RivasMartínez & Cantó all. nova, stat. nov.
Characteristic species: Centaurea seridis var. maritima, Centaurea sphaerocephala var. polyacantha, Sporobolus arenarius.
16b. Crucianelletalia maritimae Sissingh 1974
Characteristic species: Aetheorhiza bulbosa, Crucianella maritima, Euphorbia
portlandica, Helichrysum stoechas var. maritimum, Leontodon taraxacoides subsp.
taraxacoides, Malcolmia littorea, Matthiola sinuata, Ononis ramosissima, Scrophularia frutescens.
16.4. Crucianellion maritimae Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez 1958
Characteristic species: Ambrosia maritima, Echium sabulicola, Launaea fragilis subsp. viminea, Teucrium dunense.
16.5. Euphorbio portlandicae-Helichrysion maritimi Géhu & Tüxen ex Sissingh
1974
Characteristic species: Alyssum loiseleurii, Asperula occidentalis, Dianthus
hyssopifolius subsp. gallicus, Galium arenarium, Linaria maritima.
16.6. Helichrysion picardii (Rivas-Martínez, Costa & Izco in Rivas-Martínez, Lousã,
T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C. Costa 1990) Rivas-Martínez, FernándezGonzález & Loidi 1999


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Characteristic species: Armeria pungens, Armeria welwitschii, Artemisia
crithmifolia, Coincya pseudoerucastrum subsp. johnstonii, Echium gaditanum,
Euphorbia baetica, Helichrysum picardii, Iberis procumbens, Jasione lusitanica,
Linaria navarroi, Linaria lamarckii, Thymus carnosus.
17. CAKILETEA MARITIMAE Tüxen & Preising ex Br.-Bl. & Tüxen 1952
Pioneer halo-nitrophilous annual forb communities of strandlines, beaches and
coastal sand dunes (Cakiletalia integrifoliae) [Atlantic and Baltic See coasts
(Atriplicion littoralis), Mediterranean and Coastal Lusitan-Andalusian (Cakilion maritimae)]. Holarctic.
Characteristic species: Beta maritima var. maritima, Cakile edentula, Chamaesyce peplis, Glaucium flavum, Salsola kali subsp. kali, Salsola kali var. polysarca.
17a. Cakiletalia integrifoliae Tüxen ex Oberdorfer 1949 corr. Rivas-Martínez, Costa
& Loidi 1992
[Cakiletalia maritimae]

Characteristic species: Beta maritima var. maritima, Cakile edentula, Chamaesyce peplis, Glaucium flavum, Salsola kali subsp. kali, Salsola kali var. polysarca.
17.1. Atriplicion littoralis Nordhagen 1940
Characteristic species: Atriplex glabriuscula, Atriplex laciniata, Cakile maritima subsp. integrifolia, Chamaesyce polygonifolia, Polygonum raii (*), Raphanus maritimus subsp. maritimus.
17.2. Cakilion maritimae Pignatti 1953
Characteristic species: Atriplex rosea subsp. tarraconensis, Cakile maritima
subsp. maritima.
18. HONCKENIO-LEYMETEA ARENARI Tüxen 1966 nom. mut. propos.
[Honckenyo-Elymetea arenarii]

European class not found in the territory
IIIb. COASTAL AND CONTINENTAL HALOPHILOUS VEGETATION
19. CRITHMO-LIMONIETEA Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952 nom. mut. propos.
[Crithmo-Staticetea]

Coastal chasmophytic communities of cliffs and lithosols splashed by marine salt
spray under mediterranean bioclimate (Crithmo-Limonietalia) [Western Mediterranean (Crithmo-Limonion), Coastal Lusitan-Andalusian (Crithmo-Daucion
halophili), Canarian (Frankenio-Astydamion) and Madeiran (Helichrysion
obconico-devium) and dwarf chamaephyte cushion-shaped communities of lithosols or sandy-lithosols of mediterranean coastal rockies splashed by strong marine


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winds in Balearic Islands (Launaeion cervicornis) or locally in Iberian Peninsula
(Sagres) and Catalan-Valencian (Astragalion tragacanthae)]. Mediterranean.
Characteristic species: Asteriscus maritimus, Crithmum maritimum, Limonium
virgatum, Plantago macrorhiza.
19a. Crithmo-Limonietalia Molinier 1934 nom. mut. propos.
[Crithmo-Staticetalia]

Characteristic species: Helichrysum stoechas subsp. caespitosum.
19.1. Crithmo-Limonion Molinier 1934 nom. mut. propos.
[Crithmo-Staticion]

Characteristic species: Daucus gingidium subsp. commutatus, Daucus gingidium subsp. hispanicus, Euphorbia margalidiana, Frankenia laevis var. marcosii, Limonium artruchium, Limonium balearicum, Limonium caprariense, Limonium carregadorense, Limonium dragonericum, Limonium dufourii, Limonium
ebusitanum, Limonium fontqueri, Limonium geronense, Limonium gymnesicum,
Limonium majoricum,Limonium malacitanum,Limonium minoricense, Limonium
minutum, Limonium muradense, Limonium portopetranum, Limonium pseudebusitanum, Limonium pseudodictyocladum, Limonium revolutum, Limonium saxicola, Limonium tenuicaule, Limonium tremolsii, Lotus cytisoides, Senecio leucanthemifolius subsp. crassifolius, Sonchus tenerrimus var. pectinatus.
19.2. Launaeion cervicornis (O. Bolòs & Vigo ex Gil & Llorens 1995) RivasMartínez, Fernández-González & Loidi 1999
Characteristic species: Anthyllis hystrix, Dorycnium fulgurans, Euphorbia
maresii subsp. maresii, Femeniasia balearica, Launaea cervicornis, Santolina

chamaecyparissus subsp. magonica.
19.3. Crithmo-Daucion halophili Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, FernándezGonzález & J.C. Costa 1990
Characteristic species: Armeria pseudarmeria, Daucus halophilus, Dianthus
cintranus subsp. cintranus, Limonium emarginatum, Limonium multiflorum, Limonium plurisquamatum, Silene obtusifolia, Spergularia australis.
19.4. Frankenio-Astydamion latifoliae Santos 1976
Characteristic species: Argyranthemum frutescens subsp. succulentum, Astydamia latifolia, Atractylis preuxiana, Frankenia ericifolia, Limonium humboldtii,
Limonium imbricatum, Limonium papillatum, Limonium pectinatum, Reichardia
crystalina, Reichardia ligulata var. crispa.
19.5. Astragalion tragacanthae (Folch ex Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González &
Loidi 1999) Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Loidi all. nova, stat. nov.
Characteristic species: Astragalus tragacantha subsp. tragacantha, Astragalus tragacantha subsp. vicentinus, Festuca ruscinonensis, Plantago subulata,
Polycarpon polycarpoides subsp. catalaunicum, Senecio cineraria, Seseli farrenyi, Silene rothmaleri.


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19.6. Helichrysion obconico-dvium Rivas-Martínez, Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã,
Fontinha, Jardim & Sequeira all. nova
Characteristic species: Helichrysum devium, Helichrysum obconicum, Limonium pyramidatum.
20. JUNCETEA MARITIMI Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952
Perennial grasslands growing on coastal and inland temporary wet or inundated
salt marshes. Temperate continental and low littoral Cantabrian-Atlantic (GlaucoPuccinellietalia) [coastal dense juncoid wet salt marshes (Glauco maritimaeJuncion maritimi), coastal prostratae chamaephyte halo-nitrophilous communities
reached by highest tides (Limonio ovalifolii-Frankenion laevis)]; Mediterranean (Juncetalia maritimi) [coastal or inland Juncus maritimus and graminoid
wet communities (Juncion maritimi: Juncenion maritimi  coastal euoceanic,
Soncho crassifolii-Juncenion maritimi  inland semicontinental), coastal
halophilous well drained sandy soils (Plantaginion crassifoliae), inland long
stagnant brackish water (Puccinellion caespitosae)]; aerohaline Atlantic sea
cliffs (Crithmo-Armerietalia) [Britanic, Cantabrian-Atlantic, Coastal LusitanAndalusian and West Tingitanian (Crithmo-Armerion), Azorean (Euphorbio

azoricae-Festucion petraeae)]. Holarctic.
Characteristic species: Alopecurus bulbosus, Apium graveolens, Aster tripolium,
Carex extensa, Festuca rubra subsp. pruinosa, Glaux maritima, Juncus gerardi, Juncus maritimus, Limonium auriculae-ursifolium, Plantago maritima, Puccinellia rupestris, Triglochin maritima.
20a. Juncetalia maritimi Br.-Bl. ex Horvatic 1934
Characteristic species: Dorycnium gracile, Elytrigia elongata, Juncus acutus,
Lotus preslii, Melilotus siculus, Puccinellia festuciformis subsp. lagascana, Puccinellia tenuifolia, Sonchus maritimus, Spartina versicolor, Thalictrum maritimum.
20.1. Juncion maritimi Br.-Bl. ex Horvatic 1934
(Juncenion maritimi Rivas-Martínez 1984 (20.1a). Soncho crassifolii-Juncenion maritimi Rivas-Martínez 1984 (20.1b))

Characteristic species: Centaurium tenuiflorum, Elytrigia curvifolia (20.1b),
Gypsophila tomentosa (20.1b), Helianthemum polygonoides (20.1b), Iris spuria
subsp. maritima, Juncus subulatus, Sonchus crassifolius (20.1b), Tetragonolobus
maritimus var. maritimus.
20.2. Plantaginion crassifoliae Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952
Characteristic species: Centaurea dracunculifolia, Linum maritimum, Plantago crassifolia.
20.3. Puccinellion caespitosae Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez & Costa 1976 corr.
hoc loco
[Puccinellion fasciculatae]

Characteristic species: Carex punctata subsp. lainzii, Puccinellia caespitosa,
Puccinellia hispanica, Puccinellia pungens, Scorzonera parviflora.


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Itinera Geobotanica 15 (2002)

20b. Glauco-Puccinellietalia Beeftink & Westhoff in Beeftink 1962

Characteristic species: Armeria maritima subsp. maritima, Limonium binervosum, Limonium vulgare, Puccinellia distans, Puccinellia fasciculata, Puccinellia
maritima.
20.4. Glauco maritimae-Juncion maritimi Géhu & Géhu-Franck 1984
Characteristic species: Carex punctata subsp. punctata, Cochlearia aestuaria, Festuca rubra subsp. litoralis, Limonium humile.
20.5. Limonio ovalifolii-Frankenion laevis Arbesú, Bueno & F. Prieto all. nova
Characteristic species: Frankenia laevis var. laevis, Limonium dodartii, Limonium ovalifolium.
20c. Crithmo-Armerietalia Géhu 1964
Characteristic species: Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. iberica, Dactylis marina.
20.6. Crithmo-Armerion maritimae Géhu 1968
Characteristic species: Angelica pachycarpa, Armeria berlengensis, Armeria
euscadiensis, Armeria maritima subsp. miscella, Armeria pubigera subsp. depilata, Armeria pubigera subsp. pubigera, Centaurea borjae, Daucus gingidium
subsp. atlanticum, Leucanthemum ircutianum subsp. crassifolium, Leucanthemum merinoi, Leucanthemum pluriflorum, Rumex acetosa subsp. biformis, Rumex rupestris, Sesamoides suffruticosa subsp. latifolia, Silene uniflora, Spergularia rupicola subsp. rupicola, Trifolium occidentale.
20.7. Euphorbio azoricae-Festucion petraeae Lüpnitz 1976
Characteristic species: Azorina vidali, Daucus azorica, Euphorbia azorica,
Festuca petraea, Spergularia azorica..
22. PUCCINELLIO-SALICORNIETEA Topa 1939
European class not found in the territory.
22. SAGINETEA MARITIMAE Westhoff, Van Leeuwen & Adriani 1962
Pioneer ephemeral coastal and inland communities on bare or disturbed saltmarsh. Littoral Atlantic temperate, saline, and loamy or sandy soils under salt-spray
influence (Saginetalia maritimae: Saginion maritimae); Mediterranean littoral or inland halophilous habitats (Frankenietalia pulverulentae) [coastal and
inland long stagnant saline waters (Frankenion pulverulentae), inland slightly
inundated saline waters (Hordeion marini)]. Holarctic.
Characteristic species: Bupleurum tenuissimum, Catapodium marinum, Centaurium spicatum, Parapholis incurva, Parapholis strigosa, Plantago coronopus var.
stricta, Rhynchostegiella littorea, Sagina maritima, Spergularia bocconei, Spergularia marina.
22a. Saginetalia maritimae Westhoff, Van Leeuwen & Adriani 1962
Characteristic species: See alliance (22.1)