ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS OF PLANTS WITH GROUPS AND DESCRIPTIONS V1, TWINING 1868

ILLUSTRATIONS
m
OF THK

NATURAL ORDERS OF PLANTS

GROUPS AND DESCRIPTIONS

BT

ELIZABETH TWINING.
"I

REDUCED FROM THE ORIGINAL FOLIO EDITION.
/(fP

VOL.

I.

LONDON:

SAMPSON LOW,
CROWN

SON,

BUILDINGS,

188

AND MAKSTON,
FLEET STREET.

1868.
(The Right

uj Ti-vuilatioH

u

nftrvcd by Ihc .iulUor.)



;

580
V,

1

INTRODUCTION.

J

——

^
Of

*

all

the varied objects of creation there

and delight

affords so ranch gratification

bining so

many

is,

to

probably, no portion that

mankind

various qualities of utility and beauty, and being as

they are so widely spread abroad in the world,
valleys,

Com-

as plants.

and the mountains

;

in

— over

the

plains, the

depths of the earth, and in the

the

waters of the ocean, the lakes, and the rivers, and every pond and pool
in the hottest regions of the tropics,

and extending even

to the frozen

lands of the Arctic zone, they claim attention everywhere, and in all
.

^

times, in a pre-eminent degree.

From

when the simple and abundant

daisy yields

recreations, until the close of

when

^ there
vj

^

is

life,

the earliest years of childhood,

one of the most valued

flowers are planted on the grave,

no period when some of the countless variety of plants do not

way

minister in some

and ancient authority

to

our comfort and enjoyment.

for the study of plants.

We

There

is

read that he to

high

whom

^ was given " wisdom and understanding exceeding much, and largeness
o of heart,"
ci east
<\

whose " wisdom excelled the wisdom of

country, and

" the cedar-tree that

v^^ut of the

wall."

the wisdom of Egypt,"

all

is

all

— he

the children of the

spake of trees, from

in Lebanon, even unto the hyssop that springetli

It is interesting to think of this branch of

knowledge

-< as of one which contributed to spread the fame of Solomon " in
nations round about," so that " there came of

all

all

people to hear his

r^ wisdom."

numerous proofs of the value of a knowledge of
plants in all ages of the world.
It is now 250 years since the good
old Grerard completed his famous " Herbal " in this country, and declared
There

^

^ he

are, indeed,

could find no greater delight than to behold the earth

with plants,

—a

delight great to the

apparelled

outer senses, but greater

16652

still

to


INTRODUCTION.

ii

mind enriched with the knowledge of these visible things, " setting
forth to us the invisible and admirable workmanship of Almighty God."
the

JMany works have already been prepared
nature of plants,
to

mark

—

manner

their

But

in simple,
to the

and

it is

hoped these

fication to those

to

in

of plants,

descriptions,

may add something

If they can increase grati-

possess beautiful gardens, or delight in searching

out the native plants of our fields and roads

awaken

combined with

be derived from plants.

who

in every part,

when faded and gone during the decay

illustrations,

as far as possible untechnical language,

enjoyment

imderstanding the

in

arrangement

of growth, to ascertain their various properties,

or to recall their beautiful forms
of winter.

aid

to

to explain their wonderful

or if they should be able to

;

any miud an interest in the study of the nature and properties

my

design will be

fulfilled,

and a humble, but very earnest

desire accomplished.

The groups

are intended to show in one view some of the principal

plants composing the respective tribes, arranged as

modern

science has

The system

found to be in accordance with structure and properties.
of

De CandoUe

is

that followed, with only slight exceptions.

In every

Order that contains British plants English species are selected as examples,

By

but combined with others from foreign countries.
native plants in groups with foreigners,

of the nature of our Flora, and

with that of other countries.

we acquire

the character

Tliis is

the

first

it

a

thus placing our

more

correct idea

when compared

has

work which has thus done

due honour to our British plants by connecting with others, and placing

them whenever

new method

The

possible at the head of the Order to be illustrated.

plants into Orders, according to the structure

of classing

of the parts of fructification,

is

thought to be more

than the old system of Linnaeus

;

difificult to

the student

but having groups brought before us,

One

united with descriptions, renders the subject easy and agreeable.

very interesting point

thus gained,

is

— that

is,

a ready perception of the

geographical distribution of any particular tribe.

Also,

what proportion

our British Flora bears, both in quantity and quality, to the whole range
of the Natural Orders

abundance

;

:

how we have some

tribes in their full vigour

of others, only a few species, scattered, as it were,

geographical limits of the tribe.
in our temperate clime
exclusively to the

;

for

tropics,

Of

others,

no specimen

some of the groups

and some

to

will

will be

and

on the
found

be seen to belong

the cooler regions.

By

thus

connecting our own Flora with a general view of the Orders to which
the

plants

we

possess

belong, a higher interest

may

be given to the


INTRODUCTION.

many

examination of

may be

lowly flowers of our

named from

Tlie

fields.

considered as a perfect type of

culaceoe,"

Ul

common

numerous

tliat

tribe

buttercup

" Eanun-

the genus, and abounding chiefly in the northern

The study of Euphorbiacese, the Spurge tribe, in
show either small herbaceous weeds in gardens, or a
of rather larger size, but not more pleasing aspect,

countries of Europe.
this

country, will

few other species,
in

woods and hedges

but, on examination, one chief character of the

;

Order will be observed, namely, an abundant milky juice of extreme

The very curious arrangement of the

acridity.

parts of the flower

be perceived, also, as well in these as in the larger species

on the mountains of Northern India, or at the base

tropical America, or

of the

Peak

may

which grow in

of Teneriffe

some of which attain a gigantic

;

size, rising

in upright, angular columns, or with variously branched stems, beset

These have, indeed, a very different aspect from

with strong spines.

that of our small weeds of this tribe, but the essential characters are the

Among

same.

those tribes of which

we have

specimens in

the finest

the British isles

may

these

a vigorous growth in the temperate climate of this

attain

all

be noticed the oak, elm, ash, and willow-trees

:

The oaks of England are not surpassed in any other part
of the world.
The ash of the Isle of Wight rivals that of North America.
Of some tribes we possess only a few species, which are beyond the
boundaries of the chief mass of the group,
as in the Mallow tribe, which
country.

—

belongs principally to the tropics, extending a few small species into

our temperate region.

we have one genus in Britain,
Germany, and discover the main centre of the

In other

a few more in France or

tribes,

group in some other part of the Continent.

Helianthemum

is

the only British example.

and Switzerland, and the chief mass of the
There are many

we

them out

follow

large

tribes of

trees

belonging

the tribe.

to

all

small herbs

Of the Umbelliferous
tenuissimum the
is

an evergreen shrub,

coast of Barbary

;

tribe

smallest.

is

and Portugal.

we

often

perceive shrubs or

may be

Perhaps the same genus

in the East Indies one is

The English

species

an evergreen shrub.

we have numerous herbs only

;

Bupleurum

In the south of France Bupleurum fruticosum

five or six feet

high

a hoary evergreen of

;

Bupleurum canescens on the
Of the
still larger growth.

extensive tribe of composite plants forty-five genera are found in Britain,

many

of

them very

;

found in Grermany

tribe is in Spain

expanded into shrubby species in warmer regions.
of flax are

is

which we possess only small herbs, but when
hotter countries

into

This occurs in Cistacese
Cistus

plentifully, as the Daisy, Tliistle

and others

;

but

all


INTRODUCTION.

IV

herbaceous, and near!}"

The great Scotch

of low growth.

all

of the finest of the tribe,

is

seldom more than

one

Thistle,

five or six feet in height.

Some, however, of the British genera may be found existing

other

in

countries, and there developed in very different specific forms, as shrubs

Sonchus, of very tender, succulent nature here, affording food

or trees.

known
Some

for rabbits, is

green shrubs.

composite

Madeira and the Canaries

form of ever-

we have of the vast
and Spartium, the Broom, are of

the various native species

tribe, onl}' Ulex, the P^urze,

Proceeding towards the south of France, we meet with

a shrubby nature.

the Laburnum, and other trees of considerable

size.

ther into tropical regions, this important tribe

is

trees, of varied utility

is

in the

of the largest trees of St. Helena belong to this

Among

tribe.

Leguminous

in

and beauty.

Advancing

fur-

still

found in shrubs and lofty

Amherstia nobilis, of the East Indies,

a large tree bearing magnificent drooping branches of scarlet flowers,

said to be

im surpassed in the vegetable world.

The Hymenea of

Brazil

has been found to measure eighty -five feet around the base of the stem
is

2000

said to live to

only

Of the

years.

grass tribe,

;

it

we have lowly specimens

our native species incline more to the northern than the southern

:

types.

Poa, our

and Melville

meadow

Island.

grass, stretches to the icy regions of Spitsbergen

Other of our grasses are found also to the south

;

and

these frequently in lofty situations, as on the Alps, near the limits of per-

petual snow
is

;

on the Andes, and on the Himalayas.

common

the

reed, our largest species of this tribe

about the mouth of the Thames,
grasses of the South.

it

gives

Arundo Donax,

of

Arundo Phragmites,
in the

;

deep ditches

an idea of the more gigantic

North Africa, advances into the

South of Europe, and gives a clear indication of the more highly developed
tropical species.

we perceive

But there

is

one striking character of this tribe which

as distinctly in this country as

anywhere

:

the peculiar pro-

perty of spreading over wide spaces of ground with scarcely any intermixture
of other plants, can nowhere be better observed than in our
lawns.

meadows and

In the Tropics, large grasses grow separately, like other plants,

are of greater size

and height, and in some instances have wider leaves

than any of the species belonging to the temperate zone, and assume partly
the appearance of trees.

In examining other tribes, we find the same genera or species widely
spread in distant countries, and retaining the same form and appearance,

but growing in different situations, where there
able

for

their

growth.

may

be a climate favour-

Vaccinium Myrtillus, the Bilberry,

shrubby plant, spreading over a wild ground

;

it

is

abounds in various

a low
jjarts

INTRODUCTION.

V

of Britain, eitlier on heatlis, or on rocks of no great elevation, as those of

Tunbridge Wells

;

or on a turfy soil in the northern counties of England,

and the moors of the Scotch Highlands.
to

low rocks or moors

Alps

it is

;

In Switzerland

on the higher part of the Simplon Pass

;

and

sides,

autumn

in

it is

not confined

found on the turfy heights of the

also to he

covers

it

tlie

ground on

by

gives a bright colouring to the scene

its

all

red

leaves.

In the Saxifrage
It

is

all

position according to the climate.

which
is

in

is

abundant on the highest

Northern countries, merely varied in

For example
hills

:

Saxifraga oppositifolia,

of Wales, Yorkshire, or Scotland,

found also in Switzerland, Grermany, and France
still loftier

form or situation.

tribe, there is very little diversity of

extensively scattered over

than those of Britain.

localities

but in those countries,

;

may be

It

seen on the

northern slopes of the Pyrenees, on the mountains of Moravia and Bohemia,

and on the Grimsel, Ghemmi, Kighi,

Grothard,

St.

and other Alps,

elevation sometimes approaching the limit of perpetual snow.

plant

is also

There

it

This

to be traced as far north as Melville Island, in 75° of

finds a sufficiently cold temperature

monotony of which

it

enlivens with

earliest arrival of spring.

its

The budding

at

an

little

N.

lat.

on the level plain, the dreaiy

bright purple flowers, on the

of this small Saxifrage was one of

the welcome indications of spring that gladdened the hearts of Captain

Parry and

his crew, after their

ice-bound winter in the Polar regions.

The Juniper of our northern moors

is

another plant that

persed, and consequently inhabits very dissimilar localities.
it

northwards, we shall find

its

is

widely dis-

If

we

follow

low stunted form on the level plains of

Lapland, which are during a great portion of the year covered with snow.
If

we search

for it in hot countries, it will be

on the western slope of the Himalayas,
There

are,

found only on mountains, as

at 14,500 feet.

however, a few minute plants

among

the lower tribes, which

are not only entirely of the herbaceous class, but which, in whatever part
of the world
in

still

we discover them, inhabit similar

waters.

Callitriche verna, the

situations, floating always

Water Star- wort,

so plentiful in the

Lord Auckland's

ditches and ponds of England, has also been observed in
Isle, in

65° of

65° of N.

lat.,

S. lat.,

and in the Azores, in 38° of N.

lat.

In Iceland, in

our Callitriche autumnalis covers the ponds and ditches.

In these humble plants, we not unfrequently find a greater power of
adaptation to various climates and stations, and a more extensive dispersion over the globe, than in the higher tribes.

varied forms vegetation assumes, and in what

It is

remarkable what

strange situations

it is

found.


"

IM'llODUCTIUN.

vi

Deep in the coal-mines of Saxony, far from the liRhizomorpha subterranea, a small branching plant, on the limits of the
Fungus tribe, which possesses phosphorescent properties, and shines in the
dark with great brilliancy. Racodium cellare is a very singular substance
of the

with

Fungus kind,

its

that occasionally grows in cellars, filling every space

hanging masses of black

thin covering of

flat

Eocks which appear

fibres.

at a distance

on closer examination to be clothed with a

to be bare, are often perceived

Lichens, of various kinds, some of which adhere so

firmly as to be inseparable from

Some

it.

of the Conferva3 have been

found growing in boiling springs in Arabia, at the Cape of Good Hope,

and

Marchantia and Lycopodium were seen

in the Greysers of Iceland.

close to hot springs in the Island of

Amsterdam, in the Indian Ocean.

Several of these lowest tribes of plants are also capable of enduring ex-

treme

cold.

where

it

is

The Reindeer Lichen

covers extensive plains in Lapland,

buried under thick snows for

many months

without injury.

Protococcus nivalis, a minute plant on the verge of vegetable
noticed by Saussure, on the perpetual snow

first

surface with a red liue

:

it

was

consists of simple cells filled with a red fluid,

and has obtained the name of Red Snow, from

its

appearance, which at

much

It excited also

caused great perplexity.

first

life,

of the Alps, tinging the

surprise to Captain

Ross and his crew during their expedition to the Polar regions, where

was discovered reddening vast plains of snow and

Various kinds of Algae, or Sea-weeds, pervade both
water in every possible situation.

be scarcely perceptible to the

Some

naked eye

the Indian Ocean
of 1500 feet.
like a floating

:

salt

are so exceedingly

;

stem any land plant. Macrocystis pyrifera

it

ice.

and fresh

minute

as to

others far exceed in length of
is

a tropical genus, inhabiting

the slender stems are said to reach the enormous length

The Sargassum,

meadow on

or Grulf-weed,

the Atlantic Ocean,

extending from 25° to 36° of N.

water, others in deep seas.

lat.

Some

which Columbus met with,
is

often seen in large masses,

species flourish in shallow

Fucus vitifolius was brought up from a depth

of 190 feet, off the Coast of the Canaries, by

Humboldt and Bonpland, and

exhibited the peculiar property which sea-weeds possess of acquiring green
colour without the aid of light.

Truly " the earth

is full

of riches

Not only does the land bring

;

so is the great

and wide sea

forth abundantly every green herb

also

and

I

tree

after its kind, but the waters are also full of suitable vegetation, affording

food and shelter to the " things creeping innumerable " that dwell therein.
It is

remarkable that among those plants considered

useless,

are to

be

INTRODUCTION.

vii

found the most striking examples of beautiful form, brilliant colour, and
fragrant scent, as
as if thus to

is

and the Orchis

particularly the case in the Lily

remind us that they

are to be observed for

also are not to be disregarded

some good and wise purpose

that

;

tribes,

that they

;

we may admire

them for their excellent beauty, and examine their wonderful structure,
and perceive, thus more clearly, the omnipotence and the mercy of the
Creator, who knoweth whereof we are made, who seeth that our patli is
beset with many thorns, and that our spirits, as well as our bodies, are
liable to weariness,

service to

and need refreshment and cheering

Even the

pilgrimage.

man

;

so-called

useless plants

may

and though not offering any material

available for other

and higher purposes.

as

we

pass on our

have their allotted
uses,

may be made

They can perform a share

of the

great work of enlightening the mind, and refining the taste, and purifying

the heart for true and simple enjoyment.
lible
fails

man, who, even

in

of the intended end

sible to all

;

they are the

and

city

may derive

will readily

grow."

gifts of

;

our heavenly Father, accesforth

the weariest and weakest

the green herb and the lowly flowers

crowded

are no invention of fal-

The joyous can go gladly

His children.

path in the bright garden

way on

They

best plans for gratification or recreation, often

liis

;

on their sunny

may

rest

on their

and the busiest even in the

cheering delight from the humble window-garden,

pause on their course to " consider the

lilies

how they



CONTENTS OF PLATES.
VOLUME

I.

PAGE
1.

... Ranunculus
Delphinium cuitum.

RanunculacEj?':

Anemone

ac7-is.

Anemone

Japonica.

Trollius Europceus.

Clematis

coronaria.

Helleborus/ceft'rfe^s.

viticena.
2.

DlLLENiACE^E

Candollea

Dillenia scaZ>m?«.

Hibbeilia vombiiis.

cuneiformifi.

Hiljbertia j^cfhincumta.
3.

MagnoliacEjE

IMagnolia

...

Talauma

grandijiora.

Liriodendron

Candonii.

tmipiferum.

Anona squamosa.

4.

AnonacEjE

5.

MENiSPERMACEiE

.

.

Pmnlcenetii.

macrocarpus.
6.

BERBEiUDAGEiE

7.

FuMARlACK^

...

lateriflora.

Menispermum

virginicum.
Cocculus
Cocculus
Cissampelos Caaj^eba.
Cocculus patmatus.
Cissampelos Pareira.
Cissampelos iropaoiifoiia.

Epimedium

Berberis vulgaris.

Fumaria

capreoiata.

Didytra formosa.
8.

Guatteria

Menispemiuiu canadense.

Corydalis

Diphyllea cymosa.

aipinum.

Corydalis

Corydalis

mtea.

Nymph ea a2&a. '^ymphea jiygmea. Nuphar
Nymphea coerulea.

Xympheace.e

tuberosa.

Cashmmana.
/w^eo.

Xelumbiuni

speciosum.
9.

pAPAVERACEiE ... Papaver somniferum.

Meconopsis acmeatum.

10.

Sarraceniace^

11.

Cruciace^e

...

Papaver

Rhmas.

Glaucium

^arracen\?i purpurea.

Savracenia variolaris. Heliamphora

Brassica

Lunaria

oieracea.

Capparidace.e

...

Capparis

13.

Capparis

ncjairll.

Bixa Ormana.

BiXACE^E

14. PASSiFLORACEiE

...

ViOLACEiE

\\o\a
ITybanthus.

mtifoiium.

Cratoeva fragrans.

Cratoeva RoxCapparis ovata.
Physostemon.
Capparis jEgyptiaca.

Flacourtia i?amor«teA/.

Passiflora edmis.

Tacsonia moiiissima.
15.

Breynia.

Sodada decidua.

Polanisia chnidonii.
burghii.

Capparis

spinosa.

?!«/««*.

Nasturtium officinale.
Cheiranthus Cheirl.

biennis.

Erysimum Petrowshianum. Iberis gibraitarica.
Schizopetalon Wa/iheri.
Y &ivoca\\\s pyrenaica. Thlaspi
12.

mtcuin.

tricolor,

Alsodea

Passiflora racemosa.

Flacourtia inermis.
Passifiora maiiformis.

Sraeathmannia lavigata.
\io\a odorata.
Physipiliora.

Erpetion

?'en«/b?'ms.

Curynostylis

lonidium Ttoubou.
V*


CONTENTS OF PLATES.

X
PAoe

16.

Polygala chamcsbuxut.
Pdlyiiula cuvdifoUa.
... Polygala cuii/ari.s.
Securidaca tomentosa.
Mmaltia inirta.
^lundia spinosa.
Polygala

POLYGALACE.E

Trigonia.

crotolar hides.

Reseda

17. Resf.dace-E

Reseda

Zu^coZa.

18.

DaosERACEiE
Drosera rotundifolia.
Aldrovanda vesiculosa.

19.

OXALIDACE.E

Oxalis acetosella.

Za/ea.

Reseda

Dionea

o^/ora/a.

Byblis

muscipula.

Averrlioa

Oxalis florihunda.

liniflora.

Carambola.

Oxalis confertissimn.
20. PiTTOSPORACE.E
'

Billardiera

Pittosporutn Tohira.

...

Bursaria spinosa.

linearis.

Clieiranthera linearis.

Linmn

21. LinacEjE

Linum

usitatissimum.

Liniim africanum.

trigynum.

Radiol a millcgrana.
22.

ClSTACE^

cyprius.

Helianthemum

Heliantlieinum

formosum.

Cistui?

vulgare.

Helianthemum
23.

Malvace^

24.

canescens.

Malva moschata.
Malope

Trop^olacf.e

Gossypium herhaceum.

Hibiscus syriacus.
Abutilon striatum.

Hibiscus Mosa-sinensls.

trifida.

Tropajolum peregrinum. Tropfeolnm umhelTropteolum edule. Limnanthee Douglassii.

Tropfeoliim majus.

...

Helianthemum
poUfolium.
Helianthemum rhodanthum.

latum. Tropaeohim azureum.
25.

Byttneriace^

Theobroma

'Qy tinena. catalpcefolia.

...

Cacao. Lasiopetalum grranJj-

florum.

Bombax

26. BoMB.A.CE^

bascifolia.

pentandrum.

Helicteres ver-

Grewia

Sparmannia Africana.

Europea.

Tilia

27. TiLi.\CE.E

Bomhax

heptaphyllum.

Helicteres brevispira.
accidentalis.

Elseocarpus cyaneus.
28.

Sa])mdus

Sapixdace.e

jiiglarulifolius.

Cardiospennum anomaluni.
Ophiocaryon paradoxum.
29. H1PPOCASTANACE.E

.

Melicocca hijuga.
Sapindus fru'escens.

JEaculas Ilippocastanum.

Nephelium

ZifcAi.

Urvillea glabra.

Tsiyia rubra.

30.

AcERACE^

31.

StigmaBannisteria chrysophyllum.
Malpighiace^ ... jNIalpighia aquifolium.
phyllum aristatum. Ryssopteris timorensis. Diplopteris |)ara/»'as.

32.

HiPPOCRATEACE^

Acer

.

tiana.

33.

Hypericace^

Acer Pseudo-platanus.

campestre.

Hippocratea arborea.

Acer caudatum.

Hippocratea Amot-

Tontelea scandens.

Salacia pnnoides.

Hypericum calycinum. Hypericum pidchrum.
Androsjemum
Hypericum cegyptiacum.
Parnassia
H3'pericum elodes.

officinale.

j)alustris.

Vismia

guianensis.

34.

Clusiace^

35.

DlPXEROCARPACE^. Dipterocarpus

36. MARCGRAViACEiE...

Marcgravia

37. V1TACE.E

Wi'xs vinifera.

38.

GERANlACEiE
tarium.

Cedrelace^

40. Meliacej^-

Hopea

gracilis.

MTnJe/fata.

Pelargonium

Erodium

"SleWa.

ClusiaaZ&a.

Shorea robusta.

'^ or anieajapurensis.

tricolor.

Ruyschia coraWma.

Geranium

pratense.

Pelargonium

zonale.

Pelargonium

Erodium

cicu-

incarnatuni.

Cedrela Toona.

bergia indica.

Mammea ammcana.
odorata.

Cissus quinqjiefolia.

Geranium Robertianum.

pellatum.

39.

Garciniaspecfosa.

Q\\\?,i?iinsignis.

Swietenia

Azedarach.

Ekebergia

J/a7ia^o?i<.

Qrn&rea tuberculata.
senegalensis.

Turrpea. glabra.

Eke-


CONTENTS OF

X

I'LATES.

PAGE
41.

AurantiacEaE

Citrus aurantium.

...

Citrus Limonum.

Citrus medlca.

(Jookia

punctata.
42. CamelliacE/E

43.

Camellia o/w/era.

...

Olax

Olacace^

Kielrneyera rosea.

Ca,me\\ia, japo7dca.

Keistena coccinea.

strncta.

Ximenia, americaiia.

Apodytes

Boronia

crenulata.

diinidiata.

44.

Rutace^

Rnta

Adenandra

graveolens.

Samadera

45.

Simarubace^

^\ma.Y\\ha. officinalis.

46.

Samydacej^

Saniyda

47.

Rhajixace^

Rhamnus Frangida.

Ceanothus

imiflora.

Erythrocliiton Braslliensis.

Dictainnus Fraxinella.

Zizyphus

guianensis.

Paliurus

lotus.

knac&v^mm.

occidentale.

Pistacia atlantica.
Melanorrhcea usitata.
Melanorrhoea glabra.
carpa.

Leguminose^

Pitumba

australis.

Zizyphus Baclei.

aziirea.

48. Terebinthace.e... ^'isXacia. Terebinthus.

49.

^{uxaha guianensis.

27Z(Z/c«.

Casearia grandiflora.

rosea.

M an gifer a /?2^ica.
Rhus

Pistacia vera.

lasio-

Vismxi sativum. Trifolium^afe?ise. Spartium sco/jaWwrn. TetraRobinia Mspida. Alexandra imperatncis. Acacia
edulis.

...

gonolobus
Sophorce.

Cassia

50.

Juglandace^

51.

Rosacea

Juglans

...

Wistaria

australis.

Medicago

Diplerix Tonga.

Engelhardtia

afer?ybZia.

Hosa, jmnicea.

Rosa

rei72rt.

Rosa canina.

Rubus

Spirea fiUpendula.

Clitoria

sinensis.

Ternatea.

lupulina.

fruticosus.

bracteaia.

Sieversia

Rosa

elata.

gallica.

Fragaria

vesca.

Mespilus germanica.
Cratjegus Onjcaniha.
Pyrus Malus.
Cydonia vulgaris. Cydonia Japonica. Eriobotrya Japonica. Cotone-

52.

Pomaces

53.

Amygdalace,e ...
Prunus

aster microphylla.

communis. Fers'ica vidgaris. Cerasus Laurocerasus.
Prunus domestica. Chrysobalanus
Cerasus avium.

Kmy^^i\ii\\\s

spinosa.

Icaco.
54.

Lythrum
Lythrace^
Cuphea tubijiora.

55.

TAMARiCACEiE

56.

Melastomace^

'.

Tamarix
...

salicaria.


Osbeckia

indica.

Myricaria 6racteato.

Myricaria g^ermanica.

Melastoma malabathrica.

Sonerila tenera.

Lagerstraemia

Peplis Portula.

Blakea trinervia. Pleroma viminea.
Medinilla
Stenodon tuberosus.

sinensis.

radicans.

57.

Mjrtus communis. Euca]yptus imlverulejita. Eucalyptus macroPsidium Cattleyanum. Punica granatum. Eugenia Malaccensis.
Leptospermum scoparium.

MYRTACEyE

carpa.

Lecythis Olliaria.
... Lecythis grandiflora.
Couratari guianensis.
Lecythis ovata.

58.

Lecythidace^

59.

Combretace^

...

Combretum purpureum.

Catappa.
60.

Loasa

australis.

Terminalia

Microsperma

barfonoides.

Terminalia

Terminalia/a^i/bZia.

Loasa

LoASACE^

Bertholletia excelsa.

grandiflora.

Bartonia a«rea.

nitida.

61.

CUCDRBITACE^ ... Gncwrhita LagenaHa. Cucumis saft'm. 'Momoxdxca bcdsamina.

Momordica Elaterium. Tricosanthes anginna. Bryonia dioica. Cucumis

62.

ONAGRACEiE

Melo.

Coccinia indica.

(EnotheTa biennis.
Fuchsia coccinea.
folium.

Epilobium an^it*/?(Enothera macrocarpa.
Lopezia coronata.
Circea lutetiana.


CONTKNTS OF PLATES.

Xll

PAGE
63.

Mesembryace.e... ileseinbryantheiaum minulum.

Meseinbryanthcmum

Tetra-

spectahhe.

Lewisia rediviva.

gonia cxpansa.
64.

Mesenihry anihemura depressum.

Mesembryanthemum

micans.

Poit iihvca (rm/t's//. Portulaca hirsutissiina.
PoRTULACEiE
Montia /onto/ia. Calanclrinia grandijlora.

Claytomaiperfonata.

Cereus speciosissimus.
Echinocactus EyrieslL
Opuntia tuna.
Sf'n/n's.
Qerens flageniformis.
Rhipsalispen^w/a.
Opuntia

65. C.\CTACE.E

Pi 1 ocereus

Dinenii.
66.

Grossulariace.e. Ribes GVossufar/a. RxbQS rubrura.
Ribes sanguineum.
Ribes speciosum.
.

67. Crassul.\ce.£

...

Crassula

B.\hes nigrum.

Sempervivum

coccinea.

Ribes aurewm.

Sedum

tectorum.

acre.

Bryophyllum calycinum.
68.

SAXIFRAGACE.E

...

Saxifraga umbrosa.

69.

CAKYOPHYLLACEiE

.

marina.

Saxifraga aizoides.

Saxifraga

Tiarella cordifolia.

Heucliera cylindrica.
Chrysosplenium.

tridactylites.

Dianthus arnima. 'Lychnis diuma. Cerastium aryense. Arenaria

Dianthus caryophyllus.
Lychnis Bungeana.
Agrostemma

Umbellace^

Carum

71.

ARALiACEiE

Ar&Wa,

MoUugo

Stellaria media.

Sileue acavlis.

coronaria.
70.

glinoides.

Critlnnum 7««n7/7nMm. HydroLeucolena rotundifolia. Astrantia maxima. Prangos
cotyle vulgaiis.
pabularia.
Scandix Pecten-Veneris. Daucus Carota.
carui.

Pastinaca saiiVa.

liisipida.

"Pansix pseudo-ginseng.

Adoxa

Hedera, Helix.

moschatellina.
72.

Caprifoliace^

. . .

Capri fol i um Pmc/7/me?i«?/?..

Viburnum

AheWix florihunda.
Symphoria racemosa.
Sambiicus nigra.
fragifera.
73.

Loranthace^

...

Loranthus

Rubia
macrophyUu.

75. VALERL\NACE.aE

...

Linn^a

rosea.

Loranthus foi'mosus.
Loranthus chrysanthus.

JoreaZis.

Benthaniia

Viscura

Evenius.

'Loranthns jientrandus.
74. RuBiACE.E

0/>2

Weigela

album.

Asperula oc?orato. Qo^ea arabica. Mussoenda
Coccocypselum Tontarea. Galium.
Ixora coccinea.

^>e?-e5r?7na.

Valeriana

c?2oica.

Fedia

olitoria.

Centranthus rw&er.

celestis.

Carthamus

Nardo-

stachys Jatamansi.
76. CompositacEjE

...

^QeWis perennis.

Agathea

zonera hisjMnica.
Catananche cerulea.
clegans.
Ceutaurea cyanus.
Elichrysum

Cosmea
spectabile.

tinctorius.

Scor-

Zinnia

bipinnata.

Calliopsis hicolor.

Ecliinops.

Dipsacus s?//f€sScabiosa ochroleuca.
Scabiosa columbaria.

77. Dipsace.e

atro-purpurea.
78.

STVLiMAfE^

^iyVidmm glandulosum.

folium.
79.

Goodeniace^

...

Goodenxa

grandifloi'a.

Lechenaultia/or»josrt.
80. Campanulace.*:

...

Forstera clavigera.

Stylidium

larici-

Stylidium calcaratum.

Campanula

Scsevola microcarpa.

Goodenia

rotundifolia.

Brunonia

australis.

ovata.

Campanula garganica. Roella ciliata.
Campanula bononi-

Micbauxia campanuloides. Canarina campamda.
ensis.
Campanula medium.


LIBRARY

OF THE
UNiVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

.

1 'hr- Crow- too tlrih&

>'iy&.

SL-H'.Lmatol




RANUNCULACE^.,
THE CROWFOOT

This Order

consists of herbs

TRIBE.

species of Clematis being

and shrubs, the climbing

woody

almost the only instance of a

The

stem.

leaves

grow

either opposite or

The leaf-stalks form a
they are generally nn;ch divided.
kind of sheath partly enclosing the stem. The flowers vary much in form, but in
The petals
essential parts a great similarity prevails throughout the Order.
usually five, one having sometimes a horned spur or nectary, as in Deljjhinium.
alternate

on the stem

;

The parts of the calyx also vary,
of the petals varies from 3 to 15.
and are sometimes coloured and form the actual flower, as in Hellebore. The
stamens are many, placed below the ovary, which is composed of many seed-vessels
The seedof one cell each, or combined into one vessel containing many cells.
vessel, when ripe, is either a cluster of several dry cells, as in Ranunculus, or a
or a pouch, with one or more valves,
berry, with one or more seeds, as in Actea

The number

;

as in Larkspur.

The

seed has

sometimes a feathered end,

as

in

Anemone

or

Clematis.

Allied in some points with the Magnolia, and the

Poppy

tribe.

Acrid and even poisonous properties prevail in these plants.

Several of the most common and favourite flowers of our fields belong to this
tribe.
Ranunculus acris (1), the buttercup, has a brilliant golden flower, but the
whole plant is acrid. R. Thora, of Germany, is said to have yielded the juice
formerly used
Ficaria

is

glossy leaves and

its

to poison their javelins when pursuing wild animals.
plants to appear in spring, adorning a hedge-bank \^^t]l
R. aquatilis, the white crowfoot, is
bright star-like flowers.

by hunters

one of the

first

its leaves roiinded above the water, divided into
R. hulhoms, of England, grows also on the Himalayas.
R. asiaticus affords the numerous varieties of double flowers cultivated in Holland
for our gardens.
The black berries of Actea spicata, the baneberry of Yorkshire
and Scotland, are poisonous, although the roots are used medicinally. Aconite and

Hellebore (2) was
other species yield medicine in India, and in North America.
known and used in ancient times. Many of our early garden flowers belong to this

frequent in ponds or streams
fine

1.

;

segments below.

Ranunciilus

acris.

Buttercup.

England.

1a Petal with the nectary.
2.

Helleborus

fcetidus,

Bearxfoot

4.

Delphinium

C.

Trollius europceus, Glohe flower.

7.

Clematis

elatutn,

Ilellehore.

England.
'^.

Bee Larkspur. Siberia.

5.

Anemone cnronaria, Poppy
China and Japan.
Anemone j apan ica.

anemone. Levant,.

7a

viticella. Virgin's

Seed of Clematis
ioy.

bower.

vilalba,

Jledycs,

England.
Spain.
Travellers'

England.


RANUNCULACE^.
The delicate Ilepatica, with its triple leaf. The Christmas Rose, or white
The Chinese Peony and the Chinese Anemone (4), lately brought from

tribe.

Hellebore.

China, where

;

planted on graves.

it is

Larkspur and Aconite

beautiful varieties, flowering abundantly.

copses in spring.

Anemone j^ithalina

is

is

produce several
in sheltered

and pastures in many
April and May. Caltha pahistris,

seen on chalk do\Mis

parts of England, bearing soft purple flowers in

Marsh Marigold,

also

The wood Anemone abounds

one of the gay yellow flowers used formerly to adorn a

may-

jwle.

All this tribe requires a cool climate, and is widely dispersed in all suitable
The greatest portion of these plants are in
in the tropics on moimtains.
R. acris and others grow in Iceland and
Europe. North America has many.

places

;

One species was found in IVIelville
TroUius europcens in Norway.
N. Lat. About 100 species belong to the Himalayas, U. hullwsus
A beautiful white Clematis climbs
of England amongst them, but more hairy.
Lapland

;

Island, 75°

over trees in

New

Zealand.


LIBRARY

OF THE
-RSITY OF ILLINOIS


thivH-Sm,

.

Ike

/JiH/'.ni/i

Tnhe

hfxit/uii




DILLENIACEJ^.
THE DILLENIA

TRIBE.

Trees, shrubs, and iinder-shrubs, with a very few hei'baceous plants. The leaves
usually grow alternate on the stem, very seldom opposite to each other, almost
always without stipules
of a thick leathery substance, and generally having
veins passing straight from the mid -rib to the margin in the manner called
feather- veined.
The flowers have five petals and five sepals the stamens are
attached below the ovary either distinct, or united in sets.
In Dillenia scabrella
(1) the stamens of the inner row are longer and bend over those of the outer
row sometimes they are placed on one side of the pistil instead of around it.
The ovaries are terminated by a simple stigma the fruit is composed of two
;

;

;

;

;

or

cohering

seeds are surrounded by a

and are fixed in a double row to the inner edge of the carpel.
The
sepals remain after the petals fall off, and become a thickened covering to the
"five

pulpy

carpels,

distinct,

or

together, the

aril,

fruit.

These plants have much affinity with Magnoliaceae, also with Ranunculaceaj,
but differ from both by the want of stipules, the persistent calyx, and the
quinary arrangement of the parts of fructification.
Their most distinguishing
character is the aril round the seeds.
The chief use of this tribe is derived from the astringent ])roperty.
Dillenia scabrella (1) is a tree thirty or forty feet high, with numerous
branches.
The flowers come forth in the beginning of the year before the
leaves, and are very fragrant
the fruit ripens in May.

The fleshy ripe calyx
is used in Bengal to give a pleasant acid flavour to curries.
This and other
species of Dillenia yield a valuable, hard, and durable timber.
The juice of
the fruit of Dillenia speciosa, when mixed with syrup, is considered a remedy
for coughs in India.
Many of the Indian trees of this tribe are remarkable
for the grandeur of their form and the beauty of their flowers.
Dillenia,
Tetracera, and others, have an exceeding rough surface to their leaves, which
makes them useful to the natives for polishing wood and even metal. Hibbertia
voluhilis (rj) is a lofty tree in Malabar, the flowers are of a brilliant appearance, but have an unpleasant odour.
Several species of Tetracera are employed
;

medicinally

and

by the

Brazilians.

Curatella

Sambaiha

affords an excellent decoction for healing

is

wounds, and

])owerfully
also is

astringent,

much

used by

tanners in Brazil.

The
the

larger

portion of this tribe

equinoctial

parts

of

is

America.

found to inhabit India, Australia, and
Only a very small number grow in

equinoctial Africa.

1.

2.

Ben-al.

Dillenia scabrella.

Candollea cunclformis.

New

'i.

•4,

Holland.

Hibbertia voluhilis.
Hibbertia ptdincularia.

4a Sved-vessels.

Malabar and Java.

New South

Wales.