Evolution journal V24

Vol. II.

No. 4

JULY.

^o^n"uW«^

1929

10 Cents

EUOLUnON
Entered as second class matter

at

New

\ork, X. \

.,

Jan.

7.

19?":!.

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Rhesus Monkey

—Mother and Babe


Page

E

Two

Are There

O L U T

RALPH

teria

steps

shown

has already

O N

July, 1929

CHENEY

H.

by which plants evolved are made clear
by the similarities of structure between ancient
In the
fossil plants and their living kin of today.
March" issue of EVOLUTION, Dr. Florence D.

Wood

I

''Missing Links" in Plants?
Bv

THE

\'

cells

and Blue-green Algae (one-celled or chains of
such as pond-scum), these being also the simplest

plants alive today.
Pl.inls.

a- well as animals, lived only in the

relationships within the basic plant

groups can be

from

living

satisfactorily

worked out
But to trace

^**^^'"

definitely

forms.
the

descent

of

i;

V

'*-

of

•

one

j

major group from another requires
the help of the fossil record, which,
fortunately, is quite adequate. The
missing links are in fact very few.

The
much

!»<,;

Mosses, were the

develop

the

,.

first

plants

protection

sufficient

problem of existing on land.

They lacked
^.^

.

true

or stems,

roots

their bodies consisting of flat,

-..,,,

X,

braneous

masses that

overlapping, carpet-like

mem-

formed an
mat cover-

This important
was probably taken early in the Devonian.
ing exposed areas.

Fossil

Bacteria

Billion

i

(Magnified

On

the other hand, all but the lowest of the great
groups of plants have arisen later, in the time covered
more or less adequately by the geological record, so
that we can demonstrate quite clearly each transition
from group to group. The story of the development
of the four major groups of plants, one from the other,
is well substantiated by several parallel lines of evidence, fossil and otherwise.
Each living species of plant is, of course, descended
from older forms, but these ancestral forms may or
may not have survived to the present day. In view of

all the vicissitudes to which fossils are subject, it is

unreasonable to expect always to find in fossil form
the direct ancestors of living species. Most evolutionary series represent merely the structural stages
through which the plant kingdom has passed in producing the more complex and modern types of plants.
The record is most complete for recent forms, but there
are also numerous fossils of the lower forms, in fact
a rather surprising representation when we consider
the almost incredible age of these forms and the
many destructive geologic upheavals to which they

have been subjected since their time. Though it must
be admitted that the remains of the Mosses are but
fragmentary, the fact of plant evolution is well established by the abundance and completeness in detail of
the fossil records proving the definite development of
the Gymnosperms (cone-bearing evergreens) from

and of the higher flowering
from these Gymnosperms.
The earliest forms of life must have been

fern-like seed plants

plants
plant-

like organisms, for only plants can manufacture foodstuffs out of mere mineral matter, gases and water. It

to be expected, therefore, that the earliest

y'ears

180 diameters

as the plants are concerned. For the fossil plant record
is singularly complete.
This difference between the
animal and plant records can readily be explained by
the fact that nearly all the basic groups of animals
had already evolved at the opening of the Cambrian
period when our better preserved fossil record begins.

is

all

to

against surface evaporation to solve
,»*i

anti-evolutionists often make
of the apparent absence of

connecting links between the major
groups of animals, but they cannot complain on that score as far

water

during the earliest stages of their

The Liverracial
development.
worts, the most simply constructed

that the

fossils

would be simple plant types, and so they are. In the
Proterozoic deposits, from which no sure signs of animal life have yet come, have been found fossil bac-

Old.

.step

from water

to land

In their further progressive evolution, the plants left
a fossil record of achievements in structure which accords well with the order of development inferred
from the evidence of living structures. During the

THE PLANT FOSSIL RECORD
(Read from Bottom up)
(Figures show millions of years ago)

GEOLOGICAL AGES

E

July. 1929

\-

O LU T

I

-^0^&^^^fe-

3^.
Devonian Land Plant: (a) Spore

E~.''y

lb)

Cases,

Spine-like

Leaves,

Upper Devonian

Tiji-ical

Forest of Carboniferous Giants

Seed-Fern

(c)

Wood-Cells of Stem

Devonian period notable advances were made, such

true

From

and these seed-ferns through a definite
gave rise to the modern cone-bearing
Pines and other Gymnosperms. The flowering
plants
(Angiosperms) first appear in the middle Cretaceous

Horsetails of the fern family found so abundantly in
the Carboniferous coal measures. Already in Upper
Devonian times, seed-ferns had developed from the

only eighty million years ago. The fossil
remains of
our modern major plant groups therefore
appear in
the same geological order as the complexity
of allied
present forms would demand. The fossil record

convincingly establishes the fact of plant evolution.

woody stems

the development of

for support

their water conducting "pipe-lines"),

and true

as

(with
leaves.

the simpler woody-stemmed, but quite leafless
ancestors of the ferns in Devonian strata, we can trace
the steps to the forests of giant Qub Mosses and

How

the Shark
By

AS

it

is

Gave Man His Teeth

not sur-

man inherited the shark's teeth along with
column, which in the shark's case is made
up of segments of cartilage.
Perhaps this article should have been entitled, "How
the Shark Got His Teeth." As all the higher vertebrates got their teeth from the shark, what we need
to learn is where he got the teeth he bequeathed to us.
prising that
his spinal

We

know no animal before the shark that had true
such as could develop, through the ages, into
those of the apes and man. So the earliest sharks could
not inherit their teeth but had to develop them.
But everything in this world has developed from
something pre-existing. There could not have been
land animals with lungs unless there had been fishes
with s\vim-l)ladders and if reptiles had not had scales,
the birds that followed would not have had feathers.
And so, to get back to teeth, had there been no fish
with tooth-like (placoid) scales, there might have been
no fish or other animals with teeth like ours.
It happened some four hundred million years ago

in Devonian times, when much of the interior United
States was an inland sea. Abundant fossils found there
tell us the waters were prolific with sharks, especially
with one family which the scientists give the jawbreaking name Cladoselachidae.
There still flourish,
along the Atlantic Coast, sharks closely akin to them.
These modern survivors have also been given a name
teeth,

;

to tax the articulating

man,

l)ut

we

shall call

series

MAYNARD SHIPLEY

the sharks are the lowest family of true verte-

brates in the line of man's ascent,

ferns,

fossil

mechanism of the tired business
them dog-fishes for short. It

was the ancestor of the spiny dog-fish who developed
over his body, from his placoid scales.
"But," someone objects, "teeth don't grow all over
the body— thank heaven!" No, but the early Cladoselachian grew his scales all over the body and right
over the snout and into his mouth where they became
teeth. In fact these scales were real teeth.
For if you
could conveniently coax a shark ashore, extract one
of those teeth and compare it under the microscope
with one of your own, this is what you would
see
These teeth within the shark's mouth are of course
greatly modified, but in origin and structure they are
similar to the scale spikelets all over the body.
Beginning with the horny layer that covers the spikelet,
real teeth, all

we come next

to a layer of tall, column-like cells, set
angles to the surface of a lower layer
of
genuine enamel— in fact these columnar cells secrete
the enamel— the hardest substance in animal

bodies.
In the higher animals, this enamel is only found
as the
covering of the dentine of the teeth. The dentine
of
at

right

Spikelet

(Shagreen Denticles) of Modern
Breaking Through Skin of Mouth

Teeth,

Sliark


EVOLUTION

Page Four

the spikelet surrounds a pulp-like cavity and is formed
of hardened, bone-like skin tissue which contains no
cells. The sensitive connective tissue in the pulp-cavity
sends processes into the dentine, the dentine canals.
Such is the description of the spikelet on the shark's
body. But it is also the description, so far as it goes,

of the tooth of man, from the enamel down. And if
we follow these spikelets over the shark's nose and
down into his mouth being sure, of course, that the
shark is well dead we will find that there they will
develop from the skin inside the mouth just as they did
on the shark's sides. Through millions of years of
variation and natural selection they have gradually

—

—

Brains
Bv

July, 1929

(some

flattened

at least)

into blade-like cutting teeth

with serrated, or saw-like, edges. Often, too, several
teeth are fused into one, developing from a deep fold
of the skin lining the mouth.

In mammals there is also a deposit of cement on the

root and sometimes also on parts of the crown. But in
no animals do the teeth form any real part of the bony

framework. Like

hair, fur, scales, feathers, horns and
they originated in and developed from the skin.
And in all animals higher than the shark, the teeth,
however profoundly modified by millions of years of
evolution, still bear clear traces of their descent from
the tooth-like scales of a family of Devonian sharks.
nails,

— How Come?

ALLAN STRONG BROMS
VII

MAN

brags about his gray-matter.

it's

big asset.

his

Rightly

so, for

But the other animals, apes

have a lot too, only not enough. Gray-matter
is the switchboard of man's nervous and thinking outfit, and he has won over the other animals by adding
especially,

a

lot

to the board.

Under

the microscope, gray-matter shows up as a
bristling with fine branches. These

myriad nerve-cells

branches make the contacts for plugging in connections on this most complicated of all switchboards.
Man has nine thousand million nerveComplicated
cells in his brain alone, each with a lot of branches.
!

Another kind of nerve

stuff, the

white-matter, con-

long fibres, really long-distance wires to and
from the gray-matter nerve-cells. Their business is to

sists of

carry messages in and out, fact messages inward from
sense organs (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin) and orders outward to muscles and glands that do the body's

work.

An unborn human baby starts off with a brain and
nervous system consisting of a mere tube or cord running the length of its body and tail. Some early fish
ancestor had no more, just a simple spinal nerve cord
to keep head and tail in touch and working together.
But the head end, with its mouth, nose, eyes and many
contacts, had much business to keep in order, so its
end of the nerve cord swelled into a brain-knob, a
central headquarters.
As time went on, headquarters made new outside contacts, through ears for in-

and took on new jobs, such as talk. So the
grew big and complex and expanded in
new directions. And the baby brain, in its few months
of growth, sums up this evolution of our ancestral
brains which gave man such a swell head.
But the brain did not take on all the jobs. Some
were just local and so simple that the gray-matter down
stance,

l)rain-knob

better handle them.
your finger touches fire, a white nerve brings in
the alarm.
Usually the local spinal-cord station in
charge of your arm takes care of it, shoots out an
order over a second white nerve to "take it away," and
the muscles do just that.
Meanwhile a third white
nerve relays the alarm to headquarters and you feel it.
Of course, if it's a real four-alarm fire, headquarters
takes charge, to do some tall cussing, put out the fire,
or yell for help. But usually the alarm is just reported
with the good word, "already handled." This local.
automatic handling, just in and out, just sensing and
doing, is called reflex action. The lowest animals de.pend on it even we use it a lot.
Gray-matter at headquarters is spread out thin over
the wrinkled surface of the big top brain we call the
in

the spinal nerve cord could

When

;

cerebrum.

Really in sections, each with

ness to handle, the gray-matter

its

own

busi-

looks alike. Within

each section the short nerve-cell branches make local
hook-ups, but between sections long-distance white
nerves make the connections. These nerves are inside
and behind the big switchboard, masses of white fibres,

some joining

the board parts together, others bundling

SKIK

"Dendritus or

CoTiral c^nal

,

BrMxches

all

Grey maitw^
Whjte medier^

"Kadcus-'''
of nerve

Dorsal root

of--

cell

€.hrc

White.

Spiiud,

jxif cvlinder process
Ventral roat^
oi spirit nervt:

, - "-Brazvchcj of nzn^c fihrz

Typical Necve-Cell or Neurone

SYNRPStS or

HOOK-UP
Cross-Section of Spinal Cord with
Diagram of Simple Reflex Action

MUSCLE


EVOLUTION

July, 1929
into nerve cables that lead

out to sense organs,

to

lower brain centers, to the spinal-cord and the body
works. Through the white nerves the brain keeps in
touch with outside happenings, gets together its ideas
of what to do, and sends out its instructions to the
doing organs.
It looks like a great apparatus, but how can that apparatus think? Just watch.
Build a strong, high, mesh-wire fence. Put a hen on

up

Page Five

One

in several ways.

urges, "climb over," but an

"Too high." That idea just came
over another hook-up from the eyes. A second cell

idea stops the urge.
in

urges, "dig under," but another idea blocks

it,

"ground

too hard." Urges to break down, reach through, forget it, are all blocked by obstructing idea^ hook-ups,

and none go

into action.

the end," is not blocked.
gray-matter, comes the

But one
Through

around

urge, "go

eyes, white nerves,

fence

information that the

That goes with the urge, not against

So

it.

one side, chicken-feed on the other. The hen sees,
wants and acts through eye, white optic-nerve, gray-

the urge goes through, into action, with success.

matter hook-up, white motor-nerve, the muscles that

man

But the hen hits the fence, fails. She tries again,
same way, fails again. Her hen brain knows just
one way, her limit. So she does not eat.
Put a dog on one side of the fence, dog-feed on
the other. The dog reacts like the hen, bumps into

waste of physical action.
Every nerve message tends to become (reflexly) a
nerve urge to act. The hen acted, one way only, was
stopped physically. The dog acted, several ways, was
stopped physically, except one way. The man acted
too, in several ways, but in gray-matter tryouts first.
His acts were stopped too, except one, but mentally,
His were stopped by gray-matter
not physically.
"don'ts," by idea hook-ups that obstructed unpromis-

—

act.

the

the fence, fails the

ways.

difl^erent

ups.

tries all

It

For

time. It tries again, but in
gray-matter has several hook-

first
its

ways, one after the other

— jumping

over, digging under, breaking through, running

around

short.

is

eats.

He

gets

results,

quickly,

easily,

The

without

next time it does the right thing sooner. After several
times, does it first. The right gray-matter hook-up has

say he stopped to think. What
ing urges to action.
he did was to act out his urges mentally to see if they
would work. Only the workable urges went through

become

into

At

the end.

last

one way works.

The dog

eats.

The

habit.

Now
He

put a man on one side, his food on the other.
sees, wants, and goes after it. He acts too, but not

with his body, not

One way

He

yet.

after another.

For

acts first in imagination.
his gray-matter also

The

We

we come

The next

hooks

—we are limited to the

famous Archaeopteryx from the Solenhofen quarries
of Germany, which at present forms the starting point
in the history of the feathered tribe.

Birdlike, or at

must have existed before this,
as it is improbable that feathers and flight were acquired at one bound, and so it may be that some of the
three-toed tracks in the Connecticut Valley were really
footprints of birds. Not birds as we know them, but
still creatures wearing feathers, these being the distinctive badge and livery of the order. No bird is without them, no other creatures wear them, so the birds
may be exactly defined in just the two words, feathered
least feathered, creatures

The exclusive mark of birds is therefore not
but feathers, though in penguins, the feathers
have so changed that their identity is almost lost.
animals.
flight

By putting various facts together we obtain some
pretty good ideas regarding the appearance and habits
of the first birds. The immediate ancestors of birds,
their exact point of departure

from other

vertebrates,

one time it was considered
that they were the direct descendants of Dinosaurs,
or that at least both were derived from the same parent
forms, and while that view was almost abandoned, it
are yet to be discovered

;

at

That way he saved time and

call that

article will be just

"Talk

!

Talk

!

!

Talk

!"
!

!

Earliest Bird

to the topic of the earliest bird

not the one in the proverb

We

adaptive thinking. Simple enough.
Just some gray-matter hook-ups. But they made man
master. He had more than the beasts.

By FREDERIC

WHEN

physical action.

effort.

A.

LUCAS

again being brought forward with much to support
birds and those flying
it. It has also been thought that
a common ancestry,
have
had
reptiles, the pterodactyls,
is

and the possibility of this is still entertained. Be that
past,
as it may, it is safe to consider that back in the
bird
earlier than the Jurassic, were creatures neither
nor reptile, but possessing rudimentary feathers and
having the promise of a wing in the structure of their
forelegs, and some time one of these animals may
come to light; until then Archaeopteryx remains the
earliest

known

bird.

In the Jurassic, then, when the Dinosaurs were the
lords of the earth and small mammals just beginning
to appear, we come upon traces of full-fledged birds.
The first intimation of their presence was the imprint

of a single feather found in that ancient treasure-house,
the Solenhofen quarries but as Hercules was revealed
by his foot, so the bird was made evident by the
;

whose discovery was announced August 15,
a little later, in September of the same
year, the bird itself turned up, and in 1877 a second
specimen was found, the two representing two species,
These were very different
if not two distinct genera.
from any birds now living so diflferent, indeed, and
feather
1861.

And

—

bearing such evident traces of their reptilian ancestry,
(^Continued on Page 7)


EVOLUTION

Page Six

The

Lost Race of Neanderthal

By

THE

Neanderthal race lived

in the

EDWARD GRIEG CLEMMER
middle of the

Old Stone Age, during the fourth glacial epoch
when Northern Europe and England were covered

with

ice.

In the arctic cold that swept

down through

Europe lived such animals as the lemming, muskrat
and arctic fox, while the mammoth,
wooly rhinoceros and reindeer roamed
over England and France.
The rigorous winters drove Neandefthal

man

TuLv, 1929

not yet as long and sharp as in

and a hollow

at

to the shelter of caves,

floor of the skull

forward.

fall

Neanderthal man was also first to bury his
dead, again insuring that his remains
would be found by later generations.
The first Neanderthal skull, found
little

All

this

when we land

from a jump. The Neanderthaler had
by letting his head

Hved outdoors.

Gibraltar in 1848, got

the neck.

helps absorb the shock
to break the shock

at

This

mitting only a partially complete language.
The heavy, short backlione made only one curve
from hips to skull. Our own backbones have an Sshape. a hollow at the small of the
back, a protrusion at the shoulders

making the preservation of his remains more certain. In summer, of
course, he

modern man.

indicates a moderately developed organ of speech, per-

Also the hole in the
through which the

cord reaches the brain

spinal

is

farther back than in moderns.
dently, the

neck sloped more to the

From

front than our own.

In 1856 another was found in a
small limestone grotto in the Neander

tion.

we

know

also

way

the

and

the thigh bone met the shin

atten-

set

Evi-

hip,

man

that Neanderthal

could not stand fully erect.
Sir Arthur Keith has made the interesting suggestion that perhaps the

Germany, from which the race
received its name. Other remains have
since been found on the banks of the
Thames, the Somme, Rhine, Danube,
and Meuse, in Wales, France, Belgium, Italy, Germany, Spain, SwitzerValley,

Neanderthal type
peculiar

Neanderthal Man as
Restored

gland.

was due

working

of

one

of

It

is

the

some

to

pituitary

the

endocrine

glands which secrete and pour into the
by J. H. McGregor

land, Austria, Poland, Russia, Asia
blood stream certain substances called
Minor, Africa and Egypt, the wide distribution provhormones, chemical messengers which stimulate other
ing this to have been the dominant race of the time.
parts of the body to do or develop in certain ways.
As these remains run from small fragments to prac- When the pituitary gland, situated at the base of the
tically complete skeletons, our reconstructions are basbrain, becomes enlarged in modern man. Neanderthaled on facts.
do not have to rely on inferences
like characters are developed in exaggerated forms.
drawn from scanty fragments, as we have to with
Hence Keith's suggestion that Neanderthal man was
earlier types of men. Here the whole story is laid
a "hormone" product.
before your eyes.
The tools of this race give us an insight into their

We

The

race was short in stature, the

men varying from

A

lone female skele-

five feet to five feet, five inches.

is four feet, ten inches tall. The skull is very large
for primitive men, with a cubical content almost equal-

ton

ing oi:r own.

The

shape, however,

is

far

from modern.

The upper

Their method of tool-making diiifered
life.
from those of preceding races. Instead of chipping

everyday

down a

to the desired form, the
a number of chips and then
selected the most likely, fashioned them further if need

large piece of

Neanderthaler struck

flint

ofif

him a protruding mouth, further emphasized by the

be, or used them as they were. Though not an advancement in skill, this was a great time-saver.
The two principal types of implements were the
point and the scraper. The point was shaped from a
triangular chip, the bulb end forming the base, the

lack of a pointed chin.

two

borders of the eye sockets formed a high
ridge which must have given a very ape-like appearance. Back of this ridge, the low forehead sloped back
very sharply. The front teeth, sloping forward, gave

Below the

incisor teeth of

modern man

are short

finely,

base, also

attachment to certain muscles

gested

These muscles

but

may

as

drill,

punch, or

The

The scraper type was shap-

ly

developed,

points

sharp edge was used for knife
blade, saw, or scraper.

these bones are merely slight-

more highly

the

The

thinner, sug-

point for knife or javelin.

In the apes

rounded prominences.
In
Neanderthal man they were

that

ment served

and thus make for highly

developed speech.

made

have been hafted. This imple-

give the tongue great flexibility

sides,

gave a single good cutting edge.

projections of bone which give

of the tongue.

The

sides tapering to a well-defined point.

chipped

^

p^^^-,

Neanderthal

Skullthe
constructed

Original

and

as

Re- ^d from non-triangular chips.

Larger and

rounded

or

ob-


E\-OLUTION

July, 1929

were retouched only on one side, the
other being used for holding. Sometimes they were
long, scrapers

made

into a sort of axe, both edges being chipped.
but only on one surface. These may also have been
hafted for a handle.

Crude, improvised bone tools, usually from the
lower leg, were probably used for skinning and preparing the hides of animals. As bone is so perishable,
we cannot be sure whether Neanderthal man used them
more than stone for tools, but from the crudeness of
the bone tools, we conclude that they were improvised
and used only a few times before being discarded.
The experts agree that this race, once so widely prevalent, became extinct and left no descendants. Their
place seem.s to have been taken quite suddenly by a
new race called the Cro-Magnon, thought to have immigrated from Asia.
third of four articles by Mr, Cleiiinier on The .\jieestors
of Modem Man, the next being on The Cro-Magnon People.

This

is

Earliest Bird
{Continued from Page 5)
is

head armed with sharp teeth
was no joke in that distant
period), while as he fluttered through the air he trailed
after him a tail longer than his body, beset with
feathers on either side. Everyone knows that nowadays the feathers of a bird's tail are arranged like the
sticks of a fan, and that the tail opens and shuts like
a fan. But in Archaeopteryx the feathers were arranged in pairs, a feather on each side of every joint
crow, with a stout

was discovered, partly because the British Museum

specimen was imperfect (the skull was lacking, and a
part of the upper jaw lying to one side was thought to
belong to a fish), and partly because no one suspected
had ever possessed teeth, and so no one ever
looked for them. When, in 1877, a more complete

that birds

example was found, the existence of teeth was unmistakably shown; but in the meantime, in February,
1873, Professor Marsh had announced the presence

The

necessary to place them apart from other
animals in a separate division of the class birds.
Archaeopteryx was considerably smaller than a
it

—

wings, tail and thighs the other parts being naked.
There seems, however, no good reason to suppose that
such was the case, for it is extremely improbable that
such perfect and important feathers as those of the
wings and tail should alone have been developed, while
there are many reasons why the feathers of the body
might have been lost before the bird was covered by
mud, or why the impressions do not show.
It was a considerable time after the finding of the
first speciment that the presence of teeth in the jaws

of teeth in the diving bird Hesperornis, so to him belongs the credit of discovering birds with teeth.

The

that

Page Seven

discovered specimen of Archaeopteryx is
Museum, the second and more complete

first

in the British

example is in the Royal Museum of Natural History,
Berlin, and is here shown on its stone slab.

little

(as scarce as hen's teeth

AMPHIOXUS
(A song

to be

sung with the well-known chorus)
Tune: "Tipperary."

I

thing appeared among the annelids one day.
It hadn't any parapods or setae to display.
If hadn't any eyes or jaws, or ventral nervous cord.
But it had a lot of gill-slits and it had a notochord.
fish-like

.\

Chorus
It's
It's

a long way from Amphioxus, it's a long
a long way from Amphioxus to the meanest

Good-bye
It's a

fins

and

gill-slits!

Welcome

way to us,
human cuss.

lungs and hair!

long way froin Amphioxus, but we came from there.
II

wasn't much to look at, and it scarce knew how to swim,
And Nereis was very sure it didn't come from him.
The Molluscs w^ouldn't own it and the Arthropods got sore,
So the poor thing had to burrow in the sand along the shore.
It

Chorus
III
the sand before a crab could nip its tail.
It said "Gill-slits and myotomes are all of no avail.
I've grown some metapleural folds, and sport an oral hood,
But all these fine new characters don't do me any good."
It

wriggled

in

Chorus
IV
Earliest

Known

Bird, Archeopterix. Impressed on Sandstone Slab

on a small scale the tail was something like that of a kite and because of this long,
lizard-like tail this bird and his immediate kin are
placed in a group dubbed Saururae, or lizard-tailed.
of the

tail,

sulked awhile

down

the sand without a bit of pep.
Then stiffened up its notochord and said, "I'll beat 'em yet.
I've got more possibilities within my slender frame
Than all these proud Invertebrates that treat me with such
It

shame.

so that

in

Chorus

"

;

Because impressions of feathers are not found all
around these specimens some have thought that they
were confined to certain portions of the body the

—

V
"My

notochord

shall

grow

into a chain of vertebrae:
folds shall agitate the sea.

fins, my metapleural
This tiny dorsal nervous tube shall form a nn'ghty brain,
And the vertebrates shall dominate the animal domain."

As

Chorus
Philip H. Pope.


EVOLUTION

Page Eight

EUOLUT(ON
A
develop

science

Evolution publishing Corporation
96 Fifth Ave.. New York. N. Y.
Tel.: Watkins 7587

KATTERFELD, Managing
Allan Strong BROMS, Science
L. E.

One

And

lead.

Editor
Editor

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Foreign subscriptions ten cents extra.

Single copy 10c; 20 or more. 5c each.

In

Entered as second class matter at the
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7, 1928. under the Act of March 3. 1879.

No.

11,

4

is

is

valid

sanctified
of science contradict their
guesses. And it is quite too late in this
age of practical science to deny and defy
it works too many
the scientific method
useful wonders. So resort must be had,

the creeds are to be saved, to devious
So

argument and confusing appeals.
we hear that science (in the form of the
if

evolution theory) is religion because it
confounds the creeds, and must logically
and fairly be barred from the public
The argument has a shallow
schools.
appeal.

JULY,

1929

would be

It

logical

and

it

is

It

which may be drawn from an examina-

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Again we "skipped," we hope
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IS

EVOLUTION A CREED?

"Evolution is a religion." say the
Fundamentalists, "and should therefore
They
be barred from the schools."
claim tbat the origin of man and this
world is a problem for religion alone
and that any attempt at solution hy scientists becomes perforce religious.
Certainly the religious have tried their
hands at the problem and have given

— but variant

and contradictory.
All (but perhaps one) must
Yet each quotes
therefore be wrong.
divine authority and demands unquestioning faith.
Thus they are mutually
intolerant, which is the real reason for
answers aplenty

teaching of creeds from the
one be taught, all must be
taught; but if all be taught, they contra

So wisely
c^ict and only weaken faith.
they have agreed to forebear and teach
none at all. The result has been happy,
it has kept out a lot of mental rubbish.

barring

If

Now science employs a different
method, the testing of each account by
its agreement with the whole body of
Facts are ascertained
ascertained fact.
when they are verified consistently by
experiment and observation. Of course,
if the problem of origins were, of necessity, exclusively religious, whatever the
approach, then certainly evolution would
become religion. But if it be a proper
problem for study by any result-getting
method, then science cannot v/ell be barred just because the religions have made
attempts in the same field. Nor should
differ
it be barred because its answers
from those the creeds demand. For the
essence and value of the scientific method
in

cept

its

free

acceptance of

the

con-

it

The

student

is

not asked to ac-

blindly, to suppress the doubts, to

He is asked to exprofess it eagerly.
amine, to weigh, to test, to judge for
himself.
He is taught to use his own
mind, to derive his own conclusions.
That makes for clear, independent, useIt is the way to
ful, honest thinking.

mental health, to sound progress, to the
."Mian S.
truth that shall make us free,

—

Broms.

WORLD LEAGUE FOR SEXUAL
REFORM
The World League for Sexual Reform
hold

will

gress

in

its

Third

International

London during

Con-

week of

The aim of

the

September 9th-13th, 1929.
the League is to "establish sexual ethics
and sociology on a scientific, biological
and psychological basis." The subjects
to he discussed at the Congress are:

Marriage and Divorce
Birth Control. Abortion and

Sterilisa-

Sex and Censorship
Venereal Disease and Prostitution
The presidents of the Congress are
August Forel, Havelock Ellis and Magnus Hirshfield. Eminent scientists from
many countries are expected to contribute to the programme. The American
participants include Dr. Harry Benjamin.
Dr.
William J. Robinson, Margaret

Sanger, Dr. A. A. Brill, Upton Sinclair,
Dr. Hannah M. Stone, Dr. Abraham
Stone and Dr. S. D. Schmalhausen.
Further particulars about the Congress
may be obtained from the Secretary. Dr.
Norman Haire, 127 Harley Street, London, England.

IF

the Anthropoid

Haeckel.

Also in the article on "Brains— How
Come?" by Allan Strong Broms the
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a lapse of two years Queen
Magazine appears again, frank
Her article on

and fearless as ever.

After

tion

all

schools.

lie

reveals.

on "The Origin of Man from
Stem" by Dr. Wm. K.
Gregory in our last issue. The caption under the illustration should have
been "Hand bones of Man and Gorilla," not Chimpanzee, and credited to

article

in

not true. Evolution is not a
is a conclusion quite unanimously reached by the scientists of
the world on the evidence of the known,
And it is taught, not
pertinent facts.
as an article of faith, to be accepted on
divine authority, but as a conclusion

But

CORRECTIONS
error for which the author was
in no way responsible occurred in the

An

fair

if it ivere true.

religion.

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it

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if

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After all, what really worries the
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Journal of Nature

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To

July, 1929

YOU CHANGE YOUR

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June number

fornia.

CROWDED OUT
Our
entist"

feature page

which

is

by the debate,

"The Amateur

crowded out of
will

Sci-

this issue

appear again in our

next.

MORE TRUTH THAN POETRY
The Bible story of creation

With the late plan of salvation
eternal hot damnation
Leaves the mind in obfuscation.

From

ADDRESS
for

But from the story of Evolution

scribers.

Can be drawn a sane conclusion
With very little of confusion
Then the mind's not in occlusion.
M. Mark.

the summer, give us your old. as
well as your new address, and specify
for how long. Of course, we hope your
letter will also contain some new sub-


EVOLUTION

July, 1929

Page Nine

McCabe- Riley Evolution Debate
Second section of the Debate held at Mecca AudiNew York, February 7 1929, between Professor Joseph McCabe, of England, Science Popularizer, and Reverend W. B. Riley, President of World's
Christian Fundamentals Association, on the question:
"Resolved That Evolution Is True and Should Be
Taught in the Schools." This is continued from our
last issue, in which Professor McCabe's first speech
and the opening of Dr. Rileys first speech appeared.
torium,

REV.

,

WM.

RILEY

Then, he did
touch slightly upon vestigial remains, those 180 whatever you want to call them, in your body that have
no function. I thought I taught him better in the
previous debates, and I felt every time he went down
to defeat that he wouldn't do that thing again.
(Laughter.) But if he won't learn, I will have to instruct

B.

him afresh

Now,

(continuing)

:

tonight.

want to take up tonight a few of those
vestigial remains. For instance, let me call your attention to several of them just at this point in my argument. Vestigial remains what are they? What vestigial remain is there in the human body that has no
function ? I wish he would just tell me that. And then
I can take up that particular one and give attention
to it. But, lest he might not get to them, I will give
attention to a few of them just in passing.
Take the appendix! The average man has that cut
out, because the modern scientist (?) has told him that
it has no function, and the physician is perfectly willing
to accommodate him for a few dollars, or several,
as the case may be. So he has it cut out.
Let us see whether it has a function or not. Dr.
Howard Kelly of John Hopkins University, one of the
I

just

—

first

authorities in America, says this

the extent of the intestinal

:

"It increases

mucous surface for

secre-

and absorption and is very valuable." (Applause.)
All right. There is your answer to that.
A few years ago the thyroid glands were called useless glands. They are located on either side of the
windpipe, just below the larynx. It is now conceded
by Dr. Vincent that "defective thyroid function, in the
tion

mother,

is

the essential factor in the production of

You know that effects both body and mind
Dr. C. W. Saleeby says "It provides iodine for the
body without which no man can live. Without enough
of it in the blood, an expectant mother is imperiled,
and her babies cannot be normally born." He further
cretinism."

:

says that "the thyroid saves a vast

amount of

ugliness,

deaf-mutism, and possible cancer."
Some years ago I was on the train going out to the
Pacific Coast. I picked up a paper. Professor Lull
of Yale University had an article in it in which he
spoke of another vestigial remain, namely, one that is
found in the head known as "the pineal gland." It is
located on the top of the head. It is a little organ
about the size of a grain of wheat, located in the roof
idiocy,

of the third ventricle of the brain.
Now, Lull said that undoubtedly that was the re-

mains of a single eye

left

over from one of our

mud-

He had that one eye so that he could
wallow himself in the mud, and leave that eye above

and look around and see if there was any danger
approaching. ( Laughter. ) That is exactly what he said.
I have the Doctor's article at home.
loving ancestors.

Dr. Swale Vincent, professor of physiology in the
University of London, says that "the pineal gland is
the most important organ in the human body and reg-

growth of the body

ulates entirely the

itself

and de-

termines especially sexual development; it also controls the inflow and the outflow of the cerebral fluid

and cannot be dispensed with."
Doubtless,

God

that

when we know more, we will
make as many mistakes as we

didn't

discover
imagine,

and that every single feature, natural to the human
body, was divinely appointed and has important functions to perform. It is too bad that my friend McCabe
was not there when God was making Man so that
he could have told him a lot of things to leave off.
Do you know, if there is any one thing that I would

We do not
no longer our
animal custom. According to the McCabe view, we do
not need it. We don't run on the ground as the hogs
do. Why the nail? I smashed my thumb six months
ago, and the nail hasn't grown perfectly as yet, and I
can't open my knife.
Every
I tell you, there are no vestigial remains!
I want to fell you that
single part of man functions
Not a
I never had a particle of my body cut away.
thing! I still have my appendix. I have my tonsils.
I have everything that God gave me, and they all function. That is why I beat the Professor so often.
Now, I want to call your attention, in passing tothat when
night, to another thing, and that is this
the Professor would have you believe that all these
people are absolutely agreed, he is just playing with
you that is all. I'll show you how far they agree.

The Professor believes and teaches in his books
everywhere that we came up from animal life, and
that we have a bestial pedigree, first, and then it runs
clear down to the fishes, to the gill slits. Yes, he
actually believes that, and that is what they teach you
young men and women in school
I challenge any physician living to tell me that there
remain,

call a vestigial

claim

its

my

it is

finger nail.

usefulness since climbing

is

!

:

;

are

gill slits in

the

human

The human

foetus.

foetus

never, never at any stage characterized by gill slits.
brother is one,
I come of a line of physicians.
my sons are physicians. There are no gill slits in the
human foetus I dare you to say that there are, and
is

My

!

go and disprove it in the laboratory.
Professor Huxley asked a student one day: "What

I

will

is

a lobster?"

The

student said

moves backward."
Professor Huxley said

:

"A

lobster

a red fish

is

that

"That is a very good answer but for three reasons It is not a fish it is not
red, and it does not move backward. Aside from that
your answer may stand." (Laughter.) So of human
gill slits. They are neither gills nor slits, but folds only

:

:

;

I


EVOLUTION

Page Ten

suppose that most of you have had your attention
what Professor Austin Clark said a
little while ago. Professor Austin Clark is a graduate
of Harvard University. He was sent on that zoological
Venezuela research expedition in 1901. In 1903 he
went to the Lesser Antilles on a kindred expedition.
He is a member of the Royal Geographical Society,
and since 1908 of the Smithsonian Institute staff.
I

called lately to

Now,

what he has to say (reading) "So
far as concerns the major group of animals, the creationists seem to have the better of the argument. There
is not the slightest evidence that anyone of the

major
groups arose from any other. Each is a special animal
listen to

;

—complex— closely
and

as a special

related to the rest, but appearing

distinct creation."

:

appear, exist for a certain time, and pass away, to be
succeeded by other of a wholly difTerent character and
never by transmutation." And when you take trans-

mution out of this doctrine, it collapses of
weakness, as Spencer and others said of it.

its

own

(reading) "The causes of evolution will
probable never be known to us any more than the

causes of gravitation.
:

coming up agamst a blank wall in biological sciences and when we do, our studies will be
restricted to modes and processes of evolution which
is

we know

to exist. If the bones of a man that existed
15,000,000 years ago are ever dug up, they will be
of a man which has as fine potentialities, fine hands
and limbs, not different from ours. Man has his own
ancestry."

Now,

listen

to

coming up against

How

can

it

this

(reading)

"We

:

are

rapidly

a blank wall in biological science."

be otherwise

when they have followed

a

false trail?

Mark again. "If the bones of a man that existed
15,000,000 years ago are ever dug up," etc., what a
combination of sense and non-sense Sensible in denying monkey ancestry and so repudiating the hoax,
!

"The Hall of the Age of Man!" Nonsensical in supposing man existed 15,000,000 years ago, "if he isn't
dug up." Yes, if he ever is These gentlemen simply
deal in pure suppositions.
!

Mr. Darwin,

two of his great works, uses suppositions over eight hundred times, and an unlimited
in

of suppositions do not constitute a science.
"Science is knowledge gained and verified by exact
observation or experimentation and especially as related into a rational system," and with that definition
this doctrine of assertions has no kinship.
Now, on that last sentence I agree with the gentleman, and as for the first, I will just wait until he digs
up the bones of fifteen million years ago, and then
I will agree with him on that.
series

is

in

harmony, absolute harmony. No truth can clash
That would dethrone God himBut I object to the teaching of a false science,

with another truth.
self.

a science falsely so called in the

And

name

of truth.

upon the
minds of the children of parents and taxpayers who

know

particularly object to imposing that

I

be false.

it

the custom now to call anti-evolutionists
backwoodsmen, ignoramuses, and all the other nice
terms that they apply to us. But does that prove anything ? I want to ask you whether that question is vital
It is quite

ernment

in this country,

We

believe in a free gov-

do we not?

I have visited in Tennessee since I was a lad, for
was brought up fresh over on the Kentucky side.
I have not known a sweeter and more cultured people
in my somewhat extended travels than I have found
in Tennessee. I have spent some weeks in Arkansas
in the last year. The Arkansan is what these evolutionI

are denouncing now as ignorant hill-billies
Ignorance is now located in Boston and vicinity.
You Boston people will forgive me, for you are the

ists

have never been parading the virtues of Henry
Fairfield Osborn. I cannot forgive him the Hall of
the Age of Man. It is a hoax, as I am able to prove.
But, I am going to quote from Professor Osborn
and from your Herald Tribune of recent date. Just
I

"Science

Don't impose upon my children a doctrine that has
nothing but supposition as a basis for it. (Applause.)
I have no objection to teaching the truth. All truth

to the subject at all or not.

Professor La Conte of the Pacific Coast, one of the

finest scientists we have had in America, said years
ago (reading) "The evidence is now that these species

listen to this

July, 1929

exceptions.

But look what you have around you

in

your

all

factory towns, and you will no longer parade the in-

No longer. Arkansans and Miswhat they are being called.. They

tellectuals of the hub.

sisippians are not

are intelligent folk.

And

they were as ignorant as the evolutionists

out to be, would you deprive them of the
right of ballot? They decided whether they wanted
if

make them

imposed upon them a doctrine which they do not believe and a doctrine which they believe is absolutely
detrimental to all morality.
right of any free people?

You wipe

out

God

Is not that the sovereign

of existence in the

as this philosophy does

mind of man,

by nature
and character, and you wipe out the decalog the basis
of all law
There isn't a man that believes in the doctrine of
evolution thoroughly and at the same time holds to the
divinity of the law as recorded in the Old Testament

book, the basis of all law in all the world.
When you wipe out God, you wipe out the law,
and when you have produced a lawless people, you
have produced a criminal people at the same time.
it,

for

it

is

atheistic

—

(

Applause.
*

*

*

THE

CHAIRMAN: Professor McCabe
speak for twentv minutes. (Applause.)
PROFESSOR JOSEPH McCABE

ladies

and gentlemen

:

:

will

now

Your Honor,

You New Yorkers have

heard

what it is that has moved Arkansas and Tennessee
and Kentucky. I say that you have now heard in New
York and I will not say what arguments, but on what
kind of rhetoric Arkansas and Tennessee have been
moved to delete evolution from their textbooks.
During the time that Dr. Riley was talking to you
he entirely ignored every argument that I used. (Ap-

^'


EVOLUTION

July. 1929
plause.)

I

gave you a

clear, intellectual outline of the

man
men of

position of scientific men, not of one scientific

here and there. I don't talk to you of the
twenty-five or thirty years ago. Thirty and forty years
ago there were certainly obscure points in science.
What is it to you to go back thirty or forty years ago

and discuss what differences there were between
tific

men

The

scien-

of that time?

proposition

lay

I

before you tonight

is

that

for the last twenty-five years at least all the scientific
men in the world are agreed upon the fact of evolution.

Against those

scientific

men

are

only

a

few

ministers of religion, and I submit tonight that their
arguments are not even respectable. (Applause.)
But, as our time is short Dr. Riley wishes this debate short, because he must go away tonight I was
hoping to have still another half an hour, but you
understand, he wishes to curtail this debate, and then
he will have twenty minutes for jokes, and I will have
five minutes to wind up the whole talk.

—

;

Why

could not Dr. Riley address himself intellecyou? Why not?

tually to the case that I put before

put before you five lines of evidence on which all
the scientific men in the world are agreed. And I
I

most particularly want

to

know what

is

the

meaning

of the convergence, the coincidence, of those five lines
of evidence? That from the scientific point of view
is one of the weightiest arguments that you could

Not one

possibly produce.
it

from beginning

to end.

word was

single
I

said about

take, therefore, just a

few

points that Dr. Riley made.

Remember what we are doing In one scale are all
the scientific experts in the world in the other scale
are the jokes of Dr. Riley and the points which I am
:

;

going to examine. (Laughter.) First, he said all scienI was invited
tific men in the world are not agreed.
into this country three years ago to lend a hand in
this evolution matter. I read the entire anti-evolutionary literature of America. From that I selected the
names of thirty scientific men who are being quoted
in those

western and southwestern states as

scientific

Where

are those

men who deny
thirty

the fact of evolution.

names tonight?

Not

a single one of them.

I

debated with six leaders of the fundamentalists, those
are telling Tennessee and Arkansas that scientists
are not agreed. I debated with Dr. Riley before. I
have no quarrel with any intelligent believer. I have
a quarrel with the man who will dupe and deceive on

who

the whole scientific question.
Scientists are not agreed, he says.

First,

he men-

tioned Professor Austin Clark. There is no such professor in America as Austin Clark. Mr. Austin Oark
is

a young, scientific

man who

has

made

a life-study

of sea-urchins. Will Dr. Riley explain how a lifestudy of sea-urchins makes a man an authority on the
evolution of man? Will Dr. Riley show me a paper

which he says that any
living thing on this earth was "created"? He is an
Everybody knows that he is an evoluevolutionist.
tionist. He gives an opinion as to the mode of evolution, but I want to see his own words where he has
ever said that living things on this earth were created.
or any

work

of

Mr. Clark

in

Page Eleven

Then Dr. Riley quoted La Conte, who not only died
about forty years ago, but was in his time the most
zealous evolutionist in this country.

Then we had Professor Osborn, and I am sure
when the echo goes around tonight that he was quoted
connection with this debate, you will hear a little

your papers from Professor Osborn. Professor Osborn, from whom I difl^er on many points, is the most
prominent evolutionist in this country.
in

in

Where

are the men,

I

ask Dr.

Riley

men

— remember

— who

are not
agreed about evolution? I know that they are not
agreed about the origin of life. I know that they are
not agreed about natural selection. But when did we
ever ask Dr. Riley to let us teach any particular theory

you are told

scientific

explicitly

of natural selection or the origin of life in the schools
of America? No one ever asked that those particular
theories should be given to children.

The

issue

before you tonight
Particular

evolution true?

of

is

this

theories

the fact

Is

:

evolution

of

do not matter to you.
All the living experts in the world are
I repeat
agreed and have been agreed for twenty-five years on
:

the fact of evolution, and that

is

the fact that

we want

taught in the schools of the world. (Applause.)
I

outlined five

immense

Dr.

categories of evidence.

Riley complained that I did so slightly. What would
you expect in a twenty-minute speech but a slight outline of the massive evidence for evolution? (Laughter.)

What did he make of my evidence, first, as to the
geographical distribution? And, in particular, what
does he make of New Zealand and Australia and their
peculiar population?
Why, he says, if your
your higher forms ought
tries. Which shows that
the fundamental idea of

doctrine of evolution

is

true,

to be evolved in those coun-

he does not understand even
evolution. (Applause.) That

not that living things go on
evolving to higher forms. The doctrine of evolution
is that as long as the living thing is suited to its environment, there is no reason whatever why it should
doctrine of evolution

change

if

is

the change would be no advantage to
the world is changing. Show

Show me where

where the environment

is

changing, and then ask

it.

me
me

for evolution. (Applause.)

on the other hand. Genesis is true, all your lions
and elephants and men must have been in
New Zealand and Australia, but some great catastrophe occurred. Dr. Riley says, and very neatly destroyed the lions, reduced all just to that level of population, the kangaroo, which the evolutionist says
Australia had reached when it was cut off from the
rest of the world. Would Dr. Riley now care to tell
me why this mighty catastrophe wiped out all the animals higher than the kangaroo and left precisely that
If,

and

tigers

lower population?

Then we come

to the vestigial remains.

I

am

not

going to argue about the Flood toni.ght. This is the
first time I have got any fundamentalist to tell me that
behind the whole case is the contention that all those
strata of rock, all those animal remains, are the out-


EVOLUTION

Page Twelve
come

of a mighty flood that occurred

Why,

of years ago.

A

I

Fundamentalist professor

that position with

me and

Why,

the fish

is

full

of fish-like remains.

the only animal on earth that

golden age

its

London once argued

in

actually pointed out that in

England we have whole beds
have had

some thousands

disdain to argue on such a point.

if

would

there were such a deluge.

When it comes to the vestigial remains, Dr. Riley
"Why didn't Mr. McCabe give me one idea?"

said,
I

gave him one.

I

asked him what were those

bits

of gristle on the side of his head. Of course, he ignored that. All the medical authorities in the world will
tell you that they are quite useless.
He knows about
this little fleshy

body on the corner of the

ignored it. He knows there
arm. He ignored it.

But he goes
It is

slits.

is

eye.

He

another, the hair on the

to the pineal gland

and he goes

forty years since any scientific

to the gill

man main-

was useless. We have been
experimenting thirty years, but until we discovered
ductless glands, no man could suspect its use.
But when Dr. Riley ridicules for you the idea that
that pineal body is the remains of a third eye, why,
he has never read one serious word about the subject.
You look at a reptile and you will find that third
eye standing out like a billiard ball from the top of
the head. It runs through the entire series of animal
world, sinking lower and lower in the brain. I have
seen photographs of the entire thing, and whatever
new function the pineal body has turned to, it is one
of the most obvious things in the world that it is the
third eye in the top of its head. That New Zealand
reptile has that third eye perfectly formed underneath the skin of its head.
Then Dr. Riley made fun of the gill slits. Will Dr.
Riley tell us what writer he has been reading who
talks of open slits? Certainly not my friend Haeckel;
certainly no scientific man. There are no open slits as
Dr. Riley said. Every scientific man will agree with
him. He has got that from a scientific man because
the slits in the condition of embryonic development
were closed long ago. But the gill arches are still there.
And what Dr. Riley has to explain is, not those closed
slits, but the circulation of the blood in the human

embryo. The arteries branch over exactly as in the
fish, and if Dr. Riley can tell me any reason why the
human embryo should have every time a perfect blood
circulation and heart of a fish, I shall be more interested in that than listening to his jokes about science.
Those are the only points that I have taken down.
I mean attempts on serious intellectual points out of
Dr. Riley's address. I beg you to understand that I
refuse to deal with any but the intellectual and scientained that the pineal gland

tific

points.

any other point whatever that I have to
answer tonight? First, he denies that all scientists
Is there

Then tell me who disagrees?
Then he sweeps to one side the five

agree.

lines of evidence
put before you. He ignores entirely the most important topics of all, and runs on to the deluge, runs
on to Genesis, runs on to the growth of crime and immorality and heaven knows what.
I

July, 1929

To that I will only make one reply. It is sixty or

seventy years ago since Darwin brought forth the
doctrine of evolution. Oh, yes, I know perfectly well
that the Greeks of 2,500 years ago

had the rudimentary
But Dr. Riley ought to know that
it did not perish of its own weakness.
Who was the
last great representative of Greek scientific thought?
Hypatia. Did her doctrines die of their own weakness? No. She was torn from her chariot by a crowd
of fanatical monks.
Voices: Hear! Hear! (Applause.)
idea of evolution.

PROFESSOR JOSEPH McCABE With broken
crockery they tore the flesh from the bones of that
last representative of the Greeks, and that was a symbolic act. In one mighty holocaust the whole of the
Greek literature and scientific instruments were destroyed by the Christians whom Dr. Riley is quoting
to you tonight. I wish to avoid in my debate tonight
the subject of religion in evolution. I am dealing with
that tomorrow night in the Community Church, but I
have been dragged on to this topic.
:

Crime

expected

is

of

the

doctrine

of

evolution.

Where vras the doctrine of evolution born? England.
And every scientific man in England for thirty years
has been an evolutionist, and you know what our staof crime in England are. (Applause and laughSince Charles Darwin gave his doctrine to the
world we have, not in proportion to population, but

tistics

ter.)

absolutely, cut
cent.

down crime

in

Great Britain

fifty

per

(Applause.)

Why

merriment? Why not give us facts?
up the perfectly serious lines
of argument that I have given you. Try again with
the geographical distribution of animals. Tell us what
did distribute them, and why the distribution coincided
perfectly with our evolutionary explanation.
Dr. Riley said, I never proved that it coincided.
Does he expect me to deal with all the animals and
plants of the world in one evening in a one-quarter
of an hour speech? Surely it is more logical for me
to demand that he shall tell me at least of one exception. I am waiting for the one exception.
I am waiting for the one exception, the one fossil
remain that has been found which is out of place,
I

all

this

invite Dr. Riley to take

according to the evolutionary principle. I am waiting
for the name of the one heavenly body which is not
in perfect accord with the doctrine of evolution. I am

waiting for the explanation of why, when we discovered a new instrument, chronology, quite independently of geology, it coincides perfectly with the story
that the geologists tell. I am waiting for the answer
to these things.

And

is going to sacrifice the scientific
going to ask me about the old scientific
men when the evidence was imperfect, if he is going
to ask us to go back to those early ages, I bring him
back to the situation of today. Here is a truth that
we have been searching with mighty instruments for
thirty years, and all our experts are agreed, while
Dr. Riley tells things on which he ventures to diff^er
from all those experts of the world. (Applause.)

men,

if

if

he

Dr. Riley
is

(To he concluded

in our next issue.)

EVOLUTION

July, 1929

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EVOLUTION AND

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EVOLUTION

Page Fourteen

July, 1929

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He implies that all our knowledge of the Neanderthal race rests on

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nal (Vol. I, No. 6, p. 3). However,
the last word may not have been said
on this subject. Finally, the denial
that gill-slits exist in the human embryo,
indistinguishable
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Obviously they do not develop into
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EVOLUTION
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of

INTRODUCTION
1.

according

History,

Bible

philosophy

San Diego,

Calif.,

U.

S.

A.

"The Arkansas Campaign," "The Masonic Church,"
"Atheism Over the Radio," "The Straton Case," "The Cohabitation of
Church and State," "Pennsylvania, Arkansas of the North," "Cohesive

Catholics," and "The Spread of Atheism," are some of the headings
in the Third Annual Report of the A. A. A. A., covering the present
wrarfare between Science and Religion. The four A appeals for members and support to combat the Church and the Clergy. Keep abreast
of the times by vvrriting for free copy of the Third Annual Report.
"Hillbillyism,"

THE MISSING LINKS
l-Ivolution, Science, History, so fascinating that >ou will read it again
and again. One college professor said,
"The completeness of the discussion
and logical connections are remark-

able.

J.

Postpaid 35c

Jesus Christ

Was an

The Bible teaches
very plainly.
The essay that

Examiner

H. WILLIAMS.
Wilson, Kansas.

this

won

Evolutionist
law

of nature

American Association

Address:
Soldiers'

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the Los Angeles

J.

119

BROWNSON,

Home, Sawtelle,

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Calif.

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This Grand Prize Offer applies to three month subs at 25 cents,
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EVOLUTION

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