AN ACCOUNT OF THE CRUSTACEA OF NORWAY Vol 06-01-02, By Sars

AN ACCOUNT
OF THE

CRUSTACEA
NORWAY
WITH SHORT DESCRIPTIONS AND FIGURES OF ALL THE SPECIES

BY

G. O.

SARS

VOL. VI

COPEPODA
CYCLOPOIDA
PARTS

I

&

II

OITHONID^E, CYCLOPINID^E, CYCLOPIDjE
WITH

16

(part).

AUTOTYPIC PLATES

BERGEN
PUBLISHED BY THE BERGEN MUSEUM
(

SOLD BY

ALB. CAMMERMEYEE'S FOELAQ, CHRISTIANIA
1913



INTRODUCTION.
Under the head Cydopoida
whole

the

may be

fleas (Cyclops),

said

a

number

of Copepoda, which on

be built upon the type of our

to

though exhibiting

pearance and

I comprise

many

common

fresh-water

modifications, both as to their general ap-

to their habits, the latter affecting chiefly the structure of the oral

The present group, or sub-order, exhibits some relations both to the
Calanoida and to the Harpacticoida, and also shows a certain approach to some

parts.

of

sub-orders

other

the

and

Notodelphyoida

the

generally

families

Caligoida,

Whereas

easily recognisable.

has

distinguished

by the present author, especially

to the

though the Cyclopoid type may always be

the extensive group Harpacticoida by earlier authors

been comprised within a single family, the Harpacticidce, several

referable

to

were established very early, though

present sub-order

under a common type has not been recognised.

their real connexion

According

the

to the

system proposed by Dr. Giesbrecht, the Cydopoida,

2nd

the Harpacticoida, should be included in the

of his 2

like

primary divisions, the

This very extensive and heterogeneous group has been divided

so-called Podoplea.

by that author into 2 sections, Isokerandria and Ampliartlwandria, according to
the

non-prehensile

each

section

prepared
the

primary

families,

which

family Aster oclieridce,

57.

comprising

recent work on
to

or prehensile character of the anterior antennae in the male,

the

adopt

this

several

p.

have
I

been enumerated

classification, which appears to

me

quite artificial, like

grouping of the Copepoda into Oymnoplea and Podoplea.

sense here adopted,

in his

am, however, by no means

In the

the sub-order Cydopoida comprises families referred by Dr.

Giesbrecht partly to the Isokerandria and partly to the Ampliartlwandria, whereas
other

families

included by

that author in the latter section are wholly

as types of distinct sub-orders.

One

removed

of these, the Harpacticoida, has been treated

of in the preceding volume, the 4 remaining sub-orders, Notodelphyoida, Monstrilloida,

Caligoida and Lernceoida, being reserved for the succeeding volumes of the

present work.
1

Crustacea.


As mentioned above,
than

with

case

the

is

the habits of the

much more

Cyclopoida are

Some

Calanoida and Harpaeticoida.

the

instance the species of the genus Oithona, are true pelagic animals,
a chief part of the plankton in almost

forms, like

the Harpaeticoida^

bottom

different

at

live

all

regions of the Oceans.

for

constituting

Several other

near the shores among algse or on a

muddy

and a great number of forms lead a more or

depths,

In most

may be

however, the parasitism

cases,

less

animals, in some

invertebrate

different

pronounced parasitic existence, attacking
instances also fishes.

varied

of them,

said

to

be merely temporary, though there are also a few examples of a more permanent
parasitism, for instance in the case of Eryasilus

The

and Nicothoe.

and degree of parasitism has a great influence on the structure
and indeed we have
group

of

parts,

2

this feature a

in

The

Copepoda.

well-marked

tions, for

which

I

both

types,

to the

again differing conspicuously from the non-

accordingly divide the Cyclopoida into 3 natural sec-

well-known names: gnathostoma, siphono-

These names were

taken in a much wider sense,

them

for an exact subdivision of this

good guide

to retain the

propose

stoma and poecilostoma.

restrict

of the oral parts,

parasitic forms exhibit, as regards the structure of the oral

We may

forms.

parasitic

mode

different

viz.,

first

proposed by Thorell, but were

to divide the entire order

group of Copepoda which

will

I

Copepoda.

here

be treated of in the present

volume.

As

to

the

characters

general

appearance of the body, as a
typical

the

Harpaeticoida by

far the

this

rule, looks rather different

group,

the

external

from that found

in the

very sharp demarcation of the 2 chief divisions of

the body, the anterior one being

So

distinguishing

more

or less tumefied, the posterior very narrow.

Cyclopoida more resemble the Calanoida than the Harpaeticoida, though

they are easily distinguished from them by the very moveable articulation between
the last 2

trunk-segments,

connected with the

firmly

the

posterior

genital

of which,

segment,

appearance of belonging more properly to

so

the

as a rule,

that,

at

posterior

first

is

very small and

sight,

than

to

it

has the

the

anterior

division of the body.

more elongated than in the HarThere are,
paeticoida and are composed of a greater number of articulations.
a
or
also
instances
of
more

less
some
however,
great reduction of these limbs,

The

both in

size

anterior

and

antennae

in the

number

are,

as a rule,

of joints.

The posterior antenna are generally
exopodite.

such

a

Only

ramus.

in

a few

In several

of the

parasitic

simple, without any outer

forms

is

ramus or

there a slight rudiment of

of the poecilostomous Cyclopoida these antennae are

transformed into powerful prehensile organs.


The

oral

mentioned above, are of very different structure

as

parts,

in

the 3 sections of Cyclopoida.

The natatory
pacticoida,

developed

legs

are,

and subequal

considerable

the Har-

in

the basal part broad and flattened and the rami generally well

with

The

in size.

ones and never prehensile.
a

and stouter than

as a rule, shorter

reduction

1st pair are smaller than the succeeding

In a few of the parasitic forms, for instance Canceritta,
of the

found to have taken place, at

is

natatory legs

least in the female.

The

last

pair

of legs

are always

very

small and simple in structure,

being in most cases exactly alike in the two sexes.

The ova are carried
as

never,

in

the

2 ovisacs, which are lateral or even subdorsal,

in

ventral.

Harpacticoida,

digenous species of Corycceus, have
is

I

Only

in

one instance,

viz.,

in our in-

found only a single ovisac, which, however,

attached quite dorsally.

The Cyclopoida are
species of the genus Cyclops
for instance Ergasilus, are

well

and

allied

also

in fresh water

also true fresh-water animals.

Section 1
General Characters.

by numerous
and
some
of
the
forms,
parasitic forms,

represented

Gnathostoma.

Anterior antennse in male distinctly hinged.

antennae without any outer ramus, and carrying on the tip a

setse.

Oral parts

adapted

maxillae strongly dentate.

for mastication.

number

Posterior
of curved

Masticatory parts of mandibles and

Maxillipeds not subchelate; the posterior ones smaller

than the anterior, and of the same appearance in the two sexes.

Natatory legs

well developed, with both rami generally 3-articulate.

Remarks.

The

several

forms belonging to

been combined within a single family, the Cydopidce.
to distinguish at least 3 well-defined families of

these

3

families

are

characterised below.

represented

in

the

this
It

section
is,

have generally

however, very easy

gnathostomous Cyclopoida.

fauna of Norway, and

will

All

be shortly


Fam.
Characters.

1

and

slender

Body

Oithonidae.

.

of a very

delicate

structure, with thin

and pellucid integuments.

Anterior antennae in female very slender and provided

with long

those

diverging setae;

male much more robust and distinctly geni-

in

Posterior antennae comparatively small, with the

culate.

Oral parts well developed, and

paratively

3-articulate

of joints reduced.

rather different in structure from those in other

Cyclopoida, being partly armed with
slender

number

claw-like spines.

Natatory legs with com-

edged with unusually long setae.

rarni

Last pair

and partly confluent with the corresponding segment.
shape and armature in the two sexes.

of legs rudimentary

rami differing

in

Remarks.
in

several

in

the

This family

We

the

Oithona in the
anterior

very doubtful, though

Cyclopoida.

In

case

this

this

some resemblance

true, exhibits

in the structure

of

but the posterior antennae are very different and built

wholly on the type of the Calanoida.
still

it is

appearance of the body as also

general

antennae;

entitled to constitute the type

do not know as yet any other genus referable to

The genus Mormonilla of Giesbrecht,

family.
to

and may accordingly be

present section,

of a distinct group.

founded upon the genus Oiihona Baird, which

is

rather conspicuously from the other genera included

differs

respects

Caudal

The systematic

may

position

of this genus

is

be found to be nearest related to the

it

perhaps

it

must be regarded as the type of a very anomalous

family of the gnathostomous Cyclopoida.

Gen.

OlthOna,

1.

Syn

Generic
division

Characters.

only slightly

defined from the

produced

in

dilated,

Body

the

1st pedigerous

front

to

a

:

Baird,

1843.

Scribella, Dana.

slender

and

attenuated,

with

the

posterior very narrow, linear in form.

anterior

Head

segment by a well-marked suture, and generally

sharply-pointed

rostrum,

wanting,

however, in male.

Anterior antennae long and slender, scarcely tapered distally, and composed of a
limited
tennae
the

1st

number
abruptly

of joints,

some

of which are imperfectly defined.

Posterior an-

bent in the middle, and apparently only consisting of 2 joints,

carrying about in

the middle behind a short seta arising from a knob-

Mandibular palp with the basal part greatly produced, pediform,
terminating in 2 claw-like spines, inner ramus represented by a very small seti-

like

prominence.


some distance from

ferous appendage attached outside the basal part at

its

outer ramus well developed and abruptly reflexed, being composed of 3

Maxillae with the masticatory lobe well defined

setse.

carrying long plumose

carrying a number of sharp claw-like spines accompanied inside by a thick

form

appendage,

end,

4 joints

with

palp lamellar,

outer

the

distal lobe very small,

and
seti-

proximal

lobe well developed, recurved, and provided at the tip with long plumose setse 1 ).

Both pairs of

slender

maxillipecls

and elongated, the anterior ones

5-articuiate,

the posterior ones 4-articulate, both carrying long anteriorly-curving spines.

tatory

no

with

legs

developed

distinctly

Na-

inside the 1st joint of the outer

seta

ramus very slender and serrate outside, spines of
ramus, apical spine
outer edge more perfectly developed in male than in female.

Last pair of legs
of

this

represented by a small conical joint terminating in a long seta;
seta

from

issuing

seems to answer

a

in female

much elongated and

each

another similar

of the segment

side

from the basal joint of these legs

to that arising

Caudal rami

poida.

prominence on

knob-like

itself,

in other Cyclo-

strongly divergent, with the 2 middle apical setse

each

crossing

other

the

at

base; those in male of quite

normal appearance.

to

Remarks.

The present genus was

a

0. plumifera,

include

species,

established in the year 1843 by Baird,

taken in the tropical part of the Atlantic.

Another genus with the same name has been established by Alder and Hancock
for

a

nudibranchiate

of Baird,

its

with

that

have

in

Mollusc; but as this

name must be changed.

of

Baird,

genus

The genus

and likewise of later date.

recent times been

described

is

of younger

date than that

Dana

Scribella of

is

identical

Several species of this genus

from different parts of the Oceans.

Thus

Dr. Giesbrecht records no less than 8 species, and some additional species have

been

named by

about

the

right

close relation

tomical

other

examination

described

by Dr.

conspicuously

though

proposed.

To

of

the

nearly

the

is,

some

such

delicate

others,
allied

however,

of these

to the difficulty

Giesbrecht,

from

separate,

of

identification

and partly

There

authors.

which

and

0. nana,

still

species,

is

considerable confusion
partly

connected with an exact ana-

fragile animals.

seems

in

owing to their

One

some respects

of the species
to

differ

more

and may perhaps be regarded as the type of a
genus,

fauna of Norway

for

which the name

belong

2

well-defined

Oithonina

may be

to

be de-

lobes,

but find

species,

scribed below.
1
)

that these

I

have formerly described these 2 lobes as the exopodal and epipodal

names cannot properly be

retained, since they unquestionably, as

is

clearly seen in the

present genus, answer to the inner and outer rami of the mandibular palp. As, however, both
these lobes are always attached outside the palp, I find it more appropriate to give them the
indifferent names of proximal and distal outer lobes.


Oithona spinirostris,

1.

i

(PI.

&

Glaus.

ii).

Oithona spinirostris, Glaus, Die freilebenden Copepoden,

p.

105, PI. XI,

figs.

4

9.

Oithona challengeri, Thompson.

Syn:

plumifera, Scott, (not Baird).
atlantica, Fai-ran.

Female.

Specific Characters.

narrow

division

fusiform in

Body exceedingly

slender, with the anterior

the greatest width scarcely exceeding Vs of

shape,

No conspicuous plumes
the length and occurring somewhat in front of the middle.
Rostrum strong, spiniform, and only very slightly curved, so
present laterally.
as to be visible in the dorsal aspect of the animal.

Tail not

much

shorter than

and very narrow genital segment about the length of the 2

succeeding segments combined, and conspicuously dilated in its anterior part.
Caudal rami nearly as long as the anal segment and rather divergent, seta of

the anterior division

;

outer edge attached close to the base, the 2 middle apical setse almost twice the
length of the

antennae

Eye narrow

tail.

linear in

form and of a deep red colour.

slender and elongated, reaching,

very

when

reflexed, to the

Anterior

end of the

and composed of about 12 more or less distinctly defined
joints of rather unequal length and carrying scattered exceedingly long setse
1st pair of natatory legs with the inner ramus
pointing in different directions.
2nd

caudal segment,

ramus spiniferous

distinctly 3-articulate, all joints of outer

outside.

2nd and 3rd

pair with no spine outside the middle joint of the outer ramus, terminal joint of

ramus, as in the 1st pair, with 2 spines outside.

this

outside the

ramus and with only a single setiform spine
Ovisacs narrow oblong in form and greatly divergent,

2 joints of the outer

first

outside the terminal joint.
in

some

sac
in a

extending nearly at right angles to the axis of the body, each

cases

containing

only

a limited

number

of very pellucid ova, generally arranged

double row.

Male much
the

smaller

genital

any

trace

a

of

segment greatly

female

than
less

body being comparatively

wanting

rostrum.

swollen, to

in

female

and

of

quite

and of a rather

different appearance,

slender, with the front obtusely truncate

Tail

distinctly

receive the 2

shorter than the anal segment and not at

than

4th pair with no spines

all

spermatophores.

divergent, apical setse

normal appearance.

and

5-articulate, with the 1st or

Caudal rami

much

shorter

Anterior antennse scarcely

longer than the anterior division of the body and exhibiting the usual geniculation

middle
with

all

section

the

only slightly

joints

tumefied,

of the outer

terminal one biarticulate.

ramus spiniferous

;

Natatory legs

outside, 3 such spines being


on

present
legs

much

2nd and 3rd

the

terminal joint in

the

both sexes highly pellucid and nearly colourless, though in adult

in

Body

females generally a light orange pigment

A

also the sides of the head.

part

of

Setse of last pair of

pairs.

sherter than in female.

the

large oil-bubble

and 2 smaller ones

trunk,

seen clothing the oral area and partly

is

is

often found within the posterior

at the limit

between the head and the

1st pedigerous segment.

Length of adult female 1.35 mm., of male 0.82 mm.
Remarks. I regard it as beyond all doubt that the above-described form
is

name Oithona

that originally recorded by Glaus under the

generally been confounded with the very nearly
as

0. plumifera, from which, however,

at once distinguished

is

it

spinirostris.

allied species described

It

has

by Baird

by the absence

of the very conspicuous brightly-coloured plumes projecting in the latter at each
side of the

reality

species

are richly

belong

name plumifera has been

natatory legs, and are formed

plumose, whereas in the form here under consideration they

and do not even project

simple

specific

to the

attached outside the 2nd basal joint of the legs, which in the said

setse

In addition to this distinguishing

laterally.

Farran has recently pointed out some minute differences in the
the oral parts between these two forms, which accordingly must be

Mr.

character,

structure

in

plumes

by the

ars

and from which indeed the

trunk,

These

derived.

of

regarded as

distinct,

new

name

specific

Mr. Farran has proposed a

though closely-allied species.
the

for

present species,

viz.,

but

atlantica,

I

think that his

doubt about the identity of Glaus' species with the one here under question cannot
properly be approved.
Occurrence.

have observed

I

coast, at least

Norwegian
so

common

the

open

to the

up

from which

it

form

in

many

Trondhjem Fjord.

It

different places
is,

and seems more properly

as the next species,

sea,

this

is

however, not nearly

to be

only occasionally brought

in

on the

an inhabitant of

by the currents

to

the shores and fjords.

When

in

a

always found freely suspended

in

kept

living

vessel

the water,

with the anterior antennae and the

apparently

animal

serving as

often

rests

with fresh sea-water, the specimens are

caudal

more generally

setse

long

the action of the natatory

time

legs,

nearly

making

an erect attitude,

spread to each side, these parts

a very effective balancing apparatus.

for

in

immobile,

only

In this attitude the

now and

a short bound to change

its

then,
place.

by

To

judge from the structure of the oral parts, the animal must be of a very rapacious
nature,
first

be

probably
seized

feeding

upon

other

small

pelagic

animals.

by the slender maxillipeds and by them thrown

These

may

at

in against the


8

the

of which indeed seems to be

structure

other

oral

killing

than for masticating the prey.

parts,

As

Distribution.
fera,

has

it

full

a

In

all

probability

With

wide range in the Oceans to that of the next species.

similar

may be

it

certainty

as yet rather difficult to determine.

is

for

form has generally been confounded with 0. plumi-

this

true distribution

its

more adapted

said

be

to

distributed

over the North Atlantic, as

all

also in the Mediterranean.

Oithona helgolandica,

2.

(PL

Glaus.

III).

Oithona helgolandica, Claus, Die freilebenden Copepoden,

Syn

:

p.

105, PI. XI,

10

figs.

12.

Oithona spinifrons, Boeck.
pygmcea, Boeck.

Claus.

similis,

spinirostris, Giesbrecht (not Claus).

somewhat

the

but

pointed,

acutely

so

body,

than in

so

less

as

the

Body

preceding species.

less

dilated

seta of outer edge shorter.

in

anterior

its

and

ever,

armed
is

less

however,

exhibiting
in

are

structure

in

some

only
with

faintly

small

species,

Genital

part.

less divergent than in 0. spinirostris,

and composed of about 10

defined.

characteristic

1st

some

antennse and oral parts

Posterior

differences:

joints,

pair

Natatory
with

legs,

the outer

how-

ramus

a manner similar to that in 0. spinirostris, except that the apical spine

strong and almost setiform; inner ramus apparently only biarticulate, the

of

the

outer

ramus,

dentiform projection of the
1st or

in that

Caudal rami not nearly

those in the preceding species.

2 outer joints being confluent.
joint

Rostrum, as

Anterior antennae, when reflexed, extending scarcely

beyond the anterior division of the body,

agreeing

slender form, though

bent downwards at a right angle to the axis of

abruptly

attaining the length of the anal segment,

of which,

usual

of the

not to be visible in the dorsal aspect of the animal.

somewhat

segment

Female.

Characters.

Specific

2nd

joints.

spine

2nd and 3rd pairs with no spine outside the middle

though
margin.

Terminal joint of

outside,

attached

close

exhibiting

at

4th

pair

this

ramus

to

the

end of the joint a small

without any spines either on the

in all 3

pairs with only a single

the end, and exhibiting moreover in the

2nd and 3rd pairs a very small dentiform prominence of the margin at about the
Ovisacs narrow oblong and closely appressed to the sides of
middle of the joint
the

tail,

each sac containing only a single series of very large and pellucid ova.

Male
and moreover

closely resembling that of the preceding species, but of smaller size,
differing

somewhat

in the

armature of the natatory

minal joint of the outer ramus having only 2 spines outside.

legs,

the ter-


sexes extremely pellucid, without any obvious pigment.

in both

Body

Length of adult female 0.700.90 mm.; of male 0.500.60 mm.
There cannot in my opinion be any doubt, that the form

Remarks.

recorded by Glaus as 0. helgolandica

first

the present

is

species.

It

at

has subse-

quently been redescribed by the same author from Mediterranean specimens, but

under another

name,

specific

by

present

species

the

name under which

first

retained.

The

doubtedly

both

form

the

2

referable

species

the

to

is

manner
the

in the

in

present species, and this

elongated anterior antennae, and the very

less

which the ovisacs are borne by the female.

natatory

legs

some well-marked

differences

Also in the struc-

are found to exist, as

above diagnosis.
This form occurs very abundantly along the whole coast of

Occurrence.

Norway, both on the outer shores and
I

also the case with

is

from the preceding one by the rather

easily distinguishable

different

of

According

applied to the

to the rules of priority, however,

by Dr. Giesbrecht from the bay of Kiel as 0. spinirostris.

form of the rostrum, the

shown

name has been

this

a species has been recorded should in every case be

different

ture

and

similis,

forms named by Boeck 0. spinifrons and 0. pyymcea are un-

described

The present

viz.,

most authors.

have often taken

shallow creeks.

in great

it

As with

in the fjords.

numbers even

In the Christiania Fjord

close to the beach of the innermost

the preceding species, male specimens are

much

scarcer

than females, and seem only to appear in certain seasons.

The

Distribution.

has been

It

in the

distribution of this species

noted as far north as
off

Mediterranean,

compared

them

to

be very extensive.

Mosel Bay, Spitsbergen, and southwards

the Canary Islands, and even in the Indian Ocean.

myself examined specimens taken
fully

in

seems

with

off the

northern

coast of

specimens,

I

New Zealand, and have
without

having

been

have

care-

able

to

detect any difference whatever.

Fam.
Characters.
in

the

Head

in

Oithonidce,

Body
the

of

2.

Cyclopinidae.

somewhat varying shape, but never

anterior

division

most cases confluent with the

and generally bent

in

1st

being,

as a rule,

considerably dilated.

trunk-segment; rostral projection short

against the ventral face.

Anterior antennae less elongated

than in the Oithonidse, tapered, and clothed with moderately long

male strongly hinged.
2

Crustacea.

Posterior

so slender as

seta?;

those in

antennae generally composed of 4 joints.

Oral


10

same type

parts well developed and on the whole built on the

Natatory

both rami 3-articulate and

with

stout,

Last pair of legs generally extended laterally and composed

subequal in length.
of 1

and

short

comparatively

legs

as in the Calanoida.

3 joints.

The type

Remarks.

of this family

is

the genus Cyclopina of Glaus, which

has generally been considered as closely allied to Cyclops, but which in reality
differs

very

resembles

essentially

found

that

structure

the

in

Calanoida.

the

in

of

the

oral

parts,

which much more

4 different genera referable to

this

family will be described in the sequel.

Gen.
Generic
the genus

articulate.

form

of

more

antennae

body

or

articulations

less

much resembling

elongated

and

that in

composed

posterior antennae distinctly 4-

;

Mandibles with the cutting edge divided into a number of sharp clawpalp

denticles,

outer

biarticulate,

well

Anterior

Cyclops.

somewhat varying number of

of a

like

General

Characters.

1863.

Glaus

CyClOpina,

2.

defined

comparatively large, biramous, inner ramus well developed,
generally niultiarticulate.

armed with several

and

Maxillae

with the masticatory lobe

claw-like spines, palp lamellar, with both

and carrying long plumose setae. Anterior

appendages sharply
maxillipeds rather stout, with the 2nd basal joint clawed, and the terminal part
defined

outer

well developed,

consisting

Posterior maxillipeds more slender, with

of 3 joints.

the terminal part generally divided

into

3 or 4 setiferous joints.

Last pair of legs extended

of normal structure.

Natatory legs
and composed of 2 or

laterally,

3 joints, none of which are lamellar.

Remarks.
include

a

species,

opment of the
some

C.

was

genus
gracilis,

mandibular

in

Calanoida.

the

year 1863 by Glaus, to

and

maxillary

palps,

The genus

and by the very
which

strongly

is

chiefly

full

devel-

recalls

that

Several species have been recorded by different authors; but

of these have turned out to be referable to other genera, not even belonging

to the present family.

In the succeeding pages 4 different species of this genus,

belonging to the fauna of Norway,

number

believe that their

Copepod-fauna.
2

established

found by him at Messina.

the Cyclops-like form of the body,

characterised by

in the

This

peculiar

will

will

be described, and

For instance, many years ago,

forms,

the

I

am much

disposed to

be considerably increased by a closer study of our
off

the Lofoten islands, I observed

one distinguished by the excessive prolongation of the


11

caudal

the

rami,

other

the

by

strong development of the spines on the legs.

The specimens of these 2 forms, which I had noted with the provisory names,
C. longifurca and C. euacantha, have, however, unfortunately been lost, and I am
thus unable to give any closer description of them here.

genus has also been described by
of

C.

me from

the

A

small species of this

Chatham Islands under

the

name

and another species has recently been recorded by Th. Scott as

pusilla,

C. longicaudata.

3.

Cyclopina

graeilis, Claus.

(PI. IV).

Cyclopina gracilis, Claus, Die freilebenden

Copepoden,

104, PI. X,

p.

figs.

9

15.

Cyclopina norvegica, Boeck.

Syn:

Cyclops salinm, Brady.

Female.

Characters.

Specific

Body moderately

slender, with the anterior

division oval in form, greatest width exceeding half the length

Tail rather slender, with the genital segment about the length of

in the middle.

the other 3

though

scarcely longer than the last 2 segments combined, sub-

form and only slightly diverging, seta of outer edge placed

the middle
the

;

in front of

apical setae of moderate length, the inner medial one being, as usual,

longest and about equal to the

than

longer

Caudal rami of somewhat

combined and gradually narrowed behind.

varying length,
linear in

and occurring about

that

the

of

tail

in length

Anterior

outer.

;

seta of inner corner scarcely

not much

antennas

elongated, being

considerably shorter than the cephalic segment, and composed of 10 joints, the
6th of which is much the longest and about equal in length to the 4 succeeding

ones

combined.

2nd.

Natatory

antennae

Posterior
legs

with

the

3 such spines being present on

with

comparatively

slender

bristle,

quadrangular

in

broad and

distal

form,

joint

last joint scarcely as long as the

outside the outer

spines

ramus of moderate

the terminal joint, except in 4th pair,

2 spines occur outside the apical spine.
joint

the

shorter

Last pair of legs biarticulate, proximal

ciliated inside,

finely

size,

where only

carrying outside the usual

and narrower than the proximal one, sub-

and armed on the obtusely truncated extremity with 2

somewhat unequal lanceolate spines, between which a slender bristle is attached.
Ovisacs of moderate size, oval in form, and carried closely appressed to the sides
of the

tail.

Male

of

much

smaller size than female, and easily distinguished by the

anterior

strongly

hinged

(genital)

segment of which

the

same appearance

antennae
is

and

the

distinctly

considerably dilated.

as in the female.

5-articulate

tail,

the

1st

Last pair of legs of exactly


12

both sexes of a whitish grey colour, with a faint yellow

in

Body

of adult female 0.43

Length

Remarks.

was

form

This

tinge.

mm.

0.57

rather

imperfectly

described by Glaus from

Mediterranean specimens, and has subsequently been observed by other authors
in

different

The form recorded by Boeck as

northern Ocean.

of the

places

norvegica can scarcely be regarded as

specifically distinct,

though

it

C.

represents

a strictly littoral variety, with the caudal rami comparatively shorter than in the

Dr. Giesbrecht has also

form.

typical

attention to the variation in this

called

The Cyclops salinus of Brady is
present and next species.
respect both
unquestionably the present species, and belongs to its variety norvegica, Boeck.
The specific name gracilis proposed by Glaus for the present species, is somethe

in

what inappropriate,

since in

this

reality

of less slender form of

is

species

body

than most of the other known species.
Occurrence.

strictly

the

in several places

on the Norwegian

at least

up

to

the

form, being found close to the shore

littoral

like

form

this

Trondhjem Fjord. It is a
among algse and scarcely
any considerable depth. The variety norvegica

from the Christiania Fjord

coast,

ever,

have taken

I

next

at

species,

occurs rather frequently in shallow creeks and in pools

left

by the

both on

tide,

the southern and western coasts.
British Isles (Brady), coast of France (Canu), bay of Kiel

Distribution.

(Giesbrecht),

Franz

Land

Josef

(Scott),

Polar Islands north

of Grinnel

Land

(2nd Frain Expedition), Mediterranean (Glaus), Black Sea (Czerniawsky).

4.

Cyclopina longieornis, Boeck.
(PI.

Cyclopina

longicornis,

Boeck,

Slsegter

Syn:

Characters.

Specific

the

preceding

species,

v).

og Arter af Saltvandscopepoder.
Forhandl. 1872, p. 41.

Nj'e

Cyclopina

anterior

width about equalling half the length

Vid. Selsk.

Brady.

Body comparatively more slender than

female.

with the

littoralis,

Clir.

in

division oblong oval in form, greatest

and occurring

in the middle, cephalic

gradually tapered anteriorly, with the front narrowly rounded.

segment

Tail very slender,

almost equalling in length the anterior division, genital segment sligthly dilated in
Caudal rami long
front and shorter than the 3 succeeding segments combined.

and

narrow,

seta

of outer

being

generally

longer

than the 2 preceding segments combined,

edge rather slender and attached a

little

in front of the

whole
apical setse very unequal, the inner medial one equal to the

and

fully

twice

tail

middle;

in length

as long as the outer, seta of outer corner scarcely half as long


13

as

antennae

Anterior

inner.

the

much more elongated than

the preceding

in

species, about equalling in length the cephalic segment, and composed of 18 well

much

defined joints, 3rd joint

to

be subdivided into

the largest, 6th joint exhibiting a slight indication

Posterior antennae with the terminal joint fully

3 joints.

as long as the 2 preceding joints combined.

the

inside

posterior

spine

1st

terminal

pairs;

the

outside,

ramus remarkably strong, especially
of outer ramus in 4th pair with only

the inner

of

joint

joint

distal

spine

of 3 joints, the first 2

somewhat lamellar and
usual bristle,

the

outside

carrying

with 4 slender ciliated

moderate

and

size

2

a single

and composed each
middle joint

ciliated inside,

comparatively small, and provided

last joint

is

Ovisacs of

the shortest.

slightly divergent.

Male, as usual, smaller than female,
anterior

finely

the innermost of which

setae,

in the

being replaced by a thin bristle abruptly bent

Last pair of legs of comparatively feeble structure,

inwards.

hinged

Natatory legs with the seta attached

Last

antennae.

and

of legs

pair

easily recognizable by the strongly
differing

from those

in

female in

being 4-articulate, the last joint being subdivided into 2 well defined joints, the

proximal
setse

of

on the

which

carries

on each side a

whereas the distal joint has 4

tip.

Body semipellucid, with
in some cases, moreover,

colour,

seta,

scattered opaque patches of a whitish or yellow
exhibiting a fine rosy tinge on several parts of

the body, as also partly on the anterior antennae.
of adult female 0.70

Length

Remarks.

name
to

littoralis

this

form

This

has

proposed by Brady.

species by Boeck,

adequate name,

I

0.90

mm.

generally

been

under the

recorded

As, however, the

name

dates from the very same year, and

have found

it

suitable to prefer that

name

specific

longicornis, assigned

to the

is

a

much more

one proposed by

Brady. For the present species cannot in reality be said to be, like the preceding
one, a strictly littoral form, as it more generally occurs in greater depths and
is

only

quite

occasionally

met

with in the

littoral

region.

such specimens are of smaller size and have the caudal rami
in

the

typical

thus

form,

which the name

littoralis

The present

more properly

may

species

is

constituting

a

I

have found that

less elongated

particular

than

variety, for

be retained.
easily distinguished from the preceding one

by the

more slender form of the body, the much more elongated anterior antennae, and
In the structural details also
the somewhat different shape of the caudal rami.
some well-marked

differences are found, especially as regards the structure of the

last pair of legs.

Occurrence.

I

have found

this

form rather frequently

in

many

places of


14
the

Norwegian
It is

Fjord.

generally met with

in depths

at least

up

to the

in shallower water

among

darts

it

away

with

have never seen

great

it

freely for

British

Distribution.

to

rapidity,

moving

Isles

settle

When

again very soon

any length of time

(Brady),

Cuxhaven

(Giesbrecht), Polar Islands north of Grinnel Land (2nd

Cyclopina brevifurea, G. 0.

5.

it

is

found

Like the other species of the present genus,

algse.

a true bottom-form, keeping constantly close to the ground.

is

Trondhjem

ranging from 10 to 60 fathoms, espe-

where the bottom consists of coarse sand; much more seldom

cially

I

from the Christiania Fjord

coast,

in

it

disturbed,

another place.

in the water.

(Tim in),

Fram

Mediterranean

Exped.).

Sars, n. sp.

(PL VI).

Female.

Specific Characters.

division

oblong oval in

front evenly rounded.

Body moderately

slender, with the anterior

greatest width scarcely exceeding half the length,

form,

Tail not attaining half the length of the anterior division,

genital segment comparatively large, being fully as long as the 3 succeeding seg-

ments combined, anal segment shorter than the preceding one.

Caudal rami very

small, being scarcely longer than they are broad, seta of outer edge slender

attached about in the

middle,

apical

setse

one considerably exceeding the length of the
its

rather elongated,
tail

like the

and,

the

and

inner medial

outer, clothed in

proximal part with coarse distant hairs, seta of outer corner unusually slender,

being fully as long as that of the inner corner.

Anterior antennas comparatively

longer and more slender than in C. gracilis, though not quite attaining the length
of the cephalic segment, and composed of 12 well-defined joints, the 6th of which
is

much

the largest,

antennse

with

the

the

6

terminal

Natatory legs about as in C.
articulate,

distal

proximal one,
with

2

bristle

joint,

about the

joint

and

the sides of the

all

of equal size.

Posterior

of the antipenultimate one.
legs,

as in that species, bi-

comparatively larger, exceeding in length

however,

in

form, inner edge finely ciliated, tip

somewhat unequal

Ovisacs of moderate

length

Last pair of

gracilis.

and narrow oblong

slender

Body

outer joints short and

armed

spines, having between them a slender

oval in form,

size,

the

and borne

closely appressed to

tail.

rather

pellucid, of

a

whitish gray colour, with light bluish trans-

parent ovaria.

Length of adult female
Remarks. This form is

600.70 mm.
closely

allied

to

C. gracilis

Glaus,

conspicuously in the shape of the anterior division of the body, the

but differs

more slender


15

and distinctly
rami, which

have met with

I

coast,

and the remarkably short caudal

and

at

form

this

outside the

Bejan

Trondhjem Fjord.

were

6.

in

A

single

a sample taken by Mr.

The specimens observed by

Fjord, Finmark.

the Porsanger

in

taken in depths ranging

here proposed.

several distant places on the

in

well-marked ovigerous specimen was found, moreover,

Nordgaard

name

on the southern coast, at Skutesnses on

at Ris0r

for instance

south-western coast,

the

antennae,

character has given rise to the specific

latter

Occurrence.

Norwegian

anterior

12-articulate

rne

from 10 to 30 fathoms, muddy bottom.

Cyclopina elegans,

Scott.

(PI. VII).

Cyclopina elegans, Th. Scott, Addition to the Fauna of the Firth of Forth.
the Fishery Board of Scotland.

Female.

Specific Characters.

narrow oblong
in

in

anterior

its

Body very

12th Ann. Eeport of

figs.

919.

slender, with the anterior division

form, greatest width not attaining half the length and occurring
front evenly rounded.

part,

Tail almost as long as the anterior

having the genital segment unusually large and tumid, clothed on

and

division

Part. Ill, p. 237, PI. V,

each side with

small

spikes;

anal

segment

Caudal rami long and slender, equalling

fully

as long as the preceding one.

in length the last 2

segments combined;

outer edge with 2 successive bristles, the smaller one occurring at a short distance

form

the

base,

the

attached nearer to

other

the end

and somewhat dorsally

;

apical seise of moderate length, that of the outer corner shorter than that of the

Anterior antennae moderately slender, though not attaining the length of

inner.

the cephalic segment, and
a

however,

more or

be increased to 20

composed

less distinct sub-division,

21.

the

other

species,

the terminal part

and 5th

so that the

joints exhibiting,

number

of joints

may

Posterior antennae with the terminal joint scarcely longer

than the antipenultimate one.
in

of 18 joints, the 4th

Mandibular palp comparatively more slender than

with the outer ramus shorter.

composed

of

5 well-defined joints.

Posterior maxillipeds with
1st

pair of legs, like the 3

succeeding ones, provided with 2 setse inside the middle joint of the inner ramus,
being in 4th pair very coarse, almost spiniform.

these setae
distinctly

3-articulate.

1st

joint

with

a

Last pair of legs

coarse ciliated seta inside, middle joint

rather dilated and carrying outside the usual slender bristle; terminal joint nar-

row

oblong

in

form,

exceeding in

length

the other 2 combined, and provided

outside with 2 setee, at the tip with another very slender seta and a stout spine.

Ovisacs of moderate size and somewhat divergent.


16

Colour whitish grey, with a slight yellow tinge.

Length of adult female about 0.80 mm.

Remarks.
the

This

a very distinct

is

species,

recognisable both by

easily

form of the body and by the structure of some of the appendages.
The only place where I have observed this species, is at

general

Occurrence.

south

Farsund,
C.

coast

of

longicornis in a depth of about 20 fathoms, sandy bottom.

Firth of Forth (Scott), Gulf of Naples (Giesbrecht).

Distribution.

Gen. 3

General appearance resembling that

Cyclopina, the anterior division of the

and

narrow

attenuated.

well-marked
limited

quite smooth.

Cyclopina,

Head

Anterior

suture.

number

the

genus

body being considerably dilated, the posterior

from the 1st pedigerous segment by a
antennae comparatively short and composed of a
Posterior antennae with the

Mandibles short and
simple,

in

defined

of articulations.

being

G. 0. Sars, n.

CyClOpinella,

Generic Characters.

in

occurred here occasionally together with

It

Norway.

first joint

simple and

with the palp less fully developed than

stout,

without any outer ramus.

Maxilla? likewise rather

short, palp with the 2 outer appendages well developed and of about equal

size,

one of the apical spines, as also those of the masticatory lobe, unusually thick,
almost

2nd basal

much

rudimentary

than

in

compact,

structure.

being

the claw of the

distinctly

Posterior

Natatory legs well developed

structure from those in Cyclopina.

usual,

with

from the spines of ihe terminal part.

smaller, and of the usual

somewhat

rather

maxillipeds

joint scarcely different

maxillipeds
differing

Anterior

digitiform.

3-articulate,

Last pair of legs
with

the

less

terminal joint

comparatively large and armed with strong lanceolate spines.

Remarks.

This new genus

is

somewhat

allied to

Cyclopina, though dis-

tinguished by certain apparently fundamental differences, of which
the

distinct

simple

separation

structure

of

the

has hitherto come under

7.

of the

head from the

mandibular palp.

my

may be named

1st pedigerous segment,

Only

a

single

and the

species of this genus

notice.

Cyclopinella tumidula, G. 0. Sars,

n.

sp.

(PL VIII).

Specific Characters.

division greatly tumefied

Female.

Body comparatively

and almost pyriform

short, with the anterior

in shape, the greatest width occurring


17

far

in

and considerably exceeding half the

front

Tail very narrow and

length.

tapered, with the genital segment only slightly dilated, anal segment fully as long

Caudal rami somewhat exceeding

as the preceding one.

ment and narrow

in

length the anal seg-

linear in form, seta of outer edge attached about in the middle,

much

apical setse rather unequal, the inner medial one, as usual

about equalling

in length the tail; seta of outer

much

Anterior antennae

joints, the 9th of which

corner quite rudimentary, that of inner

ramus and very

attaining the length of the corresponding

distal

joint

of

which

is

a

strong spine

placing the usual

carries a slender

Mandibular palp forming a simple
very small and provided with 3

Natatory legs with no seta inside the

pair with

1st

the

stem,

setse.

absent.

of 12 well-defined

somewhat longer than the others and

even attaining the length of the preceding one.

curved

Eye wholly

Posterior antennse with the terminal joint unusually short, not

sensory filament.

bi-articulate

thin.

shorter than the head, and composed
is

the longest and

seta;

spines

1st joint of the outer

ramus;

outside the terminal joint of the inner ramus, reof outer

ramus

and the succeeding pairs

in this

slender, and edged with hyaline rims, 4 such spines being present on the terminal
joint in the 3 anterior pairs, 3 in that of the 4th pair, inner

pair

ramus of the

unusually narrow and, like that of the 2 preceding pairs,

Last pair of legs with the

with 2 spines.

outside a slender bristle, terminal joint

oblong quadrangular

somewhat

in

in

armed

latter

at the tip

1st joint quite

unarmed, 2nd carrying

much longer than

the other 2 combined,

form, and much constricted

at the base, carrying outside,

front of the middle, a strong lanceolate spine

and

at the transversely

truncated end 2 similar spines and a very small bristle between them, inner edge

Ovisacs small, and borne closely appressed

of the joint straight and finely ciliated.
the

to

sides

of the

tail,

each containing, as a

rule,

only 3 ova arranged in a

single row.

Male exhibiting the usual sexual characters.
the same appearance as in female.

Body

Last pair of legs of exactly

of the usual whitish grey colour, but appearing darker on account

of the translucent, very capacious anterior part of the intestine, which
filled

with

dark brown contents.

A

peculiar

opaque body

orange hue, and transversely oval or semilunar
mediately

inside

the

dorsal wall

of the

very conspicuous in the living animal.

Length of adult female 0.68

head,

in

form,

is

is

generally

of a whitish or pale

constantly found im-

in front of the intestine,

and

is

1

)

0.75

mm.

It cannot be the
*) 1 am unable to say anything about the significance of this body.
missing visual organ, as it does not occupy the usual place of the eye, being far remote from
the front. As to structure, it seems to consist of a uniform granular matter.
3

Crustacea.


18

Remarks.

In

its

The

that genus.

to

on

the

coast,
all

places

it

opinion
this

instance

for

coast,

ought

occurred on a

muddy

to

similar

to

inclined to refer
it

proved

to

be generically separated.

peculiar form in several distant places

at

Ris0r and Lillesand on the southern

on the western coast, and

at Christiansund
it

my

have met with

I

Norwegian

first

closer anatomical examination has, however,

be in reality so different, that in
Occurrence.

rather

is

Cyclopina, and I was indeed at

certain species of the genus
it

form

this

appearance

general

in

the

Trondhjem Fjord.

bottom, partly covered by decaying

In

algae, the

depth ranging from 20 to 40 fathoms.

Gen.

CyelOpetta,

4.

G. O. Sars, n.

Body somewhat depressed,

Generic Characters.

sharply marked off from each other than in

less

with the 2 chief divisions

Head

the 2 preceding genera.

confluent with the 1st pedigerous segment, and conspicuously contracted in front.
Tail

short.

comparatively

number

Anterior

antennae of inconsiderable

and clothed with strong plumose setae.
biramous, outer ramus well developed, inner
peds

very

and

type as in the other

Last

structure.

with ciliated

pair

difficult to

apparently built

a

of

single lamellar joint

anomalous genus, Pterinopsyllus, though

species, to

edged

This new genus in some respects differs rather conspicuously

from the 2 preceding ones, and seems to exhibit a certain approach

by

maxilli-

setae.

Remarks.

several

and

on the same

Natatory legs well developed and of normal

consisting each

legs

Maxillae

uniarticulate.

examine, though

Cydopinidce.
of

with the

Mandibles with the palp distinctly

stout,

small

length,

Posterior antennae likewise unusually short and

of articulations reduced.

well-marked

it

is

the next

distinguished also from this genus

The genus

characters.

to

is

only

founded upon a single

be described below.

8.

Cyclopetta

diffieilis,

G. 0. Sars,

n.

sp.

(PI. IX).

Characters.

Specific

and

distinctly

greatest

middle.

width

depressed,

Female.

with

the

scarcely exceeding

Cephalic

Body

comparatively

anterior division
half the

short

and

oblong fusiform in outline,

length, and occurring about

segment rather large and

stout,

evenly contracted

in

anteriorly,

the

with


19

the

narrowly rounded.

front

and scarcely tapering behind; genital segment conspicuously constricted

division,

anal segment

in the middle,

Caudal

rami

not

short,
in

quadrangular

equalling in length the 2 preceding ones combined.

nearly

shape,

the

attaining

length

and

of the anal segment,

of outer edge attached about in the middle, apical

seta

moderate length, the inner medial one about twice as long as the outer,

of

setae

Tail not attaining half the length of the anterior

much

both coarsely ciliated, seta of outer corner

smaller than that of the inner.

Anterior antennae scarcely exceeding half the length of the cephalic segment, and

each composed of only 9 joints clothed with strong partly ciliated
the longest, 6th about the length of the 3 outer joints combined.
1st joint

distinctly 4-articulate,

setae

;

5th joint

Posterior antennae

provided at the end on either side with a strong

ciliated

seta,

2nd

joint with a similar seta in front, 3rd joint with 4 such setae

outside,

last

joint

about the length of the 2 preceding ones combined, and car-

on the

rying

anteriorly-curving and likewise densely ciliated

6

tip

setae.

Man-

dibular palp with the outer ramus composed of 4 well defined joints, inner ramus

'

with

3

palp

much

short apical

comparatively

than the

larger

distal

Proximal outer lobe of the maxillary
one and carrying 4 unusually thick plumose
setae.

Maxillipeds very small and densely crowded, the anterior ones apparently

setae.

of normal

structure,

much reduced.

the

posterior

ones with

the

number

of the terminal joints

Natatory legs not exhibiting any pronounced peculiarity in their

Last pair of legs consisting each of a rounded oval lamella attached

structure.

outside the last trunk-segment and provided with 3 thick and curved ciliated setae;
just

above

segment

lamella

this

a thin bristle

is

attached to a conical

projection of the

itself.

Colour not yet ascertained.

Length of adult female 0.60 mm.

The present form cannot be confounded with any

Remarks.

as

1

Cyclopinida

exhibiting,

,

of the other

does, a most characteristic appearance,

it

somewhat

recalling that found in certain of the semi-parasitic forms, to which, indeed, I
at first inclined to refer

Occurrence.
sex,

it,

Only

last

fathoms,

order

to

densely
difficulty

summer

muddy
get

a

crowded

at

sand.

satisfactory
oral

parts.

my

notice.

south

Riser,
All

out

its

anatomy.

specimens of this remarkable form,

have hitherto come under

taken

made

before having
3

3

coast

was

all

of the female

They were picked up from a sample
of Norway,

in

a depth of about 40

specimens have been sacrified for dissection,

conception

The

of

specific

the

structure of the very small and

name

experienced in the examination of these

in

here
parts.-

proposed alludes

to the


20

Gen.

PterlnOpSyllUS,

5.
83-11

Brady,

1880.

Lopliophorus, Brady (not Temminch).

:

Cyclopella, Claus.

Generic

Body robust and somewhat

Characters.

with

depressed,

Head

anterior division moderately dilated, the posterior less narrow than usual.

coalesced with

the

pedigerous segment, and terminating in a blunt rostrum
Caudal rami short, with the 2 middle apical setae very

1st

downwards.

projecting

Anterior antennae short and stout, with the number

strong and densely ciliated.
of articulations

male

of

and only

short,

with

slender,

and strongly hinged.

size

larger

3-articulate, the last 2 joints being

considerably

part

cutting

and clothed with unusually strong pennate

reduced,

much

of

outer

the

with

;

those

united.

Mandibles with the

expanded and coarsely dentate; palp comparatively
ramus small and undivided, inner raraus biarticulate.
Anterior maxillipeds very

terminal joints armed with strong spines.

well-defined

3

setae

Posterior antennae likewise

Maxillae with all the constituting parts well developed.
stout,

the

Posterior

maxillipeds with the terminal part very fully developed and composed of 5 joints,

the

much

1st

than the

larger

others.

Natatory legs strongly

with short

built,

and blunt spines outside the outer ramus; inner ramus of 1st pair in male preLast
hensile, that of 4th pair more or less reduced in female, normal in male.
pair of legs
3

more or

Remarks.
to

and not extended

small

comparatively

somewhat

less lamellar joints,

name he proposed,

generic

of birds, he changed

proposed by

composed of

This genus was established in the year 1878 by Prof. Brady,

comprise a peculiar Copepod found by him

the

laterally, being

different in the two sexes.

Claus

in the

it

is

Lopliopliorus,

year 1880

of later date,

off

the British coast.

had been preoccupied

to Pterinopsyllas.

and must yield

As, however,
for a

The name

genus

Cyclopella

to

that given to the genus

present genus

has remained somewhat

by Brady.

The
In

doubtful.

and,

indeed,

systematic

of

position

some respects

it

the

recalls

certain genera

among

has been placed within that group in the

it

list

Northumberland and Durham published by Norman and Brady.
that

the

its

place

other

within

hand,

the

owing

Indeed,

was at

first

of Crustacea from
I think,

however,

group Cyclopoida cannot at present be disputed.

to

the

peculiarities observed in this genus,

thought necessary to establish for
I

the Harpacticoida,

much

its

it

On

might be

reception a distinct family. Pteriiiopsyllidos.

inclined to

do so

;

but after having become acquainted

with the preceding genus, Cyclopetta, which in some respects exhibits an evident


21

scruple,

be included

may

it

one here under consideration,

the

to

approach

in

the family

find that, without

I

any serious

Cyclopinidce, as here defined.

In addition to the typical species described below, 2
closely-allied species,

P.

and

egregius

P.

illustris,

have been recorded

by Dr. Giesbrecht from the

gulf of Naples.

9.

Pterinopsyllus insignis, Brady.
(PI.

Lophophorus

insignis,

Brady, Monograph

PI.

& XI).

XV,

Female.

Specific Characters.

X

of British Copepoda, Vol.
fig.

Body

p.

I,

122, PI. XIII,

figs. 1

10,

10.

rather stout, with the anterior division

ovate in outline, greatest width exceeding half the length and occurring about in
the

middle.

trunk-segment
in a small

segment

Cephalic

defined

sharply

dentiform process.

and

narrowly produced in front. Last
from the preceding one, and projecting laterally
large

Tail about half the length of the anterior division,

and nearly of uniform width throughout; genital segment about as long as the 3
succeeding ones combined, and scarcely at all dilated in front; anal segment
shorter than the preceding one.
Caudal rami quadrangular in shape, being scarcely
longer than they are broad, seta of outer edge obsolete, the 2 middle apical setse
very strong and divergent, with coarser and more scattered hairs on their proximal
seta of outer corner

parts,

and

naked.

Anterior

segment

and

which

the largest,

is

rather

much

smaller than

pair

of

5th joint very small.

natatory

middle joint

setae.

legs

imperfectly

the

inside,

latter

carrying

a

with

defined

the

inner

2

joints, the

2nd of

Posterior antennae clothed along the

setse,

inner edge without any

ramus much shorter than the

from the terminal one

having inside

joint

Last pair of legs
inside

as long as the cephalic

broad at the base, being composed of 8

outer edge and at the tip with coarsely hairy

4th

that of the inner, both very thin

scarcely more than half

antennae

setse.

outer,

and without any

setse

short blunt spines replacing the usual

with the 1st joint imperfectly defined at the base, but

well-developed ciliated seta, 2nd joint conically produced out-

and carrying the usual thin bristle, last joint much larger than the other 2
combined, and forming a rounded oval lamella coarsely ciliated inside and provided
side

with 4 slender
thin

setse,

and smooth.

number

of which are ciliated, the 4th,

Ovisacs.

according to

Brady,

short

issuing from the

pyiiform,

tip,

very

with a limited

of ova.

Male

of smaller

coarse structure
divided

3

into

12

of the
joints.

size

than

anterior

female,

antennse,

and

easily recognisable by the very

which are powerful prehensile organs

Inner ramus of 1st pair of legs with the apical spine


22
peculiarly transformed, being abruptly bent, so as to form a claw-like prehensile

legs

as

in

ramus

Inner

appendage.

the

the 1st joint in

the female,

issuing from

outer side.

the terminal joint in
at

the end

on

each

of quite normal structure.

pair

but to the 2nd, as

Of the other 2

answer to

shown by the bristle
which accordingly answer to

is

clearly

joints,

the female, the proximal one

is

much

a seta, whereas the distal joint

side

Last pair of

1st joint does not, however,

the

3-articulate;

female,

its

4th

of

the larger and carries
is

quite short with 4

diverging setae on the end.
in

Body

Eye

tinge.

both

in living

sexes

specimens very conspicuous and of light red colour.

The present form may be

Remarks.

indigenous Cyclopoida, both by
rich

grey colour, with a slight violaceous

whitish

of a

easily recognised

from any of our

characteristic outward appearance

its

ornament of coarsely-ciliated

and by the

which clothes most of the appendages.

setae,

where they

Especially are these setse very conspicuous on the anterior antennae,

partly assume a pennate or pectinate character, giving these appendages a peculiar
It

shruppy appearance.
Lophopkorus,
species

at

first

recorded

was indeed

to

this

proposed by Brady,
Dr.

by

Giesbrecht

the

peculiarity

alluded.

that the generic name,

From

the 2 Mediterranean

form cannot be distinguished

present

without a very close anatomical examination.
Occurrence.

I

have met with

places on the Norwegian coast,
at Ris0r,

and

viz.,

form occasionally

in 3 different

the inner part of the Christiania Fjord,

The specimens were taken in
40 fathoms, muddy sand. Canon Norman has taken

at Flekker0, outside Christiansand.

depths ranging from 20 to
this

this pretty
in

form also

in

the

at R0dberget,

Trondhjem Fjord,

where

it

occurred in the

considerable depth of 150 fathoms.
Distribution.

Coast

of

England

and Scotland (Brady,

Gulf of

Scott),

Naples (Giesbrecht).

Fam.
Characters.

General

3.

form

Cyclopidae.
the body

of

Cyclopinidce, the anterior division being

narrower and attenuated.
pedigerous^segment,

and

Head
having

in

the

all

more
the

resembling that in the typical

or less dilated, the posterior

known forms confluent with

rostrum bent

in

much

the 1st

against the ventral face.

Anterior antennae more or less elongated and strongly hinged in male.

Posterior

antennae generally 4-articulate, with an elongated seta at the end of the 1st joint


23
Anterior

posteriorly.

with

the

palp

with

lip

terminal edge finely denticulate.

the

being reduced

rudimentary,

quite

carrying 2 or 3 ciliated

to

a

small knob-like process

Maxillae with the palp likewise imperfectly devel-

setae.

oped and without any distinctly-defined outer appendages.

same

the

Natatory
in

type
legs,

the

in

as

some instances

Cyclopinidce,

number

the

Remarks.

from

same appearance

may be

on

This family, in the restriction here adopted,

the

2

ones

preceding

Last pair

reduced.

the two sexes.

in

chietiy distin-

is

by the rudimentary condition of both the
This character

invariably found in

is

the forms, and must be regarded as of fundamental significance.

all

In other respects

family exhibits a close resemblance to the Cyclopinidce.

this

Only

a

limited

marine,

whereas

referred

to

to

built

Maxillipeds

of comparatively simpler structure.

of joints in the rami

and the maxillary palps.

mandibular

but

as a rule, well developed, with subequal triarticulate rami, though

of legs generally small and of the

guished

Mandibles

divide

a

single

of species,

viz.,

genus

Gen. 10.

I have, however, found

Cyclops.

number

into a

be characterised

will

belonging to 2 genera, are strictly

water we find a great number of forms,

genus,

extensive

this

genera), which

fresh

in

number

in

Generic Characters.

Thorellia,

:

Body, as a

Boeck.

rule,

rather robust, the anterior division
off

from the slender and attenuated

Anterior antennas in female divided into a great number of short, but well-

much more strongly

manner.

rather

antennse

Posterior

stout,

4-articulate,

claw-like teeth, setse on the rudimentary palp not

lobe

masticatory

forming

terminating

juxtaposed

in

with

the

in

last

the usual
2 joints

much

elongated.

Maxilla? with

developed and armed with strong dentiform

well

spines,

and
masticatory
beyond
a serrated edge, being moreover provided on each side with 2

an

setaa.

oblong

lamella

Anterior

issuing from the end of the
like the

and hinged

built,

Mandibles with the cutting edge divided into several sharp

comparatively short.

palp

1843.

Philippi,

defined joints; those in male

the

appropriate

of closely-allied genera (or sub-

being considerably tumefied, and sharply marked
tail.

it

generally

the next parts of the present Volume.

Euryte,
Syn

all

2nd basal

projecting

maxillipeds

rather

stout,

1st basal joint anteriorly,

joint, projecting in

lobe

the

a claw-like spine

with

the

digitiform

lobe,

comparatively strong and,

accompanied by a much