AN ACCOUNT OF THE CRUSTACEA OF NORWAY Vol 07-01-02, By Sars

AN ACCOUNT
OF THE

CRUSTACEA
OF

NOR WAY
WITH SHORT DESCRIPTIONS AND FIGURES OF ALL THE SPECIES
BY

G. O.

SARS

VOL.

VII

COPEPODA
SUPPLEMENT
PARTS

I

&

II

CALANOIDA, HARPACTICOIDA

(part)

WITH ;6 AUTOTYPIC PLATES

BERGEN
PUBLISHED BYTHE BERGEN MUSEUM
SOLO BY

ALB.

CAMMERMEYERS'S FORLAG, CHRISTIANIA
1919



INTRODUCTION.
The considerable number

me

additional

of

species observed during the

supplementary Volume to the Copepoda,
and
of
these species, and embracing all the 3
containing descriptions

figures
years has induced

latter

leading

divisions

number

of

treated

to publish a

of

The

preceding Volumes.

3

the

in

these species has been derived from

the extensive

far greater

division

Har-

pacticoida; but also of Calanoida and Cyclopoida several interesting forms are

added

in

Most

the present Volume.

picket up from bottom-samples taken
ities

on our southern

collections

of

study of the
one, and

I

coast,

Copepoda made
present order of

do not doubt

extensive coast will reveal

1

Crustacea.

viz.,

in

of the species here described

different times,

at

Korshavn and
the

same

Crustacea

still

Riser,

localities.

and

some
It

have been

chiefly in 2 local-

is

also

from mixed

evident that the

remains to be a very promising

that continued investigations in other places of our

many

additional forms worthy of note.


Calanoida.

Fam. Phaennidae.
Gen. Xanthocalanus, Giesbr.
Of

Remarks.

this

genus,

in

addition to the 2 species originally recorded

by Giesbrecht from the Mediterranean, several new forms have been described
in recent time from the northern Ocean, some of them being, however, so
nearly related, the ones to the others, that they, without a very close examination,

may

the

of

easily

be confounded.

As moreover, owing

to

the great britlleness

appendages, most specimens obtained are more or

less defective, the

determination of the species belonging to the present genus

no small

difficulty.

founded 3

different

is

connected with

have myself formerly, under the name X. borealis, conThe one originally described by the present author

species.
I

under that name from the Nansen Expedition

is

a true arctic form,

which does

Norway. It has recently been identified, though
The Norwegian
with some doubt, by Mr. With with X. hirtipes Vanhoeffen.
form recorded in Vol. IV of the present work as X. borealis is quite certainly
not

occur

not

identical

inferior size

seduced

to

the

off

with

coast

the

the

2

arctic

this

supposed

differing,

outer

to

as

it

does, both by

joints

in

which the

appendages

be young, not yet

the last pair of legs

last

and the presence

changed

fully

pair

the

legs,

in

my

much
I

was

material of

by the complete fusion

apical spines, exhibited a

These specimens

the arctic form.

developed females, and that accordingly

their character according to age.

has, however, turned out to be quite wrong.

adult specimens with

of

of only 3
in

its

of the last pair of legs.

erroneous identification by the occurrence

certain resemblance to these
I

species,

and by the rather unlike structure

some few specimens,
of

of

I

This supposition

have subsequently found

very same structure of the

last

pair of legs,

fully

and

I

have convinced myself that they are referable to a well defined species, which
will be described below.
For the other Norwegian species I propose the name


A 3rd Norwegian species has been described in the present work
X. fallax.
The most reliable character for distinguishing the species
as X. propinqvus.
of

the

present genus

unquestionably the structure of the

is

Xanthocalanus minor,

1.

(Pi.

pair of legs.

last

Giesbr.

I).

Xanthocalanus minor, Giesbrecht, Fauna and Flora des Golfes von Neapel: Pelagische Copepoden,

Characters.

Female.

oblong oval

in

Specific
division

anterior

Cephalosome nearly
behind

exhibiting

the

lateral lobes triangularly

the genital
1

length

U

Fig. 32.

with

slender,

moderately

the

the middle; dorsal face only slightly

dorsally

a

exposed part of the trunk, and
transverse suture;

distinct

Rostral filaments of moderate length

anterior

and abruptly

produced, and extending somewhat beyond the middle

Urosome comparatively

segment.
the

of

anterior division;

exceeding

short, scarcely

segment only

genital

in

slightly protuberant

of the 2 succeeding segments combined; anal

Caudal rami scarcely longer than they are broad; apical
well developed and somewhat divergent, the innermost but one, as usual,

and

below,

about

segment very
setae

the length

small.

considerably longer than the others.

when

tending,

and

12,

Last trunkal segment completely coalesced with the preceding one;

reflexed.

of

Body

as long as the

middle

extremity narrowly rounded.

Pi.

form, greatest width not nearly attaining half

somewhat behind

the length and occurring
vaulted.

286 (footnote),

p.

to

reflexed,

end

the

X. fallax.

oral parts almost exactly as in

though having the spinules

similar structure,

Last

pair

of

in

Posterior antennae

caudal rami.

Natatory legs likewise of a very

of the inner

however, rather unlike those

legs,

2 joints being, as

in

ramus fewer

in

number.

the said species, the outer

X. borealis, completely coalesced to an elongated some-

what curved piece armed
spines,

Anterior antennae rather elongated, exof the

at the

end with only 3 comparatively

edges of the piece nearly smooth, with only a few

short,

cilia

subequal

at the

outer

curvature.

Body
ment

at the

the living animal highly pellucid, with only a faint rosy pig-

in

end

Length

of

Remarks.
his

some

of the segments.

of adult female reaching to 2.70

The

figure

mm.

given by Giesbrecht of the

X. minor agrees pretty well with those appendages

form, and
figures

I

were

think therefore that

given

by

I

am

Giesbrecht,

in

last

pair of leg in

the above-described

right in identifying both,

though no other

nor any description of the species.

The


body is said to be only 1.20 mm.: but I suppose that an exact
measurement may have been rendered difficult by the bad condition of the

length of the

specimen observed by that author.
As above stated, the present species was formerly confounded by me

solitary

with X. fallax
tainly

time recorded as X. borealis), to which species

(at that

resemblance.

bears a close

somewhat more slender form
of the
of

anterior antennae,

legs,

apical spines are

these

and

in the

of

in the greater length

the arctic species, X. borealis.

in

In

densely hirsute,

everywhere

the

and the

stronger, nearly claw-like.

part of the

upper

cer-

particularly in the structure of the last pair

3 different localities of the Norwegian coast,

in

it

and

Adult female specimens of the present species have been

Occurrence.

found

and more

appendages are

much

rather inferior in size

body, differing moreover

which more resembles that

however,

latter,

of

however

is

It

only occasionaly and

Distribution.

in

Trondhjem

In

Fjord.

at Riser,

viz.,

all

3 localities

Stavanger,

occurred

it

comparatively shallow water.

Mediterranean (Giesbrecht).

Fam. Stephidae.
Gen. Stephos,

Two

Remarks.
scribed

in

Vol.

well-defined

IV of the

present

Scott.

species

work.

of

A

this

3rd

have

genus

species

is

now

been

de-

added, to

be described below.

2.

Stephos minor,
(PL

Stephos minor,

T. Scott,

Tenth Ann. Report
PI.

Specific

Characters.

Scott.

II).

of the Fishery

VIII,

figs.

Female.

Board

for Scotland, Part

III,

p.

245,

113.

Body resembling

in

shape that of S.

Scotti G. O. Sars, the anterior division being regularly elliptical in outline

evenly vaulted dorsally; greatest width about half the length.

and

Cephalic segment

very large, with the front obtusely truncated and exhibiting no trace of rostral
filaments.

Lateral

parts of last trunkal

segment

perfectly symmetrical

and not


the

of the anterior

/3

genital

2

they are
the

l

about

equalling in length

segment somewhat protuberant below, and about the length
Caudal rami scarcely longer than
succeeding segments combined.

division;
of

Urosome

expanded.

lamellarly

setae

broad; apical

longest

the innermost but one, as usual,

rather slender,

and considerably exceeding the length

antennae

comparatively

reflexed,

beyond the

shorter

than

in S.

scarcely

Posterior

segment.

genital

urosome.

of the

Scotti,

antennae,

natatory legs of a structure very similar to that in 5. Scotti.
rather small, with the distal joint conical in form,

some

denticle inside at

distance from the tip;

Anterior

extending,
oral

parts

when
and

Last pair of legs

and only armed with

a single

outer edge with a small bristle

opposite the denticle.

Male much

though

smaller than

female, with the

Last pair of legs built on the

5-articulate.

exhibiting

well-marked

urosome more slender and

same type

differences,

specific

as in the other species,

as seen

from the figure

here given.

Body

both sexes highly pellucid and without any obvious pigment.

in

Length

Remarks.
to S. Scotti

female 0.73 mm., of male 0.60

of adult

The

G. O. Sars, but of

much

mm.

described by Scott,

first

present species,

is

nearly allied

smaller size, and moreover well disting-

uished by the somewhat storter anterior antennae and by the structure of the
last

pair of legs in both sexes.

Occurrence.
place at

Several

Korshavn from

a

specimens

occasionally at Riser in about the
Distribution.

of

this

form were taken

depth of about 15 fathoms.

Remarks.
to

in

a single

have also found

it

same depth.

Scottish coast (Scott).

Gen. Parastephos, G. O.

author,

I

This genus was established

in

Sars.

the year 1903 by the present

include a peculiar Copepod, of which at that time only a solitary

male specimen was obtained. Subsequently Mr. Scott found also the female,
and the perplexing characters distinguishing this sex fully prove the validity
of the present genus.
I
have been fortunate enough to find a few female
specimens

off

the

Norwegian

coast,

and

statements given by Scott about this sex.

I

am

thus enabled to confirm the


3.

pallidus, G. O. Sars.

Parastephos

(Pi.

Parastephos pallidus, G. O.

Sars,

Account

Female.

Specific Characters.

marked

divisions sharply

oval

form.

in

off

middle

dorsally;

front

truncal

segment

completely

lateral

parts

equalling in

only

slightly

about

behind

expanded

recurved spinules;
usual, the largest,

with

fused

genital

a

with

of the

/a

elevated

to

slender, with the

Body very

two

XLIV.
chief

faint

transverse suture behind the

Last

preceding one, and having the

the

Urosome very powerfully developed,

produced.
2

IV, p. 65, Pi.

without any traces of rostral filaments.

blunted,

length

Norway, Vol.

from each other, the anterior one regularly oblong

segment

Cephalic

ill).

of the Crustacea of

anterior division,

circular

ridges

segment scarcely

at

though not much exceeding

its

all

3 anterior segments

clothed

densely

with

delicate

protuberant below and, as

in size the

succeeding segment;

anal segment well developed and of sub-cylindrical form; without any elevated
ridge

Caudal rami scarcely longer than they are broad; apical setae
the innermost but one on left ramus remarkably produced,

behind.

slightly

divergent,

being nearly twice as long as that on the right ramus.
the

very

end

of

the

same

structure

in

and

genus,

but

the

reflexed, to the

oral parts exactly as in

Last pair of legs likewise built on the

of

left

much

comparatively

proximal of which

the

is

same type

in

as in

and pronouncedly asym-

larger size

being considerably longer than the

leg

both legs conically produced and armed outside with
denticles,

Anterior antennae of

when

Natatory legs of quite normal structure and resembling those

male.

metrical,

the male, and extending,

Posterior antennas

the genital segment.

the genus Stephos.
that

as

a

right; distal joint in

row

somewhat remote from

of 12

15 coarse

the others and of

larger size.

the

in

Body

living

animal semipellucid, of an uniform whitish grey

colour, without any obvious pigmentation.
of adult

Length

Of

Remarks.

female reaching to 2.20

this

formerly observed by me.

form,

as

mm.

above mentioned, only the male sex was

The female,

as usual,

is

of considerably larger size,

most anomalous appearance by the powerful development and
The last pair of leg are also remarkable
peculiar armature of the urosome.
by their comparatively large size, and more particularly by their conspicuous

and

exhibits a

observed

asymmetry,

also

that author,

is

found

On

the

left

side.

in

by

Scott.

Another asymmetry, not mentioned by

the extraordinary length of one of the caudal setae on

other

hand has the asymmetry described by the present

some

author

in

proved

to

be

of the male specimen at first obtained
no such asymmetry was found in another

the natatory legs

of

as

accidental,

quite

male subsequently obtained.

The

Occurrence.

specimens

of

this

originally

Sogn

was taken

the one female

described

male

specimen

was taken

at

have subsequently obtained 3 additional
remarkable form, 2 adult females and one male.
Of these

Skjerjehavn, outside the

at

I

Fjord.

Kopervik, south west coast of Norway, the other

female and the male specimen

at

Riser, the depth in both localities ranging

from 50 to 100 fathoms.
Scottish coast (Scott).

Distribution.

Farn. Pseudocyclopiidee.
Gen. Pseudocyclopia,
Remarks.

Only

Scott.

a single species of this genus, P. stephoides

Thompson,

am now

enabled to

has hitherto been recorded from the Norwegian coast.

add 2 other species, both described
it

is

at

I

an earlier date by British authors, and

very probable that also the remaining 2 species, P. minor and P. caudata

Scott, will

on

a further investigation

4.

be found to belong to the fauna of Norway.

Pseudocyclopia Giesbrechti, Wolfenden.
(PI.

IV, PI. V, fig.

1).

Pseudocyclopia Giesbrechti, Wolfenden, Journal of the Marine Biological Association,
Vol. VI, No. 3, p. 370, PL IV.

Specific
anterior

Characters.

hibiting in the

dorsal

scarcely attaining

curved

in

Female.

Body

rather short

and

stout, with the

considerably vaulted above, and somewhat compressed, ex-

division

aspect

half

front; rostral

a

narrow oblong form, with the greatest width
Cephalic segment very large and evenly

the length.

prominence

triangular, deflexed.

Last truncal

segment

united with the preceding one and deeply emarginated behind in the middle,
lateral parts obtusely

anterior

division;

rounded.

genital

Urosome about

segment only

equalling in length Vs of the

slightly protuberant

the length of the 2 succeeding segments combined.
scarcely longer than they are broad, and

below and about

Caudal rami

short,

somewhat obliquely truncated

being
at

the


8

end; apical

strong and partly exhibiting a dense annulation.

setae rather

terior antennae only slightly

and composed

exceeding

half the length of the cephalic

of 17 joints, the 1st of which, apparently

of the 6 or 7 proximal joints,

is

very large, almost occupying half the length

paratively shorter than in P. stephoides, though a
the

ramus;

and

latter

6-articulate,

provided

little

com-

on the same type as

what more slender than

in the

in

longer than the outer

with the 2nd joint somewhat dilated, oval in

outside with 3

setae,

the 3 succeeding joints very small.

Oral parts of the structure characteristic of the genus.
built

segment,

formed by the junction

Posterior antennae with the terminal part (inner ramus)

of the antenna.

form,

An-

Natatory legs likewise

other species, though the rami appear some-

P. stephoides and

more

distinctly spinulose at the

moreover densely covered with small
of
short
and
Last
rather
stout, with the last joint scarcely
legs
pair
prickles.
longer than the middle one and somewhat hand-shaped, terminating in 3 strong
end

of the joints, those of 4th

pair being

diverging digitiform spines of equal length, the outermost one distinctly defined
at

the

joint;

whereas

base,
all

3 spines,
as

Male,

and

slender

the

other 2 form

usual,

distinelly

smaller

immediate continuation

of the

than female and having the urosome more

5-articulate.

from those parts

scarcely different

the

as also partly the surface of the joint, coarsely spinulose.

Antennae,

oral

parts

and

natatory

legs

Last pair of legs, however, con-

in female.

spicuously transformed and very asymmetrical; right leg long and slender, termi-

nating

in

a

somewhat flexuous point;

left

leg

much

shorter, but with the

1st

joint considerably tumefied, nearly globular in form, 2nd joint tapered distally

and provided
3rd

joint

the end with a well-marked rudiment of an appendicular ramus,

at

very

narrow

and armed

the end with a slender movable claw,

at

outside which are attached a bundle of 3 delicate and closely superposed lamellae.

Colour of the living animal not yet ascertained.

Length

of adult

Remarks.
from

a solitary

T. Scott

female reaching to 0.90 mm., that of male to 0.79

The present species was

female

specimen taken

found the same species also

off

first

the Shetland

off the

mm.

described by Mr. Wolfenden
isles.

Scottish coast,

Subsequently
and has given a

It may easily be distinguished
figure with some details of a male specimen.
from P. stephoides by the comparatively shorter and stouter_ form of the body
and more particularly by the structure of the last pair of legs in bot sexes.
As these appendages were somewhat damaged in the male specimen examined

by Scott, the figure he gives of them has turned out to be rather imperfect.
Moreover the right leg is described as the left, and vice versa.


Several specimens of this form have been picked up from

Occurrence.

bottom-samples taken
sand.

Korshavn from a depth

at

Pseudocyclopia crassicornis,

5.

(PI.

T.

crassicornis,

Pseudocyclopia

antennae

of

1st

is

very

large,

addition to

in

the

a

Last

of

pair

form; terminal joint
leg,

and armed

with

legs

much

at the

Anterior

length

composed

of

of

the

16 joints,

fully

as long as the remaining part of the

usual

short marginal setse, provided with 3

dilated in the middle, subfusiform in

in structure that of the

preceding species and

the middle joint very short, nearly circular in

larger,

which

not defined from the joint

of the

the

occupying more than

half the length of the

somewhat obliquely truncated extremity with 3 slender

spines, the innermost of

segment,

smaller size.
half

exceeding

Oral parts and natatory legs of the usual struc-

shorter than this joint.

little

ture.

resembling

preceding species, as to

much

the base, being

somewhat

the inner ramus)

of

joint

shape, outer ramus

at

like the

of

for Scotland,

1529.

Posterior antennae with the penultimate joint

comparatively large aesthetasks.
(1st

but

scarcely

and rather thick

which

and,

Scott.

2).

Very

body,

shorter,

comparatively

antenna,

the

of

appearance

cephalic segment,
the

Female.

Characters.

Specific

fig.

246, PI. VII, figs.

p.

III,

V,

Tenth Ann. Report of the Fishery Board

Scott,

Part

general

muddy

same depth.

Shetland (Wolfenden), Scotish coast (Scott).

Distribution.

the

about 60 fathoms

of

also occurs occasionally at Ris0r in about the

It

of unusually

at

large

is

much

the longest and, like the middle one,

the base.

Spermatophore, attached to the genital
and curving upwards along the dorsal face

size

urosome.

Male
manner

to

of

still

that

in

smaller size than female, and differing from
the

preceding species.

somewhat simpler structure;
ramus at the end of the 2nd

claw, which

is

the

it

in a similar

Last pair of legs, however, of a

leg having no trace of an appendicular
and only a single lamella outside the apical

left

joint,

rather small.

Colour

in

Length

of adult

Remarks.

the living animal not yet ascertained.

female scarcely exceeding 0.71 mm.; that of male 0.68

This form

was described by

T.

mm.

Scott in the year 1892 as

It is of much smaller size than the
type of his genus Pseudocyclopia.
preceding species, and moreover easily distinguished by the shorter and thicker

the

anterior

antennas

legs in both sexes.
2.

Crustacea.

and by the somewhat

different structure of the last pair of


10

Occurrence.

I

have

found

this

form

in

the

same

localities

and

at

about the same depth as the preceding species.

mens were
in

some

At Riser only one or two speciform seems to be rather abundant

obtained, whereas at Korshavn this

places.

Scottish coast (Scott).

Distribution.

Fam.

Platycopiidae.

Gen. Platycopia, G. O.
Generic Characters.

Sars,

1911.

General form of body resembling that of Pseudo-

Last trunkal segment, however, well defined from the preceding one,

cyclopia.

and urosome composed in both sexes of only 4 segments.
Anterior antennae
and stout, though composed of rather a great number of articulations,

short

and only

slightly differing in the

ramus much

two sexes.

larger than the inner.

ture from the usual Calanoid type.

Anterior

Mandibles with the masticatory part only
slender, with the outer

ramus

Posterior antennae with the outer

Oral parts considerably deviating in struclip

narrowly produced

slightly

at

the end.

expanded, palp comparatively

larger than the inner.

Maxillae with the masti-

catory lobe very coarsely built, palp comparatively less fully developed than in

most other Calanoida.
joints

Anterior maxillipeds cyclopoid in structure, the outer

being armed with

resembling those

stout

unguiform spines.

other Calanoids.

in

Posterior maxillipeds

more

1st pair of legs rather unlike the suc-

ceeding ones, with both rami imperfectly developed and without true spines;
the remaining pairs very strongly built, with the rami broad

and

flattened, the

outer one the larger, and having 2 successive spines outside the 1st joint; natatory
setae

for

most part converted

the

to short flattened spines.

Last pair of legs

on the very same type as the preceding ones; those of male having the
outer ramus slightly transformed and alike on both legs.
built

This genus was established by the

Remarks.
year
closer

1911,

to

include

examination

acters tending

of

a

which

on the one side

to Pseudocyclops,

present author in the

remarkable deep-water Calanoid,

to

P. perplexa,

the

most perplexing mixture of charthe genus Pseudocydopia, on the other side

revealed

a

though these 2 genera, according

to the definition given

by

Giesbrecht, in reality belong to 2 very different sections of the Calanoida, the


11

2nd

to the Atnphascandria, the

first

premary division

now

think that this

now

generally

am
by carcinologists, may turn out to be a less natural one, and
in doubt about the validity of the 3rd intermediate section, Isoker-

andria,

added

work).

Indeed,

in

my

earlier

seems

it

account of the Calanoida (Vol. IV of the present
be very

to

decide, to which of these 3

difficult to

Two

1
sections the present genus should be referred. )
this remarkable genus will be described below.

VI, PI. VII, fig.

(PI.

Platycopia perplexa, G. O. Sars, Archiv

f.

Mathem.
PI.

Specific Characters.
division

attaining

segment very

&

Body

1).

Naturvidenskab, Vol. XXXI, No.

7, p. 4,

II.

short and stout, with the anterior

hight and about equalling half the length.

the

large,

Female.

I

&

above and somewhat compressed, the greatest width

vaulted

greatly

fully

nearly allied species of

Platycopia perplexa, G. O. Sars.

6.

not

I

I

accepted
also

to the f-ieterarthmndria.

Calanoida proposed by Giesbrecht, and

of the

Cephalic
occupying nearly half the length of the whole body, and

evenly curved in front; inferior edges somewhat bulging in their anterior part,
rostral

projection

comparatively short and acutely pointed

succeeding segments densely crowded

somewhat both

diminishing

and

of

about

height and width;

in

scarcely exceeding in length
in

cylindrical

juxtaposed

Caudal

others.

genital

of the anterior division

rather

:

)

short,

unequal

in

At this occasion

being

the

length,

I

will

and narrow

and only slightly
the end dorsally to

at

segment much smaller than any

of the

only slightly longer than they are broad;

edge small and attached somewhat

seta of outer

though

superposing the anal segment and apparently

anal opercle; last

rami

4

segment comparatively small

lanceolate lappets

replacing the usual

setae

/z

length,

The

segment deeply emarglobes rounded at the end.

penultimate segment the longest and produced

dilated;

2

shape;

1

equal

end.

last

inated behind in the middle and having the lateral

Urosome

at the

in

front of the middle; apical

innermost but one being, as usual, the

mention another instance, which

still

more seems

to debilitate

the validity of Giesbrecht's arrangement. On a closer investigation of the Calanoida from the
Monaco Expedition instituted in the latter years, I have to my great astonishment found, that in
the male of Bathycalanus Richardi G. O. Sars, a form unquestionably nearly allied to Megaca-

lanus,

the

right

distinctly hinged.
According to this character the
the primary division proposed by Giesbrecht is accepted,
removed from the family Calanidce (in the restriction here adopted), but

anterior

antenna

genus Bathycalanus should
not

only

transferred

which

be
to

wholly
quite

in reality

another

is

of course,

section

very

if

of

the Calanoida, the Heterarthrandria, an arrangement

would be absolutely unreasonable.


12

Anterior antennae scarcely exceeding half the length of the cephalic

longest.

segment and gradually tapering distally, being composed of 23 well-defined
l
joints, the 1st of which is much the largest, occupying in length about /3 of
and provided

the antenna,
peculiar

a

minating

in

anteriorly

with

and narrow

thin

much

part

1st pair

ramus 3 curved

setae.

structure

and very coarsely

built,

2nd

basal

very

joint

of legs

both

naked;

quite

inner

orly;

joint

longer than the preceding ones

larger than the inner

proximal joint small and unarmed,
of

distance from the end, with a

Posterior antennae of an unusually

linear in form.

basal

terminal

bristles;

joints considerably dilated.

having the

some

appendages curving outwards and tersucceeding joints very short and clothed

the

filament;

small

outer ramus

with the

at

anteriorly,

developed spiniform

strongly

much

and

structure,

smaller than the others, and

rami short, biartieulate, with the

ramus carrying

distal joint of outer

The

compact

5-articulate, the first 2

6, that

4 succeeding pairs of essentially equal

though somewhat diminishing in size posteriand obliquely truncated at the end, being

large

provided outside near the end with a short spine, inside with a coarsely ciliated
seta,

which however

late in all the

number

is wanting on the last pair; both rami distinctly 3-articuand rather unequal, the outer one being much the larger;

pairs

of spines

and

outward
with

number

the

moreover

number

of

which

of

is

much

the

about

transformed, being only

armed with 2

outer

truncated
spines,

and

the

carrying

outer

one

a

.

a

fuller

like

of

development

in

it

in

the

rather

of 2 joints,

the general

Anterior antennae

less robust.

little

16-articulate,

and

the aesthetasks, the

Last pair of legs with the outer

8.

composed

and somewhat constricted
the

perhaps

somewhat reduced, being only

joints

in

differing

smaller than female, but very

though

appearance,

the different pairs.

setae slightly differing in

Male somewhat

ramus

slightly

the distal one rather elongated

middle, with the inner edge quite smooth,

distant

spines,

end

of

the joint transversely

lamella flanked by

2 unequal
normal appearance, the inner long, styliform and

thin

of

partly

ciliated

quite smooth.

animal not yet ascertained.

Colour

of the living

Length

of adult female

Remarks.

present author in the

even of a new family.

The resemblance,
Pseudocyclopia

is

reaching 0.95 mm., that of male 0.83

mm.

This interesting Calanoid was described and figured by the

above-quoted Journal as the type
It

is

now

redescribed and

of a

new genus and

new improved

figures given.

outward appearance, to the species of the genus
rather striking, and may be accounted for as the result of

as

to 'the


13

a

convergent evolution caused by the adaptation

It

is

undoubtedly,

like the species of the said

Some few specimens

Occurrence.

to similar conditions of life.

genus, a true bottom-form.

of this remarkable

form were picked

up from a bottom sample taken several years ago at Korshavn from a depth
I
have not met with it in any other
of about 60 fathoms, coarse muddy sand.
place of the Norwegian coast.

Platycopia pygmasa, G. O. Sars,

7.

(PI.

considerably

line,

with

very

narrow

Caudal
than

the

3

width

greatest

and

scarcely

attaining

nearly

times

as

Antennae, oral

pair and only

Male
the

differing

the

type

parts,

of

Last

its

outer

from the female

in

and

1st pair of legs exhibiting

The 4 succeeding

a very similar

Anterior antennae,

16 joints,

armed

large, sabre-like spines,

being more

species,

in

pairs

the inperfect

2 outer joints being wholly coalesced in

the

as

in

at

end

the

manner

to that

found

the male of P. perplexa,

outer 2 of which are rather elongated and

pair of legs of a comparatively

one

Urosome

anterior division.

of outer edge attached near

more compact

the male of the preceding species, with both rami only

the

the

out-

slightly indicated in the 3 succeeding pairs.

preceding species.

composed

narrow.

of

on the very same type, though differing

segmentation of the inner ramus,

only

in

length

they are broad; seta

as

long

of legs likewise built

in

the

very similar to that in the type species.

structure

the 2nd

exceeding Vs of the length.

half

much more elongated than

rami

divi-

species,

base of the ramus.

the
a

though comparatively less robust. Anterior
compressed and, viewed dorsally narrow oblong in

preceding

sion

sp.

General form of body resembling that

Female.

Specific Characters.

the

of

n.

VII, fig. 2).

structure than in

composed

of 2 joints,

of the broad, spatulate distal joint with 2

between which

a thin hyaline lamella

is

attached.

Colour of the living animal not yet ascertained.

Length of adult female scarcely exceeding 0.60 mm. that of male 0.52 mm.
Remarks. The present form is nearly allied to the type species, but
;

evidently specifically distinct,
also in

some

Occurrence.

have

as

differing

not only in

its

much

inferior size,

but

above given diagnosis.
one
female and 2 males,
form,

of the structural details, as pointed out in the

yet

likewise taken

Only 3 specimens

come under my
at

Korshavn,

30 fathoms, muddy bottom.

notice.

but from

of this

They were found in a bottom-sample
somewhat shallower water, viz., about


14

Fam. Pseudocyclopidae.
Gen. Pseudocyclops, Brady.
Three species of

Remarks.
from

P. obtusalus Brady,
I

am now

to

and 2 from the

Mediterranean

the

described

is

enabled to

genus have as yet been recorded, one

this

add

to the fauna of

One

coast.

British

Volume

in the 4th

Norway

of the latter,

of the present work,

also the

2nd

and

British species,

be described below.

Pseudocyclops crassiremis, Brady.

8.

(PI.

VIII

&

IX).

Pseudocyclops crassiremis, Brady, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and Durham, Vol. IV,
PI.

XVII,

figs.

Female.

Specific Characters.

rather

Body

robust,

431,

with the anterior

above and somewhat compressed, seen

division evenly vaulted

p.

18.

oval in outline and nearly of equal width throughout.

dorsally,

oblong

Cephalic segment very

large,

almost occupying half the length of the body, and obtusely rounded

front,

exhibiting behind

edges somewhat expanded

inferior

deflexed,

ginated

broadly rounded
the

in their anterior part.

and acutely pointed at the
behind in the middle and

being only defined from

anterior

at

segment and

it

by

slightly

tip.

genital

in

suture,

Rostrum very strong,

Last trunkal segment deeply emar-

partly confluent with the preceding one,

a slight sinus of the inferior edges; lateral lobes

Urosome

the end.

division;

marked transverse

the middle a rather faintly

not nearly attaining half the length of

segment somewhat

protuberant

larger than

the succeeding

Caudal

below; anal segment very small.

rami scarcely longer than they are broad, and somewhat obliquely truncated
at

the end;
of

length

apical setae of

the

cephalic

moderate length.

segment, and

Anterior antennas about half the
of

composed

clothed with comparatively short curved setae;

17 joints rather densely

1st joint

much

the largest and

rather broad, carrying, in addition to the setae, 3 slender aesthetasks.

Posterior

antennae and oral parts of essentially same structure as in P. obtiisatus.
likewise

form

rather similar;

the

of

inner

last

ramus,

pair,

the

however, differing
joints

in

the shorter

Legs
and stouter

of which, moreover, are almost

wholly

coalesced.

Male somewhat
more slender and

smaller

than

distincly 5-articulate

female

and

urosome.

easily recognisable

Rostrum, as

in

by the

the male of

somewhat smaller than

P. obtusatus, sharply defined at the base, and

antenna

anterior

Right

conspicuously

tumefied, terminal movable part only

with

hinged,

of 3 joints, the

composed

in female.

the middle joints rather
1st

which

of

end anteriorly to a slender spiniform process. Last pair
of legs exceedingly strong and massive, being built on a similar type to that
in the male P. obtusatus, though exhibiting some minor differences, as seen
is

the

at

produced

from the figure here given.
the living animal highly pellucid and nearly colourless; eye

in

Body

very conspicuous and of a light red colour.
adult

of

Length
0.80

female

0.86

to

amounting

mm.,

that

male

of

to

mm.
This form was first described by Prof. Brady in the above
and was subsequently briefly recorded by the same author
It
is nearly allied to
well-known Monograph of British Copepoda.

Remarks.

quoted journal,
in

his

P.

obtusatus,

but

somewhat

of

moreover

differing

some

in

of

larger

and more robust form

size

the anatomical details,

of body,

as pointed out in the

above diagnosis.
Occurrence.

Norwegian

coast,

have only met with

I

viz.,

at

Korshavn,

from a depth of about 30 fathoms,

Fam.

and

in

Scott,

1894.

General appearance somewhat resembling that of

Generic Characters.

simple,

a single locality of the

Acartiidae.

Acartia; sexual differences, however,
in

in

bottom.

muddy

Gen. Paracartia,

segment

form

British Isles (Brady).

Distribution.

trunkal

this

where some few specimens were taken

much more conspicuously marked.

female expanded on each side to a broad wing-like lappet;
not

expanded.

segments,

the

lamellarly

expanded

converted

to

well-defined

1st

a

Last

both sexes wholly coalesced with the preceding segment,

of

Urosome
which

laterally;

(the

the

female

short,

segment)

genital

and composed
is

much

in

male

of only 3

the largest and

caudal rami broad, with one of the apical seta

strong spine.

segments,

in

1st

Urosome
of

which

of
is

male slender and composed
rather small;

none

of 4

of the caudal


16

Front

setae spiniform.

Anterior

antennae

antenna

in

in

male

both sexes provided with 2 slender recurved filaments.

female

in

structure

in

resembling

those in Acartia; right

transformed and strongly hinged.

conspicuously

antennas, oral parts, and natatory legs nearly as in Acartia.
in

female comparatively large and confluent

male

at

the base, terminal joint claw-

and very asymmetrical;

like;

those

much

the larger and terminating in a slender incurved claw.

in

developed

powerfully

Posterior

Last pair of legs

right leg

Spermatophore

segment of the female, accompanied by a thin plate
on
each
side of the segment.
folding upwards
The
name
Paracartia was proposed in 1894 by Scott merely
Remarks.
affixed

to

are

the

to

designate
greath

genital

a

sub-genus of Acartia.

enough

think,

I

however, that the differences

warrant this sub-genus to be raised to

to

true

a

genus

associated with Acartia in the family Acartiidce, as defined by the present author
Scott records 2 supposed species of this genus, both found

(see Vol. IV, p. 147).
in

together

a

plankton-sample taken

in the bay of Guinea;
no doubt that P, spinicaudata

by Giesbrecht, there can be

P. dubia the male of one and the

been assigned by Giesbrecht.
rucosa Thompson)
in

some

same

species, to

The Acartia

which the

apparently referable to the present genus,

is

is

suggested

the female and
latter

name has
A. ver-

laiisetosa of Kriczagin (=

particulars conspicuously from the species observed

other hand,

but, as
is

though

by

differing

On

Scott.

the

the Norwegian form described below very closely allied to that

species.

Paracartia Grani, G. O. Sars.
(PI. X & XI).

9.

Paracartia Grani, G. O. Sars, Bergens Museums Aarbog 1904, No.

Specific
anterior

trunkal

division

large,

scarcely exceeding

what constricted

in

Body

narrowed

gradually

segment very

Urosome

Female.

Characters.

in

triangular,
in

J

length

/4

p.

3,

PI.

I

IV.

comparatively slender, with the

Wing-like expansions of

front.

each

4,

terminating

in

of the anterior division,

and some-

middle; genital segment fully twice as broad as

the

last

an acute point.

it

is

long, forming on each side a lamellar expansion obliquely truncated at the end.
Caudal rami conspicuously asymmetrical, the right ramus being considerably

broader than the
to

left;

marginal

the outer edge; middle

ramus much stronger than
the length of the
17

or

18

joints,

setae

that

on

anterior division

some

of

comparatively short, 2 of them attached

apical seta

the

left.

an

both rami spiniform, that on right
Anterior antennae not fully attaining

of the body,

and apparently composed

proximal ones being however

of

less distinctly


Last

defined.

of

pair

comparatively

legs

strongly

with the proximal

built,

and coarsely

parts completely coalesced in the middle, terminal parts claw-like

denticulated
that

on

outer part,

their

in

that

on right side conspicuously larger than

side.

left

Male

somewhat smaller

of

outward appearance.

Anterion

size than

female and very unlike

oblong oval

division regularly

in

it

its

outline, with

in

last segment quite simple, without any lateral expansions.
Urosome much
more slender and narrow, cylindrical in form, with the 2nd segment the largest.

the

Caudal

comparatively small and quite symmetrical, marginal

rami

normally developed, none of them being spiniform.
very strongly hinged and somewhat resembling in
Pontellidce;

proximal

of

part

Right

setae quite

antenna

anterior

structure

that

male

in

middle section considerably tumefied and

the

connected joints, distal part of that section formed by
and
single elongated
highly chitinised joint movably articulated both with
the proximal part and with the succeeding terminal section; the latter com-

composed

4

of

firmly

a

posed of 4

the

joints,

dark-coloured

long,

of

1st

claw-like

which

the largest

is

and armed

in front with

a

Last pair of legs powerfully developed

spine.

and very asymmetrical, the right leg being more than twice as long as the
left and exhibiting inside 2 differently shaped lappets, apical claw
very slender
and

curved

abruptly

left-

inwards;

appendages, the outer one

leg

somewhat

provided

end with 2 peculiar

the

at

lamellar and densely ciliated outside, the

inner terminating in a styliform point.

Colour of the living animal not yet ascertained.
of

Length

adult female

only slightly exceeding

1

mm.;

that of

male

about the same.
This

Remarks.

form

been

has

described

fully

and

present

author

tropical

species recorded by Scott pointed out.

opportunity

me

from

of

which

examining some specimens

Scott,

depauperated

the above-quoted journal,

in

am now much

I

form

of

a considerably

that

Indeed, after having had the

of the latter species kindly sent to

inclined to regard

species

left

warmer climate and

and figured by the

close relationship to the

its

it

behind from
a

as merely a

somewhat

remote period,

in

more southern fauna prevailed

in

a far

our country.
Occurrence.
very abundantly

Bergen.

It

in

The present

also occurred,

(Sel0pollen).

In

interesting form

though more sparingly,

Crustacea.

in

at

to

no

less

Prof. H.

Gran

Tysnes, south of

another neighbouring bed

both these beds the water holds during the

high and uniform temperature amounting
3

was found by

an oyster-bed (Espevigpollen) located

summer

than -(-30

C.,

a very

and

also


18

in

winter the temperature

that

by

this

is

comparatively high (up to

-f-

constitution of the water, quite particular conditions of

may have

10

C.).

It

is

evident,

exceptional temperature, in connection perhaps with the chemical

favoured the continued existence of the

the above mentioned isolated basins.

life

are created, which

present southern form in


Harpacticoida.

Fam. Longipediidae.
Gen. Sunaristes, Hesse.
Sunaristes paguri. Hesse.

10.

(PI.

See Vol. V,

Male.

Characters.

Specific

XII).

15, PI.

p.

Body

VI

&

still

VII.

more slender than

in female,

with no sharp demarcation between the two chief divisions, the posterior seg-

ments

being scarcely wider than those of the urosome and of

trunk

the

of

Urosome com-

simple cylindrical form, without any distinct epimeral plates.

only slightly

which (the genital segment) is
and
than
the
somewhat protuberant at the

larger
succeeding one,

end

last

posed

below;

Caudal
strongly
fully

the

5 well

of

rami

with

hand,

edge,

against

admits of being impinged.

the

end outside

female,

without

female,
in

much

smaller than the others.

the female.

Anterior antennae very

well-marked projecting angle

a

which

in

a

power-

front defining

in

the clawshaped terminal joint, or dactylus,

Posterior antennas and oral parts exactly as in the

is

conspicuously transformed,

to a very

its 1st

joint being

pair,

produced

strong mucroniform process extending beyond

the middle of the terminal joint.
in

as

of

Natatory legs likewise very similar, with the exeption of the 2nd

the inner ramus of which
at

the

in

1st

and pronouncedly subcheliform, each terminating

developed

female.

as

segment,

same appearance

of

built,

palmar

defined segments, the

Last pair of legs

still

more rudimentary than

arising immediately from the corresponding segment,
Genital lobes closely approximate and of
intervening lamella.

all

any

the

setae

obtusely triangular form, each carrying outside near the end a slender seta.

Length of the specimen examined 2.15

Remarks.
in

Vol. V.

I

Of

now add

this peculiar

mm.

Copepod only

the female sex

the above short diagnosis of the male,

was described

and on

PI.

XII


20

give

of

figures

the

whole animal

dorsal and lateral aspects,

in

and

some

of

appendages more highly magnified.
Occurrence.
The male specimen here described was kindly sent to me
from Dr. Jules Richard.
have myself not met with this Copepod since I
observed the solitary female specimen described in Vol. V and taken at Hval0r,
of the

I

outside the Christiania Fjord.

Farn. Cerviniidae.
Gen. Cerviniopsis, G. O.

Sars.

Cerviniopsis clavicornis, G. O. Sars.

11.

(PI.

XIII, fig.

1).

Cfr. Vol. V, p. 22, PI. XII, PI. XIII, fig.

Male.

Specific Characters.

General form

of

1.

body

closely resembling

plate, however, comparatively larger and more prominent, and the 2 anterior caudal segment more sharply marked off from each

that

of

Rostral

Anterior antennae only slightly transformed, and scarcely at

other.
sile,

female.

being

apparently composed

with

at

a

an

to

angle

aesthetask;

well-developed

last

joint very small

with a minute claw-like spine accompanied by
oral

antennas,
legs,

and 6th

joints

and armed

some unequal

and natatory legs exactly as

parts,

prehen-

a thinner terminal part bent back-

proximal part; 2nd, 3rd, 4th

the

all

8 joints, the outer 4 of which, however,

and together form

are less perfectly defined

wards

of

at

each

the tip

Posterior

setae.

Last pair of

in the female.

however, conspicuously transformed, each leg being composed of 3 well-

defined

joints,

the

of

1st

which,

as in female,

is

quite short

and produced
armed at

outside to a digitiform process carrying a slender seta; middle joint

end outside with

the

a

slender spine and about of

same

size as the terminal

one, which carries 5 spines, one outside, 2 inside and 2 on the

tip.

Genital

lobes rather remote, the one from the other, and of very small size, knob-like,

each lobe carrying on the

Length

Remarks.
in

Vol. V.

very

like

The male,
the

tip

2 slender setae.

specimen examined 1.13 mm.
Ql this form also only the female sex has been described

of the

female

of
in

which
its

I

now am enabled

outward

appearance,

to give a diagnosis,

that

it

easily

may

is

so

escape


21

attention.

however

is

It

somewhat

of

and moreover, on

inferior size

some well-marked

examination, exhibits

the structure of the anterior antennae and the last pair of legs.

prehensile nature of the former appendages

The present

Occurrence.

from

Lofoten

the
at

dantly

fathoms,

Ris0r,

islands.

South

coast

bottom.

muddy

I

peculior

have
of

Among

is

closer

The imperfect

very remarkable.

Copepod was formerly only known

the latter years taken

in

a

sexual differences, especially as regards

in

it

rather abun-

depths ranging from 60 to 100

Norway,
numerous specimens collected only very

the

few males were detected.

Gen. Zosime, Boeck.

Two

Remarks.

Volume

2

other

defined

well

and Z. incrassata G. O.

species

of

this

Sars, have been described

are

species

genus, Z. typica Boeck

in Vol.

V.

the present

In

added, both of which are closely allied to the

one, though apparently distinct.

typital

Zosime major, G. O.

12.

(PI.

Specific

but

appearance,

form

of

of

considerably

Anterior

body.

Female.

Characters.

Sars, n. sp.

XIII, fig. 2).

Very

larger

segments

of

size

like

Z.

urosome, as

in

outward

its

in that species,

recurved lamellae finely spinulose

laterally to triangular

typica

and comparatively more slender

at

expanded

the edges; penultimate

segment simple, cylindrical in form, and armed along the hind edge dorsally
with a dense and regular row of rather coarse denticles.
Caudal rami rather
produced, being
stricted

at

same edge
setae

only

corner

the
of

3

3 times as long as they are broad, and somewhat conanterior

moderate
in

size

number on each ramus,

cilia.

and clothed

in

edge

finely spinulose, seta of

that

of the

ramus; apical

usually attached to the outer

size

rounded

at

their outer part with small

Antennae, oral parts, and

to that in the type species.

larger

half of the outer

and attached near the end

being wholly absent; innermost seta comparatively small, the other 2

rather strong

usual

fully

base;

of

the

the

Last pair of legs, however, differing in the

inner

end

prickles instead of the

natatory legs of a structure very similar

of

the

proximal joint,
expansion
and provided with 4 strong marginal

comparatively small, but well defined

Colour whitish grey.

at

the base.

which
setae;

is

much

broadly

distal joint


22

female amounting to 0.70 mm.
The
Remarks.
present species is closely allied to the typical one, but
and somewhat more slender form of body, differing
size
considerably larger
of adult

Length

of

moreover conspicuously

localities

on

occurred

in

I

coast of Norway,

muddy

(Brady

of

the

preceding

usual sensory

prominent

&

Scott).

Body

species,

more

of a

robust

than

Lateral

hairs.

the

in

in

and compact

with the 2 chief divisions less sharply

from each other and nearly of equal length.

prominent and sub-triangular
2

as yet

XIV).

Female.

Caracters.

Specific

marked

It

valida, G. O. Sars, n. sp.
(PI.

in

Ris0r.

Only female specimens have

bottom.

British Isles

Zosime

13.

than

Korshavn and

notice.

Distribution.?

form

at

viz.,

species.
different

together with the typical species in depths ranging

places

from 20 to 50 fathoms,

come under my

by British

more properly referable to the present
have met with this form occasionally in 2
is

southern

the

both

in the structure

very probable, that the form recorded

is

It

authors as Z. typica Boeck
Occurrence.

more produced caudal rami and

in the

of the last pair of legs.

Rostral plate rather

form, tip narrowly truncated and carrying the
lobes of the anterior caudal segments far less

preceding

segment, as

penultimate

species;

in

that

armed along the hind edge dorsally with a row of denticles, which
however are much stronger and of a somewhat flattened form. Caudal rami

species,

comparatively

broad,

sub-lamellar,

the

greatest width considerably exceeding

edge remarkably strong and attached
defined ledge somewhat remote from the end; apical setae present
half the length; seta of outer

number, that
setae

well

developed

and

of

quite

normal

Posterior antennae, oral

ciliated.

the structure characteristic of the genus.

wholly

in

the usual

of the outer corner longer than that of the inner; the 2

appearance.

apparently composed of 7 joints densely clothed with
coarsely

to a sharply

with

confluent

paratively small,

the

parts,

most

of

middle

antennas

which are

and natatory legs exhibiting

Last pair of legs with the distal joint

proximal one; inner expansion of the

and only provided with 2 slender

narrowly truncated

setae,

Anterior

setaa,

tip.

Colour whitish grey.
Length of the specimen examined 0.70

mm.

latter

com-

both issuing form the

23^
This form also

Remarks.

closely allied to the type species,

is

though
and from the preceding species by the
comparatively more compact form of the body, and more particularly by the
structure of the caudal rami and of the last pair of legs.
distinguishable

easily

Occurrence.

come under my

from

both

Only

notice.

It

it

a solitary female

was taken

specimen

summer

last

from a depth of about 20 fathoms,

stiania Fjord,

of this

form has hitherto

Hval0r, outside the Chri-

at

muddy

bottom.

Fam. Ectinosomidae.
Gen. Ectinosoma, Boeck.
i

This

Remarks.
the

13

number

genus seems

described

species

in

the

rather

arising to
in

however,

is,

To

enabled to add 8 more, the

no

less

some

than 21

in

all.

The

cases not easy on account

moreover

is

integuments

and

by the smallness and

fragility

reliable distinguishing character

last pair of legs,

some

am now

I

outward appearance of the body, and the anatomical
rendered rather difficult by the glossy and tough

uniform

examination

The most

be exceedingly rich in species.

to

V

Norwegian species thus

of

determination of these species
of

Vol.

which

is

of

some

of the appendages.

derived from the structure of the

is

and

perfectly constant

in

nearly every case exhibits

peculiarity characteristic of the species.

14.

Ectinosoma proximum, G. O.
(PI.

Specific
to the

Characters.

XV,

Female.

fig.

Very

general form of the body, but of

Sars, n. sp.

1).

like

E. neglectum G. O. Sars, as

somewhat smaller

size.

Rostral plate

slightly prominent and, as seen dorsally, obtusely truncated at the end.

some somewhat

anal segment scarcely

more than

deeply incised behind

in

half

the middle.

almost twice as long as they are broad
length.

antennae,

at

the base; apical setae of moderate

Anterior antennae comparatively rather short

only composed
oral

Uro-

and gradually tapered behind;
as long as the preceding segment and
Caudal rami somewhat divergent, and

shorter than the anterior division

and

stout,

being apparently

of 5 joints densely clothed with strong curved setae.
parts,

and natatory legs exhibiting

a structure

Posterior

very similar to