Theories evolution

 
 

GENERAL THEORY
CONDITIONAL EVOLUTION OF LIFE


1. Science and evolution
Philosophy of evolution
A different theory of evolution
2. Concept of evolution, life and vital impulse
Definition of biological evolution of life
Biological evolution
Historical and human evolution
Theories on the origin of life
The logical approach and concept of life
Metaphysical definition
Freedom of living beings
Vitalism and vital impulse systems
3. Criticism of previous evolutionary theories
Creationism vs evolution
Intelligent Design and  Lamark's theory 
Charles Darwin
Mendelian genetics
Neo Darwinism and  Synthetic Theory
4. Genetics and evolution
Evolutionary genetics
Objectives of life and evolution of man
Guaranty and security
Sexual differentiation
Efficacy and optimisation - Genotype and

phenotype
Dominant and recessive genes
Internal coherence or compatibility - Evolution of
species
Genetic variability
5. GTCEL - Definition of the theory of life
Evolution of life
6. Scientific theory
Research on evolution
7. Computer learning games Esnuka with simulation of
evolution
8. Development and evolution
9. Theories of human origin


 

I. SCIENCE AND EVOLUTION
I.1. Philosophy of evolution
The advance of science is marked throughout history by major revolutions
produced primarily by the discovery or explanation of natural events, the
formulation of theories, and the development of new technologies.
Normally these great leaps of science evolution are associated with names such as
Aristotle, Pythagoras, Galileo, Newton, etc., but it is important to recognize
that, with no disrespect to these geniuses of mankind, their discoveries or theories
were also the product of the culture and scientific environment of their times.
Likewise, we cannot forget the influence that philosophic tendencies and religions
of different civilizations have had and still have on science evolution; on the other
hand, many people think that each step taken by science brings human beings
closer to such philosophic-religious ideas.

Perception, intuition, and logic are the three means used by humans in order to
increase their dominion over nature. As we will see, the commonly named
scientific method has three main variants based on these three instruments.
In this sense, perception and logic are concepts on two extreme ends of the scale
while intuition would be in the middle; the latter allowing the formulation of
theories that, in some cases, would surpass those which were developed through
logic and perception, or a combination of both. To a certain extent, every theory is
a combination of the three.
The objective of this online book is to present the General Theory of the Conditional
Evolution of Life, the product of concerns that we all have to a greater or lesser
extent about the fundamental concepts of life and its evolution. Throughout the
last few years a set of ideas have started forming that were rather vague and
disconnected, yet had a deep meaning and, in some cases, were more poetic than
scientific.
I have attempted to avoid at all times the use of strictly scientific terms in order
to facilitate comprehension without diminishing the precision of the vocabulary
used.
Undoubtedly, the area of focus has been so large and varied; ranging from
elementary particles and energy, to the genetic evolution, sexual differentiation, the
human brain, and complex systems that conceptually behave as if they were living


Genetics and theories of evolution

beings; that some of the ideas will unavoidably be erroneous or incorrect, and
many others already known.
Overall, as small as creativity may be, it needs to take certain risks in order to assert
itself.  In any case, all of the ideas represent at least an element of consideration in
the long road of scientific knowledge.
 

Theory of Evolution
 

 

The evolutionary theory GTCEL (General Theory of Conditional Evolution of Life)
discusses on the one hand, the cause of changes in genetic information (DNA)
and, on the other hand, the form in which these genetics changes are transmitted
to descendants. Its proposals are closer to the theories of Lamarck and Mendel than to
the evolutionary theory of Darwin.
The new fundamental development in evolutionary genetics is the idea of the
evolution as an internal mechanism of improvement of living beings, that transmits
information to descendants and that, given the complexity of the aspects involved,
use many systems, methods or procedures depending on each case based on its
particular conditions.
This modern theory of evolution outcomes an assembly of implications that represent,
in my point of view, revolutionary scientific aspects.
In particular, a direct development of the Global Theory of the Conditional Evolution of
Life (GTCEL) has been the Global Cognitive Theory; both theories address the central
theme of intelligence, its mechanisms, origin, and evolution from various
perspectives.

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Likewise, this theory of evolution presents numerous lines of investigation,
development, and further exploration of a wide subject matter in light of the
innovative approaches it contributes.
The section of related links includes the four online books of the Global
Cognitive Theory:
The brain and modern computers
Intelligence, intuition and creativity
Memory, language and other brain abilities
The will, decision making process and artificial intelligence
Another related link refers to the online book of the General Theory of the Conditional
Evolution of Life.
There is also a link to the on-line book of the Global Scientific Method and the
philosophy of science. It includes the design of new scientific methods and the
classification of the stages and steps of the scientific method; understanding the
scientific method in the broad sense as the application of logic to the generation of
common knowledge with a high level of reliability.
The scientific method works fine in general, but it works much better in its
developmental phase than in its phase of general acceptance. All types of social
interests affect the last phase, from the realm of sociology as in the case of Darwin
’s theory, to the technician nature as in the case of the Theory of Relativity.
The last item of the related links is The EDI Study about Evolution and Design of
Intelligence, a complete statistical survey on the heritability of intelligence
performed on the fieldwork database of the Young Adulthood Study, 1939-1967
This statistical study is an empirical research about some considerations of the
Global Cognitive Theory related with the brain and evolution, in particular the definition
of intelligence.
The results of the statistical survey The EDI Study regarding an elegant
intelligence show some important considerations:
The hereditary nature of relational intelligence is confirmed.
The genetic information with less intellectual potential is the significant one,

as the GTCEL states regarding the concept of conditional intelligence.
Likewise, it seems that the main functions of intelligence, or those evolving
faster, are fairly concentrated in only one chromosome.

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The most innovative element of this work on cognitive psychology is
undoubtedly the section relating to simulation. This section contains the
explanation of how the artificial intelligence quotient vectors are generated
by using the previsions of the new theory of evolution; they practically behave
like the variables that were actually observed, in despite of the intrinsic
complexity involved.
As if that were not enough, with the due caution this subject deserves, the
existence of a finalistic or teleological evolution is scientifically proven to
agree with that indicated by the General Theory of Conditional Evolution of Life.
Given that the current results in this book suggest a fairly radical change from
the common opinions held by the majority of the scientific community and
society, the logical deduction is that more extensive studies on cognitive
psychology using the same methodology need to be performed.
An example of further exploration of this study is found in the section that has
been added subsequently, which is related to partner choice and intelligence. In
this section a hypothesis regarding a concrete requisite of the acceptable limit of the
difference in intelligence when forming a couple, is confirmed and simultaneously reinforces
the model's overall coherence. In fact, the requirement refers to the unconscious
choice of an unknown intelligence for current cognitive psychology.

 

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I.2. A different theory of evolution of life
Every theory has a philosophical substratum, including the experimental theories –
even the concept of perception is a usually studied by philosophers. In a theory
directly related to the concept of life, this duality is more openly apparent.
Therefore, it is advisable to have both points of view present so as not to mix
them and let a different philosophic-religious position affect the acceptance or
rejection of the evolutionary theory’s scientific content.
In the formulation of this theory, it is clear its philosophical content. While trying
to formalize the Global Theory of the Conditional Evolution of Life, I came across the
problem of defining this theory briefly and concisely. Therefore, I had to define
life in some way, and then the general idea of life emerged: “The fundamental
characteristic of life is freedom”; however, the scientific content of this theory does not
imply to accept this affirmation.
The definition of the different evolutionary theory has helped me a lot with its
development and perfection as if it were the key to solving a puzzle; however, I
insist that they are independent subjects.
The problems derived from the said duality and the double meaning of the
concept of evolution has led to the dedication of title II to this concept’s
terminological delimitation and a brief exposition of the concept of life from the

philosophical point of view.
The title II contains the following sections:
The first, relating to the concept of evolution makes special reference to its
temporal and spatial perspectives: long term and short-term evolution, and the
micro and macroevolution. It is worth indicating at this point that the
Darwinian theory of evolution alters this concept in that; it did not know
microevolution on Cellular Biology and it practically omits the existence of
short-term evolution in superior animals.
The broad concept of life based on strictly philosophical content.
Lastly, the vital impulse systems, which would be those, that behave like
living beings, at least as far as the characteristics of their evolutionary
processes are concerned.
In title III, an initial critique of the sections is included. However, I add a few
criticisms throughout the book, mainly on the evolutionary theory of Darwin;

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since it is generally accepted nowadays although it depends on which context is
being referred to. It appears that Darwin theory of evolution is losing momentum
in the science world in view of the advances in Evolutionary Biology and Genetics.
New ideas about the evolution of life are in title IV, divided into four major
sections. The first introduces a general description of the title, the second deals with
evolution through the use of a logical argumentation whose scientific contrasting are
considered plausible, the third on the sources or origins of genetic modifications, and the
last relating to the means, methods, processes, and mechanisms through which they

materialize.
 

Iguana - Cancun
 

 

Specifically, the ideas of the new theory of evolution or Evolutionary Biologyorbit around
the objectives of evolution such as the direct cause of changes in genetic
information and the way in which these changes are passed on to descendants. The
new proposals are conceptually closer to Lamarck and Mendel’s theories of
evolution than to Darwin ’s theory of evolution.
The proposals of the different theory of evolution GTCEL explain the
functionality of the sexual differentiation and they allow a greater precision in the
definition of the concepts of dominant and recessive genes in the fields of Evolutionary
Biology and Genetics. Another practical implication is the very possible non-existence
of the missing link in the human evolution, since the evolutionary jumps are one of
the methods present in nature and, normally, they are the result of two or more
evolutionary branches.
There is also an explanatory example of the verification method of the genetic
information within car's evolution, which nature uses.
This title mainly refers to the theory of evolution of life in the common field of
Genetics, searching for the origins or immediate causes of the modifications of

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genetic information that pass on to descendants according to the logical objectives
that every evolutionary system should have. Although analogies with the vital
impulse systems will be included, it will be mainly for exposition purposes.
Next, title V focuses on the concept and definition of the General Theory of the
Conditional Evolution of Life, incorporating its formulation as concisely as possible
while conserving its essence. A few brief conclusions derived from the definition
of the evolutionary theory are included in the third point of this title and, in fact,
are part of the conceptual body of the theory.
The next step would be the empirical verification, or theoretical proof. Title VI
discusses the difficulty of proving the theory while proving the relative easiness of
verifying its partial aspects.
Hence, a completely developed mathematical-statistical model of evolution of
intelligence was put forth in order to test the method of Verification of the Genetic
Information (VGI) in terms presented in title IV, based on the hypothesis of the
heritability of intelligence.
The results of the EDI statistical study confirm the alternative theory of
evolution and are in another book online.
Likewise, I mention other specific models that could also withstand an empirical
contrasting.
Title VII briefly describes the Esnuka program designed to allow the assimilation
of this theory’s proposals by introducing them through a computer-simulation
on thebilliards game.
The validation of the purely scientific aspects of the theory would have enormous
consequences for the development of Biology and Genetics by providing these
sciences with a coherently theoretical base, especially for the advances already
made.
This would also give off major consequences for other branches of knowledge
such as psychology and history. Some of these consequences are in title VIII.

There is a double purpose of this title; on one hand, the mentioned exposition of
the consequences of the Global Theory of the Conditional Evolution of Life, and on the
other, to help its acceptance as much as it allows a better understanding of the
social reality in which we live and of its historic evolution.
It is curious that one can talk of a scientific globalization process in the twenty-first
century.
A brief exposition of these theories on evolution is in the Annex.

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BIOLOGY NEWS

All of the biology news appeared in the newspaper El País on the indicated date
and they are, to a certain extent, about current topics. In case the biology news
relate to an article in an international magazine, it appears following the date.
The science and biology news are not part of the text in the sense that are
independent. Nonetheless, I have tried to fit them contextually in anyway possible.
I attempt to offer a vision of what, how and when some advances of scientific
knowledge produced reaches the public in general.
It is worth pointing out that I am not necessarily or wholly in agreement with
them, and that, on another hand, at times the most important is not the content of
the news but rather the form, the time, the origin, the effect, etc.
At the same time, to point out that this biology news set does not try to be a
summary of the most important biology news in the subject matter during the last ten

years. What's more, I chose them for attracting my attention but, in general,
numerous articles are contradictory to the presented ones, especially in those of
opinion or of interpretation.
In short, what I try with this group of biology news is to express how the general
culture is changing in respects to the central topic that we are dealing with: the
biological evolution. Of course, also to point out the coincidences with the
General Theory of the Conditional Evolution of Life and that I had completely developed
the basic lines of this modern theory and published them in October of 1992.
Deserving special mention, due to the important psychological support that they
have given me, is the published article in a special supplementary edition in the
newspaper El Pais 26.11.1992 by Eric. H. Davidson (a) (author of the term intelligent
genes!) about the classic concept of parasoite from a copycat gene.
Another article from 02-10-2002 in relation to the National Conference of Ethology (h)
that, in general terms, presents an evolutionist model or a vision of life similar to
that of the General Theory of the Conditional Evolution of Life, or at least, of a similar
inspiration.

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All of the articles were written subsequent to the GTCEL
Each person is different, but not because of his/her race (c)
Human or a chimpanzee
Oldest fossils

Microbes that live without carbon
The simplest way of life
Democratic behavior
Justice, the primates
Living systems (a)
Choose the gender of calves
The Spanish mountain cats (b)
Human Y chromosome (g)
Horizontal transference (i)
Eucaryotes
Evolutionary discoveries (a)
Human genome and genetic functions
Genome of rice (e)
Men suffer more genetic mutations
The evolutionary progress
Backup copy
The genes of animals (e)
Preferencias olfativas (d)
Hitch-hikers
Regulatory instructions (a)
Enigma of the bees
Time waste (h)
To modify the theory of evolution (b)
Environment (b)
Chromosome Y (g)
Genetic variability (c)
Rough sketch of the human genome
Wilm’s tumor
Estrategia evolutiva (h)
No entendemos el genoma humano

La cara oculta del genoma
Enormes cantidades de información de... (a)
La dislexia

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Un gen del lenguaje
Women have an excellent sense of smell (d)
American Indians
Comportamiento moderno humano
 
 

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II. CONCEPT OF EVOLUTION, LIFE AND
VITAL IMPULSE SYSTEMS
II.1. The definition of evolution

If we ask ourselves, “what is evolution?” a good idea would be to consult a
dictionary. The Diccionario General de la Lengua Española (The General
Dictionary of the Spanish Language) gives us the following definitions for the term
“evolution”:
1. The action of things developing or transforming by gradually passing from one state to
another: the ~ of species; the ~ of a theory, of a policy.
2. The effect of things developing or transforming by gradually passing from one state to another.
3. p. ext. Movement, change or transformation, in general: the evolution of a dance.
4. Movement, change of troop or ship formation for defense or offense purposes.
5. Fig. - Change of conduct, purpose or attitude.
6. BIOL. – Derivation of the species from living organisms, from others already in existence,
through a process more or less gradual and continuous.
7. PHILOS. Hypothesis that attempts to explain all phenomena by successive transformations
of a solitary original entity.
While making a critical commentary of these definitions of evolution, various
observations can be made.
The principal characterization of things developing and transforming themselves
from one state to another is the gradual pace; if it were fast or accelerated, we
would enter the concept of revolution.
The second observation is that the concept of evolution has two basic meanings,
one being points 1) "The action of things developing or transforming by passing gradually from
one state to another"; and of point 2) "effect of... ". The first refers to the internal
dynamics of things that makes them develop or transform, in short, their own
development. The second seems to be related to its external appearance that is
nothing else but the effect or result of internal evolution and its own external

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perception.
Together with the two basic or general meanings, internal and external evolution,
we find other specific meanings. In point 6), a special mention is made on
biological evolution. This definition of evolution does not add anything special except
that, because of the normal dynamics of the evolution of species, it is verifying the
long-term concept for the aforementioned field. It is explicitly giving us the
concept derived from the Darwinian Theory and its subsequent adaptations; that
is, a specific type of concept of evolution that point 2) refers to.
In the assumption of understanding the aforementioned point 2) as an internal
effect, the definition of evolution in point 6) that we are analyzing would continue
using it as an external effect.
On its behalf, point 7) defines the philosophical base on which rests the mentioned
theory and origin of life.
In conclusion, the concept of evolution in biology is different from the two
generic concepts of evolution as being a variant of the concept of evolution as an
external perception of the changes or transformations by limiting itself to a longterm concept.
 

Esfinge of Egypt
(2620 b.c.) Museum of the Louvre

 

For the General Theory of the Conditional Evolution of Life (GTCEL), the concept of
evolution corresponds to the meaning of its short-term as well as long-term
internal dynamics in which, evolution being long-term, the addition of changes
are no longer in the short-term evolution but rather in each generation.

Next, we are going to explain the consequences of one focus or another of

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evolution.
 
 

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II.1.a) The biological evolution
Various aspects hinder the understanding of theories on biological evolution because
the immediate or intuitive perception of certain relationships or concepts is very
low when moving in fields that do not belong to our everyday world.
Two typical cases, especially in complex systems theories, are those due to, on
one hand, the analysis on a different spatial scale from ours – either microscopic
or macroscopic in relation to our size – and, on the other hand, when a long-term
analysis is carried out.

In particular, in the field of biological evolution and genetics, the name assigned to the
evolution in the cellular or lower range: DNA, protein, bacteria, virus, etc. is
microevolution, and the corresponding scale is the micro scale or microscopic
scale. Our normal scale, where we humans find ourselves is the macro or
macroscopic scale. If we were talking about astronomy, the concepts would vary
accordingly.
In addition, the human being is managing to interact on a micro scale in genetics,
which implies that we are interacting in an almost unknown and not very intuitive
world.
Speaking in social terms, with the exception of a few specialists, the human brain
does not have the capacity to assimilate the change of scale at acceptable logical
levels.
For the majority of us, when in biological evolution terms they speak of 325
billion cells; it makes no difference to us if they say 830 billion cells; and, not to
mention, if they talk to us about molecules or the number of letters of DNA.
When they say that the genome of a monkey differs by only 1% from the human
genome it seems like they are very similar. What would happen if they told us the
same, but with the absolute quantity of the known letters of DNA in which they
differ? In addition, what really means a letter of the DNA?
Nonetheless, there is a trick not to get completely lost which is to think about the
theory of fractals. It tells us that certain models maintain their structures when
changing the scale. In the case of biological evolution, life would behave very similarly
to a micro scale than a macro scale because it is the same concept of life at micro
scale as that which is appreciable at macro scale.
This does not mean at all that we cannot adjust some variables or concepts, or that
we always need to do so. At times, the change of scale creates a noticeably

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different model because new forces or relationships come into play. The classic
example could be the individuals behavior in contrast to the behavior of the
crowds.
A key element of theory of biological evolution is its characterization as internal
dynamics or as external perception.
Firstly, it is worth clarifying that the pure combination of a set of elements will
always give us its own subset; that is, a new element will never appear in the
combination; so biological evolution could not exist. Using a simple analogy of a
game with a Spanish pack of cards, a card from an English deck will never appear
when dealing the cards. Likewise, the same occurs if we think about it going
backwards, that is, in order to see the origin of life.
 

La Gioconda
Louvre Museum
Leonardo da Vinci

 

As a result, even for the biological evolution, understood as external perception,
it is necessary to accept internal changes. Now then, if those internal changes are
completely unknown or we cannot explain them in any way with a certain
philosophy of life, a common solution is to declare them implicitly or explicitly
random.
Actually, continuing with the previous analogy, a considerable imagination is
needed to believe that with random changes in the points of each card’s pattern

that, eventually, one could end up playing with a card from an English deck, and
much less with all of the cards from an English deck simultaneously.

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Moreover, let’s look at the significance of choosing one focus or another of the
biological evolution for some real, but non-biological, examples of society nowadays:
The evolution of cars allows us to see clearly two types of approaches to
evolution. On the one hand, it could be argued that the consumers, by making
their choice, have created the market’s demand, and this demand makes it so
that those cars that were better adapted to their choice are bought and thereby
allowing companies to continue their production.
However, due to the economic theory, we know that the market reaches an
equilibrium when supply and demand are equal, the former in our case will be
created according to the cost of production among which we frequently find
the cost of materials, the cost of labor, the cost of research and development...
Remaining just with demand as a cause of the evolution of cars would be
ignoring all of the efforts of men and women in improving materials: tires,
engine, etc.; in the improvements of productivity of labor, and the importance
of the research in air resistance; in the development of new engines...
On the other hand, demand as well as supply of cars is the result of the
general objectives of the car industry. Among which we can cite improving
performance or velocity, increasing security, maintaining certain structure (at
least for each country, such as the steering wheel on the left, the accelerator
on the right, the brake in the middle, etc.) and the speediness in transmitting

the technological advances to the market.
In short, we should recognize that the demand for cars has always existed,
surely the Romans would have also wanted to have  modern cars!; that is, the driving
force in the evolution of cars has been the improvement in the supply that has
materialized each time a different model comes out.
If we consider the evolution of personal computers, we find ourselves with
the supply and demand and all of the aforementioned elements and reasoning
in the previous example, and even with greater clarity.
In this example, there is an additional fact, in which the creation of software
or computer programs is necessarily parallel to the development of
hardware or computer equipment. It would be useless having the Windows
2000 program if we have a personal computer with a chip type 386 AT at 16
KHz and only 640 Kb of memory; in fact, this program would not have been
able to exist if there were not any faster computers.
Surely, in the biological evolution of man, the development of certain

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elements needs others or that some evolutionary conditions are present.
Another aspect that is different in relation to the previous example is the set
of similarities that can be made between the personal computer and the
human brain. Deep down we are talking about two different systems but the
same purpose: keeping and maintaining a great quantity of information.
A different example would be languages that evolve and perfect themselves,
but the laws of supply and demand of the market are not part of the system.

Nonetheless, the study of the general intrinsic objectives of any language
continues to surprise us because it seems quite a bit as biological evolution of man
like those previously mentioned. 
We have already mentioned the improvement and perfection, but a language
also accepts changes that are more or less rapid but are always within a
structure of increasingly strict grammar rules that guarantee its continuation.
Normally, the linguistic system will try to maintain the coherence of the
meaning in order to hold desirable communication, and of course, it will
increase the number of words and concepts associated with them insofar as it
is possible; that is, of the subjects’ linguistic capacity.  
This last point is important since, in short, it is what is going to give us, to a
greater extent, the evolution of language.
One could try an analogy with a modern nation or state since there are not
any clear market laws here either, although they are starting to appear with
greater clarity at the root of the current globalization of the economy and
other aspects of human activity.
Each system will have special objectives but the general objectives are found
again with relative ease. In a state or nation, the political system is extremely
important for its development, although it is worth noting that, in a broad
sense, its political system tends to be largely related to the cultural
development of its citizens. On the other hand, the big states belong to a
scale different from the human scale, and any type of short-term analysis is
complicated due to countless factors. In a long-term analysis, we could say
that their evolution depends on the evolution of the citizens.
A much simpler example is the development of a person because we are
more closely familiar with it. It seems clear that the success of many of our
companies or our personal goals up until a certain point depends on others or
on the competition, but the most important factor is our personal capacity and
our job; that is, our personal evolution depends basically on us. Of course, our

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internal dynamics is affected by our surroundings, but it is still what is
responsible for our personal evolution materializing.
The example of the artist is also illuminating of some characteristics of
biological evolution. If we analyze the evolution of a famous painter’s work
throughout his/her life, we can identify different stages in his/her painting. In
some paintings, it will be easier to discover the theme; others will have plenty
of certain colors or tones, etc. If we really want to understand the evolution of
the paintings, we will have to focus on the artist and his/her work, age,
economic situation, the individuals position in face of social evolution, etc.;
otherwise, we would be denying the artist’s influence on the evolution of
his/her work.
In light of these examples, we can conclude that the concept of biological evolution, in its
strict or basic sense, is referring to the global change of things and not only the
change of their appearance. This view of the philosophy of life and biological
evolution allows us to understand better the true origin of life and the evolution of
man.
 
 

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II.1.b) Historical evolution and human evolution
Another aspect appeared in previous examples of historical evolution is that the
changes of scale can affect particular objectives of a system and that the relevant
variables are different from short-term and long-term variables. We must be
especially careful when talking about internal dynamics in biological evolution or human
evolution; given that, this concept is inevitably associated with individuals or a
system and this can change according to the scale in which we move.
Let’s remember that, when speaking about the limits of knowledge, the temporal
and spatial horizon has been mentioned as a factor that impedes the logical
reasoning when operating as limits of intelligent perception.
With the perception of a dynamic system in the long-term or historical evolution, we
can imagine something similar to a film with all of the detailed perceptions; giving
us the effect that the film has internal dynamics, because indeed it has; but it is not
the internal dynamics of the individual changes but rather of the film in of itself.
Perhaps it is a typical effect of the long-term models or historical evolution. The
human mind tends to study, not to complicate an already complex system, the
changes or evolution of the external perception of the model; that is, that it tries to
carry out a partial analysis while not being able to take on all of the overall
problems of the model.
In the biological evolution of man, something similar occurs with the theory
based on the natural selection in which it seems like it has its own internal dynamics,
and it does. However, this is only referring to one of the determining factors of
evolution that also operate in the result of real evolution.
The theory of natural selection refers exclusively to the elimination of new beings
and their descendents through their better adaptation. It is necessary, as a result, to

give a random trait to the rest of the possible determining factors or elements of
human evolution. At the same time, it needs the long-term in human evolution, with
all of its inconveniences, so that its internal dynamics are capable of producing
similar effects, in appearance, to those of real evolution.
Recent information and very nice presentation of history of human evolution along the
last 160.000 years and the geographic routes taken by our ancestors are in the page
Journey of mandking - The Peopling of the World.
The phenomenon of a long-term study of historical evolution is equivalent to that of

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Genetics and theories of evolution

the change of scale. Let’s cite, as a summary, some of the problems that arise to a
greater or lesser extent:
The tendency is to lose the long-term temporal notion, and the spatial notion
is a different scale from the human one.
The changes due to the representative variables are not always correct.
The same problem can appear about the dynamics or internal relationships of
the system, of its individuals or system and of its particular objectives.
There not only can change the variables but those that remain can change
their nature. For example, a discrete short-term variable can be a continuous
variable due to the changing of scale.
When changing the spatial or temporal reference of a specific analysis of
historical evolution, we need explicitly mention the aforementioned changes
 

 

Genetics is on a different scale from ours. In the theories of human evolution,
there is a tendency for the long-term analysis.
Let us analyze a main characteristic of historical evolution, by means of a graph,
how a long-term model eliminates the perception of short-term changes. The
figure shows an exponential growth whose ratio is 1.25, but by only triplicating
the period of time, a sufficient visual effect is achieved

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Genetics and theories of evolution

Let us imagine the effect that a long-term model produces that, in addition, is
considered blurred. Obviously, the optical effect appears because the scale has
changed, but we have seen that, in many analyses, the scale also changes. It is also
logical that, in the history of human evolution, the scale has to change in the
long-term model.
In spite of being conscious of the change of scale and knowing the growth is
exponential, we cannot stop thinking that, in the second figure, there is hardly any
growth during the first 15 periods. It is worth noting that the exponential growth is
common in the models of temporal sequence and in the historical evolution. 
Another additional problem is the ability to measure such small differences in the
data when the scale of the normal world is the one corresponding to the latest
period, especially when the other extreme of the biological evolution of man is the
origin of life.
 

NEWS ABOUT THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
"Being a human or a chimpanzee is distinguished by a little more
than 1% of the genome, only ten times more than the very difference
between two individual humans.
...It is estimated that the genetic difference between the human being and the
chimpanzee lies in no more than 400 million nucleotides (the elements of
DNA) from a total of 3 billion..."
El País 20-02-2002.
 

In short, no one wants to say that certain types of studies or analyses can be
carried out, but that the limits of the human mind must be recognized when it
comes to intelligent perception of certain variables and relationships and, therefore,
placing special care in the conclusions that are derived from them.
These thoughts lead us to study the implications of understanding only long-term
human evolution and the elimination of short-term evolution when thinking
about human origin and biological evolution of man. People in general accept this
implication very firmly while creating the idea that they have about our species and
theirselves.

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Genetics and theories of evolution

 
Let’s cite some of the most relevant consequences and facts of the historical

evolution of man:
The intellectual capacity of the Homo sapiens has not substantially changed
during the last 30,000 – 50,000 years.
The ability to make fire is considered a great evolutionary leap in the human
evolution keeping in mind the cerebral capacity of the first humans to achieve it.
Another great milestone in human evolution for their small intellectual capacity is
the discovery, surely by accident, of the wheel.
Despite the human mental capacity, in the beginning of our species, we did
not talk much nor create large grammatical structures because, either, for what
we did, it was not worth the time, or because we had to wait for our vocal
cords to develop through random mutations of the transmitted genetic
information.
 

Scribe - Louvre Museum
Egypt 2500 b.c. y 1450 b.c.

  
 

In ancient Egypt, humans developed a great ability for construction with the
pyramids, managing to get it so that the walls would not fall over for a long
period. There is a reason that they are the only ones of the seven wonders that
are still standing!
Before the Greeks, the scientific philosophy and development did not interest
us, except for some honorable exceptions.

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Genetics and theories of evolution

Some Greeks believed that the practical application of knowledge meant
reducing it and, therefore, should only stand in the world of ideas.
With the human evolution of the Romans, thanks to their technology, it was
fairly easy to build aqueducts in a closed channel, since we had not noticed,
for some unknown weakness, that the level of water tends to be the same.
Not even the inhabitants of the coasts or the seamen realized this fact in spite
of the nooks and crannies where the land and water meet in many places.
Another great Roman contribution to historical evolution, without knowing its
exact origin, was beginning to count with downstrokes. Going so far, even, as
to represent five downstrokes with a V, which simplified mathematic
calculation considerably.
The idea that the Earth was round or spherical was a little difficult to believe,
especially in view of the moon and the sun. The shape of the half moon had
not been seen anywhere else, not even by aiming a flashlight onto an orange.
Finally, thanks to the accumulated knowledge transmitted from generation to
generation, 500 years ago there was the conviction that indeed it was spherical
and revolved around the sun. Even though it may have gotten someone into
trouble – Galileo (1564-1642) – by that of the generational leap.
We were fortunate when it occurred to Newton (1642-1727), thanks to his
weakness for apples and the trend for thinking during his time, to expand on
his weakness, and he proved, amazingly, that something similar occurred to
the sun and the moon.
Miguel Servet (1511-1553), a Spaniard, wasn’t so lucky with his ideas about
the pulmonary circulation and the role it has in respiration in the
transformation of venous blood into arterial; surely, he didn’t present them in
the same poetic feeling as Newton.

Just in case, and so that no one doubts the non short-term historical evolution of
the human intellect, we need to adjust the different scales used to measure the
IQ (intelligent quotient) every 20 to 25 years at most.
And when the IQ of some geniuses of mankind are estimated (like some
authors do and are recognized for their informative contribution about the
human evolution); of course, they are properly adjusted to the corresponding era 
in order to facilitate its comprehension and to be loyal to the reality that the quotients used
are only a relative measurement! If we had a similar measurement at our disposal
for height, it would turn out that the Romans were as tall as humans nowadays

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