ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS OF PLANTS, GROUPS AND DESCRIPTIONS V2, TWINING

ILLUSTRATIONS

NATURAL ORDERS OF PLANTS

GROUPS AND DESCRIPTIONS

ELIZABETH TWINING.

REDUCED FROM THE ORIGINAL FOLIO EDITION,

VOL. IL

LONDON:

SAMPSON LOW,

SON,

CROWN BUILDINGS,

188

AND MARSTON,
FLEET STREET.

1868.
(The Rigid of Tran-slalion

is reitrvid

by thf Autho):)

LONDON
MRANGKWAYS AND WaLDEN, PrINTBKS,
Castle St. Leicester Sq.


580
T92i
v,2

CONTENTS OF PLATES.
VOLUME

II.

FAnE
81.

Lobelia
82.

Gesnerace^

littoralis.

\accm\mn

...

Ericace^

Siphocampylos

6ico/or.

N acc'minm Vitis Idoea. Oxycoccws macroGaylussacia serrata. Vaccinium amoinmn.

Erica cinerea. Erica tetralix. Erica ventricosa. Arbutus Unedo.
Rbododendron/er?-Mgrmeum. Rbododendron arboreum. Kalmia latifolia.

Rhododendron
85. Belvisiace^e
86.

Mijrtillm.

Tbibaiulia varlegata.

carpus.
84.

sj^lendens.

CWniowia pulchella.

Streptocarpus
Gesnera zehrina. iEschynanthus grarulijlorua.
Cyrtandra atuininea. Gesnera allophylla. Gesnera grandiflora.

...

Rexii.

83. VACClNiACEiE

Lobelia

LohiiMa Dortmanna.

LoBELlACE^

Myrsinace^

alhiflorum.

Napoleona

...

imperialis.

Suttonia (Zimncato. Ardisia crewJttoto. Jacquinia
Myrsine
Embelia rohusta.
refMsa.

...

aurantiaca.

Achras Sapota.
pbyllum Cainito.

87. SAPOTACEiE

88.

Ebenace^

Isonandra gutta.

Mimusops

Diosipyros Lotus.

BiosTpyros EmbrT/opteris.

KauJci.

Chrysa-

B.oyena pubescens.

Diospyros melanoxylon.
89. OLSACEiE

Syi'mga vulgaris.

Ole-d europcea.

Lignstrum vulgare.

Fraxinus

pendula.
90.

Jasminum officinale. Jasminum fmticans. Nyctantbes arbor
Jasminum hirsutum. Jasminum ligustrifolium. Jasminum gracile.

Jasminace^
tristis.

91.

92.

93.

Fagrasa

Strychnace^

Tieute.
... Strychnos
Strychnos ligustrina.

littoralis.

Spigelia marylandica.

Apocynace^ ... A])ocynum hijpericifolium. Yinca major. Cynauchum nigrum.
Nerium Oleander. Allamanda cathartica. Stapelia marginata. Asclepias
Glossonema Boryanum.
syriaca.
Rhizophorace^

.

.

Rhizophora Mangle.

Kandelia Eheedii.

Carallia zeylanica.

Carallia lucida.
94.

Gentianace^

...

Gentiana

Cblora jjerfoliata.
Erythrea centaurium.
Lisiantbus Russellianus.

Cbironia decussata.
Gentiana lutea. Cbironia bacci/era.

acaulis.

Villarsia nymphoides.

Leianthes nigrescens.

... Bi gnonia jwiicans.
Jacaranda mimosifoliu.

95. BiGNONiACEiE

Eccremocarpus

scaier.

Cata\]pa syringi/olia.

b

6653


CONTENTS OF

Pl^VTES.

PAOK

Polemoiiium aerulcum.
Cobsea scandens.

96. PoLEMONIACEiE...

97.

CoNVOLVULACE.E

Convolvulus

.

Gilia

Convolvulus americana.

sejniim.

l\)omQ& purpurea. Convolvulus
Cuscuta epithymum.

Soldanella.

98.

BoRAGlNACE^

Borago

...

99.

100.

Ceriiitlie

officinalis.

Symphytum.

Myosotis palustris.

Hydrophyllace^ Hydrophyllum
Nemophila phaceloides.

/ncoZo?*.

major.

Convolvulus

Ipom ea

guaTnocZt^.

cymosa.

Tournefortia

Ehretia.

Hydrolea

virginicum.

Eutoca

spinosa.

viscida.

Solanum LycoperCapsicum haccatum, Brugmansia sanHyoscyamus. Datura Stramonium.

Solanum Dulcamara.

SoLANACE^

Phlox Drummnndii.

tricolor.

Nicotiana tahacum.

3na.n\x\\oa parasitica.

sicum.

Petunia.

guinea.

Digitalis pmpurea.
Linaria vulgaris.
Veronica chamcedi-ys. Mimulus moschatus. Chelone harhata. Torenia
asiatica.
Antirrhinum majus. Calceolaria.

101. ScROPHULARiACEiE Scrophularia aquatica.

Lamium

102. Lamiacej.

maculatum.
Salvia patens.
Galeobdolon luteum.
Betonica grancliflora. Salvia. Lavandula.

Scutellaria cordifolia.
103. OROBAN'CHACEiE

104.

Verbenace^

.

...

Orobanche

Lantana
105.

AcANTHACE^

...

'L&ihvesi

to/wo?'.

\Qrhexia, officinalis.

squamaria.

Myoporum panv/oZaiw.

aculeata.

Ac axithus

lEiginetia. pedunculata.

Y erhena chamadrifolia.
J ustici a

sjyinosus.

Clerodendrum/aWax.

Callicarpa.

car?jea.

Thunbergia

aZata.

Stro-

bilanthes.

106. Utriculariace^. Utricularia vulgaris.
reticulata.

107. Prijiulace^

Primula

...

Anagallis Monelli.

Plumbagixace^ Plumbago
Armeria vulgaris.
.

Utricularia

Cyclamen europceum.

Aretia.

Plumbago

capensis.

.

109. PLAXTAGiNACEiE

Dodecatheon Meadia.

veris.

Anagallis arvensis.
108.

Utricularia Humholdtiana.

Pinguicula vulgaris.

Statice

rosea.

Plantago coronopus.
Plantago major.
Bougueria nubicola.

purpurata.

Plantago squarrosa.

Littorella lacustris.
110.

Nyctaginace^.

.

.

Mirabilis

Jalapa.

Mirabilis

longiflora.

Abronia

mellifera.

Pisonia ohtnsata.

111.

Amarantace^
Amarantus Blitum.
Gomphrena officinalis.

112.

Chenopodiace^.

Amarantus

. . .

.

Chenopodium

Beta maritima.
Henricus.
Blitum virgatum. Salsola Kali.

bonus

Basella rubra.

oleracea.

Celosia cristata.

caudatus.

Spinacia
Salicomia

herbacea.

113.

Phytolaccace^.

114.

Begoniace^
begonia, semperjlor ens. Begonia, diversifolia. Begonia
Begonia manicata. Diplocinium Evansianum.

115.

PoLYGOXACE^

.

...

forme.
116. Lai'race.e

Polygonum

...

'Rivma. tinctoria.

rfecmi^Zra.

Persicaria.

Polygonum

orientale.

sanguiyiea.

Rheum

spici-

Coccoloba uvifera.

Laurus nobilis.
Dehaasia media.

117. MYRISTICACE.E

118.

Phytolacca

Cinnamomum

Myristica mosc^aZa.

javanicum.

Persea gratissima.

Virola seiZ/era.

Proteace^
Vrotea pulchella.
Grevillea longifolia.
Telopea ^speciosissima.
Leucospermum hypophyllum.
Hakea undulata.
Hakea acicularis.
Banksia m^dia.

Banksia

speciosa.


CONTENTS

PLATES.

(1F

PAGB

119. THYMELArK.i-;

Daphne

Daphne mesereum.

...

Pimelia

pnlustrh.

laureola.
Dais
Lagetta Untcaria.

spectahilis.

Santahun a/ijwt. Th.esmm. linophyllum. Leptomeria
Leptomeria acida.

120. Saxtalace.e

121.

El^agnace.e

122.

Aristolochiace^ Aristolochia

Asarum
123. EDPHORBIACE.E

.

125..

Urticace^

126.

PiPERACE^

127.

Amentace^

128.

CoNiFERACE^

Aristolocliia gigas.

Bragantia.

Euphorbia PepZw-s.

V o'msettja pulcherrima.
124. ARTOCARPACEiE... Artocarpus

cerifera.

Arislolochia Stpho.

Clcmatitis.

europivum.

. .

Myrica

Myrica. javanica.

Myrica, gale.

Billai'dicri.

Hippopha; r/^omComptouia.

'E[?sagrms argentea.

'EAsna.gwns angustlfoUa.

...

noides.

Diroa

laurifolia.

Euphorbia

^aixoY>\\aintegerrima.

s^jZt'WfZens.

Hura

YiWT^horhia pentagona.

crepitans.

Ficus can'ca. ^lovus nigra. Dorstenia hisjnda.

z'wcjsa.

JjrticapiluUfera. Cannabis saliva.

Humulus

Z»2:)i<7i<.s.

Piper ?%;-MTO. F'vper Betle. Piper ribesioides.
rinata.
Artanthe elongata. Chavica Roxhurghii.

Urtica dloica.

Piperomia arica-

Quercus pedunculata.
Corylus Avellana.
Fagus sglvatica.
Salix lierbacea.
Castanea vesca. Salix viminalis.
Betula pendula.
Pinus m«nft'ma.

...

Juniperus

129.

Ctcadace^

130.

Hydrocharidace^ Hydrocharis

Cy cas

Cycas

revoluta.

131. ALiSMACEiE

AXisma plantago.
Limnocharis Humholdtii.
Limnocharis Pliimierii.

Larix

baccate.

Qrypiomma japonica.
Zamia.

circinalis.

^lorsus-ranje.

Stratiotes

aloides.

Vallisneria

Butomus

umhellatus.

Anacliaris alsinastrum.

Boottia cordata.

spiralis.

Taxus

co?mrtM?ii.s.

Araucaria.

Wellingtonia.

Cedrus.

Sagittaria sagittifolia.

Damasonium

imlicuin.

Alisma ranunculoides.

Orchis mascwZa. Ophvys apifera. OnQiAmni Papilio. Sobralia
macrantha. Phalfenopsis a7?ia&j7e. T)Qndr6hi\xm fimhriatum. Huntle3'a

132. Orchidace;e

YaniWa planifoUum.

violacea.

133. Zingiberace^

Zingiber q^awaZe.
Mantisia saltatoria.

1

34.

135.

...

MusACE^

Yipipactis grandiJlo7-a.

Hedychmm

Musa paradisiaca.

136. Amaryllidace-E

.

tiaca.

Barbacenia Alexandnrm.
Amaryllis belladonna.

HaBmanthus

cardamomum.

Strelitzia regina;.

H^MODORACE^... Hsemodorum ^Zara/oZmm.
Veitchii.

speciosum. Alpinia

Auigozanthus com?iea. Barbacenia
Hsemodoruni spicatum.

Galanthus

nivalis.

Sternbergia

coccineus.

Alstromeria auranPhycella ignea.

lutea.

Narcissus mo.schatus.
137.

Iridace^

138. Bromeliace.e

...

139. DioscoRACE^E

...

munis.

Broinelia

Anatias.

quadrifolia.

141.

LiLiACE^

^chmea

BromeliayasfMasa.

discolor.

Tillandsia

maculata.

Trillium

Huscus

sessile.

acaulis.

Piteairnia ringens.

Dioscorea tripTiylla. Testitudinaria elephantipes.
Dioscorea adenocarpa.

^mWax

Smilace^

Sparaxis

Gladiohis 2)sittacinus.

Bromelia Pinguin.

140.

Ins germanica. Tigridia^?o?"o?j«a.
Crocus vernus.

Iris pseud-aconts.

tncolor.

Convallaria

aculeahis.

Polygonatum

Tanius

?Krt;'rtZ/s.

coin-

Paris

multijlorum.

Lilium speciosum.
Polianthes tuberosa.
Hemerocallis ^ara.
Tulipa sijlvestris.
Scilla nutans.

Fritillaria Meleagris.

142.

CoLCHiCACE^

...

Colchicum auVeratrum nigrum.

ninghami.

Melanthium

j'u«ceu?w.

Kreysigia

Ciin-


CONl'ENTS OF PLATES.
PAGE

Coinm elina

143. CoMMELiNACE.K...

Cyanotis

flora,

Tr adesc&nt\& zebrina. Dichorisandra
Aueilema.
Tradescantia virginica.

cte^esfis.

axillaris.

J«ncus conglomeratus.

144. JuNCACE/E

Jiincus

//??/m-

Luciola sylvatica.

tri'jhimis.

Nartliecium ossifrayum.
Cl.aniiBrops humilis.

145. Palmace.'E

146.

PANUANACEiE

147.

TypHACEiE

Ty\Ai3. lalifoUa.

ARACE.E

Krum. inaculatum.

148.

Paiidaiius

...

Lemna

Phytelephas macrocarpa.

2)alustris-

Elais.

YreyQiniiixa, imhricata.

s7;//Tf//.s-.

Arum

f/ihba.

Calamus

I'liccuix dactylifcra.

Cocos nucifera.

Sagus Uumpldi.

Sparganium

s/nip^ex.

Amorphallus tMZ6«/(?r.
Acorus calamus.

WichSixdiia, cethiopica.

tortuosum.

Pistia stratiotes.

Q-dWsi palustris.

Carex

lans.

GraminacE/K

Pauicum

officinarum.

Hor deiim

disticJwn.

Zea.

Isolepis acicu-

Saccharum

Mays.

Phalaris canuriemis.

itallcum.

Coix lacryma.

Briza media.
151.

Eriophorum

stricta.

rivularis.

Tinticum aistivum.

...

Carex

Scirpus maritimus.

Scirpus tuberosus.

pohjstaddon.

150.

Carex arenaria.

Cyperus /wscMS.

149. CtPEBACEiE

Plileum pratense.

Agrostis alba.

Naiadace^

Zannichellia palustris.
Triglochiii palustre.
Naias marina.
Ou\h-anda fenestralis.
Fotavaogeton perfoliatum. Zostera marina.

152. EquiSETACEyE

...

atile.

153. Lycopodiace.e

.

Equisetum

Equisctum sylvaticum.
Equisetum variegatum.
l^y co\>oAiu\n

. .

immdatum.

Isoetes setacea.

globulifera.

liyemale.

Equisetum

'Lyco^odxvim. acrostachyum.

7?uv4-

Pilularia

Mavsilea quadrifolia.

Marsilea, polycar2Ja.

Phylloglossum Drummondii.
154.

Filicace^

Ophioglossum vidgahun. Aspleii ium mormwOT. Scolopendrium
Adiantum reniforme. Fadeynia jyrolifera. Acrostichuiu aleicorne.
Platyloma ternifolia. DoryoTpteris sagitlifolia. Anemin collina. DanseaeZato.

vulgare.

155.

Bryum

Bryace^

Polytriclium

Leucodon
156.

Marchantiace^

tomentosus.

latifoUum.

Hymenostoma

Dicranum glaucum.

Hypnum

Orthotrichum crispum.
encalyptoides.

Andrjea

Menziesii.
nivalis.

Marchantia hcmisjohoirica. Marchautia
Lunularia vulgaris. Ai^enra proceros.
Duritea helicophylla.
Targionia hyp>ophylla. Anthoceros kevis.
Riccia
Jungerrnannia bidentata. Jungermannia sinuosa.
eudichotoma.

Marchantia 2wlymo7pha.

.

assamica.

157.

Charace^

158.

LlCHENACE^

Rebouilia graminosa.

Qhara

FuNGACE^

Cenomyce

Cenomyce

pyxidata.

Agav'icws campestris.
citrinum.
curta.

WxieWa

translucens.

Parmelia
Cenorayce
^axnaWua fraxinea.

rangiferina.

Variolaria lactea.

barbuta.

subtomentosus.

160. FucACE/E

WiiQWaflexilis.

^iereoca\x\on piaschale.

uncialis.

Usnea

vidgaris.

Ceirax'ia islandica. Sticta pidmonacea. JiocceWa tinct07^ia.

...

parietina.

159.

Sphagnum

ligulatum.

commune.

Amamia muscaria.

Boletus sanguineus.

Cyatbus

Peziza coccinea.

Agar'icws luteus. Boletus

Polyporus squamosus.
striatus.

Scleroderma

]Mucor mucedo.

Botrytis

F,Tineuinjuglandis.

F acns
sanguinea.

vesiculosus.

Iridtea edulis.

F ncns nodosus. Himanthalia /orea. Delesseria
Sargassum bacciferum. F nrcQWaxia fastigiata.


LIBRARY

OF THE
UNIVERSITY Oh ILLiNOlS


5i

Day & Son hn

£Tdd
The^Lohehoylnbe/.

r.

81

LOBELIACE^.
THE LOBELIA

and herbaceous

Shrubs,

plants,

having

The

are alternate, without stipules.

TRIBE.

an

flowers

acrid

grow

milky

jnice.

The

leaves

at the ends of the branches,

leaf-stalk.
The calyx is above the ovary, five-lobed
formed of one petal inserted into the calyx, irregularly
five-lobed or deeply cleft, and sometimes split down nearly to the base, allowing
the pistil and stamens to protrude.
The stamens are five, inserted into the calyx
alternately with the lobes of the corolla
the anthers cohere in a tube around the
pistil.
The ovary is below the calyx, with from one to three cells, containing
numerous ovules, the style is single, surmounted by a stigma having a cup-like
fringe.
The fruit is a capsule, with one or more cells, containing many seeds,
attached either to the central axis, or to the lining of the seed-vessel, gaping at the
summit the seeds contain fleshy albumen.
These plants have most affinity with Campannlace^ the anthers being united
in a tube form a connecting link with the Composite tribe.
A milky juice of excessive acridity exists throughout the Tribe in some

or

from the base of the

or entire

the corolla

;

is

;

;

;

;

species

contains caoutchouc.

it

named by Pohl, in honour of Lobel, a Fleming, who was appointed
James I., and died in London, IGIG. This is one of the first instances
of a plant receiving the name of a living person, and one who was not associated
with its discovery. The genus contains several brilliant species, which are highly
Lobelia was

botanist to

ornamental

to the flower-garden, althoiagh nearly all contain a considerable portion

of deleterious juice,

some

species so

much

as to be poisonous, others are of value

Lobelia Bortmanna (1) is the most delicately graceful of the British species, occurring only in a few situations, but there
abundantly, as in the shallow borders of Windermere, and the lake of Glencoe,
The leaves proceed chiefly from the root, and are divided internally by
Scotland.
L, urens, of Devonshi-re, grows on heaths
a longitudinal partition into two cells.

medicinally in their native countries.

1.

LiOheVia. DorliiiaiDia,

Water Luhclia.

3a Stamens and Pistil.

3b Pistil.
3c Stamens.
3e Section of Ovary.
3d Stamen.

Britain.
2.

Lobelia

spleiidi'iis,

Splendid Lobelia.

Mexico.

2a

Pistil.

•i.

Lobelia

5.

C'.intouia

litloralis,

Shore Lobelia.

2b Stamens.

New

Zealand.

2c Section of Otary.
i.

Siphocarapylos bicvlur, Two-coloured Siphocampylos.

Georgia.

pi//(7ie//rt,

Pretty Clintonia.

Colombia.


ami commons in the ncif^libourhood of Axminster the whole plant is millcy and
extremely acrid, the juice Mistering the skin; the flowers are of a bluisli purple
colour.
This species belongs also to France and Spain. L. cardinalis was the
first foreign specimen introduced to our gardens from North America
it was soon
;

:

found to be sufliciently hardy to bear the English climate, and was generally cultivated, but has since been surpassed in beauty by L. splendens (2), one of the
numerous beautiful plants discovered by Humboldt in Mexico. The lowly little
species, L. Iltforalis (4), is a humble contrast to those of America, not only in form
of growth, but the flowers are destitute of their bright colouring.
L. injiata is
used as a medicine in North America, though dangerous if taken in too large
quantities.
L. exceha is probably one of the finest species of the tribe, rising to
the height of twelve or fifteen feet in its native country of Nepal, the lower leaves
are a foot in length.
L. rosea, of the same region, bears numerous beautiful rosecoloured flowers.
L. dehiUs was discovered by the younger Linnaeus at the Cape
of (rood Hope.
L. camporum inhabits fields in Brazil.
L. nana foi'ms part of
the vegetation in the highest region of flowering plants on the Andes, at an elevation of 12,000 feet.
L. chinensis is a creeping plant in the neighbourhood of
Canton. L. ramosa adorns the plains bordering the Swan River with its bright
thus every division of the globe contributes some species to the
blue flowers
The flower of Siphocampylos has a curved tube. S. hicolor (3) is an
genus.
elegant plant, flowering freely.
S. caoutchouc yields a small supply of glutinous
substance from the milky juice.
Clintonia (5) very nearly resembles Lobelia.
The corolla of Isotoma is parted into nearly equal segments. I. longijiora is of so
poisonous a nature as to cause the death of horses that feed on it in St. Domingo

and Spain. Tupa Feuillcei of Chile is supposed to be the most injurious of the
Tribe the odour of the flowers alone producing sickness. The only wholesome
plant is probably Centropogon surinamensis, the succulent fruit of which is said to
be eatable.
The plants of this Tribe abound in the West Indies, in Brazil, at the Cape of
Good Hope, along the range of the Himalaya, and in the Sandwich Isles they
also exist in considerable numbers iu Chile and in New Holland.
Two species of
Lobelia extend to Britain.
;

;

;


LIBRARY

OF THE
Ur^iVERSIFf OF

ll'i^tniq


Da^ &

IT. del.

The- Gesnera,

Tribe'.

S.'rv liirul^d.




B2

GESNERACEiE.
THE GESNERA

TEIBE.

Shrubs and herbaceous plants, of a somewliat flesliy nature, and soft wood;
sometimes having a climbing or creeping habit: some have tuberous roots.
The leaves are generally rough or downy, without stipules, generally opposite,
or in circles on the stalks.
The flowers are usually in branching clusters,
or panicles, rarely solitary.
The calyx is partly adherent to the ovary, five-parted
at the top.
The coroUa is composed of one petal, tubular, more or less irregular,
five-lobed.
The stamens are two or four, one pair longer than the other the
rudiment of a fifth is sometimes present between the short pair the anthers often
cohere, are two-celled, and have an enlarged connective between the two lobes.
The ovary is half above the calyx, one-celled, with two fleshy two-lobed projections
the style is confrom the edge
the disk is a fleshy ring studded with glands

The fruit is a dry capsule
tinuous with the ovary, the stigma capitate or concave.
in Gesnera, or succulent in Cyrtandra
one-celled, with numerous minute seeds
fixed to the projecting plates
their outer covering is thin, with fine veins, sometimes clothed -uith long hairs, or bordered -sArith a wide wing they contain fleshy
;

:

;

;

;

:

:

albumen, or none.
These plants have some affinity with Campanulacese, and in outward appearance
they partly resemble Bignoniaceae.
Slightly aromatic and mucilaginous properties exist in a few of the fruits.
Gesnera, which gives the name to this Tribe, was named after the famous
Conrad Gesner, of Zurich, learned in all branches of natural history, philosophy,
and Hterature, called the Swiss Pliny he died in 1565, after ha\ang restored the
science of natural history to a higher position than it had held since the time of
:

Aristotle

and Theophrastus.

He

founded the Botanic Garden and the

Museum

in

his native city.

The various species of Gesnera adorn the fields and woods of Brazil and other
hot countries of South America. The calyx and fruit yield a dye used by the

1.

Gesnera

2.

^schj'nanlhus

3.

StreptocaffT)us

-Li.

South America.

zebrina.
(jrandijloriis.
iZezf/'.

5a.

Cape of Good Hope.

Cyrtandra staminea, Flower.
4b Calyx.
4c Pistil.
4d Fruit.
4e Section.
4f Seed.
4g Hair magnijied.

Tuber of Gesnera allophylla.
5b Pistil with Glands.

Khorea.

!}C

Ca.

Stamens.

5d Seed magnified.

Flower o/ Gesnera grandifloru,
(in

Ovary with Calyx.

6c Section of Fruit.


GESNERACE^i;.
and several other purposes. The succulent
G. zebrina (1) is one of the most beautiful
iEschynanthus g randiflorus (2) is an example of
species in foliage and flowers.
that section of the Tribe the seeds of which have no albumen, and the manner of
growth being of a parasitical nature. It throws out rootlets at the joints, and is of
Streptocarpus
an aspect very similar to that of an air-plant in the Orchis tribe.
(3) is remarkable for the long twisted capsule, differing from the rest of these
The numerous seeds ripen well in this climate, and it is
plants in that respect.

natives for cotton and straw-work,

sweet and considered eatable.

fruit is

its delicately coloured flowers are

also of easy culture by dividing the roots
extremely ornamental and elegant. Cyrtandra (4) is an example of the flowers
having only two stamens, and of the fruit being a berry; several species are
Chirita is one of the numerous and
natives of the Sandwich Isles, and of Java.
;

which abound in damp warm valleys of the HimaDidymocarpus and Calosacme flourish in considerable profusion,
(Jloxinia is one of the most known of the South
reaching to 8000 feet of elevation.
American genera, and has afforded several valuable plants for the embellishment
the flowers being of various shades of pale purple
of European conservatories
Sarmienta yields a useful emollient in Chili. Columnea scandens is a
or pink.
climbing plant of South America, the flowers of which secrete a large quantity
it has therefore been named by the French colonists Liane a sirop.
of honey
Klugia is a native of Mexico. Achimenes is a genus first introduced from
Jamaica, and named Cyrilla pidchella, now laiown as A. coccinea. A. longijlora
was discovered in ravines in Guatemala, and sent to England in 1840 the
beautiful genera of this tribe

layas

there also

;

;

;

;

remarkable character of the formation of the flower is the extreme flatness of the
It also affords an example of the
corolla at the top of its long curved tube.
change of colour which a flower undergoes during its expansion from the bud;

and

in the early state, whilst the lobes of the corolla are small

still

folded over

each other at the top of the tube, they are of a pale yellowish hue, the tube a dull
purple when fully grow^n and expanded, they acquire a bright purple, and the
Alloplectus sjmrsijlorus is one of the
tube becomes of a yellowish green colour.
most brilliant flowers of the evergreen woods of Rio Janeiro the calyx and bracts
are crimson, the corolla golden and extremely beautiful.
This Tribe is dispersed in each portion of the world, but in very different
numbers.
Gesnera and its immediate allies belong entirely to the Tropical and
;

;

hot regions of America.

Cape

of

Good Hope

in Europe.

;

Other genera are natives of Asia
Fieldia of Australia

;

;

Streptocarpus of the

Ramondia and Haberlea

are

found


IjmEHSlVf Of

iXMMr.r,.


83

Icu

Jh

y

3a

V

4c

4-1'

DaySc

EldeL

The/ Craruberry Tnhe/

Sorv,Linutad/

,

83

VACCINIACE^.
THE CRANBEERY

TRIBE.

and shrubs, much branched, often angular irreguLarly, frequently
sometimes rooting on other trees.
The leaves are alternate, luidivided, without stipules, often having resinous glands on the notches at the
edges, and on the under surface.
The flowers are solitary or on branches. The
calyx is above the ovary, entire, or with four to six lobes.
The corolla is of
one petal, lobed like the calyx.
The stamens are distinct, twice as many as the
lobes of the corolla, inserted into a disk
the anthers have two cells, bursting by
pores at the top, and sometimes two horns.
The fruit is a fleshy berry crowned by
the remaining portion of the calyx, succulent, having four to ten cells, with one or
many seeds in each. The seeds are minute, and contain fleshy albumen.
This Tribe has most affinity with Ericaceae.
Astringent properties prevail in the bark and leaves subacid in the fruit.
Vacciuium is a genus of which Britain possesses a few species, North America

Small

trees

evergreen,

;

;

V. MyrtiUus

several.

(1)

is

frequently seen in favourable localities, in rocky

England, but is much more abundant in
In Cumberland, it adorns the wooded banks of glens and waterfalls, as
well as the more open heaths and commons.
In the Highlands of Scotland it is so
plentiful as to afford a supply of food to the moor-game, and also much employment
to the poor people, who collect the fruit to sell in the market towns for preserving
with sugar for winter use. In the form of jelly it is usually one of the various in-

woody

places, in the southern counties of

the north.

gredients of a traveller's repast at a village inn.

"When

the berries are ripe,

it is

a

remarkably pretty plant but in Switzerland it becomes a much more striking
embellishment to the scene, particularly when in autumn the leaves change to red.
On the highest part of the Simplon Pass the groi;nd is covered with it in a dwarf
state, but the tinted foliage adds a very pleasing effect amidst the wide dreary
tracts.
V. Vitis Ida'a (2) the Cowberry, is a smaller plant, usually not more than
four or five inches high
this is also an Alpine species, and is found in considerable
;

;

1.

Vacoiniuiii ^^yr^i^hlK, Bhick Whorllc-berry.

4. Tliiljaudiii

luiriei/nlii,

l^iiiirijntrd Tliihinidhi.

Himalayas.

Britain.

1a
2.

Staiiitii

Vaccininm

Tltis Idtea,

Bed

TVIiiirlle herry,

Coirherry.
•>.

Oxycoccus

macrocurjjiis,

or

A

Stamen.

4d Section of Ovary.

Britain.

Lanje

C rnuherry
America.

.J

4a SUimen mid Pistil.
4b PistU.
4c Stamen.

1b Seed.

5.

6a.

Gaylussacia sermta.

Mountains of

Siliiet.

Yaccinium amenmim, Stamen.
6b Section of Fruit.

6c Section of Seed.


VACCINIACE-E.
al)umlance in the north of England, and in

In Sweden and Norway, a preserve of the

all

mountainous

districts of

Europe.

a constant accompaniment to

fruit is

V, uliginosum, the Bilberry, is another British species, with large
more acid, less wholesome, and said to possess narcotic qualities.
Y./ormosum, of China, is esteemed sacred; the flow'ers come forth at the beginning
of the year, and are then used as religious offerings by the Chinese in their temi)les.
V. padifolinm is an evergreen shrub of ^Madeira V. meridionale of Jamaica,

Oxycoccus derives its name from the Greek of acid berri/ ; the slender revolute
petals distinguish it from Vaccinium.
0. macrocarpus (3) is the well-laiown
American Cranberry, an early importation from North America although it can
be cultivated in peat districts in this country, the fruit is neither so abundant nor
good.
0. palustris, the British Cranberry, is plentiful in watery bogs of Cumberlaud and elsew'here the fruit is agreeable when cooked, and much eaten in the
The silversmiths of Sweden employ it for an acid to destroy
northern counties.
roast meat.

black

fruit, the juice

:

;

;

the external particles of copper alloy in silver plate.

Thibaudia has a more highly developed corolla than is usual in this tribe, and
less of an Alpine character, although the different species inhabit lofty mountains.
Some flourish on the Andes of Peru and Quito, and some on the mountains
of New Granada
others grow on the Himalayas and Neilgherries of India.
T.

has

;

variegata (4)

is

a native of the mountain-forests of Silhet, the flowers appearing in

the cool season, the seed ripening in July.

which

is

made

into wane.

to the Peruvians,

who

The

esteem

it

T. macrophijlla bears abundant fruit,
Quereme yield an arom.Ttic tincture

flowers of T.

as a

remedy

for toothache.

Gaylussacia serrata (5)

another of the small evergreen shrubs which adorn the mountains of Silhet,
Gaylussacia is found also in Java.
flowering in Februarj^

is

Temperate regions of the world, particularly in
some species inhabit the mountains of Central
Asia, others belong to the Andes of South America, where a few are parasitical
some are natives of North America, and some belong to the moors, marshes, and
mountains of Europe.
This Tribe abounds

swampy

in the

or subal]nne countries

;

:


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