American Museum Journal V12

THE

American Museum
Journal

VOLUME

XII, 1912

NEW YORK
PUBLISHED BY THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
19 12


American Museum

of

Natural History
New York

Seventy-seventh Street and Central Park West,

City

BOARD OF TRUSTEES
President

Henry Fairfield Osborn

First

Vice-President

Second Vice-President

Cleveland H. Dodgb

PiERPONT Morgan,

3.

Treasurer

Jr.

Secretary

Charles Lanier

Adrian Iselin. Jr

The Mayor of the City of New York
The Comptroller OF THE City of New York
The President of the Department of Parks
Albert
George

Bickmore
Bowdoin

Joseph H. Choate
Thomas DeWitt Cuyler
James Douglas
Madison Grant
Anson W. Hard
Arthur Curtiss James
Walter B. James

A. D. JuiLLIARD

S.

Seth Low

S.

Ogden Mills
J. PiERPONT Morgan
Percy R. Pyne
William Rockefeller
John B. Trevor
Felix M. Warburg
George W. Wickersham

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
Director

Assistant Secretary

Frederic A. Lucas

George H. Sherwood
Assistant Treasurer

The United States Trust Company of New York
The Museum is open free to the Public on Every Day
The American Museum op Natural History was established

in

the Year.

1S69 to promote tbe
Natural Sciences and to diffuse a general knowledge of them among the people, and it is in cordial
The Museum authorities are decooperation with all similar institutions throughout the world.
pendent upon private subscriptions and the dues from members for procuring needed additions to
The
the collections and for carrying on explorations in America and other parts of the world.

membership

fees are.

Annual Members

$ 10
25
100

Members (Annual)

Members

Sustaining
Life

in

Benefactors

(gift

Fellows
Patrons
Associate Benefactors
or bequest)
$50,000

$ 500
1000
10,000

The Museum Library contains more than 60,000 volumes with a good working collection of
publications issued by scientific institutions and societies in this country and abroad.
The library
Sundaj's and holidays excepted
from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m.
Is open to the public for reference daily

—

The Museum Publications
Report, Anthropological Papers.

—

are issued in six series: American

liulleiin,

Guide

Leaflets

and

Memoirs.

Museum

Journal, Annual

Information concerning

may be obtained at the Museum library.
Guides for Study op Exhibits are provided on

their sale

request by the department of public
Teachers wishing to bring classes should write or telephone the department for an

appointment, specifying the collection to be studied. Lectures to classes may also be arranged
In all cases the best results are obtained with small groups of children.
for.
education.

Workrooms and Storage Collections may
tickets.
.study.

be visited by persons presenting membership
storage collections are open to all persons desiring to examine specimens for special
Applications should be made at the information desk.

The

The

Mitla Restaurant in the east basement is reached by the elevator and is open from
12 to 5 on all days except Sundays.
Afternoon Tea is served from 2 to 5. The Mitla room is of
unusual interest as an exhibition hall being an exact reproduction of temple ruins at Mitla, Mexico.


ILLUSTRATIONS
Allen, Dr. J. A., 2

Eskimo,

Alligator gar, Mountotl skin of, 174

Eskimo snow house,

Altamira cavern, 278, 287; paintings In, 291
Amundsen, Capt. KoaUi, 27o
Anderson, Kudolph M., 274
Arctic expedition near Kendall River, 8
Arctic wilderness, Scanning horizon in, 163

Barren Ground inland from Cape Parry, 204
Batian,

Mount

Kenia's highest pinnacle, 57

4, 7, 8, 11, 161,
6,

200, 201, 202, 203
10

Fish mount. 175, 176
Flamingos, 305, 300, 307, 308
Font-de-Gaume cavern, 282; Entrance to,
285; Paintings from, 288, 293
Four-toed hor.se skeleton, 186
Foxes, 14. 124
Fur seals, 1.30, 131, 132, 133

Beaver in New York Zoological Park, 146

Beaver lodge. Red Deer River, 147

Ghost-fish,

Betta pugnar, 23

Giant forest

Bigtrees, 228-235

Giraffe heads, 96, 97
Glyptodont carapace, 178, 179

Boa

constrictor swallowing
Borup, George, S5, 154

ral^bit,

113

Calaveras Grove, 233
oil

pigs,

of .lapanese, 173

242

Hagfish (Homea stout i) 173
Hannington, Lake, 304, 308
Harpoon gun, 212
Hartebeest head, 98
Horton River, Summer himting lodge, 206
Human femur. Locality where found, 183.
184

Buffalo chase (Sioux Indians) 93
Bushmaster skull, 114
Butterfly group, 106

Camp

Model

stove, Arctic expedition, 85

Cape Thomas Hubbard, 160
Carrel, Dr. Alexis, 278

Cartailhac, Prof. Emile, 282, 283

Duplicate Hfe, 26, 27, 29
Catfish (Mncrones), 23
Catlin paintings, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93
Cave in Mexican mine, 218
Cave paintings. Reproductions, 278, 288,
290, 291, 292, 293. 294

Cliimieroid, Model of .Japanese, 173
Chinese ancient bronzes, 136; cloisonne,
137; masks, 135
Cicada group, 187, 189; broods, distribution,
188
Cogul, Paintings from Cavern of, 293
Ca.sts,

Coppermine River,

Mud

Icebergs, 162, 163, 169
Ice pit with water-worn boulders 184,

Kayak, 12
Kitovi Rookery, St. Paid Island, 132
Korean picking azaleas, 267; praying at
shrine,

266

Korean expedition leaving Chon-Chin, 259;
traveling by bull-cart, 262

Korean gun-bearer, 267
Korean Valley, 263

La Madeleine,

Cliff ruins,

286

Inarch forest, Korea, 265

Cliff along, 12

La

Start of exi)cdition from, 190
Coronation Gulf Island, 12

Vezere, Dordogne, 280
Le Chaff aud, Hor.ses from, 290
Le Portel cavern, 283

Cro-Magnon hamlet (Dordogne) 284
Crow Indian rlown, 74

Les Combarelles cavern.
290

Cryptobranchus group, 310, 312, 313

Lorthet, Engraving from cavern of, 294
LirngPish, Living, 226, 251: cocoon of, 252

Coronation

Gulf

Deserted

village,

198;

Mammoth

from,

Dog

feast (Sioux Indians) 89
Dogs, Eskimo, 168; with sledge. 86
Dolphin and Union Strait, Spring
198; winter village, 11
Dominica, Roseau Gorge, 70

village,

Edentates, Pedigree of, 300; Skulls of, 302
Elephant coimtry. Typical, 45, 46
Elephant cows and calves resting in forest, 52
Elephant herd. Devastation from, 60;
facing to charge, 51
Elephant pit. 61, 62
Elephants. 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52,
60.

99

MacCnirdy, Prof. George G., 282
MacMillan, Donald B.. 85 159, 276

Maps:
Crocker Land expedition. 84

Korean expedition. Itinerary of, 260
Stcfdnsson- Anderson Arctic expedition,
5, 198
Western Colombia. 214
Mariposa Grove. 232
Masks used in mystery plays, Pekin, 135
Mexican burros. 180
Mexican fields. Cultivation of. 180
Miller. Leo E.. 216


:

INDEX
Molds, Glue, 27, 28

Monkey, "J. T. Junior," 59
INIount Elgon, Forests of, 54;

plateau near,

50

Mount Kenia57,
Musk ox, 167

Bamboo

58-59;

jungle, 55

Niaux cavern. Entrance to, 282
North Polar regions, 166
Ophiocephalus, 23
Orizaba Bird group, 82, 102, 103, 104, 105
Osprey nests, 115

Model of Chinese, 174
Peary, Admiral R. E., 122
Pelagic sealing, 134
Penguins, Antarctic regions, 170
Pleistocene gravel beds, 179
Polovina rookery, St. Paul Island, 130
Poplar grove cut down by beavers, 145
Porcupine, Albino, 148
Ptarmigan, In pursuit of, 196
Python skull, 114

"Shovel-pit" at Ely, Nevada, 110-111
Sioux dress, 67

Slime-eel {Homed stouti) 173
Sled, Coronation Gulf, 10
Smoking the Shield (CatUn Painting) 92
Snake group, 30, 31
Soil, Cross section of layers, 183
Soundings, Deep sea, 168
South Polar regions, 167
Spoonbill sturgeon group, 172
Steftosson, Vilhjdlmur, 194, 196
Stone house, Simpson Bay, 197
Sun dance ritual, 25
Sun, Last view of in Arctics, 164

Paddleflsh,

Tahiti natives, 141, 142, 143, 144
Termite nest, 72
Tide-pool, Nahant, 668
Titanothere skull, 15; modeling, 16
Toucan at home, 82

Tumen

River, 263

Turtle himt by torchlight, 90

Uganda, In the
Vries, Prof.

Rhinoceros heads, 94, 95
Rock-shelters, 64, 65

War

forests of, 42

Hugo

de, 277

dance, Tapuya, 91

Samcheyong River, 264

Water "butterfly" (Pantodon) 23

Sea hons. Young Steller's, 133
Sea worm group, 244, 247; Collecting for,
245; detail of, 248; model of, 248
Seedlings, Bigtree, 234
Seismograph, Mainka, 296, 299; record, 298
Serape, Mexican, 32, 34

Whales, Cahfornia gray, 208, 210; finback;
209; humpback, 211; killer, 212
Whaling Station, L'lsan, Korea, 207
Wild boar group, 100, 101
Wild boar swallowed by python, 112
Yalu River, Raft on, 264

INDEX
Capitals Indicate the

of a

Contributor

Amundsen, Roald,

Accessions

Anthropology, 80, 270, 271, 272
Geology, 117, 151, 191, 257-8. 272
Hcrpetology, 112, 119
Ichthyology, 118
Invertebrate Palajontology, 118
Invertebrate Zoology, 118
Library, 222

Mammalogy and

Name

Ornithology, 38, 78, 151,

191, 224, 269, 318

Mineralogy, .38, 117, 152, 269
Public Education, 271

Vertebrate Palicontology, 76
African Traveler's Note, 73
Akelky, Cart, E. Elephant-hunting in
Equatorial .\frica, 43-62; Kiamingos of
Lake Hannington, 305-308
Akeloy, Carl E.. 76, 191, 318
Ali-en, .1. A.
Zoology of the StefdnssonAnderson Arctic expedition, 237
Alien. J. A., 18-19. 296, 318

275, 317
Anderson, R. M., 223, 238-241, 272, 274
Andrews, R. C. Expedition in Korea.
207-213; Exploration of Northeastern
Korea, 259-267
Andrews, R. C 1.50, 319
Annulate Group, 118
Annual Report, 190
Ant Group, 320
Applied Chemistry, Eighth International
Congress of, 225
Appointments, 30, 38, 77, 119, 223, 271
Archaeological discoveries, 192
Arctic and Antarctic Compared, 166-170
Art of tlie Cave Man, 289-295
Art, Story of Decorative, 66-67
,

Bacteria cultures. 119, 319; models
Beaver, Protection of. 145-147

Beebe, C. William. 76
Bernheimer, Charles L., 223

of,

36


INDEX
Beutenmuller, William, Expedition

to

Arizona, 223: Black Mountains. C9-70:

the Black Mountains, 69-70
Bigtrces, Present Conrlition of California,

Colombia, 'is.. 79, 151, 21.5-217. 223.
230; Congo, 222; Crocker Land, 83-88,
159-163, 309;
1.50,
Dominica, 71;
Florida 79. 152; Jamaica 72; James
Bay, 77; Korea, 1.50, 152, 207-213,
2.59-267, Montana, 224; North Dakota,
224; South Georgia Islands, 224. Southwest, 38, 39, 192, 317; Wisconsin, 224

227-236
Mrs. W. H., 270

Black Mountains, Expedition to tlie, 69-70
Borup, George, 36, 15.5-158
Brown, Barncm, Discovery in the Fossil
Fields of Mexico, 177-180; Where the
Beaver is Protected, 145-147
Burroughs, John, 150
Butterfly migration, 107-108
Bliss,

Flamingos of Lake Hannington, 305-308

Canflcld, F. A., 152
Carrel, Alexis, 272. 278
Catlin Paintings, 89-93

Cave Man, Art of the, 289-295
Cave Material from a Mexican Mine, 218
Chapman, F. M. Field Work in Colombia,
215-217

Chapman, F. M., 223
Chimayo Blankets, 33-34
Chinese Collections
135-138

in

Historical

Li^ht,

Churchman, Dr. John W., 119

Work in, 21.5-217
Coni?o Expedition, 222
Contents, Table of. 1, 41, 81. 121, 153, 193,
225, 273
Colombia, Field

Copper Queen ISIine, 40
Crampton, H. E. Field

AVorlj in

Dominica,

71; Songs of Tahiti, 141-144
Crimmins, John D., 319
Crocker Land Expedition, ,83-88,
163, 309
Crow Indian Clowns, 74

Darwin
Davis,

Dean,

Fossil Fields of Mexico,

177-180

Four-toed Horse, Skeleton of, 37, 186
Fur Seal, 131-134
Geographical Exploration and the ^Museum.
164-165
Giant Salamander Group, 311-313
Gibson, Langdon, 269
Gifts, to the Mu.seum, 38, 76, 78, 112; 117.
118. 151. 191, 222, 224, 269, 270, 271.
318, 319, 320
Glacial grooves, 151

Glyptodont Discoveries, 177-180
Goddard, P. E., .38
of

Europe, 219-220
1.50,

159-

38, 39, 117. 245-250. 320
Osprey Nests, 115
Bashford, Exhibition of Fishes.

T.

171-177; Exliibition of the New York
Aquarium Society. 21-23; Fish Out of

Water, 251-2.53

Dean, Bashford, 192
Deutsches Museum, 190
DicKERsoM, M. C
Note on Poisonous
.Snakes, .30-31; Note on the Giant Salamander Group, 311-313; Python from
the Philippines, 112-114
Dickenson, M. C, 223
Dinosaurs, New, 219
Dominica, Field Work in, 71
Eagle, Clarence H., 191

Early Man in America, 181-1.S5
Edentates. Ancestry of, 301-303
Educ.ition, Deparimont of, 318

Gratacap. L. p. "Shovel-pit" at Ely,
Nevada, 109-111
Gregory. H. E. George Borup, 1,58
Gregory. W. K. New Restoration of a
Titanothere, 15-17
J. A.
Seventeen-year Locust

Grossbeck,

Group, 187-189
Grossbeck, J. A., 118
Groups, 36, 38, 117, 118,

1.50,

187-188, 245,

311-.317. 320
Groups, Three New, 101-105

Hard, AiLson W., 222

Hard Collection of

Saltillo

and Chimayo

Blankets, 33-34

Herrkk, W.

p.
Shell and Pearl Fishing
on the Mississippi, 19-21
Hoerschelmann, Dr. Werner von, 78
Holmes, W. H.. 37
Hood, I. R., 38

Horse, Evolution

of. 37;

Przewalsky, 76

HovEY, E. O. Cave Material from a
Mexican Mine-, 218; George Borup,

Elephant-luinting. 4.3-62

Eskim

)
and Civilization, 19.5-203
Eth.nology, Convergent Evolution

Floyd. William. 192
Forestry hall, 37. 227
Forestry, Status of, 125-127

Granger, Walter, People's Museum

hall, 37.

W.

Fish Models, 192
Fish out of Water. 251-253
Fishes. Exhibition of, 171-177

in,

139-

140
Exchanges, 118, 152, 320
Exhibits, 37. 39, 78, 118, 151, 171-6, 191,
192. 223. 268, 272
Expeditions:
Africa, 224;
Arctic, 3-13.
195-203, 205-206, 223, 237. 272. 318;

156-157; In Search of Crocker Land,
85-88; New Accessions of Meteorites,
257-258; Seismograph at the Museum,

297-299

Hovey, E. O., 222
Hrdlicka, Ales, 271
Huxley, Julian S., 271
Indian clown, 74;

tipl,

7S


INDEX
Importance of, 253-254
Congress of Hygiene
Demography, 37, 119, 224
Isthmus of Panama, Model of, 272

Insects,

International

Jamaica, Collecing in, 72
Jesup, Morris K., Bas-relief
Jesup, Mrs. Morris K., 318

of,

and

117

Kahn Foundation, 272

J.

G., 270

Korea, Expedition in, 207-213; Exploration
of Northeastern, 259-267

Laufer, Berthold, Chinese Collections

in
Historical Light, 135-138
Lectures, 40. 80, 119, 120, 151, 152,270,271,

317, 318

Cooperation with New
Society, 314-316
Leng, Charles E., 118, 224
Library, 76, 222, 223
Life Casts, Museum's Collection of 26-29
Litchfield, E. H. Rhinoceros-hunting,
94-99
Locust, Seventeen-year, 150
LowiE, R. H. Convergent Evolution in
Ethnology,
139-140;
Crow Indian
Clowns, 74
Lowie, R. H., 39. 74, 224
LucA.s, F. A.
Pur Seal, 131-134; Giant
Forest Pig,
243-244;
Three New
Groups, 101-105
Lucas, F. A., 35, 222
Lungflsh, 251-253
LuTz. F. E. Do Butterflies Migrate? 107108; Importance of Insects, 253-254
Lutz, F. E., 192

Leng, Charles E.

York Entomological

MacCurdy, George

G., 36, 221, 222
MacMillan, D. B., 276, 309
Man. Ancestry of, 255-256
Marine Habitat Group, 245-2.50
Matthew, W. D. Ancestry of Man,
256; Ancestry of the p;:dentatcs,
303; Four-toed Horse Skeleton,
New Dinosaurs for the American
seum, 219
Mathewson, lOdward Payson, 119
Mead, Charles W., 77
Members, :}5, 75. 116, 118, 149, 189.

255301186;

Mu-

221,

R. W.
New Exhibit in the Darwin
Hall. 24.5-2.50; Tide-pools of Nahant, 69

Miner.

Collection. 269

Morgan.

Mummy,

.1.

Orizaba Habitat Group, 36
OsBORN, H. F. George Borup, 155-156
Geographical
164-165
Exploration,
Men of the Old Stone Age, 279-287
Preservation of the World's Animal
Life, 123-124
Osborn, H. F., 221, 222, 268, 269, 270, 317,
318
Osprey Nests on Gardiner's Island. 115
Parker. Herschel C, 319
Paul, Edward. 79
Peary, Robert E. Arctic and Antarctic
Compared, 166-170; Crocker Land Expedition, 159-163

Peary:

A Name

for

History,

12S-129;

celebration, 150
People's Museum of Eiu-ope, 219-220
Peruvian Cloths, 192
bust, 117;

Phipps, Henry, 318

243-244
Porcupine in Maine, 148
Porpoises, Bottlenose, 78

Pig, Giant Forest.

Pothole, 161
Preservation of the World's Animal Life,

123-124
Price, O. W.

Status of Forestry in the

United States, 125-127
Publications, 77, 223, 320
Public Health Models, 224
Python from the Philippines, 112-114
Quotations from an Explorer's Letters, 3-13

268. 270. 317

Meteorites. 191, 2.57-2.58

Morgan

189-192, 221-224, 268-

National Association of Audubon Societies,
270
Navajo Group, 319
Neanderthal Man, 271
Nelson. Nels C, 36. 317
New York Aquarium Society, 224; Exhibition of, 21-23
New York Entomological Society, Cooperation with, 314-316

Kerr, Mrs. Elizabeth, 224
Klein, Alfred J., 191
Kleinschmidt, Frank E., 151

Knowlton,

120, 149-152,
272, 317-320

Pierpont, 3S, 117, 222, 269

320

Murphy, Robert C, 224
Museum, New Southeast Wing of, 149
Museum News Notes, .3.5-40, 7.5-80, 116-

Radiolarian Models, 191
Raincy, Paul, 119
Rainsford, W. S., 73, 224
Rattlesnake Group, 78
Reading Room, 76
Reeds, Chester A.. 223
Reese. Albert M., 119
Rhinocero.s-lumting, 94-99

Richardson,

W.

B..

224

Rock-shelters, Indian, 63-65
Rock Tide-pools of Nahant, 69

and Chimayo Blankets, 33-34
Edward, 79
ScnuAinscH, Max. Indian Rock-shelters,
Saltillo

Sapir,

63-65
Sciirabiscli,

Max,

152, 192

Seismograph at the Museum, 297-299


INDEX
Sevcnteon-ycar Locust Groui), 1S7-1S9
Shell

and Pearl

Shipping Room, 80
'•Shovel-pit " at VAy. Nevada, 109-111
Skinner, Alanson, 177, 224, 271, 310
Smith, Harlan I., 119
Snakes, Note on Poisonous, 30-31
Society of American Bacteriologists, 7fi, 319
Songs of Tahiti. 141-144
Spinden, Herbfirt J., 192, 224
Stapleton, D. C, 271
Stefansson, V. The Eskimo and Civilization,

Sun Dance Medicine Bundle, 24-25
Tahiti,

Models

of, 39;

U.

S.

a.

15-17

la,

Geological Survey, 39

Vives, Gaston

J.,

VoLK, Ernest.

320
Early

Man

in

America,

181-185

Vries,

Hugo

de, 277,

318

Wanamaker, Rodman, 271

195-203

Stefdnsson, V., 208, 318
Stef'dnsson-Anderson Arctic Expedition, 313, 195-203, 205, 206, 223, 237, 272, 31S
Stone Age, Men of tlie Old, 278-287
SuDwoRTH, G. B. Present Condition of the
California Bigtrees, 227-236

Teachers' Day, 208

New

Restoration of
271
Trazivuk, Marcos J., 320
Tree-hoppers, 80
Titanotliere,

Torre, Carlos de

P'isliing, 1!)-21

Songs

of,

141-144

Warfield, William, 319

Whales, 150, 207-213, 319
Winslow, C-E. A., 37, 70, 319
WissLER, Clark. Art of the Cave Man,
289-295; Catlin Paintings, 89-93; Stefansson's Discoveries, 205-200;
Story
of Decorative Art, 06-67; Sun Dance
Medicine Bundle, 24-25
Wissler, Clark, 223


Scientific Staff

DIRECTOR
Frederic A. Lucas, Sc.D.

GEOLOGY AND INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY
Edmund Otis Hovey,
Chester

Ph.D., Curator

A. R,eeds, Ph.D., Assistant Curator

MINERALOGY
Gratacap, A.m., Curator
George F. Kunz, Ph.D., Honorary Curator
L. P.

of

Gems

INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY
Henry E. Crampton, Ph.D., Curator
Roy W. Miner, A.B., Assistant Curator
Frank E. Lutz, Ph.D., Assistant Curator
Gratacap, A.M., Curator of Mollusca
John A. Grossbeck, Assistant

L. P.

William Morton Wheeler, Ph.D., Honorary Curator of Social Insects
Alexander Petrunkevitch, Ph.D., Honorary Curator of Arachnida
Aaron L. Treadwell, Ph.D., Honorary Curator of Annulata
Charles W. Leng, B.S., Honorary Curator of Coleoptera

ICHTHYOLOGY AND HERPETOLOGY
Bashford Dean, Ph.D., Curator
Louis Hussakof, Ph.D., Associate Curator of Fishes
John T. Nichols, A.B., Assistant Curator of Recent Fislies
Mary Cynthia Dickerson, B.S., Assistant Curator of Herpetology

MAMMALOGY AND ORNITHOLOGY
A. Allen, Ph.D., Curator
of Ornithology
Roy C. Andrews, A.B., Assistant Curator of Mammalogy
W. De W. Miller, Assistant Curator of Ornithology
J.

Frank M. Chapman, Curator

VERTEBRATE PALAEONTOLOGY
Henry Fairfield Osborn, Sc.D., LL.D., D.Sc, Curator Emeritus
W. D. Matthew, Ph.D., Curator
Walter Granger, Associate Curator of Fossil Mammals
Barnum Brown, A.B., Associate Curator of Fossil Reptiles
William K. Gregory, Ph.D., Assistant Curator

ANTHROPOLOGY
Clark Wissler, Ph.D., Curator
Pliny E. Goddard, Ph.D., Associate Curator
Robert H. Lowie, Ph.D., Assistant Curator
Herbert J. Spinden, Ph.D., Assistant Curator
Nels C. Nelson, M. L., Assistant Curator
Charles W. Mead, Assistant Curator
Alanson Skinner, Assistant Curator

Harlan L Smith, Honorary Curator

of Archaeology

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Ralph W. Tower, Ph.D., Curator

PUBLIC HEALTH
Charles-Edward Amory Winslow, M.S., Curator
John Henry O'Neill, S.B., Assistant

WOODS AND FORESTRY
Mart Cynthia Dickerson,

B.S.,

Curator

BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS
Ralph W. Tower, Ph.D., Curator
Ida Richardson Hood, A.B., Assistant Librarian

PUBLIC EDUCATION
Albert

S.

Bickmore, Ph.D., LL.D., Curator Emeritus

George H. Sherwood, A.M., Curator
Af?NE8 L. RoESLER. Assistant


THE

American Huseum
Journal

RESTORATION OF A TITANOTHERE

Volume XII

Nuinber

January, 1912

Published monthly from October to

May

inclusive

1

by

The American Museum of Natural History
New York City
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR

FIFTEEN CHNT5 PER COPY


American Museum
Seventy-seventh Street

Natural History
and Central Park West, New York
of

City

BOARD OF TRUSTEES
President

Henry Fairfield Osborn
Second Vice-President

First Vice-President

Clevei^and H. Dodge

J.

PiERPONT Morgan, Jr.

Treasurer

Secretary

Charles Lanier

Archer M. Huntington

The Mayor of the City of New York

The Comptroller of the City of New York
The President of the Department of Parks
Bickmore
Bowdoin
Joseph H. Choate

Albert
George

A. D. Juilliard
GusTAv E. Kissel

S.
S.

Thomas DeWitt Cuyler
James Douglas
Madison Grant
Anson W. Hard
Adrian Iselin,

*

Sbth Low
Ogden Mills
J. PiERPONT Morgan
Percy R. Pyne
William Rockefeller
John B. Trevor
Felix M. Warburg

Jr.

Arthur Curtiss James
Walter B. James

George W. Wickersham

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
Assistant Secretary

Director

George H. Sherwood

Frederic A. Lucas
Assistant Treasurer

The United States Trust Company of New York
*

Deceased

The Museum is Open Free to the Public on Every Day in the Year.
The American Museum of Natural History was established in 1869 to promote

the
Natural Sciences and to diffuse a general knowledge of them among the people, and it is in cordial
The Museum authorities are decooperation with all similar institutions throughout the world.
pendent upon private subscriptions and the dues from members for procuring needed additions to

The
the coilection.s and for carrying on explorations in America and other parts of the world.

membership

fees are.

Annual Members

$ 10

Members (Annual)
Members

Sustaining
Life

2r>

100

Fellows
Patrons
Benefactors

(Gift

bequest)

or

S 500
1000
50,000

The Museum Library

contains more than 60,000 volumes with a good working collection of
The library
publications Issued by scientific institutions and societies in this country and abroad.
from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m.
Sundays and holidays excepted
is open to the public for reference daily

—

The Muheum Publications

are issued in six series: The American
Report. Anthropological Papers, Bulletins, Guide Leaflets and Memoirs.
their sale may be obtained at the Museum Library.

—

Museum Journal, Annual
Information concerning

Guides for Study of Exhibits are provided on request by the Department of Public
Tcswihers wishing to bring classes should write or telephone the Department for an
Education

Lectures to classes may also be arranged
appointment, specifying the collection to be studied.
In all cases the best results are obtained with small groups of cliildren.
for.

WoKKROOMS AND Storaoe COLLECTIONS may
tickets

study.

be visited by persons presenting membership
storage collections are open to all persons desiring to e.xamlne specimens for special
Applications should be made at the information desk.

The

M

The (TLA Restaurant in the east basement is reached by the elevator and is open from
12 to 5 on all days except Sundays.
Afternoon Tea is served from 2 to 5. The Mitla Room Is of
unusual interest as an exhibition hall being an exact reproduction of temple ruins at Mitla. Mexico.


.

The American Museum Journal
CONTENTS FOR JANUARY,

Frontispiece, Dr. Joel

1912

Asaph Allen

Quotations from an Explorer's Letters

3

News from the Arctic expedition with a detailed account of Ihe discovery of an
Eskimo tribe which liad never seen a white man and of a Scandinavian-like
people in Victoria Land

A New

An

Dr. Joel Asaph Allen:
Shell

William K. Gregory

Restoration of a Titanothere

Appreciation

18

W.

and Pearl Fishing on the Mississippi

Methods of obtaining the

Exhibition of the

The Sun Dance

The Museum's

pearl clams;

P.

Hkrrick

New York Aquarium

Society.

Bashford Dkax

21

(lark Wisslkh

24

26

Collection of Life Casts
illustrating the

19

market value of shells and pearls

^Medicine Bundle

With photographs

15

method

of niakiuj; ixUw molds for duplicate

casts

A

Note on Poisonous Snakes

The Anson W. Hard

Museum

Collection of Saltillo and Chiinayo Blankets.

Subscription,

subscription to the

.

30
33
35

Notes

Mary Cynthia

A

Mary Cynthia Dickerson

Journal

One Dollar
is

Dickekson, Editor
per year.

Fifteen cents per copy

included in the membership fees of
the Museum

all

classes of

Members

of

Subscriptions should be addressed to the American Museum Journal, 30 Bolyston St.,
Cambridge, Mass., or 77th St. and Central Park West, New York City

Entered as second-class matter January 12, 1907, at the Post-OIBce at Boston, Mass.
Act of Congress, July 16, 1894


DR. JOEL

ican

One of America's foreirost
Museum's scientific staff

naturalists

ASAPH ALLEN

and dean

in seniority an;i accomplislunent of the

— " Dr. Joel Asaph Allen:

An Api

Amer-

reciation," page 18-


The American Museum Journal
JANUARY,

Vol. XII

1912

No.

1

QUOTATIONS FROM AN EXPLORER'S LETTERS
THE museum's arctic EXPEDITION REPORTS SURVEYS OF RIVERS AND
LAKES IN THE FROZEN NORTH AND THE DISCOVERY OF A " NEW PEOPLE,"
AN ESKIMO TRIBE WHICH HAS NEVER SEEN A WHITE MAN
'

THEYork

mail!

aim

of the

in 1908,

was

^Museum's Arctic P'xpedition, which

to investigate the

New

left

Eskimo both west and

east of

the IMackenzie Ri\er, especially those to the east, little-known
tribes in the region of the

Coppermine River thought

to be

more or

less

uninfluenced by white men.

The

difficulties

in the

way

almost insurmountable; but at

work

in

of the

work have been

last success

ethnology for the American

great,

sometimes

has been realized both in the

Museum and

in

collateral

work

undertaken for the Geological Survey of the Canadian Government.
the words of Mr. Stefansson:

In

"We have covered the last mile geographically that we set out to
and have found what we set out to find
a 'new people,' less
contaminated, more numerous than anyone thought possible. In 1906
....

—

cover,

authorities thought Victoria

Land probably

population less than

uninhabited.

two thousand.

I shall

be sur-

We

have taken
physical measurements, photographs and notes everywhere and have secured
and brought to a place of safety a large ethnological collection."
prised to find

its

]\Iost of the letters

come from the

expedition's headquarters in an area

(about ten acres) on the Barren Grounds, Upper Dease River
67° N., long. 117° 30' W.).

of spruce
(lat.

.April 27, 1910, I started ea.st from Cape Lyon, the most easterly point at

which E.skimo houses were seen by Dr. Richardson on his Franklin Search Expedition and the most easterly point known to have been visited by the Western or
Baillie Island Eskimo.
I hoped to reach by sled people supposed to occupj- the
coast and islands of Coronation Gulf north and west of the Coppermine. Our
progress was slow on account of numerous bad pressure-ridgos on the sea ice and a
rocky coast which made land travel imj)racticable. The ice was usually in motion
and open water could be seen less than three miles off shore. Between Cape Lyon
and Cape Bexley are traces of former occupation bj' Eskimo, ruined villages
.

.

.

—

The

history of this expedition is found in the November Journal, 1910.
Extracts
Mr. Anderson, the zoologist of the expedition, will be given in a later
issue, as well as further facts regarding the work of Mr. Stefansson.
The photographs were
taken in March and April. 1911, on Mr. Stefansson's second trip to the Coppermine from
'

from the

letters of

Langton Bay (tliis time accompanied bj' Mr. Anderson). The plates were exposed under
extremely variable light conditions and developed in most unfavorable quarters.
3


perhaps abandoned twenty-five to
ago.

The

fifty

years

inhabitants of these apparentlj' en-

gaged in whaling to judge by the number of
whale vertebra? scattered about.

THE DISCOVERY OF ESKIMO WHO HAVE NEVER
SEEN A WHITE MAN
At Point Wise we found the
of this year's travel

— pieces

first

of

evidences

wood

cut in

two and portions carried off, as material for
sleds and bows, no doubt.
At Cape Bexley,
May 12, we came upon a village of over forty
snow houses. These had apparently been recently abandoned. Sled-trails led north toward
Victoria Land, which

is

visible across the strait

everywhere east of Point Wise.
As the explorers of the last century never found people
near here, I supposed village and trail evidences
of visits of Victoria Land people who had come
across the strait to get driftwood.
After an
hour on the trail, we saw another village and
people out .seahng
approximately in the middle of Dolphin and Union Strait.
Through neglecting the conventional peace

—

Central Eskimo (extending the
arms horizontally) our messenger, who preceded
us by a few hundred yards, came near being
signal of the

Four-ycar-okl Eskimo girl experiencing the new sensation of liaving lier
picture taken.
Slie is wearing a coat
of long-haired winter caril)ou skin

teous and

enerous people that

I

knifed by the man whom he approached, who
took his attitude (the arms down) for a challenge or rather a posture of attack. After the
parley however, everything was most
first
friendly, and we found them the kindly, courhave everywhere found the less civilized E.skimo

to be.

We were fed with all the best they had,
musk ox horn

choice parts of freshly killed seals and huge

flagons of steaming blood soup.

There was no prying into our

affairs

or into our baggage; no one entered our house unannounced, and when alone at home
the first visitor always approached our house singing so that we had several minutes'

warning of his coming. At this time they had not enough meat to give their dogs
more than half-rations, yet ours never wanted a full meal, and our own days were a
continual feast.
in this group, a small part of the A-kii-lI-.a-katNeither they, nor their forefathers as far as they knew, had ever seen a
white man, an Indian, or an Eskimo from the west. They considered the Intlians
bad people as also the Eskimo to the west, but the white men {Ka-blu-n&t) they
considered good people. That their notion of Kablunat is vague may be seen in
that none of them recognized me as one, considering mc the older brother of one of

There were thirty-nine individuals

tdg-ml-ut.

my

Eskimo.

The winter home of the Akuliakattagmiut is in the middle of the strait north of
Cape Bexley, but in summer they hunt inland south of Cai)e Bexley. The t(>rritory
of those people has been supposed by geograi)hers to be definitt^ly known as iminhabited.

Their isolation has been complete and largely self-imposed because of their

165

75

160

15.;

150

14-5

140

135

130 125

IZO

IIS

110 IDS 100

ITINERARY OF THE STEFANSSOI, ARTIC EXPEDITION FROM APRIL. 1910 TO APRIL. 1911
In lato April, 1910, Mr. .Stofansson left Langton Bay and Cape Lyon, tho latter the most easterlypoint known to be visited by the Western E.skinio, and traversed the coast of Doli)hin and L'nion Strait
to Cape Bexley encountering no Flskimo until the end of the .iourney when he found a tribe that had
never .seen a wliite man. This coast has l)een skirted by water four times, by Dr. Richardson in the

twenties and again in the forties and Captain Collin.son in the fifties of the last century and by

Amundsen

These expeditions however, saw little of the land
Mr. Stefiinsson crossed over to Victoria Land, where he discovered a Scandinavian-like
and then proceeded .southward from Liston Island entering the mouth of the Coppermine
Kiver in early .June.
He spent the summer on the Coi)permine and Djase Rivers and Dismal Lake.
In early November he went to Lani^tan Hay lo communicate with Mr. Anderson, crossing one of the
largest unexplored regions in Canada.
In April. 1911. Mr. Stefansson an Mr. Anderson returned to
In

in 1905.

May

I)eople,

I

tlie

(^)pp('rmine region


I

cS

<

^

^

+3

2

^

rt

^ O

o

a

•7^
to

0)

>

>. =>

I I.
1 £ o
•=

C

M o
-*^

Oi

^ a
^

a
rH

f-

gas
^'^^
£

O
"S

•

•o

!;<

2

2-^

SO Q

73

w

**=*

0)

o

ȣ

s

'2 -o

O

.5

C-

!*

•S

-•

Ml

§

^

= '?^
-"^

a
T
W)

-

3
o

O


O

"

-

—
S.

'>
'^

—

S o o
L>
'•'s

^ ^ 2 ^'
'^

—

"^

n

=-^

"
—

_

5

.-

.S

o

r

-

>^

S C

—

5 'E

te

=-

-c

'^
S
"
o "

- n

'-c

:t!

_/:

i^

- 3

•=

-

^

E- :=

3 c
-5

S
1"

^

'-

-g

2 K

w

^

c M

i o

E
Cx:

°^

.

s

^
d
C
ts
o

S "~

o 2 g O c

c

w " ^

« 2 s
3 E =

52

c ^
c i
«-»

9 o
a
S
'^

'Eib

=^

2 2

:£

—

ij

'S

? p

la

:^

^

_^' .s

-.

trf


'Skipping

Arctic expedition
foxes and wolverines

camp near Kendall

tlie

rope" in the Arctics

River.

Tlie

Group of Eskimo helping Mr. Stefansson to break
of the Coppermine region can count beyond five

camp meatrack

camp and

pack.

is iniilt

high to protect from

It is said

that no

Eskimo


Ql'OTATIOXS FROM AX KXPLOREIVS LETTERS

I

men, of Indians and of the I']skinio to the west. Of one
have had an oi)i)Oit unity to see that all the best qualities of
Eskimo arc found more fully among their uncivilized countrymen.

dislrust of white

and

fear

thing

9

am

glad, that

the civilized

I

SOME ETHNOLOGICAL RESLLTS OF THE EXPEDITIOX TO THE COPPERMINE RIVER

We are able to assign a population of about one thousand to the sea coasts lying
of these we have seen about two hundred
between Kent peninsula and Cape Bexley
and fifty persons, but we have seen some representative of every group.
We are able to extend the geographic range of the Eskimo west of the Coppermine considerably to the south and to the west on the mainland beyond what was
I)reviously known to any explorer, and to show that this is not a recent spread or
extension of territorial limits, but that owing to the choice of seasons by previous
travelers it was not possible for them to know wh(>n they were within the limits of

—

contemporaneous Eskimo occupation.

We

can show a correspondence in culture greater than hitherto known between
Eskimo and the tribes who are their neighbors to the

the Central (Coronation Gulf)
south.

It

seems

likely that the evidence,

when

west than formerly believed, from which the
in

show a focal point farther
Eskimo have spread east and west

sifted, will

former times.

We

permanent
bowhead whaling some seventy-five or one hundred miles farther
than the limit assigned by the only jirevious observer. Dr. Richardson.
are able to extend the range of the wood-and-carth house, of

and

villages

east

We

of

have seen the manufacture and use

before the people

knew

of

"jM-iinitive" hunting im])lements

firearms.

From our knowledge of the Western Eskimo and our experience this year to the

we can adduce more numerous and stronger jiroofs than known before to show

east,

—

apart from what
the extreme, almost unbelievable conservatism of the Eskimo
our coll(>ctions, ethnological and archteological, may show. For instance, an Eskimo

woman will always turn over pieces of boiling meat, beli(>ving they will not cook well
on both sides although completely immersed in water. This belief comes from the
days .several generations back when cooking was done in shallow stone jjots where
the pieces of meat were seldom more than half covered and had to be turnetl over.
THE DISCOVERY OF A SCANDINAVIAN-LIKE PEOPLE

We

have found (May

17,

LAND

IN VICTORIA

1910) a North European-looking people, the Ha-nC-

Land north from Cape Bexley. Their total number is about
saw seventeen, and was said not to have seen the blondest of the

r-tg-ml-ut of ^'ictoria
forty, of

group.

whom
They

I

are markedly different from

any American aborigines

I

have seen;

they suggest, in fact, a group of Scandinavian or North European jjcasants. Perhaj)s
better than my characterizaticm of them was that of my Alaskan Eskimo companion,
who has worked for ten or more years on a whaling vessel: "They are not Eskimo,
they are fo'c'sle men." Two of them had full chin beards to be described as light,
perhajjs the darkest of all
tending to red; everyone had hght eyebrows; one

—

—

had hair that curled slightly.
The Eskimo ])hysical tyjje varies considerably fi-om (Ireenland to Siberia. It
may be that all these variants are due partly to blood mixture, and that the
earlier, i)urer type was more "European" in character than we have been thinking.
On the other hand, there may have been direct admixture of European blood.
In the fifteenth century there disappeared

from (Ireenland the Icelandic (Norse-


Teutonic)

colony in its enThis colony had a

tirety.

bishop of the Church of Rome,

two monasteries, a nunnery,
fourteen churches and over
three thousand inhabitants,

Keystone of

dome

of

snow

house about to
be put in place

who
own

at one time sailed their

ships to

Norway,

to Ice-

land and to America.
Ericson was one of

[Leif

these

Greenlanders, and to the genpublic

eral

them

best

known

of

of Coronation

This colony was
in a fairly prosperous condition as late as 1412 and we
have Vatican documents of
a later date referring to it;

Gulf

when Hans Egede came

Earth -shod
iced

runners
sled

packed
snow

to

in

all.]

there

seventeenth century
he found only house ruins to
in

pre-

vent ice from
melting

tell

the

the story,

and no sure

trace of Scandinavianism in

the language or blood of the

Greenland Eskimo.
Either
the colony had been massacred by the Eskimo, had disappeared through famine or
pestilence, or had emigrated in a body.
This last view many scholars have favored
from the first, and if they did emigrate they may be represented in part by the
present inhabitants of Victoria Land.

There are many philological points to suggest Scandinavian origin of these
For instance, their word for "wolf" is arg-luk, a word convej'ing no
analogy to any of my companions, even after they understood its meaning. Now
the common Old Norse word for "wolf" is rarg-ur. Not to go into fine philological
reasoning, it is enough to say that an Eskimo is as likely to attach a -Ifik to a foreign
word as an Italian is to attach a final -o. One of the characteristics of the Hancragmiut dialect is the dropping of initial consonants. Thus the Icelandic vargur becomes
arg-ur; change the final syllable to -luk (as Herschel Islanders change Cottle to Karluk) and you have arg-luk.
We heard here also a song alliterated in much the Old Norse scaldic style. This
sort of alliteration and anklang is unknown to me personally or through books
people.

as^a feature of Eskimo songs anywhere.
Again, in the forties of the last century Franklin's cxi)edition with its full complement of men was lost near the east coast of Victoria Land. Some of these men are

accounted for by journal entries of officers who themselves later perished, and others
by graves and unburied skeletons along the route toward Hack's River. Franklin's
men must have known there was a boat route to the Hudson Bay Company's posts on
the Mackenzie River, for Franklin's own three expeditions had discovered and mapped
it

chiefly

route?

by boat voyages.

And even

if

Is it unlikely then that some of his men attempted this
they did not, might not a few of his men have found their way

to the Eskimo of Victoria Land and have had sufficient adaptability to learn Eskimo
methods of self-sui)port? A readily apparent objection to this hypothesis is that

10


Eskimo family approacliing snow house village. Far at the left
Mr. Stefdnsson by these Eskimo, who served him as an honored guest

seen the

is

snow house

built for

Deserted winter village on the ice of Dolphin and Union Strait off the mouth of the Coppermine
Eskimo snow villages melt in summer and even when built on shore leave little trace

River.

Nauyak, an Eskimo oC the

e.xpedition.

moving camp.

The dogs

are harnessed in pairs

11


•

Coronation Ciuir island. Islands of the Coppermine region invariably present a vertical
the southern side and slope to the water's level at the north

Ivarluk with the frame of
expanse of snow

Mild

cliir aloiiK tlie

his

Coppermine Uiver.

spent in the Cop|)ermine region

tin;

on

of this country gives an Impression of measureless

south of Bloody Kail.
The summer of 1910
discomfort because of mosquitoes.
The dogs" feet
stimjs by boots of caribou skin
when the dogs could

oni; half mile

hroiij?ht great

were protcf
ijrotccKul from becoming sore from
be persuaded not to eat them off
12

Much

kayak,

cliff

—


QrOTATIOXS FROM AX EXPLORER'S LETTERS

VA

even Franklin's wliolo comijlcnicnt of men would he, if anialganiatcd with the entire
body of Victoria Land Eskimo, insufficient to produce the markcdh' European type
actually found to-day. The validity of this objection can be judged only after we
have a complete census of the island and know how far the new type is present in
some localities above others.
In regard to the possibility of Franklin's men having survived for a time, there
is the interesting contributory evidence that there are at various places people said
to be "named with the names of white men."
One name in particular we have found
every commimity:

in practically

"Ngrk."

This

is,

at Her.schel

and farther west,

the Eskimo pronunciation of the English "Ned."

OBSERVATIONS AXD SURVEYS IX OXE OF THE LAROEST UNEXPLORED AREAS IN CANADA*
Eastward from Cape Lj-on open water was continually seen from three to ten
till we reached Inman's River, when the edge of the flow made off
diagonally toward Prince Albert Sound, Victoria Land. There were heavy pressureridges close inshore.

In my opinion, if a sled journey were attempted from Cape
Parry to Nelson Head, Banks Land, as has been proposed, it could be more safely and
easily accomplished (and probably more quickly as well) bj' crossing the strait east
of Inman's River rather than by going directly across between the mentioned headlands. East of Point Wise the ice of Dolphin and I^nion Strait is always comparativel}' level and on it the Eskimo of the strait have their winter houses.
Although this is the first time the coast of the strait has been traversed in winter,
it has been four times skirted by water
by Dr. Richard.son in the twenties and
again in the forties and Cai)tain Collinson in the fifties of the last century and by
Anumdsen in 1905. Amundsen saw little of the land, of course. Dr. Richardson's
geological notes of the coast, on the other hand, are full and lieyond addition by n-e
miles off shore

—

at present.

The pi-evailing winds
shown bj' the snowdrifts
wood along the mainland
Land coast.

and Coronation Crulf in winter, as cleai-l.\For this reason there is i)lenty of driftbeyond Cape B(>xlev but none on the \'ictoria

in the strait

are northwest.
coast east

Entering the Coppermine, we found

The

llic first s))ruce

shrubs a mile

iiortli

of

Bloody

by the way, is no fall at all, but a rajjid about six hundred yards
long that reminded me somewhat of the Whitehorse Canon of the Yukon. From the
Fall.

fall itself,

appearance of
the

Musk Ox

trees, the tree-line is

within four miles east of the

I'iver till

one passes

rapids; here a stream (about the size of Kemlall River) enters from

the east, and up this are trees for about ten miles.

survey some fifteen miles up.

Eskimo camp

Of

this river

sites east of

I

made

a compass

the Coppermine and north

on practically every hilltop, "buttes" they would be called
American Southwest. Numerous ponds and some creeks and rivers abound
in Arctic trout
there are no geese, cranes or swans, few ducks and few birds of any
kind as comj^ared with other Arctic districts I know; caribou are in some number.
Dismal Lake I found to be about as charted by Hanbury and not as on previous
maps. The eastei-n iiranch of the Dease River has its source in a small creek that

heads about eight miles SW. (true) from the narrows of Dismal Lake (hit. 67° 2-1').
This creek runs SW. some seven miles into a lake called by the Eskimo " I-ma-fr'-nirk".
The lake is some fom- by seven miles, its long axis SW.-NE. Of this and the
of this small river are
in the

;

'Quotations from a li'iUT to Director U.

W. Brock,

Geological Sui'V'ey, Canada.


THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

14

Upper Dease and the portage route from Dismal Lake to Imaernirk

I

have made a

survey.
I have obtained specimens of what I think is rich iron ore from Victoria Land
north of Cape Bexle3\ Copper is picked up almost anywhere by the natives in the
whole Coronation Gulf district, each family having its favorite place to search for
material for knives and arrows. The spot most in repute however is a short distance north of Dismal Lake. I have several of these copper specimens.

After spending several months on the lower Horton River and a like period on
the Coppermine, I am of the opinion that Horton River is fully as large a stream.

Mr. Stefansson made a compass survey in December, 1910, of Horton River from
the point nearest Langton Bay to within seventy miles of Bear Lake, taking also a
collection of rock specimens.]

The

expedition's opportunities for ethnological study in this region are

thought to be better now than they are likely ever to be again

;

the expedi-

and food supplies, while sophistication
and changes in the material life of the Eskimo will progress rapidly, due to
the trade relations which have been opened with the Bear Lake Indians
during this summer of 1911. To the regret of Mr. Stefansson, the expedition itself has helped to hasten the end of the isolation of the Eskimo.
They came to trust him, a white man, also his Eskimo from the West, and
learned from these Eskimo that Indians are a harmless people nowadays
and besides have an abundance of iron and other articles valuable to possess.
Therefore it is the desire of the expedition, notwithstanding the homesickness, of the men, to remain in the field still another year because of their
tion

is

well placed in regard to outfit

great opportunities for work.

White fox in trap; photograph talvon at a distance of si.f feet.
A white fox skin is
worth about six dollars in the .Arctics and smenty-flve sliins, the eciuivalent of four hundred
and fifty dollars, is a large number to be taken in one year. The present shortage on the
market in Russian white fox will cause rapid destruction of the species in Arctic America


NEW RESTORATION OF A TITANOTHERE

A

Bi/

ONE

JV ill in III K. (Jrvgory

the chief objects of the American

(;f

vertebrate palteontology

of

fossils are

is

Museum's tlepartment

to let the pul)Hc discover that

not necessarily dry and unprofitable, but on the conand meaning. Every legitimate resource of science

trary full of interest

and

art

employed to

is

clothe, as it were, the

picture the jolly ichthyosaur disporting once

tyrannosaur harassing his sluggish

Mr. Erwin

more

in

those

of

flesh

— to

the waves, or the

foe.

Christman has recently made some very

S.

tions, especially

dry bones with

the primitive

"elephants,"

efi'ecti\e restora-

Moerithrriiim

and

Under the
Professor Osborn

Paloeomadodun.
direction of

and the

writer, in conference

with other members of the
staff,

a

he

series

to
of

is

now at work upon

of

illustrate

the

full-size

the

heads

evolution

titanotheres, distant

relatives of the rhinoceroses,

which

ran

through

their

Tlie skull is
TilanotluTi' skull and model of full-sizi' head in process of ijreparation.
Additional clay to represent the flesh is then added to
copied exactly in a clay model.
the outside of the skull model.
The photograph shows the right half of the moand the left lialf still revealing the clay skull which makes the foundation
first

15