AN ACCOUNT
OF THE
CRUSTACEA
NORWAY
WITH SHORT DESCRIPTIONS AND FIGURES OF ALL THE SPECIES
BY
G. O.
SARS
VOL. VI
COPEPODA
CYCLOPOIDA
PARTS
I
&
II
OITHONID^E, CYCLOPINID^E, CYCLOPIDjE
WITH
16
(part).
AUTOTYPIC PLATES
BERGEN
PUBLISHED BY THE BERGEN MUSEUM
(
SOLD BY
ALB. CAMMERMEYEE'S FOELAQ, CHRISTIANIA
1913
INTRODUCTION.
Under the head Cydopoida
whole
the
may be
fleas (Cyclops),
said
a
number
of Copepoda, which on
be built upon the type of our
to
though exhibiting
pearance and
I comprise
many
common
fresh-water
modifications, both as to their general ap-
to their habits, the latter affecting chiefly the structure of the oral
The present group, or sub-order, exhibits some relations both to the
Calanoida and to the Harpacticoida, and also shows a certain approach to some
parts.
of
sub-orders
other
the
and
Notodelphyoida
the
generally
families
Caligoida,
Whereas
easily recognisable.
has
distinguished
by the present author, especially
to the
though the Cyclopoid type may always be
the extensive group Harpacticoida by earlier authors
been comprised within a single family, the Harpacticidce, several
referable
to
were established very early, though
present sub-order
under a common type has not been recognised.
their real connexion
According
the
to the
system proposed by Dr. Giesbrecht, the Cydopoida,
2nd
the Harpacticoida, should be included in the
of his 2
like
primary divisions, the
This very extensive and heterogeneous group has been divided
so-called Podoplea.
by that author into 2 sections, Isokerandria and Ampliartlwandria, according to
the
non-prehensile
each
section
prepared
the
primary
families,
which
family Aster oclieridce,
57.
comprising
recent work on
to
or prehensile character of the anterior antennae in the male,
the
adopt
this
several
p.
have
I
been enumerated
classification, which appears to
me
quite artificial, like
grouping of the Copepoda into Oymnoplea and Podoplea.
sense here adopted,
in his
am, however, by no means
In the
the sub-order Cydopoida comprises families referred by Dr.
Giesbrecht partly to the Isokerandria and partly to the Ampliartlwandria, whereas
other
families
included by
that author in the latter section are wholly
as types of distinct sub-orders.
One
removed
of these, the Harpacticoida, has been treated
of in the preceding volume, the 4 remaining sub-orders, Notodelphyoida, Monstrilloida,
Caligoida and Lernceoida, being reserved for the succeeding volumes of the
present work.
1
Crustacea.
As mentioned above,
than
with
case
the
is
the habits of the
much more
Cyclopoida are
Some
Calanoida and Harpaeticoida.
the
instance the species of the genus Oithona, are true pelagic animals,
a chief part of the plankton in almost
forms, like
the Harpaeticoida^
bottom
different
at
live
all
regions of the Oceans.
for
constituting
Several other
near the shores among algse or on a
muddy
and a great number of forms lead a more or
depths,
In most
may be
however, the parasitism
cases,
less
animals, in some
invertebrate
different
pronounced parasitic existence, attacking
instances also fishes.
varied
of them,
said
to
be merely temporary, though there are also a few examples of a more permanent
parasitism, for instance in the case of Eryasilus
The
and Nicothoe.
and degree of parasitism has a great influence on the structure
and indeed we have
group
of
parts,
2
this feature a
in
The
Copepoda.
well-marked
tions, for
which
I
both
types,
to the
again differing conspicuously from the non-
accordingly divide the Cyclopoida into 3 natural sec-
well-known names: gnathostoma, siphono-
These names were
taken in a much wider sense,
them
for an exact subdivision of this
good guide
to retain the
propose
stoma and poecilostoma.
restrict
of the oral parts,
parasitic forms exhibit, as regards the structure of the oral
We may
forms.
parasitic
mode
different
viz.,
first
proposed by Thorell, but were
to divide the entire order
group of Copepoda which
will
I
Copepoda.
here
be treated of in the present
volume.
As
to
the
characters
general
appearance of the body, as a
typical
the
Harpaeticoida by
far the
this
rule, looks rather different
group,
the
external
from that found
in the
very sharp demarcation of the 2 chief divisions of
the body, the anterior one being
So
distinguishing
more
or less tumefied, the posterior very narrow.
Cyclopoida more resemble the Calanoida than the Harpaeticoida, though
they are easily distinguished from them by the very moveable articulation between
the last 2
trunk-segments,
connected with the
firmly
the
posterior
genital
of which,
segment,
appearance of belonging more properly to
so
the
as a rule,
that,
at
posterior
first
is
very small and
sight,
than
to
it
has the
the
anterior
division of the body.
more elongated than in the HarThere are,
paeticoida and are composed of a greater number of articulations.
a
or
also
instances
of
more
less
some
however,
great reduction of these limbs,
The
both in
size
anterior
and
antennae
in the
number
are,
as a rule,
of joints.
The posterior antenna are generally
exopodite.
such
a
Only
ramus.
in
a few
In several
of the
parasitic
simple, without any outer
forms
is
ramus or
there a slight rudiment of
of the poecilostomous Cyclopoida these antennae are
transformed into powerful prehensile organs.
The
oral
mentioned above, are of very different structure
as
parts,
in
the 3 sections of Cyclopoida.
The natatory
pacticoida,
developed
legs
are,
and subequal
considerable
the Har-
in
the basal part broad and flattened and the rami generally well
with
The
in size.
ones and never prehensile.
a
and stouter than
as a rule, shorter
reduction
1st pair are smaller than the succeeding
In a few of the parasitic forms, for instance Canceritta,
of the
found to have taken place, at
is
natatory legs
least in the female.
The
last
pair
of legs
are always
very
small and simple in structure,
being in most cases exactly alike in the two sexes.
The ova are carried
as
never,
in
the
2 ovisacs, which are lateral or even subdorsal,
in
ventral.
Harpacticoida,
digenous species of Corycceus, have
is
I
Only
in
one instance,
viz.,
in our in-
found only a single ovisac, which, however,
attached quite dorsally.
The Cyclopoida are
species of the genus Cyclops
for instance Ergasilus, are
well
and
allied
also
in fresh water
also true fresh-water animals.
Section 1
General Characters.
by numerous
and
some
of
the
forms,
parasitic forms,
represented
Gnathostoma.
Anterior antennse in male distinctly hinged.
antennae without any outer ramus, and carrying on the tip a
setse.
Oral parts
adapted
maxillae strongly dentate.
for mastication.
number
Posterior
of curved
Masticatory parts of mandibles and
Maxillipeds not subchelate; the posterior ones smaller
than the anterior, and of the same appearance in the two sexes.
Natatory legs
well developed, with both rami generally 3-articulate.
Remarks.
The
several
forms belonging to
been combined within a single family, the Cydopidce.
to distinguish at least 3 well-defined families of
these
3
families
are
characterised below.
represented
in
the
this
It
section
is,
have generally
however, very easy
gnathostomous Cyclopoida.
fauna of Norway, and
will
All
be shortly
Fam.
Characters.
1
and
slender
Body
Oithonidae.
.
of a very
delicate
structure, with thin
and pellucid integuments.
Anterior antennae in female very slender and provided
with long
those
diverging setae;
male much more robust and distinctly geni-
in
Posterior antennae comparatively small, with the
culate.
Oral parts well developed, and
paratively
3-articulate
of joints reduced.
rather different in structure from those in other
Cyclopoida, being partly armed with
slender
number
claw-like spines.
Natatory legs with com-
edged with unusually long setae.
rarni
Last pair
and partly confluent with the corresponding segment.
shape and armature in the two sexes.
of legs rudimentary
rami differing
in
Remarks.
in
several
in
the
This family
We
the
Oithona in the
anterior
very doubtful, though
Cyclopoida.
In
case
this
this
some resemblance
true, exhibits
in the structure
of
but the posterior antennae are very different and built
wholly on the type of the Calanoida.
still
it is
appearance of the body as also
general
antennae;
entitled to constitute the type
do not know as yet any other genus referable to
The genus Mormonilla of Giesbrecht,
family.
to
and may accordingly be
present section,
of a distinct group.
founded upon the genus Oiihona Baird, which
is
rather conspicuously from the other genera included
differs
respects
Caudal
The systematic
may
position
of this genus
is
be found to be nearest related to the
it
perhaps
it
must be regarded as the type of a very anomalous
family of the gnathostomous Cyclopoida.
Gen.
OlthOna,
1.
Syn
Generic
division
Characters.
only slightly
defined from the
produced
in
dilated,
Body
the
1st pedigerous
front
to
a
:
Baird,
1843.
Scribella, Dana.
slender
and
attenuated,
with
the
posterior very narrow, linear in form.
anterior
Head
segment by a well-marked suture, and generally
sharply-pointed
rostrum,
wanting,
however, in male.
Anterior antennae long and slender, scarcely tapered distally, and composed of a
limited
tennae
the
1st
number
abruptly
of joints,
some
of which are imperfectly defined.
Posterior an-
bent in the middle, and apparently only consisting of 2 joints,
carrying about in
the middle behind a short seta arising from a knob-
Mandibular palp with the basal part greatly produced, pediform,
terminating in 2 claw-like spines, inner ramus represented by a very small seti-
like
prominence.
some distance from
ferous appendage attached outside the basal part at
its
outer ramus well developed and abruptly reflexed, being composed of 3
Maxillae with the masticatory lobe well defined
setse.
carrying long plumose
carrying a number of sharp claw-like spines accompanied inside by a thick
form
appendage,
end,
4 joints
with
palp lamellar,
outer
the
distal lobe very small,
and
seti-
proximal
lobe well developed, recurved, and provided at the tip with long plumose setse 1 ).
Both pairs of
slender
maxillipecls
and elongated, the anterior ones
5-articuiate,
the posterior ones 4-articulate, both carrying long anteriorly-curving spines.
tatory
no
with
legs
developed
distinctly
Na-
inside the 1st joint of the outer
seta
ramus very slender and serrate outside, spines of
ramus, apical spine
outer edge more perfectly developed in male than in female.
Last pair of legs
of
this
represented by a small conical joint terminating in a long seta;
seta
from
issuing
seems to answer
a
in female
much elongated and
each
another similar
of the segment
side
from the basal joint of these legs
to that arising
Caudal rami
poida.
prominence on
knob-like
itself,
in other Cyclo-
strongly divergent, with the 2 middle apical setse
each
crossing
other
the
at
base; those in male of quite
normal appearance.
to
Remarks.
The present genus was
a
0. plumifera,
include
species,
established in the year 1843 by Baird,
taken in the tropical part of the Atlantic.
Another genus with the same name has been established by Alder and Hancock
for
a
nudibranchiate
of Baird,
its
with
that
have
in
Mollusc; but as this
name must be changed.
of
Baird,
genus
The genus
and likewise of later date.
recent times been
described
is
of younger
date than that
Dana
Scribella of
is
identical
Several species of this genus
from different parts of the Oceans.
Thus
Dr. Giesbrecht records no less than 8 species, and some additional species have
been
named by
about
the
right
close relation
tomical
other
examination
described
by Dr.
conspicuously
though
proposed.
To
of
the
nearly
the
is,
some
such
delicate
others,
allied
however,
of these
to the difficulty
Giesbrecht,
from
separate,
of
identification
and partly
There
authors.
which
and
0. nana,
still
species,
is
considerable confusion
partly
connected with an exact ana-
fragile animals.
seems
in
owing to their
One
some respects
of the species
to
differ
more
and may perhaps be regarded as the type of a
genus,
fauna of Norway
for
which the name
belong
2
well-defined
Oithonina
may be
to
be de-
lobes,
but find
species,
scribed below.
1
)
that these
I
have formerly described these 2 lobes as the exopodal and epipodal
names cannot properly be
retained, since they unquestionably, as
is
clearly seen in the
present genus, answer to the inner and outer rami of the mandibular palp. As, however, both
these lobes are always attached outside the palp, I find it more appropriate to give them the
indifferent names of proximal and distal outer lobes.
Oithona spinirostris,
1.
i
(PI.
&
Glaus.
ii).
Oithona spinirostris, Glaus, Die freilebenden Copepoden,
p.
105, PI. XI,
figs.
4
9.
Oithona challengeri, Thompson.
Syn:
plumifera, Scott, (not Baird).
atlantica, Fai-ran.
Female.
Specific Characters.
narrow
division
fusiform in
Body exceedingly
slender, with the anterior
the greatest width scarcely exceeding Vs of
shape,
No conspicuous plumes
the length and occurring somewhat in front of the middle.
Rostrum strong, spiniform, and only very slightly curved, so
present laterally.
as to be visible in the dorsal aspect of the animal.
Tail not
much
shorter than
and very narrow genital segment about the length of the 2
succeeding segments combined, and conspicuously dilated in its anterior part.
Caudal rami nearly as long as the anal segment and rather divergent, seta of
the anterior division
;
outer edge attached close to the base, the 2 middle apical setse almost twice the
length of the
antennae
Eye narrow
tail.
linear in
form and of a deep red colour.
slender and elongated, reaching,
very
when
reflexed, to the
Anterior
end of the
and composed of about 12 more or less distinctly defined
joints of rather unequal length and carrying scattered exceedingly long setse
1st pair of natatory legs with the inner ramus
pointing in different directions.
2nd
caudal segment,
ramus spiniferous
distinctly 3-articulate, all joints of outer
outside.
2nd and 3rd
pair with no spine outside the middle joint of the outer ramus, terminal joint of
ramus, as in the 1st pair, with 2 spines outside.
this
outside the
ramus and with only a single setiform spine
Ovisacs narrow oblong in form and greatly divergent,
2 joints of the outer
first
outside the terminal joint.
in
some
sac
in a
extending nearly at right angles to the axis of the body, each
cases
containing
only
a limited
number
of very pellucid ova, generally arranged
double row.
Male much
the
smaller
genital
any
trace
a
of
segment greatly
female
than
less
body being comparatively
wanting
rostrum.
swollen, to
in
female
and
of
quite
and of a rather
different appearance,
slender, with the front obtusely truncate
Tail
distinctly
receive the 2
shorter than the anal segment and not at
than
4th pair with no spines
all
spermatophores.
divergent, apical setse
normal appearance.
and
5-articulate, with the 1st or
Caudal rami
much
shorter
Anterior antennse scarcely
longer than the anterior division of the body and exhibiting the usual geniculation
middle
with
all
section
the
only slightly
joints
tumefied,
of the outer
terminal one biarticulate.
ramus spiniferous
;
Natatory legs
outside, 3 such spines being
on
present
legs
much
2nd and 3rd
the
terminal joint in
the
both sexes highly pellucid and nearly colourless, though in adult
in
Body
females generally a light orange pigment
A
also the sides of the head.
part
of
Setse of last pair of
pairs.
sherter than in female.
the
large oil-bubble
and 2 smaller ones
trunk,
seen clothing the oral area and partly
is
is
often found within the posterior
at the limit
between the head and the
1st pedigerous segment.
Length of adult female 1.35 mm., of male 0.82 mm.
Remarks. I regard it as beyond all doubt that the above-described form
is
name Oithona
that originally recorded by Glaus under the
generally been confounded with the very nearly
as
0. plumifera, from which, however,
at once distinguished
is
it
spinirostris.
allied species described
It
has
by Baird
by the absence
of the very conspicuous brightly-coloured plumes projecting in the latter at each
side of the
reality
species
are richly
belong
name plumifera has been
natatory legs, and are formed
plumose, whereas in the form here under consideration they
and do not even project
simple
specific
to the
attached outside the 2nd basal joint of the legs, which in the said
setse
In addition to this distinguishing
laterally.
Farran has recently pointed out some minute differences in the
the oral parts between these two forms, which accordingly must be
Mr.
character,
structure
in
plumes
by the
ars
and from which indeed the
trunk,
These
derived.
of
regarded as
distinct,
new
name
specific
Mr. Farran has proposed a
though closely-allied species.
the
for
present species,
viz.,
but
atlantica,
I
think that his
doubt about the identity of Glaus' species with the one here under question cannot
properly be approved.
Occurrence.
have observed
I
coast, at least
Norwegian
so
common
the
open
to the
up
from which
it
form
in
many
Trondhjem Fjord.
It
different places
is,
and seems more properly
as the next species,
sea,
this
is
however, not nearly
to be
only occasionally brought
in
on the
an inhabitant of
by the currents
to
the shores and fjords.
When
in
a
always found freely suspended
in
kept
living
vessel
the water,
with the anterior antennae and the
apparently
animal
serving as
often
rests
with fresh sea-water, the specimens are
caudal
more generally
setse
long
the action of the natatory
time
legs,
nearly
making
an erect attitude,
spread to each side, these parts
a very effective balancing apparatus.
for
in
immobile,
only
In this attitude the
now and
a short bound to change
its
then,
place.
by
To
judge from the structure of the oral parts, the animal must be of a very rapacious
nature,
first
be
probably
seized
feeding
upon
other
small
pelagic
animals.
by the slender maxillipeds and by them thrown
These
may
at
in against the
8
the
of which indeed seems to be
structure
other
oral
killing
than for masticating the prey.
parts,
As
Distribution.
fera,
has
it
full
a
In
all
probability
With
wide range in the Oceans to that of the next species.
similar
may be
it
certainty
as yet rather difficult to determine.
is
for
form has generally been confounded with 0. plumi-
this
true distribution
its
more adapted
said
be
to
distributed
over the North Atlantic, as
all
also in the Mediterranean.
Oithona helgolandica,
2.
(PL
Glaus.
III).
Oithona helgolandica, Claus, Die freilebenden Copepoden,
Syn
:
p.
105, PI. XI,
10
figs.
12.
Oithona spinifrons, Boeck.
pygmcea, Boeck.
Claus.
similis,
spinirostris, Giesbrecht (not Claus).
somewhat
the
but
pointed,
acutely
so
body,
than in
so
less
as
the
Body
preceding species.
less
dilated
seta of outer edge shorter.
in
anterior
its
and
ever,
armed
is
less
however,
exhibiting
in
are
structure
in
some
only
with
faintly
small
species,
Genital
part.
less divergent than in 0. spinirostris,
and composed of about 10
defined.
characteristic
1st
some
antennse and oral parts
Posterior
differences:
joints,
pair
Natatory
with
legs,
the outer
how-
ramus
a manner similar to that in 0. spinirostris, except that the apical spine
strong and almost setiform; inner ramus apparently only biarticulate, the
of
the
outer
ramus,
dentiform projection of the
1st or
in that
Caudal rami not nearly
those in the preceding species.
2 outer joints being confluent.
joint
Rostrum, as
Anterior antennae, when reflexed, extending scarcely
beyond the anterior division of the body,
agreeing
slender form, though
bent downwards at a right angle to the axis of
abruptly
attaining the length of the anal segment,
of which,
usual
of the
not to be visible in the dorsal aspect of the animal.
somewhat
segment
Female.
Characters.
Specific
2nd
joints.
spine
2nd and 3rd pairs with no spine outside the middle
though
margin.
Terminal joint of
outside,
attached
close
exhibiting
at
4th
pair
this
ramus
to
the
end of the joint a small
without any spines either on the
in all 3
pairs with only a single
the end, and exhibiting moreover in the
2nd and 3rd pairs a very small dentiform prominence of the margin at about the
Ovisacs narrow oblong and closely appressed to the sides of
middle of the joint
the
tail,
each sac containing only a single series of very large and pellucid ova.
Male
and moreover
closely resembling that of the preceding species, but of smaller size,
differing
somewhat
in the
armature of the natatory
minal joint of the outer ramus having only 2 spines outside.
legs,
the ter-
sexes extremely pellucid, without any obvious pigment.
in both
Body
Length of adult female 0.700.90 mm.; of male 0.500.60 mm.
There cannot in my opinion be any doubt, that the form
Remarks.
recorded by Glaus as 0. helgolandica
first
the present
is
species.
It
at
has subse-
quently been redescribed by the same author from Mediterranean specimens, but
under another
name,
specific
by
present
species
the
name under which
first
retained.
The
doubtedly
both
form
the
2
referable
species
the
to
is
manner
the
in the
in
present species, and this
elongated anterior antennae, and the very
less
which the ovisacs are borne by the female.
natatory
legs
some well-marked
differences
Also in the struc-
are found to exist, as
above diagnosis.
This form occurs very abundantly along the whole coast of
Occurrence.
Norway, both on the outer shores and
I
also the case with
is
from the preceding one by the rather
easily distinguishable
different
of
According
applied to the
to the rules of priority, however,
by Dr. Giesbrecht from the bay of Kiel as 0. spinirostris.
form of the rostrum, the
shown
name has been
this
a species has been recorded should in every case be
different
ture
and
similis,
forms named by Boeck 0. spinifrons and 0. pyymcea are un-
described
The present
viz.,
most authors.
have often taken
shallow creeks.
in great
it
As with
in the fjords.
numbers even
In the Christiania Fjord
close to the beach of the innermost
the preceding species, male specimens are
much
scarcer
than females, and seem only to appear in certain seasons.
The
Distribution.
has been
It
in the
distribution of this species
noted as far north as
off
Mediterranean,
compared
them
to
be very extensive.
Mosel Bay, Spitsbergen, and southwards
the Canary Islands, and even in the Indian Ocean.
myself examined specimens taken
fully
in
seems
with
off the
northern
coast of
specimens,
I
New Zealand, and have
without
having
been
have
care-
able
to
detect any difference whatever.
Fam.
Characters.
in
the
Head
in
Oithonidce,
Body
the
of
2.
Cyclopinidae.
somewhat varying shape, but never
anterior
division
most cases confluent with the
and generally bent
in
1st
being,
as a rule,
considerably dilated.
trunk-segment; rostral projection short
against the ventral face.
Anterior antennae less elongated
than in the Oithonidse, tapered, and clothed with moderately long
male strongly hinged.
2
Crustacea.
Posterior
so slender as
seta?;
those in
antennae generally composed of 4 joints.
Oral
10
same type
parts well developed and on the whole built on the
Natatory
both rami 3-articulate and
with
stout,
Last pair of legs generally extended laterally and composed
subequal in length.
of 1
and
short
comparatively
legs
as in the Calanoida.
3 joints.
The type
Remarks.
of this family
is
the genus Cyclopina of Glaus, which
has generally been considered as closely allied to Cyclops, but which in reality
differs
very
resembles
essentially
found
that
structure
the
in
Calanoida.
the
in
of
the
oral
parts,
which much more
4 different genera referable to
this
family will be described in the sequel.
Gen.
Generic
the genus
articulate.
form
of
more
antennae
body
or
articulations
less
much resembling
elongated
and
that in
composed
posterior antennae distinctly 4-
;
Mandibles with the cutting edge divided into a number of sharp clawpalp
denticles,
outer
biarticulate,
well
Anterior
Cyclops.
somewhat varying number of
of a
like
General
Characters.
1863.
Glaus
CyClOpina,
2.
defined
comparatively large, biramous, inner ramus well developed,
generally niultiarticulate.
armed with several
and
Maxillae
with the masticatory lobe
claw-like spines, palp lamellar, with both
and carrying long plumose setae. Anterior
appendages sharply
maxillipeds rather stout, with the 2nd basal joint clawed, and the terminal part
defined
outer
well developed,
consisting
Posterior maxillipeds more slender, with
of 3 joints.
the terminal part generally divided
into
3 or 4 setiferous joints.
Last pair of legs extended
of normal structure.
Natatory legs
and composed of 2 or
laterally,
3 joints, none of which are lamellar.
Remarks.
include
a
species,
opment of the
some
C.
was
genus
gracilis,
mandibular
in
Calanoida.
the
year 1863 by Glaus, to
and
maxillary
palps,
The genus
and by the very
which
strongly
is
chiefly
full
devel-
recalls
that
Several species have been recorded by different authors; but
of these have turned out to be referable to other genera, not even belonging
to the present family.
In the succeeding pages 4 different species of this genus,
belonging to the fauna of Norway,
number
believe that their
Copepod-fauna.
2
established
found by him at Messina.
the Cyclops-like form of the body,
characterised by
in the
This
peculiar
will
will
be described, and
For instance, many years ago,
forms,
the
I
am much
disposed to
be considerably increased by a closer study of our
off
the Lofoten islands, I observed
one distinguished by the excessive prolongation of the
11
caudal
the
rami,
other
the
by
strong development of the spines on the legs.
The specimens of these 2 forms, which I had noted with the provisory names,
C. longifurca and C. euacantha, have, however, unfortunately been lost, and I am
thus unable to give any closer description of them here.
genus has also been described by
of
C.
me from
the
A
small species of this
Chatham Islands under
the
name
and another species has recently been recorded by Th. Scott as
pusilla,
C. longicaudata.
3.
Cyclopina
graeilis, Claus.
(PI. IV).
Cyclopina gracilis, Claus, Die freilebenden
Copepoden,
104, PI. X,
p.
figs.
9
15.
Cyclopina norvegica, Boeck.
Syn:
Cyclops salinm, Brady.
Female.
Characters.
Specific
Body moderately
slender, with the anterior
division oval in form, greatest width exceeding half the length
Tail rather slender, with the genital segment about the length of
in the middle.
the other 3
though
scarcely longer than the last 2 segments combined, sub-
form and only slightly diverging, seta of outer edge placed
the middle
the
;
in front of
apical setae of moderate length, the inner medial one being, as usual,
longest and about equal to the
than
longer
Caudal rami of somewhat
combined and gradually narrowed behind.
varying length,
linear in
and occurring about
that
the
of
tail
in length
Anterior
outer.
;
seta of inner corner scarcely
not much
antennas
elongated, being
considerably shorter than the cephalic segment, and composed of 10 joints, the
6th of which is much the longest and about equal in length to the 4 succeeding
ones
combined.
2nd.
Natatory
antennae
Posterior
legs
with
the
3 such spines being present on
with
comparatively
slender
bristle,
quadrangular
in
broad and
distal
form,
joint
last joint scarcely as long as the
outside the outer
spines
ramus of moderate
the terminal joint, except in 4th pair,
2 spines occur outside the apical spine.
joint
the
shorter
Last pair of legs biarticulate, proximal
ciliated inside,
finely
size,
where only
carrying outside the usual
and narrower than the proximal one, sub-
and armed on the obtusely truncated extremity with 2
somewhat unequal lanceolate spines, between which a slender bristle is attached.
Ovisacs of moderate size, oval in form, and carried closely appressed to the sides
of the
tail.
Male
of
much
smaller size than female, and easily distinguished by the
anterior
strongly
hinged
(genital)
segment of which
the
same appearance
antennae
is
and
the
distinctly
considerably dilated.
as in the female.
5-articulate
tail,
the
1st
Last pair of legs of exactly
12
both sexes of a whitish grey colour, with a faint yellow
in
Body
of adult female 0.43
Length
Remarks.
was
form
This
tinge.
mm.
0.57
rather
imperfectly
described by Glaus from
Mediterranean specimens, and has subsequently been observed by other authors
in
different
The form recorded by Boeck as
northern Ocean.
of the
places
norvegica can scarcely be regarded as
specifically distinct,
though
it
C.
represents
a strictly littoral variety, with the caudal rami comparatively shorter than in the
Dr. Giesbrecht has also
form.
typical
attention to the variation in this
called
The Cyclops salinus of Brady is
present and next species.
respect both
unquestionably the present species, and belongs to its variety norvegica, Boeck.
The specific name gracilis proposed by Glaus for the present species, is somethe
in
what inappropriate,
since in
this
reality
of less slender form of
is
species
body
than most of the other known species.
Occurrence.
strictly
the
in several places
on the Norwegian
at least
up
to
the
form, being found close to the shore
littoral
like
form
this
Trondhjem Fjord. It is a
among algse and scarcely
any considerable depth. The variety norvegica
from the Christiania Fjord
coast,
ever,
have taken
I
next
at
species,
occurs rather frequently in shallow creeks and in pools
left
by the
both on
tide,
the southern and western coasts.
British Isles (Brady), coast of France (Canu), bay of Kiel
Distribution.
(Giesbrecht),
Franz
Land
Josef
(Scott),
Polar Islands north
of Grinnel
Land
(2nd Frain Expedition), Mediterranean (Glaus), Black Sea (Czerniawsky).
4.
Cyclopina longieornis, Boeck.
(PI.
Cyclopina
longicornis,
Boeck,
Slsegter
Syn:
Characters.
Specific
the
preceding
species,
v).
og Arter af Saltvandscopepoder.
Forhandl. 1872, p. 41.
Nj'e
Cyclopina
anterior
width about equalling half the length
Vid. Selsk.
Brady.
Body comparatively more slender than
female.
with the
littoralis,
Clir.
in
division oblong oval in form, greatest
and occurring
in the middle, cephalic
gradually tapered anteriorly, with the front narrowly rounded.
segment
Tail very slender,
almost equalling in length the anterior division, genital segment sligthly dilated in
Caudal rami long
front and shorter than the 3 succeeding segments combined.
and
narrow,
seta
of outer
being
generally
longer
than the 2 preceding segments combined,
edge rather slender and attached a
little
in front of the
whole
apical setse very unequal, the inner medial one equal to the
and
fully
twice
tail
middle;
in length
as long as the outer, seta of outer corner scarcely half as long
13
as
antennae
Anterior
inner.
the
much more elongated than
the preceding
in
species, about equalling in length the cephalic segment, and composed of 18 well
much
defined joints, 3rd joint
to
be subdivided into
the largest, 6th joint exhibiting a slight indication
Posterior antennae with the terminal joint fully
3 joints.
as long as the 2 preceding joints combined.
the
inside
posterior
spine
1st
terminal
pairs;
the
outside,
ramus remarkably strong, especially
of outer ramus in 4th pair with only
the inner
of
joint
joint
distal
spine
of 3 joints, the first 2
somewhat lamellar and
usual bristle,
the
outside
carrying
with 4 slender ciliated
moderate
and
size
2
a single
and composed each
middle joint
ciliated inside,
comparatively small, and provided
last joint
is
Ovisacs of
the shortest.
slightly divergent.
Male, as usual, smaller than female,
anterior
finely
the innermost of which
setae,
in the
being replaced by a thin bristle abruptly bent
Last pair of legs of comparatively feeble structure,
inwards.
hinged
Natatory legs with the seta attached
Last
antennae.
and
of legs
pair
easily recognizable by the strongly
differing
from those
in
female in
being 4-articulate, the last joint being subdivided into 2 well defined joints, the
proximal
setse
of
on the
which
carries
on each side a
whereas the distal joint has 4
tip.
Body semipellucid, with
in some cases, moreover,
colour,
seta,
scattered opaque patches of a whitish or yellow
exhibiting a fine rosy tinge on several parts of
the body, as also partly on the anterior antennae.
of adult female 0.70
Length
Remarks.
name
to
littoralis
this
form
This
has
proposed by Brady.
species by Boeck,
adequate name,
I
0.90
mm.
generally
been
under the
recorded
As, however, the
name
dates from the very same year, and
have found
it
suitable to prefer that
name
specific
longicornis, assigned
to the
is
a
much more
one proposed by
Brady. For the present species cannot in reality be said to be, like the preceding
one, a strictly littoral form, as it more generally occurs in greater depths and
is
only
quite
occasionally
met
with in the
littoral
region.
such specimens are of smaller size and have the caudal rami
in
the
typical
thus
form,
which the name
littoralis
The present
more properly
may
species
is
constituting
a
I
have found that
less elongated
particular
than
variety, for
be retained.
easily distinguished from the preceding one
by the
more slender form of the body, the much more elongated anterior antennae, and
In the structural details also
the somewhat different shape of the caudal rami.
some well-marked
differences are found, especially as regards the structure of the
last pair of legs.
Occurrence.
I
have found
this
form rather frequently
in
many
places of
14
the
Norwegian
It is
Fjord.
generally met with
in depths
at least
up
to the
in shallower water
among
darts
it
away
with
have never seen
great
it
freely for
British
Distribution.
to
rapidity,
moving
Isles
settle
When
again very soon
any length of time
(Brady),
Cuxhaven
(Giesbrecht), Polar Islands north of Grinnel Land (2nd
Cyclopina brevifurea, G. 0.
5.
it
is
found
Like the other species of the present genus,
algse.
a true bottom-form, keeping constantly close to the ground.
is
Trondhjem
ranging from 10 to 60 fathoms, espe-
where the bottom consists of coarse sand; much more seldom
cially
I
from the Christiania Fjord
coast,
in
it
disturbed,
another place.
in the water.
(Tim in),
Fram
Mediterranean
Exped.).
Sars, n. sp.
(PL VI).
Female.
Specific Characters.
division
oblong oval in
front evenly rounded.
Body moderately
slender, with the anterior
greatest width scarcely exceeding half the length,
form,
Tail not attaining half the length of the anterior division,
genital segment comparatively large, being fully as long as the 3 succeeding seg-
ments combined, anal segment shorter than the preceding one.
Caudal rami very
small, being scarcely longer than they are broad, seta of outer edge slender
attached about in the
middle,
apical
setse
one considerably exceeding the length of the
its
rather elongated,
tail
like the
and,
the
and
inner medial
outer, clothed in
proximal part with coarse distant hairs, seta of outer corner unusually slender,
being fully as long as that of the inner corner.
Anterior antennas comparatively
longer and more slender than in C. gracilis, though not quite attaining the length
of the cephalic segment, and composed of 12 well-defined joints, the 6th of which
is
much
the largest,
antennse
with
the
the
6
terminal
Natatory legs about as in C.
articulate,
distal
proximal one,
with
2
bristle
joint,
about the
joint
and
the sides of the
all
of equal size.
Posterior
of the antipenultimate one.
legs,
as in that species, bi-
comparatively larger, exceeding in length
however,
in
form, inner edge finely ciliated, tip
somewhat unequal
Ovisacs of moderate
length
Last pair of
gracilis.
and narrow oblong
slender
Body
outer joints short and
armed
spines, having between them a slender
oval in form,
size,
the
and borne
closely appressed to
tail.
rather
pellucid, of
a
whitish gray colour, with light bluish trans-
parent ovaria.
Length of adult female
Remarks. This form is
600.70 mm.
closely
allied
to
C. gracilis
Glaus,
conspicuously in the shape of the anterior division of the body, the
but differs
more slender
15
and distinctly
rami, which
have met with
I
coast,
and the remarkably short caudal
and
at
form
this
outside the
Bejan
Trondhjem Fjord.
were
6.
in
A
single
a sample taken by Mr.
The specimens observed by
Fjord, Finmark.
the Porsanger
in
taken in depths ranging
here proposed.
several distant places on the
in
well-marked ovigerous specimen was found, moreover,
Nordgaard
name
on the southern coast, at Skutesnses on
at Ris0r
for instance
south-western coast,
the
antennae,
character has given rise to the specific
latter
Occurrence.
Norwegian
anterior
12-articulate
rne
from 10 to 30 fathoms, muddy bottom.
Cyclopina elegans,
Scott.
(PI. VII).
Cyclopina elegans, Th. Scott, Addition to the Fauna of the Firth of Forth.
the Fishery Board of Scotland.
Female.
Specific Characters.
narrow oblong
in
in
anterior
its
Body very
12th Ann. Eeport of
figs.
919.
slender, with the anterior division
form, greatest width not attaining half the length and occurring
front evenly rounded.
part,
Tail almost as long as the anterior
having the genital segment unusually large and tumid, clothed on
and
division
Part. Ill, p. 237, PI. V,
each side with
small
spikes;
anal
segment
Caudal rami long and slender, equalling
fully
as long as the preceding one.
in length the last 2
segments combined;
outer edge with 2 successive bristles, the smaller one occurring at a short distance
form
the
base,
the
attached nearer to
other
the end
and somewhat dorsally
;
apical seise of moderate length, that of the outer corner shorter than that of the
Anterior antennae moderately slender, though not attaining the length of
inner.
the cephalic segment, and
a
however,
more or
be increased to 20
composed
less distinct sub-division,
21.
the
other
species,
the terminal part
and 5th
so that the
joints exhibiting,
number
of joints
may
Posterior antennae with the terminal joint scarcely longer
than the antipenultimate one.
in
of 18 joints, the 4th
Mandibular palp comparatively more slender than
with the outer ramus shorter.
composed
of
5 well-defined joints.
Posterior maxillipeds with
1st
pair of legs, like the 3
succeeding ones, provided with 2 setse inside the middle joint of the inner ramus,
being in 4th pair very coarse, almost spiniform.
these setae
distinctly
3-articulate.
1st
joint
with
a
Last pair of legs
coarse ciliated seta inside, middle joint
rather dilated and carrying outside the usual slender bristle; terminal joint nar-
row
oblong
in
form,
exceeding in
length
the other 2 combined, and provided
outside with 2 setee, at the tip with another very slender seta and a stout spine.
Ovisacs of moderate size and somewhat divergent.
16
Colour whitish grey, with a slight yellow tinge.
Length of adult female about 0.80 mm.
Remarks.
the
This
a very distinct
is
species,
recognisable both by
easily
form of the body and by the structure of some of the appendages.
The only place where I have observed this species, is at
general
Occurrence.
south
Farsund,
C.
coast
of
longicornis in a depth of about 20 fathoms, sandy bottom.
Firth of Forth (Scott), Gulf of Naples (Giesbrecht).
Distribution.
Gen. 3
General appearance resembling that
Cyclopina, the anterior division of the
and
narrow
attenuated.
well-marked
limited
quite smooth.
Cyclopina,
Head
Anterior
suture.
number
the
genus
body being considerably dilated, the posterior
from the 1st pedigerous segment by a
antennae comparatively short and composed of a
Posterior antennae with the
Mandibles short and
simple,
in
defined
of articulations.
being
G. 0. Sars, n.
CyClOpinella,
Generic Characters.
in
occurred here occasionally together with
It
Norway.
first joint
simple and
with the palp less fully developed than
stout,
without any outer ramus.
Maxilla? likewise rather
short, palp with the 2 outer appendages well developed and of about equal
size,
one of the apical spines, as also those of the masticatory lobe, unusually thick,
almost
2nd basal
much
rudimentary
than
in
compact,
structure.
being
the claw of the
distinctly
Posterior
Natatory legs well developed
structure from those in Cyclopina.
usual,
with
from the spines of ihe terminal part.
smaller, and of the usual
somewhat
rather
maxillipeds
joint scarcely different
maxillipeds
differing
Anterior
digitiform.
3-articulate,
Last pair of legs
with
the
less
terminal joint
comparatively large and armed with strong lanceolate spines.
Remarks.
This new genus
is
somewhat
allied to
Cyclopina, though dis-
tinguished by certain apparently fundamental differences, of which
the
distinct
simple
separation
structure
of
the
has hitherto come under
7.
of the
head from the
mandibular palp.
my
may be named
1st pedigerous segment,
Only
a
single
and the
species of this genus
notice.
Cyclopinella tumidula, G. 0. Sars,
n.
sp.
(PL VIII).
Specific Characters.
division greatly tumefied
Female.
Body comparatively
and almost pyriform
short, with the anterior
in shape, the greatest width occurring
17
far
in
and considerably exceeding half the
front
Tail very narrow and
length.
tapered, with the genital segment only slightly dilated, anal segment fully as long
Caudal rami somewhat exceeding
as the preceding one.
ment and narrow
in
length the anal seg-
linear in form, seta of outer edge attached about in the middle,
much
apical setse rather unequal, the inner medial one, as usual
about equalling
in length the tail; seta of outer
much
Anterior antennae
joints, the 9th of which
corner quite rudimentary, that of inner
ramus and very
attaining the length of the corresponding
distal
joint
of
which
is
a
strong spine
placing the usual
carries a slender
Mandibular palp forming a simple
very small and provided with 3
Natatory legs with no seta inside the
pair with
1st
the
stem,
setse.
absent.
of 12 well-defined
somewhat longer than the others and
even attaining the length of the preceding one.
curved
Eye wholly
Posterior antennse with the terminal joint unusually short, not
sensory filament.
bi-articulate
thin.
shorter than the head, and composed
is
the longest and
seta;
spines
1st joint of the outer
ramus;
outside the terminal joint of the inner ramus, reof outer
ramus
and the succeeding pairs
in this
slender, and edged with hyaline rims, 4 such spines being present on the terminal
joint in the 3 anterior pairs, 3 in that of the 4th pair, inner
pair
ramus of the
unusually narrow and, like that of the 2 preceding pairs,
Last pair of legs with the
with 2 spines.
outside a slender bristle, terminal joint
oblong quadrangular
somewhat
in
in
armed
latter
at the tip
1st joint quite
unarmed, 2nd carrying
much longer than
the other 2 combined,
form, and much constricted
at the base, carrying outside,
front of the middle, a strong lanceolate spine
and
at the transversely
truncated end 2 similar spines and a very small bristle between them, inner edge
Ovisacs small, and borne closely appressed
of the joint straight and finely ciliated.
the
to
sides
of the
tail,
each containing, as a
rule,
only 3 ova arranged in a
single row.
Male exhibiting the usual sexual characters.
the same appearance as in female.
Body
Last pair of legs of exactly
of the usual whitish grey colour, but appearing darker on account
of the translucent, very capacious anterior part of the intestine, which
filled
with
dark brown contents.
A
peculiar
opaque body
orange hue, and transversely oval or semilunar
mediately
inside
the
dorsal wall
of the
very conspicuous in the living animal.
Length of adult female 0.68
head,
in
form,
is
is
generally
of a whitish or pale
constantly found im-
in front of the intestine,
and
is
1
)
0.75
mm.
It cannot be the
*) 1 am unable to say anything about the significance of this body.
missing visual organ, as it does not occupy the usual place of the eye, being far remote from
the front. As to structure, it seems to consist of a uniform granular matter.
3
Crustacea.
18
Remarks.
In
its
The
that genus.
to
on
the
coast,
all
places
it
opinion
this
instance
for
coast,
ought
occurred on a
muddy
to
similar
to
inclined to refer
it
proved
to
be generically separated.
peculiar form in several distant places
at
Ris0r and Lillesand on the southern
on the western coast, and
at Christiansund
it
my
have met with
I
Norwegian
first
closer anatomical examination has, however,
be in reality so different, that in
Occurrence.
rather
is
Cyclopina, and I was indeed at
certain species of the genus
it
form
this
appearance
general
in
the
Trondhjem Fjord.
bottom, partly covered by decaying
In
algae, the
depth ranging from 20 to 40 fathoms.
Gen.
CyelOpetta,
4.
G. O. Sars, n.
Body somewhat depressed,
Generic Characters.
sharply marked off from each other than in
less
with the 2 chief divisions
Head
the 2 preceding genera.
confluent with the 1st pedigerous segment, and conspicuously contracted in front.
Tail
short.
comparatively
number
Anterior
antennae of inconsiderable
and clothed with strong plumose setae.
biramous, outer ramus well developed, inner
peds
very
and
type as in the other
Last
structure.
with ciliated
pair
difficult to
apparently built
a
of
single lamellar joint
anomalous genus, Pterinopsyllus, though
species, to
edged
This new genus in some respects differs rather conspicuously
from the 2 preceding ones, and seems to exhibit a certain approach
by
maxilli-
setae.
Remarks.
several
and
on the same
Natatory legs well developed and of normal
consisting each
legs
Maxillae
uniarticulate.
examine, though
Cydopinidce.
of
with the
Mandibles with the palp distinctly
stout,
small
length,
Posterior antennae likewise unusually short and
of articulations reduced.
well-marked
it
is
the next
distinguished also from this genus
The genus
characters.
to
is
only
founded upon a single
be described below.
8.
Cyclopetta
diffieilis,
G. 0. Sars,
n.
sp.
(PI. IX).
Characters.
Specific
and
distinctly
greatest
middle.
width
depressed,
Female.
with
the
scarcely exceeding
Cephalic
Body
comparatively
anterior division
half the
short
and
oblong fusiform in outline,
length, and occurring about
segment rather large and
stout,
evenly contracted
in
anteriorly,
the
with
19
the
narrowly rounded.
front
and scarcely tapering behind; genital segment conspicuously constricted
division,
anal segment
in the middle,
Caudal
rami
not
short,
in
quadrangular
equalling in length the 2 preceding ones combined.
nearly
shape,
the
attaining
length
and
of the anal segment,
of outer edge attached about in the middle, apical
seta
moderate length, the inner medial one about twice as long as the outer,
of
setae
Tail not attaining half the length of the anterior
much
both coarsely ciliated, seta of outer corner
smaller than that of the inner.
Anterior antennae scarcely exceeding half the length of the cephalic segment, and
each composed of only 9 joints clothed with strong partly ciliated
the longest, 6th about the length of the 3 outer joints combined.
1st joint
distinctly 4-articulate,
setae
;
5th joint
Posterior antennae
provided at the end on either side with a strong
ciliated
seta,
2nd
joint with a similar seta in front, 3rd joint with 4 such setae
outside,
last
joint
about the length of the 2 preceding ones combined, and car-
on the
rying
anteriorly-curving and likewise densely ciliated
6
tip
setae.
Man-
dibular palp with the outer ramus composed of 4 well defined joints, inner ramus
'
with
3
palp
much
short apical
comparatively
than the
larger
distal
Proximal outer lobe of the maxillary
one and carrying 4 unusually thick plumose
setae.
Maxillipeds very small and densely crowded, the anterior ones apparently
setae.
of normal
structure,
much reduced.
the
posterior
ones with
the
number
of the terminal joints
Natatory legs not exhibiting any pronounced peculiarity in their
Last pair of legs consisting each of a rounded oval lamella attached
structure.
outside the last trunk-segment and provided with 3 thick and curved ciliated setae;
just
above
segment
lamella
this
a thin bristle
is
attached to a conical
projection of the
itself.
Colour not yet ascertained.
Length of adult female 0.60 mm.
The present form cannot be confounded with any
Remarks.
as
1
Cyclopinida
exhibiting,
,
of the other
does, a most characteristic appearance,
it
somewhat
recalling that found in certain of the semi-parasitic forms, to which, indeed, I
at first inclined to refer
Occurrence.
sex,
it,
Only
last
fathoms,
order
to
densely
difficulty
summer
muddy
get
a
crowded
at
sand.
satisfactory
oral
parts.
my
notice.
south
Riser,
All
out
its
anatomy.
specimens of this remarkable form,
have hitherto come under
taken
made
before having
3
3
coast
was
all
of the female
They were picked up from a sample
of Norway,
in
a depth of about 40
specimens have been sacrified for dissection,
conception
The
of
specific
the
structure of the very small and
name
experienced in the examination of these
in
here
parts.-
proposed alludes
to the
20
Gen.
PterlnOpSyllUS,
5.
83-11
Brady,
1880.
Lopliophorus, Brady (not Temminch).
:
Cyclopella, Claus.
Generic
Body robust and somewhat
Characters.
with
depressed,
Head
anterior division moderately dilated, the posterior less narrow than usual.
coalesced with
the
pedigerous segment, and terminating in a blunt rostrum
Caudal rami short, with the 2 middle apical setae very
1st
downwards.
projecting
Anterior antennae short and stout, with the number
strong and densely ciliated.
of articulations
male
of
and only
short,
with
slender,
and strongly hinged.
size
larger
3-articulate, the last 2 joints being
considerably
part
cutting
and clothed with unusually strong pennate
reduced,
much
of
outer
the
with
;
those
united.
Mandibles with the
expanded and coarsely dentate; palp comparatively
ramus small and undivided, inner raraus biarticulate.
Anterior maxillipeds very
terminal joints armed with strong spines.
well-defined
3
setae
Posterior antennae likewise
Maxillae with all the constituting parts well developed.
stout,
the
Posterior
maxillipeds with the terminal part very fully developed and composed of 5 joints,
the
much
1st
than the
larger
others.
Natatory legs strongly
with short
built,
and blunt spines outside the outer ramus; inner ramus of 1st pair in male preLast
hensile, that of 4th pair more or less reduced in female, normal in male.
pair of legs
3
more or
Remarks.
to
and not extended
small
comparatively
somewhat
less lamellar joints,
name he proposed,
generic
of birds, he changed
proposed by
composed of
This genus was established in the year 1878 by Prof. Brady,
comprise a peculiar Copepod found by him
the
laterally, being
different in the two sexes.
Claus
in the
it
is
Lopliopliorus,
year 1880
of later date,
off
the British coast.
had been preoccupied
to Pterinopsyllas.
and must yield
As, however,
for a
The name
genus
Cyclopella
to
that given to the genus
present genus
has remained somewhat
by Brady.
The
In
doubtful.
and,
indeed,
systematic
of
position
some respects
it
the
recalls
certain genera
among
has been placed within that group in the
it
list
Northumberland and Durham published by Norman and Brady.
that
the
its
place
other
within
hand,
the
owing
Indeed,
was at
first
of Crustacea from
I think,
however,
group Cyclopoida cannot at present be disputed.
to
the
peculiarities observed in this genus,
thought necessary to establish for
I
the Harpacticoida,
much
its
it
On
might be
reception a distinct family. Pteriiiopsyllidos.
inclined to
do so
;
but after having become acquainted
with the preceding genus, Cyclopetta, which in some respects exhibits an evident
21
scruple,
be included
may
it
one here under consideration,
the
to
approach
in
the family
find that, without
I
any serious
Cyclopinidce, as here defined.
In addition to the typical species described below, 2
closely-allied species,
P.
and
egregius
P.
illustris,
have been recorded
by Dr. Giesbrecht from the
gulf of Naples.
9.
Pterinopsyllus insignis, Brady.
(PI.
Lophophorus
insignis,
Brady, Monograph
PI.
& XI).
XV,
Female.
Specific Characters.
X
of British Copepoda, Vol.
fig.
Body
p.
I,
122, PI. XIII,
figs. 1
10,
10.
rather stout, with the anterior division
ovate in outline, greatest width exceeding half the length and occurring about in
the
middle.
trunk-segment
in a small
segment
Cephalic
defined
sharply
dentiform process.
and
narrowly produced in front. Last
from the preceding one, and projecting laterally
large
Tail about half the length of the anterior division,
and nearly of uniform width throughout; genital segment about as long as the 3
succeeding ones combined, and scarcely at all dilated in front; anal segment
shorter than the preceding one.
Caudal rami quadrangular in shape, being scarcely
longer than they are broad, seta of outer edge obsolete, the 2 middle apical setse
very strong and divergent, with coarser and more scattered hairs on their proximal
seta of outer corner
parts,
and
naked.
Anterior
segment
and
which
the largest,
is
rather
much
smaller than
pair
of
5th joint very small.
natatory
middle joint
setae.
legs
imperfectly
the
inside,
latter
carrying
a
with
defined
the
inner
2
joints, the
2nd of
Posterior antennae clothed along the
setse,
inner edge without any
ramus much shorter than the
from the terminal one
having inside
joint
Last pair of legs
inside
as long as the cephalic
broad at the base, being composed of 8
outer edge and at the tip with coarsely hairy
4th
that of the inner, both very thin
scarcely more than half
antennae
setse.
outer,
and without any
setse
short blunt spines replacing the usual
with the 1st joint imperfectly defined at the base, but
well-developed ciliated seta, 2nd joint conically produced out-
and carrying the usual thin bristle, last joint much larger than the other 2
combined, and forming a rounded oval lamella coarsely ciliated inside and provided
side
with 4 slender
thin
setse,
and smooth.
number
of which are ciliated, the 4th,
Ovisacs.
according to
Brady,
short
issuing from the
pyiiform,
tip,
very
with a limited
of ova.
Male
of smaller
coarse structure
divided
3
into
12
of the
joints.
size
than
anterior
female,
antennse,
and
easily recognisable by the very
which are powerful prehensile organs
Inner ramus of 1st pair of legs with the apical spine
22
peculiarly transformed, being abruptly bent, so as to form a claw-like prehensile
legs
as
in
ramus
Inner
appendage.
the
the 1st joint in
the female,
issuing from
outer side.
the terminal joint in
at
the end
on
each
of quite normal structure.
pair
but to the 2nd, as
Of the other 2
answer to
shown by the bristle
which accordingly answer to
is
clearly
joints,
the female, the proximal one
is
much
a seta, whereas the distal joint
side
Last pair of
1st joint does not, however,
the
3-articulate;
female,
its
4th
of
the larger and carries
is
quite short with 4
diverging setae on the end.
in
Body
Eye
tinge.
both
in living
sexes
specimens very conspicuous and of light red colour.
The present form may be
Remarks.
indigenous Cyclopoida, both by
rich
grey colour, with a slight violaceous
whitish
of a
easily recognised
from any of our
characteristic outward appearance
its
ornament of coarsely-ciliated
and by the
which clothes most of the appendages.
setae,
where they
Especially are these setse very conspicuous on the anterior antennae,
partly assume a pennate or pectinate character, giving these appendages a peculiar
It
shruppy appearance.
Lophopkorus,
species
at
first
recorded
was indeed
to
this
proposed by Brady,
Dr.
by
Giesbrecht
the
peculiarity
alluded.
that the generic name,
From
the 2 Mediterranean
form cannot be distinguished
present
without a very close anatomical examination.
Occurrence.
I
have met with
places on the Norwegian coast,
at Ris0r,
and
viz.,
form occasionally
in 3 different
the inner part of the Christiania Fjord,
The specimens were taken in
40 fathoms, muddy sand. Canon Norman has taken
at Flekker0, outside Christiansand.
depths ranging from 20 to
this
this pretty
in
form also
in
the
at R0dberget,
Trondhjem Fjord,
where
it
occurred in the
considerable depth of 150 fathoms.
Distribution.
Coast
of
England
and Scotland (Brady,
Gulf of
Scott),
Naples (Giesbrecht).
Fam.
Characters.
General
3.
form
Cyclopidae.
the body
of
Cyclopinidce, the anterior division being
narrower and attenuated.
pedigerous^segment,
and
Head
having
in
the
all
more
the
resembling that in the typical
or less dilated, the posterior
known forms confluent with
rostrum bent
in
much
the 1st
against the ventral face.
Anterior antennae more or less elongated and strongly hinged in male.
Posterior
antennae generally 4-articulate, with an elongated seta at the end of the 1st joint
23
Anterior
posteriorly.
with
the
palp
with
lip
terminal edge finely denticulate.
the
being reduced
rudimentary,
quite
carrying 2 or 3 ciliated
to
a
small knob-like process
Maxillae with the palp likewise imperfectly devel-
setae.
oped and without any distinctly-defined outer appendages.
same
the
Natatory
in
type
legs,
the
in
as
some instances
Cyclopinidce,
number
the
Remarks.
from
same appearance
may be
on
This family, in the restriction here adopted,
the
2
ones
preceding
Last pair
reduced.
the two sexes.
in
chietiy distin-
is
by the rudimentary condition of both the
This character
invariably found in
is
the forms, and must be regarded as of fundamental significance.
all
In other respects
family exhibits a close resemblance to the Cyclopinidce.
this
Only
a
limited
marine,
whereas
referred
to
to
built
Maxillipeds
of comparatively simpler structure.
of joints in the rami
and the maxillary palps.
mandibular
but
as a rule, well developed, with subequal triarticulate rami, though
of legs generally small and of the
guished
Mandibles
divide
a
single
of species,
viz.,
genus
Gen. 10.
I have, however, found
Cyclops.
number
into a
be characterised
will
belonging to 2 genera, are strictly
water we find a great number of forms,
genus,
extensive
this
genera), which
fresh
in
number
in
Generic Characters.
Thorellia,
:
Body, as a
Boeck.
rule,
rather robust, the anterior division
off
from the slender and attenuated
Anterior antennas in female divided into a great number of short, but well-
much more strongly
manner.
rather
antennse
Posterior
stout,
4-articulate,
claw-like teeth, setse on the rudimentary palp not
lobe
masticatory
forming
terminating
juxtaposed
in
with
the
in
last
the usual
2 joints
much
elongated.
Maxilla? with
developed and armed with strong dentiform
well
spines,
and
masticatory
beyond
a serrated edge, being moreover provided on each side with 2
an
setaa.
oblong
lamella
Anterior
issuing from the end of the
like the
and hinged
built,
Mandibles with the cutting edge divided into several sharp
comparatively short.
palp
1843.
Philippi,
defined joints; those in male
the
appropriate
of closely-allied genera (or sub-
being considerably tumefied, and sharply marked
tail.
it
generally
the next parts of the present Volume.
Euryte,
Syn
all
2nd basal
projecting
maxillipeds
rather
stout,
1st basal joint anteriorly,
joint, projecting in
lobe
the
a claw-like spine
with
the
digitiform
lobe,
comparatively strong and,
accompanied by a much