Effects of extensive reading on efl students writing ability (tt)

ABSTRACT

This present study was conducted to investigate the effects of extensive reading on the
improvement of EFL students’ writing ability, length of text and students’ attitudes
toward extensive reading. This research was conducted in seven weeks with 53 Tra Vinh
university’s EFL students who are different majors in scientific fields. Students were
randomly assigned into two groups, a control group who worked works by reading texts
in the course book, and an experimental group who worked with extensive reading.
A selection of graded readers, which appropriates to the students’ English level of
proficiency as defined in the university curriculum of English learning and teaching for
science students. The pre-test and post-test of both groups were analyzed to answer the
research questions. In order to obtain the students’ attitudes towards extensive reading,
questionnaires and interviews were administered to the participants in the experimental
group. The results indicated that the students in the experimental group gained higher
mean scores than those in the control group in writing ability and text length. Besides,
students’ attitudes towards extensive reading had higher mean scores in the post-test
compared to the pre-test, however, the statistics did not improve. These findings
revealed that the use of extensive reading contributed to the improvement of the
students’ writing ability and there was a correlation between the text quality and text
length. By contrast, with five – week intervention, the students’ attitudes towards
extensive reading did not change statistically significant.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents

Page

Declaration ...............................................................................................................iii

Acknowledgement ................................................................................................... iv
Abstract ..................................................................................................................... v
Table of contents ...................................................................................................... vi
List of abreviations ................................................................................................viii
List of tables............................................................................................................. ix
List of figures ............................................................................................................ x
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 1
1.1. Rationale .......................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Aim of study .................................................................................................... 4
1.3. Research hypothesis ........................................................................................ 4
1.4. Research questions .......................................................................................... 4
1.5. Significance of the study ................................................................................. 4
1.6. Organization of the thesis ................................................................................ 5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................... 6
2.1. Extensive reading ............................................................................................ 6
2.1.1.What is extensive reading? ....................................................................... 6
2.1.2.Characteristics of extensive reading ......................................................... 6
2.1.3. Benefits of extensive reading. .................................................................. 8
2.2. Writing ability ................................................................................................. 8
2.2.1. Definition of writing ability……………………………………...….….8
2.2.2. Components of writing ability……………………………………….…9
[

2.3. The Impact of extensive reading on writing ability ...................................... 10
2.4. Related previous studies ................................................................................ 11
2.5. Students’ attitudes towards extensive reading .............................................. 15
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................... 17
3.1. Research design ............................................................................................. 17
3.2. Research context and participants ................................................................. 18
3.3. Research procedure ....................................................................................... 19

3.4. Data collection............................................................................................... 25
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3.5. Measurements ................................................................................................ 25
3.6. Data analysis .................................................................................................. 29
CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS........................................................................... 30
4.1. Quantitative data analysis ................................................................................ 30
4.2. Quatitative data analysis .................................................................................. 37
4.3. Supporting findings.......................................................................................... 39
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ................................. 42
5.1. Summarizing and interpreting of the main findings ........................................ 42
5.2. Discussion ........................................................................................................ 42
5.3. Implications ..................................................................................................... 44
5.4. Limitations of the study ................................................................................... 44
5.5. Suggestion for the further research .................................................................. 45
5.6. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 45
References ............................................................................................................... 46
Appendix 1: Regulation of English proficiency level for General English……….1
Appendix 2: Assessment rubric ................................................................................ 6
Appendix 3 and 4: Questionnaires (Vietnamese and English versions) ................... 7
Appendix 5: Sample of student’s writing text .......................................................... 8
Appendix 6: Cover page of English Objective PET course book .......................... 10
Appendix 7: Interview questions ............................................................................ 11
Appendix 8: Interview transcripts .......................................................................... 12
Appendix 9: SPSS output ....................................................................................... 14

vii

LIST OF ABREVIATIONS

CG

Control group

EG

Experimental group

CB

Course book

O1

Pre-test

O2

Post-test

ER

Extensive reading

EFL

English as a Foreign Language

CEFR

Common European Framework of Reference for Language

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LIST OF TABLES
Contents

Page

1. Table 3.2: Design of the research.

17

2. Table 3.3.1 Tasks and time allocation for two groups in the research

19

3. Table 3.3.2 Course specification and two conditions.

21

4. Table 3.5.1 Reliability of the writing quality indicator. Correlation

27

(r) between the scores of the two raters.
5. Table 3.5.2 Reliability of questionnaire (Cronbach’s Alpha) in the

28

study.
6. Table 4.1.

Means of two measurement occasions (O1-O2) of

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control group (CG) and experimental group (EG) in three
indicators.
7. Table 4.2. Independence Sample t-test of pre-tests scores of a

31

variable of writing ability of the CG and EG (with the Standard
Deviation in bracket)
8. Table 4.3. Independence Sample t-test of post-test scores of a

32

variable of writing ability of the CG and EG (with the Standard
Deviation in bracket)
9. Table 4.4. Significant different between pre-test and post-test

33

within each group in indicator of writing quality
10. Table 4.5. Significant different between pre-test and post-test

35

within each group in indicator of writing fluency
11. Table 4.6. Mean score of the questionnaire on students’ attitudes

36

towards ER
12. Table 4.7. Correlation coefficient of two indicators of variable

39

“writing ability” in pre-test.
13. Table 4.8. Correlation coefficient of writing quality and writing
text length of two groups in post-test.

ix

40


LIST OF FIGURES
Content

Page

1. Figure 1. Significance of difference of students’ writing

33

ability between two groups in post-test.
2. Figure 2. Mean scores of two groups in quality of writing

34

ability before and after the treatment.
3. Figure 3. Mean scores of students’ fluency in writing of

36

two both groups before and after the treatment
4. Figure 4. The comparison of students’ attitudes of
experimental group before and after the
treatment

x

37


CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The chapter includes six main sections. The rationale of the research presents the
current picture of issues related to the writing skills of EFL students in the context. These
realities led to the reasons for conducting the current study. The next parts are related to
the research aims, research hypothesis, research questions, and the significance of the
study. Lastly, organization of the thesis is introduced.
1.1. RATIONALE
1.1.1

The present picture of English teaching and learning to non-English

major students at Tra Vinh University.
The English boom began in December 1986, when at the sixth National Congress,
the

Vietnamese Communist Party initiated an overall economic reform known as

(Renovation). In the context of economic renovation and of the open-door policy, English
became the first foreign language to be taught in Vietnam. It is one of the six national
examinations that students have to pass, if they want to achieve the Secondary School
Education Diploma and it is a compulsory subject for both undergraduates and graduates
at tertiary level. Therefore, English is taught in schools, and in universities. The students
at Tra Vinh university are not an exception. At the undergraduate level, all scientific
fields students have to take 4 courses of ten credits of General English. The curriculum
of English teaching and learning at the university is to prepare the students to achieve a
B1 defined in the CEFR after graduating from the university (See Appendix 1 for
regulation of English proficiency level for General English students). To achieve the B1
level of proficiency, in the students’ opinion, writing skills seemed as the most
challenging skill and students always got lower marks, compared to listening and
speaking skills. The course book used in General English curriculum is Cambridge
English Objective PET Book (second edition) published by Cambridge University Press.

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1.1.2. The necessity of improving writing skill for EFL students at Tra Vinh
University.
According to the CEFR format at B1 level, the writing part in the CEFR requires

three types of writing. In type 1, candidates have to complete five questions that aim at
testing grammar. Type 2, candidates have to produce a short email or letter of between
35 to 45 words in length. Type 3 is the most challenging. Candidates have a choice of
task to write: either a story or an informal letter with 100 words for both tasks. For this
type of writing, it requires that students should better have their own stance with their
imagination and self- expression in the writing. Within English language learning,
however, I have recognized that when my students do writing, they find themselves
confused with choice of words word choice, grammatical use, organization and
generation of ideas. They tend to translate ideas from their respective mother tongue into
English, express ideas in long sentences and they cannot convey the idea that they want
to express. As, Binh, a Vietnamese EFL student majoring in Engineering in my pilot
interview, said that “I want to write, but I do not have enough vocabulary inputs and it is
very difficult to write down what I am thinking in my mind”, interviewed on October 20,
2017. Moreover, their writing products were poor of new ideas and did not include
personal views and creative thinking in the writing. The reasons are, firstly, because of
the influence of Vietnamese culture and social norms on their writing. They wrote long
sentences in a rather circular manner. It is so difficult for the reader to understand. As
Phan (2011) states, writing is much influenced by the culture and social manner of the
writer. The author indicates that the indirect and circular manner are two characteristics
of Vietnamese students’ writing text, which are against the straightforward quality of
English writing. A participant in the pilot study mentioned that “when I read an English
writing text, I know exactly what is going to be written about, whereas it is not
Vietnamese writing’. As Nguyen (2012) states, Vietnamese writers are not used to setting
up their own stance in a writing issues and creating and supporting their stance with their
own arguments. These are true to the current teaching and learning English language of
my students. Some students in my pilot interview said that the most challenging in the
writing is that they do not have a large enough vocabulary to express their ideas and they
do not know how to express the ideas into the written form.
2

In order to have a better work of writing, Suleiman (2000) indicates that students
should set a scale of hierarchy, which involves critical thinking skills, social skills and
linguistic competencies. They have to determine the purpose of writing, the personal role
of the writer and the audience for whom their writing is intended. However, the reading
texts in the course book, which are about the facts, and figures. In addition to this, the
reading text and writing task in the course book do not link together, for instance, in unit
18. Shooting a film, the reading text is about “A day’s work at the seaside of the film
crew”, but the writing task asks students to write a letter about: “You are spending next
weekend with some friends who live in the country. Write a postcard to them, you should
say how you plan to get there, ask about what you will all do and tell them what time you
will arrive”. The students are not provided with meaningful input for their writing. As
for the pedagogical context, vocabulary and language structures will be picked up from
reading and should be able to make use of them in writing products.
From the aforementioned problems, the researcher thought that students should be
encouraged to engage in the authentic reading material, which is appropriate to their level
and interests in order to help them gain quality input from the reading. Hence, extensive
reading could be considered a powerful teaching activity to help students improve their
writing. According to Maley (2009), extensive reading offers comprehensive input,
especially where the target language is hardly contacted to. Besides, extensive reading
also helps improving the writing of students. There is a well-established link between
reading and writing. The more we read, the better we write. These are proved in numerous
studies (see discussion in Tsang, 1996; Mermelstein, 2015).
To examine the students’ interest in the new teaching materials, which are not in the
course book, the researcher has run the pilot study of using extensive reading to
encourage creative thinking of General English 3 at the Tra Vinh University in one day
of teaching. The students were given three stories in a set of graded readers of Cambridge
sources with level A2. After two hours of reading, the researcher gained a surprising
evidence from the students’ reports. They were a little bit confused about the ways of
narration used in the stories; for example, they did not understand the “direct speech”

used in the stories. The students, 20 in 25 students, reported their interests in this kind of

3


reading. They said that “the vocabulary is easy to understand; the setting is clear and the
pictures in the book help us understand the general idea of the story”.
1.2. AIM OF STUDY
The purpose of this study is to examine whether there is any relationship between
extensive reading and the improvement of EFL students’ writing ability. The focus of the
investigation is on the influences of extensive reading on the participants’ writing ability.
Also, the study examines students’ attitude towards the use of extensive reading.
1.3. HYPOTHESIS
From the aims above this study hypothesized that
1. Extensive reading has positive effects on non-English major students’ writing ability.
2. Students have a positive attitude towards the use of extensive reading in helping
them improve their writing skill.
1.4.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The data was collected to answer these following research questions:
1. Is there an effect of extensive reading on the improvement of EFL students’
writing ability? If yes, to what extent is the effect?
2. What are students’ attitudes towards extensive reading?

1.5.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The findings of the present research could provide further evidence for the effects

of extensive reading on the improvement of EFL students’ writing ability. Teachers may
answer the question of how to effectively integrate extensive reading into teaching
writing. Furthermore, the result of this study could make contribution to enhancing
teacher and student’s awareness of the advantages of integration extensive reading in
language teaching and learning in the local context.

4


1.6.

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS
This research consists of five chapters: Introduction, Literature Review, Research

Methodology, Research Findings, Discussion and Conclusion.
Chapter One presents rationale, aim of research, research questions, significance
and organization of the research.
Chapter Two reviews literature which consists of two parts: Part 1 is theoretical
concepts related to extensive reading and writing ability, relationship between extensive
reading and writing ability; and related previous studies are the second part of the
Chapter.
Chapter Three, which describes the methodology of research consists of six parts.
Research design is the first part of this Chapter. Next, the research context and
participants part will be described in detail. The materials used in the research and course
specification of the research will be presented in the procedure part. In measurement part,
the measurement instrument of the study is presented in detail. The chapter concludes
with the data collection, and analysis parts.
Chapter Four reports the findings from the data collected through the use of tests,
questionnaires, and interviews.
Chapter Five presents the summary of the major research findings, the discussion

of the issues evolving from the results and the pedagogical implications for the use of
extensive reading on the improvement of EFL students’ writing ability. Moreover, the
limitations of the study as well as suggestions for further research are recommended at
the end of the chapter.

5


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