International maritime conventions (volume 2) navigation, securities, limitation of liability and jurisdiction informa law from routledge

I N TE RN ATIONA L MAR I TIME CONV ENTIO NS
VOL UM E II:
Navigation, Securities, Limitation of Liability and Jurisdiction

MARITIME AND TRANSPORT LAW LIBRARY


MARITIME AND TRANSPORT LAW LIBRARY
International Maritime Conventions
Volume Two
Navigation, Securities, Limitation of Liability
and Jurisdiction
by Francesco Berlingieri
(2014)

Freight Forwarding and Multimodal
Transport Contracts
2nd edition
by David A. Glass
(2012)

Maritime Law
3rd edition
edited by Yvonne Baatz
(2014)

Marine Insurance Clauses
5th edition
by N. Geoffrey Hudson, Tim Madge
and Keith Sturges

(2012)

Offshore Contracts and Liabilities
by Baris¸ Soyer and Andrew Tettenborn
(2014)

Pollution at Sea: Law and Liability
edited by Baris¸ Soyer and Andrew Tettenborn
(2012)

Marine Insurance Fraud
by Baris¸ Soyer
(2014)

Contracts of Carriage by Air
2nd edition
by Malcolm A. Clarke
(2012)

International Maritime Conventions
Volume One
The Carriage of Goods and Passengers
by Sea
by Francesco Berlingieri
(2014)
International Carriage of Goods by Road: CMR
6th edition
by Malcolm A. Clarke
(2014)
The Maritime Labour Convention: International

Labour Law Redefined
edited by Jennifer Lavelle
(2013)
Modern Maritime Law, Volume 1:
Jurisdiction and Risks
3rd edition
by Aleka Mandaraka-Sheppard (2010)
(2013)
Modern Maritime Law, Volume 2:
Managing Risks and Liabilities
3rd edition
by Aleka Mandaraka-Sheppard
(2013)
Carriage of Goods by Sea Land and Air:
Uni-Modal and Multi-Modal Transport in the
21st Century
edited by Baris¸ Soyer and Andrew Tettenborn
(2013)
The Law of Yachts and Yachting
by Filippo Lorenzon and Richard Coles
(2012)

Place of Refuge: International Law and the
CMI Draft Convention
by Eric Van Hooydonk
(2010)
Maritime Fraud and Piracy
by Paul Todd
(2010)
The Carriage of Goods by Sea under the Rotterdam

Rules
edited by D. Rhidian Thomas
(2010)
The International Law of the Shipmaster
by John A. C. Cartner, Richard P. Fisk and
Tara L. Leiter
(2009)
The Modern Law of Marine Insurance
edited by D. Rhidian Thomas
(2009)
The Rotterdam Rules: A Practical Annotation
by Yvonne Baatz, Charles Debattista, Filippo
Lorenzon, Andrew Serdy, Hilton Staniland
and Michael Tsimplis
(2009)
The Evolving Law and Practice of Voyage Charters
edited by D. Rhidian Thomas
(2009)
International Carriage of Goods by Road: CMR
5th edition
by Malcolm A. Clarke
(2009)


Risk and Liability in Air Law
by George Leloudas
(2009)

War, Terror and Carriage by Sea
by Keith Michel

(2004)

Legal Issues Relating to Time Charterparties
edited by D. Rhidian Thomas
(2008)

Port State Control
2nd Edition
by Oya Ozcayir
(2004)

Contracts of Carriage by Land and Air
2nd edition
by Malcolm A. Clarke and David Yates
(2008)
Bills of Lading and Bankers’ Documentary Credits
4th edition
by Paul Todd
(2007)
Liability Regimes in Contemporary Maritime Law
edited by D. Rhidian Thomas
(2007)
Marine Insurance: The Law in Transition
edited by D. Rhidian Thomas
(2006)
Commencement of Laytime
4th edition
edited by D. Rhidian Thomas
(2006)
General Average: Law and Practice

2nd edition
by F. D. Rose
(2005)

Modern Law of Marine Insurance:
Volume Two
edited by Francis Rose
(2002)
Commercial and Maritime Statutes
edited by Peter Macdonald Eggers and
Simon Picken
(2002)
Bills of Lading: Law and Contracts
by Nicholas Gaskell, Regina Asariotis and
Yvonne Baatz
(2000)
Shipbrokers and the Law
by Andrew Jamieson
(1997)


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IN TERNATI ONA L M A R I T I M E
C O NV EN T I O N S
V O L U M E II

Navigation, Securities, Limitation of Liability
and Jurisdiction

F R A N C ES C O BER LIN G IER I


Published 2015
by Informa Law from Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Informa Law from Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Informa Law from Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
© 2015 Francesco Berlingieri
The right of Francesco Berlingieri to be identified as author of this work has
been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained
in this book is correct, neither the author nor Informa Law can accept
any responsibility for any errors or omissions or for any consequences
arising therefrom.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Berlingieri, Francesco, author.
International maritime conventions / by Francesco Berlingieri.

—(Maritime and transport law library)
ISBN 978-0-415-71984-1 (hardback) — ISBN 978-1-315-79645-1 (ebook)
1. Maritime law. I. Title.
K1150.B47 2013
341.4̖5—dc23
2013038767
ISBN: 978-0-415-71985-8
eISBN 978-1-315-79496-9
Typeset in Plantin
By RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk


CONTENTS

Glossary
Introduction
Table of conventions
Table of decisions, directives, regulations, treaties and conversions
Table of UK legislation and international legislation
Table of cases

xix
xxi
xxiii
xxxiii
xxxiv
xxxvii

Volume II
Part I

Collision

Chapter 1 International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules
of Law Relating to Collision between Vessels, 1910
1 The history of the Convention
2 The scope of application of the Convention
2.1
The type of accidents to which the Convention applies
2.2
Type of ships involved in the collision
2.3
The nationality of the ships
2.4
The waters in which the collision has taken place
2.5
The nationality of the ‘persons interested’
3 The liability regime
3.1
The various regimes in force prior to the Convention
3.2
The allocation of the burden of proof
3.3
The liability regime under the Convention
3.3.1 The situations in which no liability is conceivable
3.3.2 Unilateral fault
3.3.3 Two or more ships at fault
3.4
The apportionment of damages to ships, their cargoes and
other properties in case of common fault

3.5
Joint liability in respect of damages caused by death or
personal injury
3.6
A collision caused by fault of a pilot
3.7
Apportionment of the loss in case of limitation of liability
4 Absence of formalities
5 Absence of legal presumptions
6 Limitation periods
vii

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3
7
7
8
9
11
11
12
12
12
13
14
16
17
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20
21

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24
25


CONTENTS

6.1
The general rule
6.2
The rule applicable to the right of contribution
6.3
Suspension or interruption of prescription
6.4
Extension of the period of prescription
7 Post-collision obligations
8 The obligations of the contracting parties
9 Relation with other conventions or national laws

25
25
26
26
27
29
30

Chapter 2 International Convention on Certain Rules Concerning Civil
Jurisdiction in Matters of Collision, 1952

1 Introduction
2 Scope of application
3 Cases to which the Convention does not apply
4 Courts in which an action may be brought
4.1
Basis of jurisdiction according to the Convention
4.2
Prohibition on bringing further action
4.3
Choice of court agreements
5 Rules of procedure
5.1
Counterclaims
5.2
Actions against other parties to the proceedings
5.3
Exercise of jurisdiction in further actions

31
31
32
32
33
33
35
36
36
36
37
38

Chapter 3 International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules
Relating to Penal Jurisdiction in Matters of Collision or Other
Incidents of Navigation, 1952
1 Introduction
2 Scope of application
2.1
Nature of the event
2.2
Position of the persons involved
2.3
Place where the event has occurred
3 Circumstances in which the flag of the ship is relevant
4 Conflict with other conventions

39
39
39
40
41
41
41
42

Part II

Salvage

Chapter 4 International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules
of Law Relating to Assistance and Salvage at Sea, 1910

1 Introduction
2 Scope of application of the Convention
2.1
The nature of the services
2.2
The subject matter of the services
2.3
The place where the services have been rendered
2.4
By whom and to whom the services may be rendered
2.4.1 The nationality of the vessels rendering and receiving
the services
2.4.2 Vessels in the same ownership
viii

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49
52
52
52
53


CONTENTS

2.4.3
2.4.4

2.4.5

Ships of war and government vessels
Services rendered by the tug to the tow
Services rendered by the crew of the vessel in danger
or by the pilot
2.4.6 Services rendered from the shore
3 The remuneration due to the salvor
3.1
The notion of remuneration
3.2
The conditions for the entitlement to a remuneration
3.2.1 The notion of danger
3.2.2 The useful result
3.3
The amount of the remuneration
3.4
The allocation of the burden of proof
3.5
When no remuneration is due
3.5.1 Prohibition by the vessel to whom assistance is
rendered
3.6
When the terms of the salvage agreement may be challenged
3.6.1 Agreement made under the influence of danger
3.6.2 Agreement vitiated or remuneration too large or too
small
3.7
From whom the salvage remuneration is due
3.7.1 The distribution of the remuneration amongst the

salvors of the ship in danger
3.7.2 The apportionment of the remuneration amongst
the owner and the persons in the service of the
salving ship(s)
3.7.3 The apportionment of the salvage remuneration
amongst the salvors of a ship in danger and the salvors
of human life
4 The obligation to render assistance to persons in danger
5 Limitation of actions
Chapter 5 International Convention on Salvage, 1989
1 Introduction
2 Scope of application
2.1
The geographical scope of application of the Convention
2.2
The nature of the operations to which the Convention applies
2.2.1 The definition of salvage operation and the exclusion
of the liability salvage
2.2.2 The definition of ‘vessel’
2.2.3 The definition of ‘property’
2.3
The vessels or other property excluded from the scope of the
Convention
2.3.1 Platforms and drilling units
2.3.2 State-owned vessels
2.4
The notion of danger

ix

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55
56
57
57
59
59
60
61
63
63
63
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64
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66

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71
72
72

73
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77
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CONTENTS

3 Salvage operations controlled by public authorities
3.1
Possible conflict between the Salvage Convention and other
conventions
3.2
UNESCO Convention
3.3
UNCLOS
3.4
Nairobi Convention
3.5
CLC and Fund Conventions 1992 and Bunker Oil
Convention 2001
4 General non-mandatory character of the rules of the Salvage
Convention
4.1
Mandatory provisions
4.1.1 Contract entered into under the undue influence of
danger
4.1.2 Abnormal amount of the reward

4.1.3 Duties to prevent or minimise damage to the
environment
4.1.4 Further mandatory provisions
4.2
Non-mandatory provisions
4.3
Provisions that do not concern the relationship between
salvors and owners of the salved property
5 Performance of salvage operations
5.1
Duties of the salvor and of the owner and master
5.1.1 Duties of the salvor
5.1.2 Duties of the owner and master of the vessel in
danger and of the owner of other property in danger
5.2
Rights and cooperation of States
5.2.1 Rights of coastal States
5.2.2 Cooperation of States Parties
5.3
Duty to render assistance
6 Rights of salvors
6.1
Conditions for reward
6.2
Criteria for fixing the reward
6.3
By whom the salvage award must be paid
6.4
Special compensation
6.4.1 Out-of-pocket expenses

6.4.2 Fair rate for equipment and personnel
6.5
SCOPIC Clause
6.6
Apportionment between salvors
6.7
The apportionment between the owner, the master and
the crew
6.8
Salvage of persons
6.9
Services rendered under existing contracts
6.10 The effect of salvor’s misconduct
6.11 Prohibition of salvage operations
7 Claims and actions
7.1
Introduction
x

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87
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87
88

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90
91
92
94
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98
98
100
108
109
112
112
114
115
116
116
117
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119
120
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CONTENTS

7.2

7.3

Matters arising after the completion of salvage operations
7.2.1 Maritime liens
7.2.2 Duty to provide security
7.2.3 Interim payment
7.2.4 Limitation of actions
7.2.5 Interest
7.2.6 Publication of arbitral awards
Cargoes subject to a special regime
7.3.1 State-owned cargoes
7.3.2 Humanitarian cargoes
Part III

120
120
121
122
123
124
124
125
125
126

Maritime Liens and Mortgages

Chapter 6 International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules
Relating to Maritime Liens and Mortgages, 1926
1 The history of the Convention
2 The scope of application of the Convention
2.1
The exclusion of warships and government vessels
2.2
The type of vessels to which the Convention applies
2.3
The nationality of the vessel
2.4
The connection between the person against whom the claim
has arisen and the vessel on which the maritime lien may be
enforced
2.5
The variation by national law of the scope of application
3 The provisions on hypothèques
4 The individual maritime liens
5 National maritime liens
6 The properties on which the maritime liens can be enforced
6.1
The vessel
6.2
The appurtenances of the vessel
6.3
The freight
6.4
The ‘accessories’ of the vessel and freight
7 The ranking of claims secured by maritime liens inter se and in respect
of hypothèques

7.1
The ranking of claims amongst themselves
7.1.1 The ranking per voyage
7.1.2 The ranking of maritime liens arising in the same voyage
8 The extinction of maritime liens
8.1
The uniform rules
8.1.1 The period for which the liens remain in force
8.1.2 The date on which the extinction period commences
8.1.3 The rules applicable in respect of the running of the
period
8.1.4 Payments in advance
8.2
National extension of the limitation periods
9 The sale of the vessel
9.1
The forced sale
xi

131
131
134
135
135
135

136
138
138
140

146
147
147
148
148
150
152
152
152
154
155
155
155
156
157
158
158
159
159


CONTENTS

9.2

The voluntary sale
9.2.1 The droit de suite
9.2.2 When the droit de suite ceases to apply

Chapter 7 International Convention on Maritime Liens and

Mortgages, 1993
1 The history of the Convention
2 The scope of application of the Convention
3 Vessels to which the Convention applies
4 The provisions on mortgages, hypothèques and charges
4.1
The importance for shipping of such provisions
4.2
The scope of application of the provisions
4.3
The requirements for the recognition and enforcement of
mortgages, hypothèques and charges
4.4
The ranking of the registered securities inter se
4.5
Protection of mortgagees and of holders of hypothèques or charges
in case of change of registration of the vessel
4.6
Conditions for registration of vessels
5 Maritime liens
5.1
Claims secured by maritime liens
5.2
Claims set out in art. 4(1) not secured by maritime liens
5.3
Priority of the Convention maritime liens and of registered
securities
5.4
Ranking of maritime liens inter se
5.5

The extent to which limitation proceedings may affect priorities
5.6
National maritime liens and rights of retention
5.6.1 National maritime liens
5.6.2 Rights of retention
5.7
The droit de suite
5.8
Extinction of maritime liens
5.8.1 The length of the period and the action required in
order to prevent the extinction
5.8.2 The date of commencement of the period
5.9
The rule pursuant to which maritime liens travel with the
claims
6 Forced sale
6.1
The notice of the forced sale
6.1.1 The persons to whom the notice must be given
6.1.2 The form and publicity of the notice
6.1.3 The contents of the notice and how much time in
advance it must be given
6.2
The position of the claimant who has a right of retention
6.3
The effect of the forced sale on registered securities, maritime
liens and other encumbrances
6.4
The distribution of the proceeds of sale

xii

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169
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171
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181
182

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185
185
186
186
187


CONTENTS

6.5
6.6

Freedom of States Parties to grant other priorities
The change in the registration of the vessel consequential to
her forced sale
7 Bareboat registration
Part IV

189
190
190

Arrest of ships

Chapter 8 International Convention Relating to the Arrest of Sea-Going
Ships, 1952

1 The history of the Convention
2 The scope of application of the Convention
2.1
The notion of arrest
2.2
The ships that may be arrested
2.3
The ships to the arrest of which the Convention does not
apply
2.4
The situations in which a State may limit or exclude the
application of the Convention
3 The measures excluded from the scope of application of the
Convention
3.1
Forced sale
3.2
Insolvency proceedings
3.3
Limitation of liability
3.4
Penal arrest
3.5
Detention by governments or public authorities
3.5.1 MoU
3.5.2 The IMO Procedures for Port State Control
3.5.3 UNCLOS
3.5.4 EU directives
3.5.5 SOLAS
3.5.6 ISPS Code

3.5.7 International Code of Safety for High Speed Craft
(HSC Code)
3.5.8 International Management Code for the Safe
Operation of Ships
3.5.9 MARPOL
3.5.10 CLC 1992
4 Claims in respect of which a ship may be arrested
4.1
The burden of proof in respect of the claim for which the
arrest is applied for
5 Ships that may be arrested
5.1
Arrest of the ship in respect of which the claim has arisen or
of a sister ship
5.2
When the arrest of a ship not owned by the person liable is
permissible
5.2.1 Claims secured by maritime liens
5.2.2 Claims against the charterer
xiii

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202

202
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203
204
205
205
206
206
207
207
208
208
209
209
221
223
223
226
226
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CONTENTS

5.3

6

7

8
9

Arrest of a ship owned by the charterer in respect of claims of
the owner of the chartered ship
5.3.1 Analysis of the relevant jurisprudence
5.3.2 Discussion of the problem from the perspective of the
Arrest Convention
5.4
Right of re-arrest and multiple arrest
5.4.1 The prohibition of re-arrest
5.4.2 The remedy in case of breach of the prohibition
5.4.3 The situations in which re-arrest is permitted
5.4.3.1 Release of the bail or other security
5.4.3.2 Existence of other good cause for maintaining
the arrest
Jurisdiction for the arrest
6.1
The requirement that the arrest be authorised by a judicial
authority
6.2
The requirement that such judicial authority be that of the
contracting State in which the arrest is made
6.3
Issues worthy of consideration in respect of art. 4
6.3.1 Jurisdiction before the arrival of the ship
6.3.2 Jurisdiction after the ship has sailed
6.3.3 Arrest pursuant to an order of a foreign court
6.3.4 Choice of the judicial authority of the State in the

jurisdiction of which the arrest is made
6.3.5 Jurisdiction for arrest when the court has no
jurisdiction on the merits
6.3.6 Jurisdiction for arrest when the court has jurisdiction
on the merits but the ship is not within its
jurisdiction
6.3.7 Jurisdiction for arrest when a decision on the merits
has already been obtained
6.3.8 Exclusive jurisdiction pursuant to the 1952 Convention
on Penal Jurisdiction and to UNCLOS
6.3.9 Lis pendens: related actions
Release of the ship from arrest
7.1
Release upon bail or other security
7.2
The linkage between proceedings for arrest and proceedings
on the merits
7.3
Failure to timely bring proceedings on the merits
7.3.1 Which court must fix the time?
7.3.2 Agreement on the jurisdiction of a particular court or
on arbitration
Liability of the claimant for wrongful arrest
Jurisdiction on the merits

Chapter 9 International Convention on Arrest of Ships, 1999
1 History of the Convention
xiv

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239
239
241
241
241
241
246
246
248
250
250
251
251
252
253

254
255
256
257
258
258
260
262
265
267
267
267

274
274


CONTENTS

2
3
4
5
6

The layout and structure of the Convention
The notion of arrest
The nationality of the ships that may be arrested
Whether the intended navigation is relevant
Ships excluded from the scope of application of the Convention
6.1
Ships within the jurisdiction of the flag State arrested by a
person having his habitual residence or principal place of
business in that State
6.2
State-owned ships
6.3
Ships detained or prevented from sailing by governments or
public authorities
6.4
Insolvency proceedings
6.5
Limitation of liability

6.6
Forced sale
6.7
Subordination of the Convention to national rules or to other
conventions
7 The claims in respect of which a ship may be arrested
7.1
The closed list of maritime claims
7.2
The individual maritime claims
8 Ships that may be arrested
8.1
Arrest of the ship in respect of which the claim is asserted
8.1.1 Claim against the owner of the ship
8.1.2 Claim against the demise charterer
8.1.3 Claim based upon a mortgage, hypothèque or charge
8.1.4 Claim relating to the ownership or possession of the
ship
8.1.5 Claim secured by a maritime lien
8.2
Arrest of other ships owned by the person liable
8.3
When the arrest of a ship not owned by the person liable is
permissible
8.4
Arrest of associated ships
8.5
Right of re-arrest and multiple arrest
8.5.1 Re-arrest
8.5.2 Multiple arrest

9 Procedure relating to arrest
9.1
Jurisdiction for the arrest
9.2
The burden of proof in respect of the claim for which the arrest
is requested
9.3
Enforcement of the arrest
9.4
Release of the ship from arrest
9.4.1 Release after the provision of security
9.4.2 Release from subsequent arrest
9.4.3 Failure to bring proceedings on the merits within the
time fixed by the court
9.5
Release of the security
9.5.1 Provision of security in a State Party
xv

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283

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285
285

286
286
287
287
288
299
299
300
300
302
304
304
306
307
307
309
310
311
312
312
314
315
316
316
319
319
320
320

CONTENTS

9.5.2

9.6
9.7

9.8

Provision of security in a non-party State and in a
State Party
9.5.3 Failure to bring proceedings on the merits within the
time fixed by the court
Liability for wrongful arrest
Jurisdiction on the merits
9.7.1 The general rule
9.7.2 The exceptions to the general rule
9.7.3 The time by which proceedings on the merits must be
brought
Recognition and enforcement of judgments
Part V

321
322
322
323
323
325
325
326

Limitation of liability

Chapter 10 International Convention Relating to the Limitation of Liability
of Owners of Sea-Going Ships, 1957
1 The history of the Convention
2 Scope of application
3 Persons entitled to limit
4 Ships to which the Convention applies
5 Claims in respect of which the benefit of limitation is applicable
5.1
Claims subject to limitation
5.2
Events in respect of which the liability may be limited to the
amounts indicated in the Convention
5.3
The choice of the principle of direct liability
6 Claims excepted from limitation
7 The loss of the right to limit
7.1
The general rule
7.2
The rule applicable in respect of master and crew
8 The limits of liability
9 The constitution of the limitation fund
10 The distribution of the fund
10.1 The basic rules
10.2 The right of subrogation of the owner
10.3 The temporary distribution of only a part of the fund
10.4 Bar to other actions

11 The reservations allowed by the Protocol of Signature
Chapter 11 International Convention on Limitation of Liability for
Maritime Claims, 1976
1 History of the Convention
2 Scope of application
3 The exclusions from the scope of application
3.1
Actual exclusions
3.1.1 Exclusions stated in the Convention
3.1.2 Exclusions decided by States Parties
xvi

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352

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CONTENTS

3.2

4
5

6
7
8

9
10

11
12

Permissions to State Parties to regulate otherwise the system
of limitation
3.2.1 System of limitation in respect of passenger claims for
loss of life and personal injury
3.2.2 System of limitation applicable to certain ships
3.2.3 System of limitation applicable to claims in cases where
no national interests are involved
3.3
Prohibition on courts applying the Convention to certain ships
Persons entitled to limit
Claims in respect of which the benefit of limitation is applicable
5.1
Claims subject to limitation
5.2
Events in respect of which the liability may be limited to the
amounts indicated in the Convention
5.3
The choice of the principle of single liability
Claims excepted from limitation
The loss of the right to limit
7.1
The general rule
The limits of liability
8.1
The general limits
8.1.1 The adoption of two separate funds, one for personal
claims and one for property claims
8.1.2 The limits adopted by the Convention
8.2
The limit for passenger claims

8.3
The unit of account
8.4
Amendments to the limits
Aggregation of claims against the persons who benefit from the limit
How limitation of liability may be invoked
10.1 Limitation invoked with constitution of a limitation fund
10.1.1 Who may constitute a limitation fund
10.1.2 Where the fund may be constituted
10.1.3 For what sum the fund may be constituted
10.1.4 How the fund may be constituted
10.2 Distribution of the fund
10.2.1 General rule on distribution
10.2.2 The right of subrogation
10.2.3 The protection of the person that may be compelled to
effect payment of a claim subject to limitation
10.3 Bar to other actions
10.3.1 Bar to other actions after the constitution of the fund
10.3.2 Release of a ship arrested or attached
10.3.3 An overview of the effect of the constitution of a
limitation fund
Limitation of liability without constitution of a limitation fund
Reservations
12.1 Permitted reservations
12.2 Withdrawal of reservations
xvii

357
357
357

359
359
360
362
362
364
366
366
369
369
372
373
373
375
377
377
378
380
380
381
381
381
381
382
382
382
384
385
385
385

386
387
387
388
388
389


CONTENTS

Appendix 1: Convention Internationale pour l’Unification de Certaines Règles
en Matière d’Abordage et Protocole de Signature, 23 Septembre 1910
English unofficial translation of the Convention
Appendix 2: Convention Internationale pour l’unification de certaines règles en
matière d’assistance et de sauvetage maritimes
English unofficial translation of the Convention
Appendix 3: International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules
Relating to Maritime Liens and Mortgages, 1926
Appendix 4: International Convention on Maritime Liens and Mortgages, 1993
Appendix 5: International Convention Relating to the Arrest of Sea-Going
Ships, 1952
Appendix 6: International Convention on Arrest of Ships, 1999
Appendix 7: International Convention Relating to the Limitation of Liability of
Owners of Sea-Going Ships, 1957
Appendix 8: International Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime
Claims, 1976 and Protocol of 1996 to amend the Convention on
Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims, 1976
Appendix 9: Resolution LEG.5(99) adopted by the Legal Committee on
19 April 2012 and notice on Amendments

452

Index

459

xviii

391
395
399
403
407
412
419
425
432

438


GLOSSARY

Arrest Convention 1952: International Convention Relating to the Arrest of Sea-Going
Ships, Brussels, 10 May 1952
Arrest Convention 1999: International Convention on Arrest of Ships, 1999
Athens Convention 1974: Athens Convention Relating to the Carriage of Passengers and
their Luggage by Sea 1974, Athens, 13 December 1974
Civil Jurisdiction Convention 1952: International Convention on Certain Rules Concerning
Civil Jurisdiction in Matters of Collision, Brussels, 10 May 1952

CLC (Civil Liability Convention) 1992: International Convention on Civil Liability for
Pollution Damage, London, 27 November 1992, as amended on 18 October 2000
Collision Convention: Convention internationale pour l’unification de certaines règles en
matière d’abordage, Brussels, 23 September 1910
Convention on Conditions for Registration of Ships 1986: United Nations Convention on
Conditions for Registration of Ships, Geneva, February 1986
HSC Code: International Code of Safety for High Speed Craft
ISM Code: International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for
Pollution Prevention, adopted by IMO Resolution A.741(18)
ISPS Code: International Ship & Port Facility Security Code
LLMC (Limitation) Convention 1976: Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime
Claims, 1976/1996, London, 19 November 1976, as amended by the Protocol of
2 May 1996
Lisbon Draft: Draft Revision of the International Convention for the Unification of Certain
Rules Relating to the Arrest of Sea-Going Ships, done in Brussels, 10 May 1952,
approved by the XXXIII International Conference of the Comité Maritime
International, Lisbon 1985 (Lisboa II)
MARPOL: International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973
MLM (Maritime Liens and Mortgages) Convention 1926: Convention Internationale pour
l’unification de certaines règles relatives aux privilèges et hypothèques maritimes,
Brussels, 10 April 1926
MLM (Maritime Liens and Mortgages) Convention 1967: International Convention for the
Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Maritime Liens and Mortgages, done in
Brussels, 10 May 1967
MLM (Maritime Liens and Mortgages) Convention 1993: International Convention on
Maritime Liens and Mortgages, 1993

xix

GLOSSARY

Penal Jurisdiction Convention 1952: International Convention for the Unification of
Certain Rules Relating to Penal Jurisdiction in Matters of Collision or Other Incidents
of Navigation, Brussels, 10 May 1952
Rhine Convention 1868: Revised Rhine Convention, 17 October 1968
Salvage Convention 1910: Convention Internationale pour l’unification de certaines règles
en matière d’assistance et sauvetage maritimes, Brussels, 23 September 1910
Salvage Convention 1989: International Convention on Salvage, 1989
SOLAS Convention: International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea 1974, London,
1 November 1974
Travaux Préparatoires-Salvage: The Travaux Préparatoires of the Convention on Salvage,
1989, ed. F. Berlingieri, published by the Comité Maritime International
Travaux Préparatoires-Arrest: The Travaux Préparatoires of the International Convention
for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law with Respect to the Collision Between
Vessels, 23 September 1910, and of the International Convention for the Unification
of Certain Rules Relating to the Arrest of Sea-Going Ships, 10 May 1052, ed. F.
Berlingieri, published by the Comité Maritime International
Travaux Préparatoires-LLMC: The Travaux Préparatoires of the LLMC Convention, 1976
and of the Protocol of 1996, ed. F. Berlingieri, published by the Comité Maritime
International
UNCLOS: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982

xx


INTRODUCTION

For the first time, this unique text brings together the remaining nine private international law conventions alongside expert commentary and analysis. Truly global
in approach, the book covers each of such conventions, scrutinised by this internationally acclaimed author.

This comprehensive resource provides a thorough treatment of the following
conventions, combining breadth of coverage with depth of analysis:
I: Collision
–
–
–

International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law with
Respect to Collision between Vessels, 1910
International Convention on Certain Rules Concerning Civil Jurisdiction
in Matters of Collision, 1952
International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to
Penal Jurisdiction in Matters of Collision or Other Incidents of Navigation,
1952

II: Salvage
–
–

International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law
Relating to Assistance and Salvage at Sea, 1910
International Convention on Salvage, 1989

III: Maritime liens and mortgages
–
–

International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to
Maritime Liens and Mortgages 1926
International Convention on Maritime Liens and Mortgages, 1993

IV: Arrest of ships
–
–

International Convention Relating to the Arrest of Sea-going Ships, 1952
(Arrest 1952)
International Convention on Arrest of Ships, 1999

xxi


INTRODUCTION

V: Limitation of liability
–
–

International Convention Relating to the Limitation of Liability of Owners
of Sea-going Ships, 1957
International Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims,
1976 and Protocol of 1996

About the Author
Francesco Berlingieri is a renowned Italian lawyer based in Genoa, Italy, specialising in maritime law at Studio Legale Berlingieri, the very first law firm to specialise
in maritime law.
Francesco’s family has been involved in drafting maritime law for almost a
century. In particular, his grandfather was involved in the drafting of the two 1910
Conventions on Collision and Salvage, the two 1924 Conventions on Limitation of
Liability and Carriage of Goods, and the 1926 Convention on Maritime Liens and

Mortgages. His father has been involved in the preparation of the 1952 Arrest
Convention and in the 1957 Limitation Convention.
Francesco himself has been involved in drafting the 1969 Civil Liability
Convention and in the creation of the 1993 Maritime Liens and Mortgages
Convention and of the 1999 Arrest Convention. Francesco has taught maritime law
at various institutions in Italy and abroad. He was President of the Comité Maritime
International (CMI) and presently holds an ad honorem President status. In addition,
he is the Editor of the CMI Publications, Editor of Il Diritto Marittimo (a quarterly
maritime law review, published in Genoa, Italy), the correspondent in Italy for
Lloyd’s Maritime and Commercial Law Quarterly, and the author of many books and
articles in Italian, English and French.

xxii


TABLE OF CONVENTIONS

Arrest Convention, 1952 see International
Convention Relating to the Arrest of
Sea-Going Ships
Arrest Convention, 1999 see International
Convention on Arrest of Ships
Athens Convention Relating to the
Carriage of Passengers and their
Luggage by Sea, 1974 as amended
by its Protocols of 1990 and 2002
(Athens Convention) ............... 13, 375
art. 1(3) ............................................ 165
art. 3(1) ............................................ 359
art. 4bis(10) ...................................... 222

art. 7 .................................................. 21
art. 9 ................................................ 222
art. 13(1) .......................................... 371
art. 16(3) .......................................... 123
art. 17(1)(a)........................................ 34
art. 17(2) .......................................... 222
Protocol 2002 ................................... 359
Bunker Oil Convention, 2001 see
International Convention on Civil
Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution
Damage
Civil Jurisdiction Convention, 1952 see
International Convention on Certain
Rules Concerning Civil Jurisdiction in
Matters of Collision
Collision Convention, 1910 see
International Convention for the
Unification of Certain Rules of
Law Relating to Collision between
Vessels
CLC 1992 (Civil Liability Convention)
see International Convention on Civil
Liability for Pollution Damage, 1969
as amended by its Protocols of 1984
and 1992

Convention for the Unification of Certain
Rules Relating to International
Carriage by Air, 1929, as amended
by Protocol of 1955 .......................371

Convention on Limitation of Liability for
Maritime Claims, 1976, and Protocol
1996 (LLMC Convention) .............23,
238, 284, 285, 338, 341,
347, 348, 349, 355
art. 1 ......................... 357, 358, 360, 362
art. 1(1) ............................................ 360
art. 1(2) ..................... 357, 360, 367, 373
art. 1(3) ............................................ 357
art. 1(4) ............................................ 373
art. 2 ................................................ 389
art. 2(1) ............................................ 364
art. 2(1)(a) ............................... 290, 364
art. 2(1)(b) ....................................... 364
art. 2(1)(c) ............................... 365, 378
art. 2(1)(d) ................ 293, 365, 366, 386
art. 2(1)(e) ................ 357, 365, 366, 386
art. 2(1)(f) ........................................ 366
art. 2(2) ............................................ 366
art. 3 ........................................ 368, 391
art. 3(a)–(e) ...................................... 368
art. 3(a) ............................................ 368
art. 3(b) ............................................ 369
art. 3bis..................................... 357, 359
art. 4 .................................365, 371, 373
art. 4(1) ............................................ 373
art. 4(2) ............................................ 373
art. 5 ........................................ 368, 373
art. 6 .......... 375, 379, 380, 382, 385, 390
art. 6(1) ..................... 177, 361, 381, 386

art. 6(1)(a) ....................................... 384
art. 6(1)(b) ............................... 341, 384
art. 6(2) ............................................ 177
art. 6(3) ............................................ 386

xxiii


TABLE OF CONVENTIONS

art. 7 ....................................... 359, 375,
376, 378, 379, 380,
382, 386
art. 7(1) .................................... 379, 384
art. 7(2) ............................................ 379
art. 8(1) ............................................ 379
art. 8(2) ............................................ 380
art. 9 ..................366, 367, 373, 382, 389
art. 9 draft ........................................ 390
arty. 9(1) .......................................... 383
art. 9(1)(a) ....................................... 367
art. 9(1)(b), (c) ..................367, 368, 373
art. 9(2) ............................................ 373
art. 10 ....................... 357, 382, 389, 390
art. 10(1), (2) ................................... 382
art. 11(1) .................................. 383, 390
art. 11(2) .......................................... 384
art. 11(3) .................................. 238, 383
art. 12 ...............................382, 384, 390
art. 12(1) .......................................... 384

art. 12(2) .................................. 386, 387
art. 12(3) .......................................... 386
art. 12(4) .......................................... 387
art. 13 ...................................... 203, 382
art. 13(1) ............353, 382, 386, 388, 389
art. 13(2) .......................................... 388
art. 13(3) .................................. 369, 389
art. 15 ................. 71, 165, 336, 357, 360
art. 15(1) ................... 356, 357, 358, 360
art. 15(2) ............283, 358, 359, 360, 386
art. 15(3) .................................. 360, 361
art. 15(4) ...........................358, 361, 386
art. 14(4)(a), (b) ............................... 362
art. 15(5) .......................................... 358
art.18 ....................................... 358, 391
art. 18(1) ................... 356, 386, 390, 391
art. 18(3) .......................................... 391
art. 21 ...................................... 380, 382
Protocol 1996
art. 2 ................................................ 368
art. 6 ........................................ 357, 359
art. 8 ................................................ 380
art. 8(1), (2), (4) ............................... 381
Convention on the Contract for the
International Carriage of Goods by
Road (CMR) 1956
art. 29(1) .......................................... 347
Convention on the Liability of Operators of
Nuclear Ships, 1962 ......................174
art. V(4) ............................................. 22

Convention on Third Party Liability on the
Field of Nuclear Energy 1960, as
amended by Additional Protocol 1964,
by the Protocol of 1982 and by the
Protocol of 2004
art. 2(a) ............................................ 370
art. 2(a)(ii), (iii), (iv) ......................... 370
art. 7(a) ............................................ 370
Convention Internationale pour
l’Unification de certaines règles
concernant la limitation de la
responsabilité des propriétaires de
navires de mer, adopted on 25 August
1924 ...............................................22
EC Convention on Jurisdiction and the
Enforcement of Judgments in Civil
and Commercial Matters, Brussels
1968 .............................................255
art. 5(7) ............................................ 272
art. 5(7)(b) ....................................... 272
art. 27(3) .......................................... 259
Fund Convention, 1971 see International
Convention on the Establishment of an
International Fund for Compensation
for Oil Pollution Damage
Hamburg Rules see United Nations
Convention on the Carriage of Goods
by Sea
Immunity Convention, 1926 see

International Convention for the
Unification of Certain Rules Concerning
the Immunity of State-owned Vessels
HNS Convention see International
Convention on Liability and
Compensation for Damage in
Connection with the Carriage of
Hazardous and Noxious Substances,
1996
International Regulations for Preventing
Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREG
72)................................................204
International Convention for the Prevention
of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as
modified by Protocols of 1978 and
1997 (MARPOL 73/78) ................204
Annex 13G, reg. 13G ........................ 208
International Convention for the Safety
of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS 74)
............................................. 204, 286
reg. 1(19) ......................................... 207

xxiv